Ky Thuat Trong Hoa Hong TAI LIEU

5/22/2018 Ky Thuat Trong Hoa Hong TAI LIEU

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MC LCI. C IM THC VT HC ................................................................................................................. 2

II. YU CU IU KIN NGOI CNH ................................................................................................. 2III. CC GING TRNG HIN NAY ........................................................................................................ 3

IV. CC PHNG PHP NHN GING HOA HNG ........................................................................... 3

V. KTHUT TRNG V CHM SC ................................................................................................ 11

VI. Thu hoch v bo qun hoa .................................................................................................................. 13

1. X l cn thu hoch .......................................................................................................................... 13

2. Thu hi hoa ........................................................................................................................................ 13

3. X l sau ct ...................................................................................................................................... 13

Phn loi v ng gi hoa hng .............................................................................................................. 13VII. PHNG TRSU BNH ................................................................................................................. 14

VIII. TRNG HOA HNG TRONG CHU ............................................................................................. 15


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KTHUT TRNG HOA HNG

Cy hoa Hng c xut x t Trung Quc, n , sau mi du nhp qua HLan, Php, c, Bungari, Chu u. Hoa hng du nhp vo Vit Nam t Chu u

v t Trung Quc.Hoa Hng c coi l biu tng ca tnh yu v hnh phc, lng chung thuv s kht khao vn ti ci p. Vi nhiu u im: mu sc a dng, cnh hoadi, l xanh, mi thm nh, c hoa quanh nm, hoa hng c th dng lm hoa cm

bnh, cm l, trng chu, trng bn bonsai, trng trang tr trc v xung quanhnh.

I. C IM THC VT HC

R:RHng thuc loi rchm, n ngang rng, khi brln pht sinh nhiu

rph.Thn: Thuc loi nhm cy thn g, thn bi thp, c nhiu cnh v gai cong,c ging nhiu gai, c ging t gai.

L: L kp lng chim mc cch, xung quanh l cht c nhiu rng ca nh, tuging m l c mu sc xanh m hay xanh nht, rng ca nng hay su hay c hnhdng l khc.

Hoa: C nhiu mu sc v kch ckhc nhau, mt sging c mi thm nh,i hoa c mu xanh.

Qu: Quhnh tri xoan, trong cha rt nhiu ht, thuc loi qunang.

II. YU CU IU KIN NGOI CNH


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1. nh sngnh sng l nhn tquan trng nht i vi ssinh trng v ra hoa ca hoa

hng. nh sng khng nhng c tc ng trc tip n cy m cn lm thay imt lot cc nhn tngoi cnh khc nhnhit , thot hi nc

2. Nhit Nhit ti thch cho hoa hng tutheo ging, nhn chung l t23-250C. Nhitm quan trng hn nhit ngy, a scc ging thch hp vi nhit ml 160C. Thp hn nhit ny, cy sinh trng chm, sn lng thp nhng chtlng hoa cao v ngc li.3. m

m phthuc vo nhit , nh sng v chnc. m thch hp chocy hoa hng t7080%.4. t ai

t thch hp cho Hng l t tht, hoc t tht nh, nn chn nhng ni t

cao khng bngp ng, t bng phng, ti xp thng thong, c pH = 6,0 6,5, c y nh sng.

III. CC GING TRNG HIN NAY

Hoa Hng c hn 350 loi c phn bkhp cc bn cu. Hin nay VitNam ang trng khong 50 chng loi ging Hng chnh theo mu sc c thphnchng thnh cc nhm ging sau:

1- Nhm ging : thm, nhung, hng ngc, c2- Nhm ging Phn Hng: mu hoa o, mu thm, mu qu3- Nhm ging vng: vng nht, vng u, vng da cam4- Nhm ging hng sen: cnh sen, hng nht5- Nhm ging trng: trng trong, trng sa, trng ng6- Nhm hnhiu mu pha trn: l mu sc cnh hoa khng u, mu hn hp

v rt nhiu mu trung gian.Hin nay ang c mt sging hng rt c thtrng a chung v rt ph

hp vi iu kin min Bc Vit Nam l cc ging: Php, vng yn H Lan,phn Trung Quc, trng M, xc pho Trung Quc v cc ging VR2; VR4;VR6; VR9; VR10.

IV. CC PHNG PHP NHN GING HOA HNG

C th nhn ging hoa hng bng phng php gim cnh, ghp, lai hu tnh,chn ging t bin d chi hoc t cy nui cy m.


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1. Nhn ging bng phng php gim cnh

a. Thi v nhn ging:

Nhn ging hng bng cnh gim c th p dng mi thi v trong nm (viiu kin m bo ng theo qui trnh nhn ging), nhng tt nht vn l 2 thiv chnh

- V xun (t thng 2-4)

- V thu (t thng 8- 10)

2 thi v ny cy ging nhanh ra r v cho t l sng cao nht, ng thi khitrng ra sn xut t l cy cht cng thp nht.

b. Chun b nh gim:

Nh gim hng nn thit k theo kiu nh knh, nh li, dng nh ny va ctc dng che chn (ma, nng, cch li su bnh), va c iu kin p dngcng ngh mang tnh cht cng nghip cao (h thng phun ti, hthng iu khinnh sng...) Trong iu kin cha c kh nng lm cc kiu nh ny, th c th thitk theo kiu nh gim n gin, nhng l nh c mi che v phi m bo c yucu v nh sng. C th s dng nilng hoc tm nha PE lm mi.

c. Chun b gi th gim:Yu cu ca gi th gim hng l phi lm bng vt liu va m bo s ti

xp, c kh nng thot nc tt, ng thi c tnh gi m cao. Cc nghin cu cachng ti cho thy loi gi th tt nht cho vic nhn ging hng iu Vit naml: 2/3 tru hun + 1/3 t i, nu khng c t i c th thay th bng t ph sahoc ct, ct vng.

Tt c cc loi gi th trn phi c sng lc loi b nhng tp cht, phi khv phi c kh trng bng VibenC 1%, trc khi a vo gim, Gi th sau khi x

l em ng vo khay nha chuyn dng dng cho hng gim.

d. Chn, ct cnh gim:

Vn hng dng ct cnh cn c ch chm sc ring, ngoi ch bnthng thng cn bn thm 50 kg ur, 70 kg kali cho 1ha.


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Dng loi cnh bnh tkhng qu gi hoc qu non, tt nht l chn loi cnhang mang hoa giai on s dng, cnh c cc mt bng ht go, khng nn lynhng cnh c mt m hoc mt bt lc. Chiu di ca on cnh dng gimt 8-10 cm, trn c t 2 - 4 mt. Khi ct cnh, ct vt khong 30O. Dng dao

(ko) sc ct, khng vt ct b dp nt. Mi on cnh gim gi li t 1 - 2 lcht cung l pha trn.

e. X l thuc:

Hng l loi cy thn g tng i kh ra r khi gim, v vy mun kch thchcnh gim ra r nhanh ta dng mt trong 2 loi thuc iu tit sinh trng l IAAv NAA thng phm nng t 500 700ppm, sau khi cnh ct xong em nhngnhanh vo dung dch pha sn trong khong thi gian t 3 - 5 giy ri cm vogi th.

S dng cn lm dungmi pha thuc (v cn va c tc dng ho tan thuc,va c tc dng dit khun vt ct trc khi gim).

f. Thao tc gim cnh.

Dng tay cm cnh thng ng, ngay ngn, cm su 1,5 - 2 cm. Cm vo chnhgia cc l trong khay c chun b sn (khay ny c thit k chuyn dng chohng gim)

g. K thut phun, ti nc

Phi lun lun m bo m cho cy, iu kin m khng kh v m gith trong 3 ngy sau gim t mc 95% l tt nht. Sau 3 ngy gim c th gim m gi th xung 8590%.

