L. J, ra. VANVLir- T, p.r,g. KDQ!OGIST AGRIcAJL'IURE CANADAsis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/bc/bc101/bc101... · 2012-01-20 · l. j, ra. vanvlir-_t, p.r,g. kdq!ogist agricajl'i"ure

L. J, ra . VANVLir-_T, p .r,g .KDQ!OGISTAGRI cAJ L'I"U RE CANADA6660 NW MARINE DRIVEVANCOUVER, B .C.VF;T 1X2

SOIL SURVEY

of the

NORTH OKANAGAN VALLEY

By

P . N . SPROUT

and

C . C . KELLEY

INTERIM REPORT

BRITISH COLUMBIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

KELOWNA, B . C .

September, 1960

CONTENTSPage

Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Introduction . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Description of the Area :

3

Location and Extent _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 .. .,

Physiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Transportation and Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~. . . . . .e . . . . . . . . . . . . . .n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Origin of Soil Forming Deposits . . . . . . . . . .e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Soil Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DESCRIPTION OF SOILS :

1 . Dark Brown Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Hulcar Silt Loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2 : Black Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Armstrong Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Moffat Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Grandview Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Na.hun Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Kalamalka Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Bluespr.i.ng Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 . Ha ].omorphic Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Spallumcheen Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Broadview Series . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20

21

21

22

4 . Brown Wooded Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Grizzly Hill Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

O'Keef e Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Lumby Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e . . . . . . . 25

Coldstream Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Glenemma Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 . Gray Wooded Soi.ls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Reiswig Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Saltwell Loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Plaster Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Enderby Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Hilton Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Beaverjack Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

-2-

Latewhos Fine Sandy Loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Stepney Sandy Loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Mara Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Cherryville Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

6 . Brown Podzolic Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ./o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Sicamous Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Shuswap Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Sauff Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Schunter Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

7 . Podzol Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Hupel Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Reiter Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Vance Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Sitkum Gravelly Loamy Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

8 . Meadow Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Swanson Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

9 . Dark Gray Gleysolic Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Nisconlith Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Bessette Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

10 . Gleysol Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Duteau Series and Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Gardom Series and Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

11 . Regosolic Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Mabel Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Monashee Series and Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Grlndrod Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

1.2 . Organic Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Waby Peat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~ 56

Okanagan Muck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Irrigable Acreage and Water Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Suitability for Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Chemical and Physical Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .

The soil survey of the North Okanagan Valley was undertaken by the SoilSurvey Branch,, British Columbia Department of Agriculture . Base maps and aerialphotographs were supplied by the Water Rights Branch, Department of Lands andForests . The advisory 'assistance of Department of Agriculture district officials,

-including M. G . Oswell and J. C . Ryder is acknowledged . Soil Survey staff partici-pating were A. B . Dawson, J . Raeside, A. . C . S . Wright, J. Baker, H . Luttmerding,N. Keser and C . A. Gobin .

INTRODUCTION

The soil survey of the North Okanagan Valley was undertaken in 1959 atthe request of the Comptroller of Water Rights, in connection with a proposal toform a North Okanagan Metropolitan. Water District . The proposed water districtincluded a large chiefly mountainous area, and an initial task was to determinethe.acreage and kinds of potentially arable and irrigable soil it contained .

Prior soil classification of the area consisted o£ a broad reconnaissancesurvey undertaken in 1937 and published in 1949 as Report No . 3, Soil Survey of theOkanagan and Similkameen Valleys . The pioneer survey did not provide sufficientdifferentiation of the soils to meet the new requirements . A new, more detailedsurvey was necessary, to separate soil associations into components and to moreclosely define the soil groups contained in the area . The new survey was on ascale of one half mile to an inch . In addition to soil classification it in-cluded a classification of soils according to their suitability for irrigation .*

A limited number of hand-made soil maps were produced for use by theWater Rights Branch and the Department of Agriculture . Such maps are not forgeneral distribution, but they may be examined at district offices of the Departmentof Agriculture within the area .

On May 18th-20th, 1960, a meeting of the Department of AgricultureReclamation Committee was held to assign farm water requirements to the irrigablesoil types . A report,covering the meeting was made available in the form of "Pro-ceediings of the Reclamation Committee, Brief 38, 1960, Department of Agriculture,Kelowna, B . C .T1

DESCRIPTION. OF THE AREA

LOCATION AND EXTENT :

The sail-mapped area includes the main Okanagan Valley from Cozens Bayon Kalamalka Lake to Mara Lake, but the Salmon River valley and Salmon Arm are ex-cluded . The Coldstream Valley east to Lumby, the Bluesprings Valley and the Shuswap,River valley from Cherryville to Enderby were soil surveyed . The area of classifiedsoils amounts to 148,475 acres .

PHYS IOGRAI'HY :

The North Okanagan Valley and side valleys are situated in the vicinityof the junction of the Interior Plateau and the Columbia Mountains . The drainageis west and south into the systems of the Fraser and Columbia rivers . The Fraser

systemstarts

includes Sugar and Mabel Lakes and the Shuswap River. The Columbia drainageat Waby Lake and Fortune Creek, which drain southward into Okanagan Lake .

The larger lakes ., such as Okanagan, Mara and Mabel, are wat'er-filled pa :~?:<;

of inter-linked valleys . The most important of the valleys is the Spa~7.lumcheen,which extends from Sicamous to the north arm of Okanagan Lake . At the head of

Kalamalka Lake and at Enderby, the Okanagan is joined by the Coldstream and Shuswap

River valleys . Most of the valleys have approximately the same elevations, which

lie between 1,120 and 1,500 feet above sea level .

' Proceedings of_ the Reclamation Committee, Brief 22, 1953 .

TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS :

The Okanagan and Shuswap Railway, a branch of the C.P .R :, wA8 builtbetween Sicamous and Okanagan Landing in 1892 . The C .N.R . constructea a linefrom Kamloops to Kelowna in 1925, with a branch to Lumby.

Highway 97 extends northward from Vernon and joins the Trans-CanadaHighway at.Canoe and Sicamous . Other paved roads lead west from Vernon toKamloops and from Vernon to Lumby . There are secondary roads in all of thevalleys, which also are served by telephone and rural mail delivery .

CLIMATE :

The main movement of air masses is from west to east . The amount ofprecipitation is dependent on elevation and exposure . The lower areas are drierthan the nearby highlands . The winter climate is governed chiefly by low pressuresystems that cross the country frequently, bringing cloud cover and moderate pre-cipitation . These systems may move in a series, one after another with scarcelya day between, arid the -series may persist for weeks or months .

Occasionally in winter this pattern may be interrupted by an invasion ofcontinental arctic air, lasting from a few days to a week or more . The change isnoteworthy for strong winds, which clear away the clouds . Stich air masses bringlow temperatures .

In summer the march of west to east low pressure systems is interruptedfrom time to time by areas of high pressure which originate over the Pacific Ocean .Such "highs" last from a few days to peveral weeks and bring dry, hot weather .When atmospheric humidity is present, particulakly in June and early July, highpressure periods are punctuated by thunder storms .

Temperature :

All temperature stations within the map-area are between 1,180 and 2,090feet elevation, hence they are closely comparable . There are seven teraperature ;;stations, Sugar Lake having only two years of record . The seasonal temperaturesare shown in Table l . The monthly means are given in Table 1A .

TABLE L: AVERAGE SEASONAL TEMPERATURES,(Degrees F., Elevations in Feet)

Station Elevation 'Winter Spring Summer Autumn YearYears ofRecord

Salmon Arm 1,660 22 46 65 46 46 46S icamou.s 19400 27 46 65 45 46 4Sugar Lake 2,090 28 42 61 42 43 2Enderby 1,180 24 46 65 44 45 24Armstrong 1,200 24 45 64 44 44 43Vernon 1,383 26 4~7 66 46 46 37Coldstream 1,582 25 46 64 45 45 62

As shown in Table 2, data as to extreme temperatures are available fromeight stations, and they represent the highest and lowest temperatures in thetimes of record . Average snowfall is given in Table 2 for eleven stations .

- 5 -

TABLE 2 : EXTREME TEMPERATURES AN) AVERAGE SNOWFALL

StationYears ofRecord

Temperature OFHigh Low

Snowfall(Inches)

Elevation(Feet)

Sailmon Arm 1913-59 106 -31 67 .3 1,660Sicamous 1954-59 96 -21 82 .7 1,400Sugar Lake 1958-59 100 -18 100 .3 2,090Shuswap Falls 1933-59 57 .9 1,400Mabel Lake 1927-59 52 .2 1,310Enderby 1894-01/1910-27 104 -32 63 .4 1,180Armstrong 1914-59 105 -44 48 .1 1,200Glenemma 1915-17/1921-24 102 -.28 54 .1 1,350Grandview Flats 1949-52 - - 68 .1 1,600Vernon 1922-59 104 -31 47 .8 1,383Coldstream 1900-59 104~ -32 36 .6 1,582

Precipitation :

Precipi.tation .is supplied chiefly by low pressure systems passing from westto east . In winter the incoming lows discharge most of their moisture on the westernslopes of the Coast Range and Cascade Mountains . Thus, while the winter season isvery cloudy, the snowfall is moderate .