Trong iu kin cha p dng c cng ngh cao to m bng my tnh tng (ch c mt s c s ln mi c iu kin p dng) th c th p dng hthng phun ti bng ch hn gi theo thi gian c Rle t ngt, thi gian hnny tu thuc vo iu kin ngoi cnh. Vi iu kin ma kh t ch phun

l 50 giy, khong cch gia cc ln phun t 15 - 20 pht (ban ngy), 60 - 90 pht(ban m). Vi iu kin ma m t ch phun l 30 giy, khong cnh ccln phun t 30 - 40 pht (ban ngy), 120 - 180 pht (ban m). Hoc nu khng cth s dng theo phng php th cng bng bnh, phun nh ln ton b b mtlung gim, ch phun ny cng lm theo nhch hn gi.


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Trong giai on u khi cnh cha xut hin r (khong 10-15 ngy) th cngvic phun nc phi i hi rt cht ch . Sau khi hnh thnh r bt nh, giai onny r bt u c kh nng ht nc t gi th th m gi th lun phi c m

bo mc 80 85%.

h. Chm sc cnh gim

Phi thng xuyn nht b nhng cnh l a v nhng cnh l ny l mi trngtruyn nhim bnh.

Sau khi gim 5 - 10 ngy cn phun ln cnh gim mt s loi thuc kch thchsinh trng v phn bn qua l, 10 ngy sau phun li mt ln, (mi la gim phunkhong 2 ln). Cc loi ch phm thng s dng cho cy hng gim l Atonik1,8% DD 10 ml/bnh 8 lt, phn bn l thin nng.

Trong thi gian gim phi theo di su bnh trn cnh gim, c th l tn d su bnh t cy m hoc c th l su bnh hi mi xut hin. Mt s loi su bnhhi chnh v cch phng tr trn cy hng gim nhsau:

- Nhn : S dng Pegasus 500 SC 7-10ml/bnh 8lt hoc Ortus 5SC 10 -12ml/bnh 8lt.

- Rp: S dng Supaside 40ND nng 0,15%; 1 -1,5 lt/ha, Supathion10ml/bnh 8lt.

- Bnh phn trng: S dng Score 250ND nng 8 - 10 ml/bnh 8 lt, liulng 0,2 - 0,3 lt/ha, Anvil 5SC, nng 6 - 8 ml/bnh 8 lt nuc; liu lng 1lt/ha.

- Bnh m en: S dng Daconil 500SC 25ml/bnh 8 lt, ng xyclorua 30BTN 70 gam/bnh 8lt.

- Bnh g st: S dng Daconil 500SC 25ml/bnh 8 lt

i. Bng cy i trng

Sau thi gian gim t 25 - 35 ngy, (thi gian ny ph thuc v thi v gim,ging cy gim), cy ra r th c th mang i trng ngoi rung sn xut. Cyging t tiu chun mang trng l cy c r ra u xung quanh, chiu di r t t3 - 4 cm, cn gi nguyn l, mm bt t 2 - 4 cm khng c vt su bnh. Khi vnchuyn cy i trng nn c khay hoc bu ni lng, lc trng nh nhnh nng bu


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ly cy ra khi khay hoc bu nilng sao cho cn gi nguyn bu (bao gm c rv gi th) t cy xung v trng.

2. Bn cch ghp hoa hng qu

i vi nhng ging hng a phng, hng di, hng rng hay hng dy leoch nn p dng phng php nhn ging bng gim cnh. Cn i vi nhngging hng "kh tnh" nh hng lai, hng nhung ta khng nn gim cnh nhhng nhung rt kh to r do lng tinh bt trong cy thp, khng cho nhu cuti sinh cy, khi lng Enzym v Cytokinin ni sinh thp nn ch to c m som khng phn ha r.

Chit cnh v ghp cnh thng c p dng cho ging hng lai, hng nhungv nhng ging hng qu. Cy hng chit thng mc nhanh hn hng ghp,

nhng hoa li khng p v khng bn bng cy hng ghp. Hn na, phngphp ghp c th to c ging hng c nhiu mu sc, kiu hoa khc nhau trncng mt gc (cn ghp mt cy hng c mu nht trc mt thi gian ri mighp mt hoa mu sm). C nhiu cch ghp hng: ghp mt, ghp p, ghp nmv ghp xuyn thn. Trong c bn cch ghp u c mt c im chun g l: cnhlm gc ghp thng c chn t nhng ging hng c ph thch nghi rng, dsng, sinh trng mnh, nhng hoa li xu nh ging hng di, hng tm xun,hng leo, hng sen... Cn cnh ghp li c ly t nhng ging ta mong munnh ging hngqu, hng c hoa p nhng yu cu iu kin ngoi cnh v cngchm sc rt kht khe. C cnh ghp v gc ghp c chn thng l cnh bnht v c kch thc nh nhau.

a. Ghp mt

Gc ghp:chn nhng cnh tiu chun lm gc ghp, c kch thc tobngchic a n cm v ct thnh tng on di 15 20 cm em gim cho ra r. Saukhong 2 3 thng l c th dng lm gc ghp.

Mt ghp:c ly t cnh ghp, nhng cnh cha mc nhnh hoc mm.Dng dao sc gt ming v hnh ch nht hay hnh tam gic gm c g c mt chnh gia. Ly mi dao tch nh ming v ra sa cho ng mt dnh trn

phn g. C th ct bt hai bn ra phn v ny n c hnh ch T. Nn tin hnhvo lc sng sm hoc chiu mun v em ghp ngay vo gc ghp chghpkhng b kh nha.

Cch ghp:la chn nhng ch ghp khng c gai v hng v pha mt tri,lau chi bn ngoi v cho tht sch v kh ro ri dng mi dao tht sc khc hnh


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ch T, tch nh hai m v theo chiu dc. Tuyt i khng b x, khng bit, nc v nht l m hi ri vo ch m v. t mt ghp c chi hng lntrn v cho vo gc ghp. Phn v phi m st thn gc ghp, mt ghp khngc dp m v m trn ca mt ghp phi st vi vt ct ngang ca gc ghp

vic tip nha c d dng. Sau dng nilon qun cht vt ghp thnh nhiuvng (khng nn buc thnh cc d ng nc ni ghp v nh cha mm mtghp ra mm tip tc sng v ra l). Sau 2 3 tun ta c th m dy ra, nu mtghp cn xanh v ti l ghp thnh cng cn mt ghp kh ho l cht, phighp li ch k bn.

b. Ghp nm

Gc ghp:ta tut ht l, ct b phn ngn cn non cnh lm gc ghp, ridng sao sc ct su hnh ch V.

Cnh ghp:dng dao sc vt hnh mi tn nhn c kch thc nh hnh ch V gc ghp.

Cch ghp:a mi tn nhn ca cnh ghp lt kht vo hnh ch V ca gcghp. Dng dy nilon ct cht li gi cht. Khong ba tun sau ch ghp nm slin v ta c c cy hng mi c hoa p v gc vng chc.

c. Ghp p

Trng ging hng c sc sng mnh nh hng di, hng rng... cnh vi ginghng qu c hoa p, to. Ta chn mi ging mt cnh c kch thc nh nhau chohai cnh k st nhau. Ngay on chng c th c st nhau, ta dng dao bn cosch v ri p chtchng vo nhau. Sau dng dy nilon buc cht ch p st. Cui cng, ta ct b phn ngn ca cy c hoa xu n dn sc nui cnhmi. Khong ba tun sau ta ct ri thn cy c hoa p, ch cha li on cnhghp. Nh vy, ta c mt cy c gc sinh trng rt mnh v li c hoa qu vp.

d. Ghp xuyn cy

Cng ging nh ghp p, ta trng hai ging hng cnh nhau (mt ging lmgc ghp, mt ging lm cnh ghp). ging hng lm gc ghp, chn mt chnh dng dao li mng, c mi nhn m thng ngay gia li g. Cn ginghng lm cnh ghp phi tut ht l ri chn ni nh ghp, vt b mt on vkhong 0,5 cm xuyn qua thn cnh gc ghp. Sau cho ch vt c nm gntrong thn ca cnh gc ghp. Bc cui cng l dng nilon buc cht ht ch


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ghp . Sau ba tun ta tho dy, nu thy ch ghp lin v th ct b on cnhghp ri khi cy lm cnh ghp, cnh ghp sinh trng pht trin da trn gcghp.

Lu : t l ghp sng cao, ngoi thao tc phi nhanh, gn v chun xc,sau khi ghp xong ta nn che nng cho mt ghp v tuyt i khng c tinc ln mt ghp hoc cnh ghp (tnh t on ghp), m ch nn ti di gcghp hoc gc ca cnh ghp. Khi mt ghp hoc cnh ghp sng th ct b ht ccmm nhnh ca gc ghp v phn di mt ghp tp trung dinh dng nui mtghp, cnh ghp v gim che nng mt ghp hoc cnh ghp thch nghi dn vinh sng. gip mt ghp hoc cnh ghp mc nhanh ta nn ha long m Urnng 1 2ti cho cy v bm chi ngn ca gc ghp pha trn mt ghp t1 2 cm mt ghp pht trin nhanh. Khi trng cy ra t nn t v tr ghpngang vi mt t hay cao hn mt cht sau ny cy mc kho.

3. To ging hoa hng mi

a. Phng php lai hu tnh - Kh c:

Thng 4, 5 chn mt s hoa n ngay trn cy b m, bc v cnh hoa ln ltt ngoi vo trong, dng panh gp ht nh c, ri chp ti giy cch ly. Cngvic ny nn lm vo 4-5 gi chiu v khng mun qu 8 gi sng hm sau.

- Th phn hoa: Chn nhng bng hm sau n trn cy b, bc cnh hoa dng

panh gp ly ti phn b vo a, nh du tn ging b, t ni kh ro, thonggi, trnh phi ra nng. Sau khi kh, ti phn v tung phn ra.

- Th phn: Hoa ci trn cy m sau khi kh c, sng hm sau t 8 -10 gicth th phn. Dng bt lng chm ly phn hoa trong a bi nh ln u vi nhy,hoc trc tip dng hoa c r phn ln vi nhy hoa ci, nn lm li vi ln th

phn cho chc.

- Chm sc sau th phn: Sau khi th phn c kt qu, rt b ti bao, tngcng chm bn cho cy m, bn thm kali, khng ch khng cho ra lc mi vcc cnh gc, ngt b cc hoa, n cn li tp trung dinh dng nui qu v

phng chng su bnh hi. Khi qu chuyn mu l thu hi c.

- X l ht: Tch v qu chn ly ht, dng nc lc b ht lp. Chn nhng hty trn vi ct bo qun trong t lnh 0- 50C. t nht 2-3 thng mi ny mm. Cth dng acid chlohydric (HCl) x l ph ng.


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- Bi dc cy con: Sau khi ht nt v, nh mm, m cy con vo gin hoc am cy. Khi cy con cao 20cm, ho g mi em trng ra ngoi rung.

- S tuyn: Sau khi trng 3-5 thng cy mc c 5-7 l tht, c n v hoa, cth s tuyn. Chn cy sinh trng kho, ra hoa lin tc, nhiu hoa, mu sc ti,dng p, cnh hoa t 10-25 ci, cnh c di va phi, cng, thng, gai t, lhnh dng p, nhn, khng chu bnh cao.

- Chn lai: Cy con phi chn nhiu ln. Cy chn c ln u mang ghphoc gim cnh nhn ra 6-7 cy. Nm th 3 ghp nhng cy chn c nm th 2 nhn ra 70-90 cy. Nm th 4 nhn ra 1.000 cy, tin hnh bnh chnnng sut, cht lng hoa v tnh chng chu.

b. Phng php chn ging bin d chi

Phng php ny l bi dc ging t cc chi t bin t nhin hoc nhn to,cc ging c to ra theo cch ny c rt nhiu tnh trng ging m, n gi c

phn ln u im ca cy gc v ci thin khuyt im. Phng php ny rt ngin, d lm.

Bin d chi t nhin l s to thnh nhng tnh trng thay i do s t bingen trong iu kin t nhin. t bin nhn to l dng tc nhn dn n t bin x l cy, nhm tng tn xut bin d nn s dng chiu x.

c. To ging bng k thut mi

Cng ngh mi y ch yu l dng cng ngh gen to ra ging mi.Phng php ny i hi trang thit b phc tp, t tin, k thut cao m ch c mt s nc tin tin hay nhng c s u t trang thit b hin i mi c iukin p dng.


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V. K THUT TRNG V CHM SC

1. Thi v trng

Hng thuc cy lu nm, c th trng quanh nm nhng tt nht l trng vo 2thi v chnh: v xun thng 2 4 (bt u thu hoa thng 9 nm ) v v thuthng 910 (bt u thu hoa t tt nguyn n).

2. K thut lm t

- Ln lung: hnh thang, lung rng 1,3 1,4 m, mt lung 70 - 80 cm, lungcao 30 cm, rnh lung rng 30 40cm.

- Bn lt: 2 tn phn chung hoai + 20kg NPK + 1tn mn rm + 1m3 x thancho mt so Bc B, nhng ni t chua cn rc thm vi bt vi liu lng 4 kgvi bt/1 so.

- Cch bn: bn phn su cch mt lung 10cm, c th rch hng hoc b hc.Bn trc khi trng 3 5 ngy.

3. K thut trng v chm sc

a. Chn ging

Chn ging c mu sc p, hng thm nh, sinh trng kho v c kh nngchng chu su bnh c bit l bnh phn trng nh ging hng VR2, VR6 (nhung, ti ca Trung Quc).

C th s dng cy ging nhn bng phng php gim cnh hoc cy ghp.Cy ghp c u im nhanh phc hi, kho nhng d thoi ho, cy gim thi gianu chm hn cy ghp nhng sn lng hoa cao, lu b thoi ho ging v d pdng cc bin php canh tc khc.

b. Mt v khong cch trng

Trng hng i, hng cch hng 30 35 cm, hng cch mp lung 15 20 cm,cy cch cy 25cm. Vi khong cch ny, tng ng 5,0 5,2 vn cy/ha (tc l1.800- 2.000 cy/1so Bc B).


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c. Kthut trng

Khi trng tay tri gi cy, tay phi lp t nh vo xung quanh gc, n nh taycho cy ng, trnh lm t r cy, khng phn tip xc vi t. Trng xong titht m nc.

Nu trng vo nhng ngy nng nng th phi che bng li en hoc rm, r 2-3 tun cy nhanh hi phc, nng cao t l sng cho cy.

d. K thut ti nc

C 2 phng php ti: Ti nc ngp rnh tc l bm nc vo 2/3 cc rnh 2 ting ng h sau rt ht nc hoc ti bng vi bm vo mt lung gia 2hng cy, trnh bn nc nhiu ln b l v n s to iu kin cho nm bnh lan

truyn. Nu ti bng vi bm th gia 2 hng cy ta to ra 1 rnh nh khi tinc v phn khng chy ra ngoi.

e. K thut bn phn

Hoa hng rt a phn hu c,sau khi trng 1 2 thng l phi ti phn chocy. C th dng phn hu c ngm vi phn vi sinh sng gianh theo t l2m3nc cn 300 kg phn hu c + 50 kg phn vi sinh ti cho 10 so.

nh k 10 15 ngy ti mt ln, mi ln ti ho thm 3 kg m ur cho 1

so Bc B. Ngoi ra cn thng xuyn b sung phn qua l cho cy.f. K thut bm ngn, vt cnh iu tit sinh trng

Phng php bm ngn, vt cnh ta c th t c 3 mc ch sau:

- Lm tng nng sut t 3 4 ln (c th thu t 7- 9 bng/1 gc/ln thu).

- Tng cht lng cnh hoa (chiu di cnh hoa > 70 cm)

- iu khin ra hoa theo munLu : Vt cnh ch p dng i vi cy gim

g. K thut bao hoa trn ng rung:

Mc ch: trnh cn trng v cc tc ng ca mi trng xung quanh, ngthi gi hoa nhanh n trong vi ngy. C 2 cch bao hoa l bao bng giy bo (ct


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1 mnh giy bo qun quanh bng hoa v buc hoc dn li) v bao bng li baoc sn.

VI. Thu hoch v bo qun hoa

1. X l cn thu hoch

- S dng Atonik 1,8 DD, nng 0,15 %, phun ln ton b thn l v gc cytrc thu hoch 7 - 10 ngy.

- Khi cy c n cn phi gim hoc ngng bn m, tng cng bn kali, lnvi t l 2 : 1 (100kg kali clorua, 50kg ln cho 1ha )

- Trc khi thu hi 1 - 2 ngy (ma kh 1 ngy, ma m 2 ngy) ti nccho cy (m bo m t t 85%) cc cnh l c ht no nc.

2. Thu hi hoa

- Tiu chun thu hi:Tiu chun thu hi ph thuc vo tng ging, c ly vnchuyn v thi v thu hi. Thng thng ccging n chm th hi mun ging nnhanh th hi sm. Bn ti ch hoc vn chuyn gn th thu hoch ch s 3 (cnhhoa ngoi n), vn chuyn xa th hi lc cn ang n...

- Thi gian thu hi:Nn thu hi vo lc sng sm (5 - 6h) hoc chiu ti, vocc ngy kh ro

- V tr thu hi:V tr ct hoa nh hng trc tip n di cnh, cung hoa,ti s ny mm chi di vt ct v s ngy ct la sau. Thng thng cha litrung bnh t 2-4 t.

3. X l sau ct

Sau khi ct xong phi cm ngay 1/3 cung vo trong thng nc sch hocdung dch cm hoa, sau a vo ni mt (nh c mi che) thng thong x ls b (loi b nhng cnh hoa gi, cnh hoa b su bnh)

Phn loi v ng gi hoa hng

Sau khi thu hoa tin hnh phn loi v ng gi. Thng thng khi vn chuyncnh i xa mi cn ng gi: dng hp carton di 80 cm rng 50 cm, cao 50 cm,mi hp nhvy cha c 700 - 1.000 cnh, dng mng polytylen gi kn c hoa


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gi m.Khi ng thng cn trnh gai lm xc v. Mi hpc 4 l ngknh 2cm hoa tip tc h hp.

4. Bo qun hoa

C nhiu bin php bo qun hoa hng

-Bo qun bng ha cht:s dng cc dung dch glucoza, sacaroza 3-5% trongthi gian bo qun.

-Bo qun trong phng iu chnh khng kh: Hnh thc bo qun ny hin iv hiu qu nhng ch c nhng c s sn xut ln mi c iu kin p dng vchi ph cho h thng bo qun ny l rt ln.

VII. PHNG TR SU BNH

1. Su hi:

a. Nhn

C tr mt di ca l, chch ht dch trong m l to thnh vt hi c munu lm cho l c mu vng, qun queo ri rng. Thuc ho hc c tr tr nhn l: Pegasus 500 SC 7 10 ml/bnh 8 lt nc hoc Ortus 5 SC 10 12 ml / bnh 8lt nc. Phun ngay khi pht hin c triu chng ca nhn.

b. Rp

Rp thng ph hi trn thn, l, ngn cy hng, c bit rp sp ph lp trngsp, khng thm nc. S dng cc loi thuc ho hc nhsau: Supaside 40 NDnng 0,15 % liu lng 3 bnh cho mt so Bc B, Supathion 12ml/1bnh 8lt,Thiodal 15-20 ml/bnh 8 lt.

c. Su xanh vsu khoang

Hai loi su ny trng thnh trng tng di mt l, c th dng binphp th cng nhngt b trng, ct b hoc tiu hu cc b phn b su phhoi v dng cc loi thuc: Supracide 10 15 ml/bnh 8 lt, Pegasus 500 SC 7 10 ml/bnh 8 lt, Cyperin 5 EC 10 13 ml/bnh 8 lt. Phun vo lc chiu mt hocsng sm.


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d.B trB tr chch ht nha ngn non, l non, c bit l hi hoa, n, to vt chch

trn cnh hoa, hoa xu, cnh d dng, hoa nhanh tn v thi. Mt cao vo thigian n, hoa nh hng nghim trng n nng sut, cht lng hoa. S dng mt

s loi thuc sau: Polytrin P 440 ND 8 10ml/bnh 8 lt, Secectron 500 ND 7 1510ml/bnh 8 lt, Ofatox 400 EC 810 ml/bnh 8 lt.2. Bnh hia.Bnh phn trng

Vt bnh dng bt phn mu trng xm, bnh hi trn cc l non, cc l bnh tv c bng, bnh pht trin rt nhanh lm l bindng, thn kh, n t, hoa thngkhng n thm ch cht cy, c th dng thuc Score 250 ND liu lng 0,20,3lt/ ha(nng 10 ml/bnh 8 lt) , Anvil 5SC liu lng 1 lt/ hab.Bnh m en

Vt bnh hnh trn, bt nh, gia mu xm nht, xung quanh mu en. Bnh

thng ph hoi trn l bnh t, vt bnh xut hin c hai mt l, lm l vng,rng hng lot. Thuc phng tr bnh l Daconil 500 SC 25 ml/bnh 8 lt; ngxyclorua 30 BTN 70 g/bnh 8 lt, Anvil 5SC 1215 ml/bnh 8 lt.c.Bnh g st

Vt bnh dng chm ni mu vng da cam hoc mu g st, hnh thnh mtdi l, bnh lm l khchy, d rng, hoa nh, cy ci cc, thuc phng tr lKocide 1015 g/ bnh 8 lt, Vimonyl 72 BTN 50 g/bnh 8 lt, Daconil 500 SC 25ml/bnh 8 lt.

VIII. TRNG HOA HNG TRONG CHU1. Cch trng trong chu

Chu khng cn ln, cao c 30 cm, rng 40 cm. Nu l chu men, chn chu cs 4. Nu ng hc bng g hoc trng trc tip xung t th cng hay. t phithat nc. Chu phi c to di y trnh ng r. Chu cn k cao hn mtt mt cht. t trng hoa hng gm cc thnh phn nh sau : 33% tro trungm ra ht mn; 33% phn chung tht hoai, phi kh, c th dng phn rm, lcy mc; tt nht l phn b; 1% phn NPK 30-10-10; 33% t mn hoc t ph

sa. Tt c c trn u ri vo chu khong 2/3. Di y lt mt t si nh chm trn l thng nc. Ti mt lon nc. Trng cy hng vo gia v thm t8/10 cao ca chu. Sau em phi nng dn dn, cui cng em phi ra nhsng 100%.


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2. Cch chm sc

Sau khi trng, phi cm cy ct cht cy hoa vo, trnh cho cy b lay; che nnghoc ch rm mt. Mi ngy phi ti nc 2 ln, sng sm v chiu mt.Khng ti lc ti hoc lc tra nng. V ti ban m, nc thng ng trn lcy d b nm bnh. Nn dng vi sen ti cho u.

Sau 10 ngy, pha phn NPK hay DAP nng nghip t l 1 mung c ph/4 ltnc, ti vo lc sng hoc chiu mt, ti ln l, thn, gc... sau 3 thng, nnxi nh gc 1 ln v r s m ngc ln trn, bn thm phn chung hoai trnmt. C th bn phn bnh du di y chu, khi ti nc bnh du s ti ra,cy hng tr hoa tht to, tht p. Nu mun hoa hng c mu sc c trng m ta nn bn thm phn kali (phn mui t) lc n hoa va l ra. Lc cy ra hoa,tuyt i khng ti phn, nc ln cnh hoa.

3. Cch ct hoa

Ct hoavo lc sng sm hoc chiu mt v thi gian ny cy cn nhiu nha,nhiu nc nn hoa lu tn, lu ho. trc khi ct nn ti nc nhiu hn mc

bnh thng cy d tr mt lng nc cho hoa (v sau khi ct hoa hng s bchi mt nc). Ch , sau khi ct xong phi cm cy hoa vo nc sch, du ct

phi xo nc d thm vo thn cy. Trc khi cm vo bnh phi ct thm mtln na. Dng dao sc ct hoc dng ko ct cy, khng c lm dp. Lc ct

phi m t di ch bnh t ln (ch u cnh) cha 3 l. Ct cha li 3 l.

hnh hng cn li s ra 3 chi mi. Ta bt 1 nhnh xu, cn li 2 nhnh khesau ny s cho 2 hoa rt to v p. Cng cn ta lun nhng nhnh xu, h... sau 1thng hoc 1 thng ri l c hoa thu hoch.

IX. K THUT TRNG HOA HNG PHP

Hoa hng Php l loi hoa thng dng, bnh dn, c hoa to, mu ti, lutn. Trng hoa hng Php cho thu nhp cao, 1 so Bc b (360 m2) c th thu nhp5-6 triu ng/nm.

1. Nhn ging v thi v

Hoa hng Php c nhn ging chyu bng phng php ghp mt nh cg hoc ghp nm, ghp on cnh trn gc ghp l cy tm xun (hoa hng dy,hoa hng di).

Vo thng 2-3, chn ngy m (nhit >200C), ct cnh tm xun bnh t c


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ng knh t 0,5-1,5cm, di 10-15cm bng ko sc chuyn dng. Nhng hom tmxun trong dung dch thuc kch thch Atonic 1% hoc Orgamin 1% trong 5 giy,sau gim trn lung ct nh chun b, c mi che nng pha trn, vi mt 5x5cm, ti m lin tc m bo m 75-80% m t, m khngkh t

trn 90% t nht trong 20 ngy u. Sau khi gim khong 45-60 ngy, cc hom tmxun ra r di 4-5cm th tin hnh gim vo bu nilon c ng knh 7 -10cm, cao20-25cm, c c l thot nc y. Gi th lm bng t ph sa, bn i hoc ttht nh giu dinh dng 60-70% + phn chung hoai c mc trong 2 thngvi 2% super ln Lm Thao. t bu m hom ging vo vn m c b trni cao, thot nc, c gin che bt 60-70% nh sng trc x. Mt m vikhong cch 15 x20 cm/bu. Mi hom ch 1 mm st mt t, ti m + ln

pha long vi nc sch, khi mm c ng knh 0,3-0,5cm, cao 20-30 cm th tinhnh ghp.Cch ghp mt nh c g nh sau: Trn gc ghp, cao cch mtt 10 - 15cm, chn v tr khng c nhnh hoc mm ng, tin hnh m gc ghp

c dng hnh li gc ghp. Trn cnh ghp, chn v tr c mm ng, ct ly mtghp dng hnh li c mt phn g tng t nh trn gc ghp. t mt ghp vogc ghp v dng dy nilon cun li, lu cun kn dy t di ln trn mt lt trnh nc ma thm vo v c nh dy ghp. Sau ghp 15-25 ngy tin hnhci dy ghp, nu mt ghp cn sng th sau 2-3 ngy tin hnh ct ngn gc ghp,p dng cc bin php k thut chm sc cy con sau khi ghp nh ti m,ti phn m, kali pha long, phng tr su, bnh kp thi. Khi mm ghp mccao 7-10 cm th tin hnh a cy ging trng ra rung sn xut.

Thi v trng:V thu trng thng 9-10. V xun trong thng2-3.

2. Trng v chm sc

Chn rung t ct pha, tht nh, t ph sa ch ng ti tiu. Hoa hng yucu pH: 6-7, nu t chua ( pH di 5,5) cn bn 20-25 kg vi bt/so, vitrc khi lm t. Cy ba k, nht sch c di, ln lung rung 70-80 cm, cao 25-30cm, trng hng i. Hai hng n cch nhau 35-40cm, cy cch cy 30 cm.

a.Lng phn bn cho 1 so hoa hng

Phn chung hoai mc 7-10 t, phn ln super 20-25kg, m ur 10-15kg, kaliclorua 3-5kg (nm u bn t m v kali, nm th 2-3 bn nhiu hn).

Cch bn: Bn lt lc trng ton b phn chung, phn ln vo chnh gialung. Bn thc bng cch ti m v kali long ln th nht sau trng 15 -20ngy. Sau khong 15-20 ngy bn thc 1 ln bng m v kali cch gc 15cm.Hoa hng sau khi trng c 3-4 thng th bi hoa. K thut iu khin ra hoa r


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vo nhng ngy c nhu cu ln nh ngy l, tt, ngy rm, mng 1 (m lch) bnc gi cho thu nhp cao thuc v kinh nghim ring ca tng nng dn.

n ta thn cnh: Sau khi mm chnh ln cao 20 -25cm, th tin hnh bm

ngn, ch 4-5 cnh cp 1 to u xung quanh to thnh b khung chnh ca cy.Thng xuyn ta b cc l gi, cnh tm hng tn cy c thng thong,gim su, bnh hi.

Theo kinh nghim ca b con nng dn, chm sc hoa hng c nhiu bngvi cht lng cao cn thao tc mt s bin php k thut sau:

-Nn bn nhiu phn chung hoai mc, phn vi sinh, bn ao phi i v phntng hp NPK (loi 12:5:10) ca hng Apatit Lo Cai, ln Lm Thao cho hoa hngthay phn n m, ln, kalicy s tt bn hn.

- Thng xuyn phun mt trong s cc loi phn bn qua l cc loi nh: A-H502; Kch pht t hoa tri Thin nng, Atonic nh k khong 10 -15 ngy/ln, cysinh trng tt, hoa n s lng nhiu, tp trung, kch thc hoa to, mu sc scs, khi s dng lu tn c ngi tiu dng tn nhim.Nu cy sinh trng qutt, chm ra hoa b con cn: Ta bt cnh la, cnh tm, cnh vng cho tn thngthong, ngng bn m, ngng ti nc, bn lng ln kali (7-10kg/so), kht 10-15ngy, sau chm sc bnh thung, cy s nhanh pht hoa.

- Sau khi bm ngn cnh t (cnh non) khong 35-45 ngy (tu v, tu nhit, m t, lng phn bn thc cho cy v kinh nghim ca ngi trng cy)th cy pht hoa. Nh vy mun c hoa hng phc v tt Nguyn n, v nhngngy sau tt, u thng ging th cn bm ngn cnh non vo khong u thng 11m lch hng nm.

V nng sut hoa, sau trng 1 nm tui cho thu 4-5 nghn bng/so/nm. Hoahng 2 nm c th cho 10-15 nghn bng/nm. Nm th 3 sn lng hoa gim dncn khong7-10 nghn bng. Nm th 4 cy hoa tn sinh trng km nn tin hnhtrng mi.

b.K thut bao hoa:Nu khng bao hoa, t nhin th hoa n khng u, thu bn khng ng

lot. Dng giy chuyn dng mu trng khng ngm nc (ca Trung Quc snxut), qun cht va kn bng hoa chun b n theo hnh chp nn (khi b giy ra,sau 1-2 gi bng hoa s c n bung ra).

Kinh nghim phng tr mt s su, bnh hi ch yu nh: Cc loi ry, rp


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dng thuc Aciara 25EC; Sutin 5EC. Nhn dng Sokupi 0,36AS; Ortus 5EC;Pegasus 500EC. Bnh thn th, bnh sng mai, l c r hi thn, cnh l, hoadng thuc Alpine 80WP + Cavil 50WP hoc Ridomin 72% + Carbenzim 50WP.3. Phng php ghp cy hoa hng

Hoa hng l mt loi hoap nht trong cc loi hoa, c xem l biu tngca tnh yu v nim hnh phc, nhng n cng l loi hoa kh trng. Kh khngphi ch trng cho cy mc ln m lm th no cy hng cho c nhng ahoa to, p.

Hng c nhiu loi, t loi hoa nh nh hng t mui, hng qu, tng vinnhng loi cho hoa to, mu c sc nh hng nhung mu thm (ang l ginghng ch lc ca th trng h ni), hng vng, hng bch, hng phn, hoa hngB.BMi loi hoa hng u c v p, mu sc ring. l nhng a hoa khngth thiu trong cc phng khch, phng tip tn v hn na, chng lm cho ngi

tng ln ngi nhn u cm thy hnh phc.Nhng cn ngi trng hoa hng? H cng c cm nhn hnh phc, c khi cn

nhiu hn, v y l nhng cy hoa hng m h chm sc, tr hoa bt u t cchchit hay ghp cnh.

Cc loi hoa hng mu sm thng mc mnh hn cc loi hoa hng mu nht.Tr cc ging hng ia phng cho hoa khng p nh hng dy leo, hng tmuinhng li c sc sng rt mnh, thng c trng bng cch gim cnhcn a s cc ging hng cho hoa ln u c gy ging bng cch chit hoc

ghp.Cy hng chit mc nhanh hn, m cnh nhiu nhng hoa t p v khng bnbng cy hng ghp. Phng php ghp mang li nhiu ch lil ta c c nhngging hng qu hoa to ngay trn nhng ging tm thng nhng sc sng mnh v thch hp vi thy t a phng. Hn na ta c th to ra nhiu ging hngcho hoa khc nhau trn cng mt gc ghp. Trong trng hp ny cn ghp mtcy hng c hoa yu (mu nht) trc mt thi gian ri mi ghp mt cy mnh(hoa mu sm) sau.

Thi gian thun tin cho vic ghp cy hoa hng thng l vo ma ma v

ma xun (pha bc).Sau y l nhng im chnh ca cch ghp hoa hng:

a. Chn gc ghp

Thng dng ging tm xun (Rosa canina), hng sen (Rosa indica), hay hngchm (Rosa Multiflora) lm gc ghp, v chng l nhng ging hng khe, kh


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nng chng chu su bnh tt.

Gc ghp c chun b bng cch ct tng on, gim cho ra r, cc nhnhpht trin khong 3 thng l dng ghp c.

b. Chn cnh:Chn cnh va tui, t 7 10cm tnh t mt t, trn cnh ny chn ch khng

c gai, pha hng ng, lau chi bn ngoi v cho sch, ri dng dao tht bnrch mt ng ngangv mt ng dc thnh ch T.

c. Chn mt ghp:

Trn cnh ca nhng ging hng tt m ta mun nhn ging, chn cnh tng

ng gc ghp v cha mc nhnh, bt l, chn nhng mt va nh mm v mpmnh. Dng dao bn gt ming v gm c g c mt chnh gia, nh tay tch vra khi phn g sao cho ng mt dnh trn phn g. C th ct bt 2 bn ra

phn v ny v va vn vi du rch T gc ghp.

d. Ghp mt v chm sc:

t mt vo gc ghp sao cho phn v c mt vo giao im 2 ng rchtrn gc ghp, mt cch ng rch ngang 0,5 1 cm l va. Dng dy nilon buccht v xui cho qu u vt v rch trn gc ghp. Khng nn buc dy thnh

cc, d lm ng nc ni ghp. Khong 10 15 ngy sau tho dy. Dng dao lamta b cc mm mc gc ghp v phn di mt ghp.

Tri nng phi thng xuyn che mt ni ghp. Cn ti nc thng xuyncho mt ghp.

Khi mt pht trin thnh mm c 10 12cm th ct cnh chu ghp (ca gcghp) pha trn mt t 1 2cm. Dng cy chi nh v dy buc gc ghp, trnhlay ng.

T y, bt u giai on chm sc mt cy hoa hng.

4. Phng tr su bnh hi hoa hng.

4.1. Su hi

a. Nhn

C tr mt di ca l, chch ht dch trong m l to thnh vt hi c mu


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nu lm cho l c mu vng, qun queo ri rng. Thuc ho hc c tr tr nhn l: Pegasus 500 SC 7 10 ml/bnh 8 lt nc hoc Ortus 5 SC 10 12 ml / bnh 8lt nc. Phun ngay khi pht hin c triu chng ca nhn.

b. Rp

Rp thng ph hi trn thn, l, ngn cy hng, c bit rp sp ph lp trngsp, khng thm nc. S dng cc loi thuc ho hc nhsau: Supaside 40 NDnng 0,15 % liu lng 3 bnh cho mt so Bc B, Supathion 12ml/1bnh 8lt,Thiodal 15-20 ml/bnh 8 lt.

c. Su xanh vsu khoang

Hai loi su ny trng thnh trng tng di mt l, c th dng bin php

th cng nhngt b trng, ct b hoc tiu hu cc b phn b su ph hoi vdng cc loi thuc: Supracide 10 15 ml/bnh 8 lt, Pegasus 500 SC 7 10ml/bnh 8 lt, Cyperin 5 EC 1013 ml/bnh 8 lt. Phun vo lc chiu mt hoc sngsm.

d.B trB tr chch ht nha ngn non, l non, c bit l hi hoa, n, to vt chch

trn cnh hoa, hoa xu, cnh d dng, hoa nhanh tn v thi. Mt cao vo thigian n, hoa nh hng nghim trng n nng sut, cht lng hoa. S dng mts loi thuc sau: Polytrin P 440 ND 8 10ml/bnh 8 lt, Secectron 500 ND 7

1510ml/bnh 8 lt, Ofatox 400 EC 810 ml/bnh 8 lt.

2. Bnh hia.Bnh phn trng

Vt bnh dng bt phn mu trng xm, bnh hi trn cc l non, cc l bnh tv c bng, bnh pht trin rt nhanh lm l bindng, thn kh, n t, hoa thngkhng n thm ch cht cy, c th dng thuc Score 250 ND liu lng 0,2 0,3lt/ ha(nng 10 ml/bnh 8 lt) , Anvil 5SC liu lng 1 lt/ hab.Bnh m en

Vt bnh hnh trn, bt nh, gia mu xm nht, xung quanh mu en. Bnhthng ph hoi trn l bnh t, vt bnh xut hin c hai mt l, lm l vng, rnghng lot. Thuc phng tr bnh l Daconil 500 SC 25 ml/bnh 8 lt; ngxyclorua 30 BTN 70 g/bnh 8 lt, Anvil 5SC 1215 ml/bnh 8 lt.c.Bnh g st

Vt bnh dng chm ni mu vng da cam hoc mu g st, hnh thnh mtdi l, bnh lm l kh chy, d rng, hoa nh, cy ci cc, thuc phng tr l


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Kocide 1015 g/ bnh 8 lt, Vimonyl 72 BTN 50 g/bnh 8 lt, Daconil 500 SC 25ml/bnh 8 lt.5. K thut nhn ging hoa hnga. Thi v nhn ging:

Nhn ging hng bng cnh gim c th p dng mi thi v trong nm (viiu kin m bo ng theo qui trnh nhn ging), nhng tt nht vn l 2 thi v

chnh.

- V xun (t thng 2-4)

- V thu (t thng 8- 10).

2 thi v ny cy ging nhanh ra r v cho t l sng cao nht, ng thi khi

trng ra sn xut t l cy cht cng thp nht.b. Chun b nh gim:

Nh gim hng nn thit k theo kiu nh knh, nh li, dng nh ny va c

tc dng che chn (ma, nng, cch li su bnh), va c iu kin p dng cng

ngh mang tnh cht cng nghip cao (h thng phun ti, hthng iu khin nh

sng...) Trong iu kin cha c kh nng lm cc kiu nh ny, th c th thit k

theo kiu nh gim n gin, nhng l nh c mi che v phi m bo c yu cu

v nh sng. C th s dng nilng hoc tm nha PE lm mi.c. Chun b gi th gim:

Yu cu ca gi th gim hng l phi lm bng vt liu va m bo s ti

xp, c kh nng thot nc tt, ng thi c tnh gi m cao. Cc nghin cu ca

chng ti cho thy loi gi th tt nht cho vic nhn ging hng iu Vit nam

l: 2/3 tru hun + 1/3 t i, nu khng c t i c th thay th bng t ph sa

hoc ct, ct vng.

Tt c cc loi gi th trn phi c sng lc loi b nhng tp cht, phi khv phi c kh trng bng VibenC 1%, trc khi a vo gim, Gi th sau khi x

l em ng vo khay nha chuyn dng dng cho hng gim.

d. Chn, ct cnh gim:

Vn hng dng ct cnh cn c ch chm sc ring, ngoi ch bn


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thng thng cn bn thm 50 kg ur, 70 kg kali cho 1ha.

Dng loi cnh bnh t khng qu gi hoc qu non, tt nht l chn loi cnh

ang mang hoa giai on s dng, cnh c cc mt bng ht go, khng nn ly

nhng cnh c mt m hoc mt bt lc. Chiu di ca on cnh dng gimt 8-10 cm, trn c t 2 - 4 mt. Khi ct cnh, ct vt khong 30O. Dng dao

(ko) sc ct, khng vt ct b dp nt. Mi on cnh gim gi li t 1 - 2 l

cht cung l pha trn.

e. X l thuc:

Hng l loi cy thn g tng i kh ra r khi gim, v vy mun kch thch

cnh gim ra r nhanh ta dng mt trong 2 loi thuc iu tit sinh trng l IAA

v NAA thng phm nng t 500 700ppm, sau khi cnh ct xong em nhngnhanh vo dung dch pha sn trong khong thi gian t 3 - 5 giy ri cm vo

gi th.

S dng cn lm dung mi pha thuc (v cn va c tc dng ho tan thuc,

va c tc dng dit khun vt ct trc khi gim).

f. Thao tc gim cnh.

Dng tay cm cnh thng ng, ngay ngn, cm su 1,5 - 2 cm. Cm vo chnh

gia cc l trong khay c chun b sn (khay ny c thit k chuyn dng chohng gim)

g. K thut phun, ti nc:

Phi lun lun m bo m cho cy, iu kin m khng kh v m gi

th trong 3 ngy sau gim t mc 95% l tt nht. Sau 3 ngy gim c th gim

m gi th xung 85 90%.

Trong iu kin cha p dng c cng ngh cao to m bng my tnh t

ng (ch c mt s c s ln mi c iu kin p dng) th c th p dng h

thng phun ti bng ch hn gi theo thi gian c Rle t ngt, thi gian hn

ny tu thucvo iu kin ngoi cnh. Vi iu kin ma kh t ch phun

l 50 giy, khong cch gia cc ln phun t 15 - 20 pht (ban ngy), 60 - 90 pht

(ban m). Vi iu kin ma m t ch phun l 30 giy, khong cnh cc


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ln phun t 30 - 40 pht (ban ngy), 120 - 180 pht (ban m). Hoc nu khng c

th s dng theo phng php th cng bng bnh, phun nh ln ton b b mt

lung gim, ch phun ny cng lm theo nhch hn gi.

Trong giai on u khi cnh cha xut hin r (khong 10-15 ngy) th cngvic phun nc phi i hi rt cht ch . Sau khi hnh thnh r bt nh, giai on

ny r bt u c kh nng ht nc t gi th th m gi th lun phi c

m bo mc 80 85%.

h. Chm sc cnh gim

Phi thng xuyn nht b nhng cnh l a v nhng cnh l ny l mi

trng truyn nhim bnh.

Sau khi gim 5 - 10 ngy cn phun ln cnh gim mt s loi thuc kch thchsinh trng v phn bn qua l, 10 ngy sau phun li mt ln, (mi la gim phun

khong 2 ln). Cc loi ch phm thng s dng cho cy hng gim l Atonik

1,8%DD 10 ml/bnh 8 lt, phn bn l thin nng.

Trong thi gian gim phi theo di su bnh trn cnh gim, c th l tn d

su bnh t cy m hoc c th l su bnh hi mi xut hin. Mt s loi su bnh

hi chnh v cch phng tr trn cy hng gim nhsau:

- Nhn : S dng Pegasus 500 SC 7-10ml/bnh 8lt hoc Ortus 5SC 10 -12ml/bnh 8lt.

- Rp: S dng Supaside 40ND nng 0,15%; 1 -1,5 lt/ha, Supathion

10ml/bnh 8lt.

- Bnh phn trng: S dngScore 250ND nng 8 - 10 ml/bnh 8 lt, liu l-

ng 0,2 - 0,3 lt/ha, Anvil 5SC, nng 6 - 8 ml/bnh 8 lt nuc; liu lng 1 lt/ha.

- Bnh m en: S dng Daconil 500SC 25ml/bnh 8 lt, ng xyclorua 30

BTN 70 gam/bnh 8lt.

- Bnh g st: S dngDaconil 500SC 25ml/bnh 8 lti. Bng cy i trng

Sau thi gian gim t 25 - 35 ngy, (thi gian ny ph thuc v thi v gim,

ging cy gim), cy ra r th c th mang i trng ngoi rung sn xut. Cy

ging t tiu chun mang trng l cy c r ra u xung quanh, chiu di r t t


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3 - 4 cm, cn gi nguyn l, mm bt t 2 - 4 cm khng c vt su bnh. Khi vn

chuyn cy i trng nn c khay hoc bu ni lng, lc trng nh nhnh nng bu

ly cy ra khi khay hoc bu nilng sao cho cn gi nguyn bu (bao gm c r

v gi th) t cy xung v trng.

IX. TO GING HNG MI

a. Phng php lai hu tnh

- Kh c: Thng 4, 5 chn mt s hoa n ngay trn cy b m, bc v cnhhoa ln lt t ngoi vo trong, dng panh gp ht nh c, ri chp tigiy cch ly. Cng vic ny nn lm vo 4-5 gi chiu v khng mun qu 8 gi snghm sau.

- Th phn hoa: Chn nhng bng hm sau n trn cy b, bc cnh hoa dngpanh gp ly ti phn b vo a, nh du tn ging b, t ni kh ro, thonggi, trnh phi ra nng. Sau khi kh, ti phn v tung phn ra.

- Th phn: Hoa ci trn cy m sau khi kh c, sng hm sau t 8 -10 gi cth th phn. Dng bt lng chm ly phn hoa trong a bi nh ln u vi nhy,hoc trc tip dng hoa c r phn ln vi nhy hoa ci, nn lm li vi ln th

phn cho chc.- Chm sc sau th phn: Sau khi th phn c kt qu, rt b ti bao, tng

cng chm bn cho cy m, bn thm kali, khng ch khng cho ra lc mi v

cc cnh gc, ngt b cc hoa, n cn li tp trung dinh dng nui qu vphng chng su bnh hi. Khi qu chuyn mu l thu hi c.- X l ht: Tch v qu chn ly ht, dng nc lc b ht lp. Chn nhng ht

y trn vi ct bo qun trong t lnh 0- 5oC. t nht 2-3 thng mi ny mm. Cth dng acid chlohydric (HCl) x l ph ng.

- Bi dc cy con: Sau khi ht nt v, nh mm, m cy con vo gin hoc am cy. Khi cy con cao 20cm, ho g mi em trng ra ngoi rung.

- S tuyn: Sau khi trng 3-5 thng cy mc c 5-7 l tht, c n v hoa, cth s tuyn. Chn cy sinh trng kho, ra hoa lin tc, nhiu hoa, mu sc ti,dng p, cnh hoa t 10-25 ci, cnh c di va phi, cng, thng, gai t, l

hnh dng p, nhn, khng chu bnh cao.- Chn lai: Cy con phichn nhiu ln. Cy chn c ln u mang ghp

hoc gim cnh nhn ra 6-7 cy. Nm th 3 ghp nhng cy chn c nm th 2 nhn ra 70-90 cy. Nm th 4 nhn ra 1.000 cy, tin hnh bnh chnnng sut, cht lng hoa v tnh chng chu vi kh hu, su bnh.


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b. Phng php chn ging bin d chi

Phng php ny l bi dc ging t cc chi t bin t nhin hoc nhn to,cc ging c to ra theo cch ny c rt nhiu tnh trng ging m, n gi c

phn ln u im ca cy gc v ci thin khuyt im.

Phng php ny rt n gin, d lm.

Bin d chi t nhin l s to thnh nhng tnh trng thay i do s t bingen trong iu kin t nhin. t bin nhn to l dng tc nhn dn n t bin x l cy, nhm tng tn xut bin d nn s dng chiu x.

To ging bng k thut micng ngh mi y ch yu l dng cng nghgen to ra ging mi. Phng php ny i hi trang thit b phc tp, t tin,k thut cao m ch c mt s nc tin tin hay nhng c s u t trang thit

b hin i mi c iu kin p dng

c. Bncch ghp hoa hng

i vi nhng ging hng a phng, hng di, hng rng hay hng dy leoch nn p dng phng php nhn ging bng gim cnh. Cn i vi nhngging hng "kh tnh" nh hng lai, hng nhung ta khng nn gim cnh nhhng nhung rt kh to r do lng tinh bt trong cy thp, khng cho nhu cu

ti sinh cy, khi lng Enzym v Cytokinin ni sinh thp nn ch to c m som khng phn ha r.Chit cnh v ghp cnh thng c p dng cho ging hng lai, hng nhung

v nhng ging hng qu. Cy hng chit thng mc nhanh hn hng ghp,nhng hoa li khng p v khng bn bng cy hng ghp. Hn na, phng

php ghp c th to c ging hng c nhiu mu sc, kiu hoa khc nhau trncng mt gc (cn ghp mt cy hng c mu nht trc mt thi gian ri mighp mt hoa mu sm). C nhiu cch ghp hng: ghp mt, ghp p, ghp nmv ghp xuyn thn. Trong c bn cch ghp u c mt c im chung l: cnhlm gc ghp thng c chn t nhng ging hng c ph thch nghi rng, dsng, sinh trng mnh, nhng hoa li xu nh ging hng di, hng tm xun,hng leo, hng sen... Cn cnh ghp li c ly t nhng ging ta mong munnh ging hng qu, hng c hoa p nhng yu cu iu kin ngoi cnh v cngchm sc rt kht khe. C cnh ghp v gc ghp c chn thng l cnh bnht v c kch thc nh nhau.1.Ghp mt

Gc ghp:chn nhng cnh tiu chun lm gc ghp, c kch thc to bng


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chic a n cm v ct thnh tng on di 15 20 cm em gim cho ra r. Saukhong 2 3 thng l c th dng lm gc ghp.

Mt ghp:c ly t cnh ghp, nhng cnh cha mc nhnh hoc mm.Dng dao sc gt ming v hnh ch nht hay hnh tam gic gm c g c mt

chnh gia. Ly mi dao tch nh ming v ra sa cho ng mt dnh trnphn g. C th ct bt hai bn ra phn v ny n c hnh ch T. Nn tin hnhvo lc sng sm hoc chiu mun v em ghp ngay vo gc ghp ch ghpkhng b kh nha.

Cch ghp:la chn nhng ch ghp khng c gai v hng v pha mt tri,lau chi bn ngoi v cho tht sch v kh ro ri dng mi dao tht sc khc hnhch T, tch nh hai m v theo chiu dc. Tuyt i khng b x, khng bit, nc v nht l m hi ri vo ch m v. t mt ghp c chi hng lntrn v cho vo gc ghp. Phn v phi m st thn gc ghp, mt ghp khngc dp m v m trn ca mt ghp phi st vi vt ct ngang ca gc ghp

vic tip nha c d dng. Sau dng nilon qun cht vt ghp thnh nhiuvng (khng nn buc thnh cc d ng nc ni ghp v nh cha mm mtghp ra mm tip tc sng v ra l). Sau 2 3 tun ta c th m dy ra, nu mtghp cn xanh v ti l ghp thnh cng cn mt ghp kh ho l cht, phighp li ch k bn.2. Ghp nm

Gc ghp:ta tut ht l, ct b phn ngn cn non cnh lm gc ghp, ridng sao sc ct su hnh ch V.

Cnh ghp:dng dao sc vt hnh mi tn nhn c kch thc nh hnh ch V

gc ghp.Cch ghp:a mi tn nhn ca cnh ghp lt kht vo hnh ch V ca gcghp. Dng dy nilon ct cht li gi cht. Khong ba tun sau ch ghp nm slin v ta c c cy hng mi c hoa p v gc vng chc.3. Ghp p

Trng ging hng c sc sng mnh nh hng di, hng rng... cnh vi ginghng quc hoa p, to. Ta chn mi ging mt cnh c kch thc nh nhau chohai cnh k st nhau. Ngay on chng c th c st nhau, ta dng dao bn cosch v ri p cht chng vo nhau. Sau dng dy nilon buc cht ch p st. Cui cng, ta ct b phn ngn ca cy c hoa xu n dn sc nui cnh

mi. Khong ba tun sau ta ct ri thn cy c hoa p, ch cha li on cnhghp. Nh vy, ta c mt cy c gc sinh trng rt mnh v li c hoa qu vp.4. Ghp xuyn cy

Cng ging nh ghp p, ta trng hai ging hng cnh nhau (mt ging lmgc ghp, mt ging lm cnh ghp). ging hng lm gc ghp, chn mt chnh dng dao li mng, c mi nhn m thng ngay gia li g. Cn ging


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hng lm cnh ghp phi tut htl ri chn ni nh ghp, vt b mt on vkhong 0,5 cm xuyn qua thn cnh gc ghp. Sau cho ch vt c nm gntrong thn ca cnh gc ghp. Bc cui cng l dng nilon buc cht ht chghp . Sau ba tun ta tho dy, nu thy ch ghp lin v th ct b on cnh

ghp ri khi cy lm cnh ghp, cnh ghp sinh trng pht trin da trn gcghp.Lu : t l ghp sng cao, ngoi thao tc phi nhanh, gn v chun xc,

sau khi ghp xong ta nn che nng cho mt ghp v tuyt i khng c tinc ln mt ghp hoc cnh ghp (tnh t on ghp), m ch nn ti di gcghp hoc gc ca cnh ghp. Khi mt ghp hoc cnh ghp sng th ct b ht ccmm nhnh ca gc ghp v phn di mt ghp tp trung dinh dng nui mtghp, cnh ghp v gim che nng mt ghp hoc cnh ghp thch nghi dn vinh sng. gip mt ghp hoc cnh ghp mc nhanh ta nn ha long m Urnng 1 2ti cho cy v bm chi ngn ca gc ghp pha trn mt ghp t

1 2 cm mt ghp pht trin nhanh. Khi trng cy ra t nn t v tr ghpngang vi mt t hay cao hn mt cht sau ny cy mc kho.

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