In spring and summer the amount of cloud is also governed by the number oflow pressure systems that move from west to east . Some springs have comparativelyhigh rainfall, while others are dry . In summer the low pressure systems are morewidely spaced by areas of high pressure from the Pacific Ocean . These high pressuresystems bring cloudless skies . Rainfall, particularly in June and early July, is oftensupplied by thunder storms . The average monthly precipitation at eleven stationsis shown in Table 2A .

In areas where irrigation is necessary, average figures for precipitationare misleading . The annual averages for Salmon Arm, Armstrong and Coldstream are19 .68, 16 .82 and 14 .88 inches respectively . However, the significant months foragriculture are May to September inclusive, and 44 yearcaverages for these months7 .13, 6 .51 and 6 .43 inches . The range between these averages is significant,hence the same problem applies to all three areas .

are

In order to get figures of significance to agriculture it was consideredworthwhile to show rainfall at Salmon Arm, Armstrong and Col.dstrea.m for the time ofrecord, which is 44 years . This information is given in Tables 3, 4 and 5 . SalmonArm had 15 years in which rainfall was less than six inches during the five months,Armstrong had 20 years and Coldstream 24 years .

The monthly figures and yearly averages in Tables 3, 4 and 5 indicate thatlack o£ moisture is the main limiting factor in crop yields . Nevertheless, SalmonArm and Armstrong have little or no irrigation, whereas irrigation is establishedin the Coldstream Valley . In this regard it is evident that a marginal dry farmingregime is possible in the Salmon Arm-Armstrong areas on heavy textured soils,whereas such soils cover an insignificant acreage in the Co ldstream Valley . Dutyof water recommendations for the heavy dry-farmed Salmon Arm-Armstrong soils (Spallum-cheen and Broadview series) are 14 and 12 acre inches respectively for maximum yields .These water duties should be decreased in years of greater than average rainfall .On the average, present production is about one third of the yield of which the t ra.vy,well drained soils are capable without irrigation, and the coarse textured soils ii.~.~not in use .

TABLE 3 ; RAINFALL AT SALMON ARM, MAY TO SEPTEMBER,SHOWING VARIATION DURING 44 YEARS(Inches)

Year

1916

Max

1 .09

June

1 .90

July

2 .87

August

1 .00

September

0 .32

FiveMonths

7 .18

AnnualPrecipi-tation

16 .661917 1 .09 1 .72 0 .07* 1 .30 1 .41 5 .59 20 .881918 0 .62 1 .46 0 .79 2 .81 0 .21 5 .89 21 .461919 1 .06 0 .64 0 .70 0 .47 1 .55 4 .42 1.1 .651920 1 .1.2 2 .78 0 .38 1 .32 2 .63 8 .23 22 .571921 1 .06 1 .75 0 .36 0 .85 1 .26 5 .28 18 .521922 1 .11 0 .32 0 .39 1 .44 2 .28 5 .54 23 .201923 2 .20 5 .02 0 .77 1 .29 0 .78 10 .06 22 .071924 0 .28 0 .96 0 .85 2 .14 1 .63 5 .86 17 .121925 0 .66 0 .92 0 .37 1 .10 0 .41 3 .46 15 .581926 1 .13 0 .58 0 .06=; 0 .76 0 .99 3 .52 13 .351927 2 .10 0 .98 1 .42 2 .71 2 .22 9 .43 21 .081928 0 .75 2 .14 0 .34 0 .26 0 .05* 3 .54 11 .611929 0 .96 3 .23 0 .57 1 .34 1 .27 7 .37 16 .34~1930 2 .03 1 .46 0 .23 0 .70 0 .90 5 .32 16 .911931 0 .76 2 .90 0.29 0 .41 1 .84 6 .20 18 .211932 1 .24 1 .32 1 .02 1 .16 0 .79 5 .53 21 .091933 1 .20 1 .76 0 .93 1 .19 1 .20 6 .28 18 .441934 1 .13 0 .51 1 .11 0 .45 3 .48 6 .68 18 .811935 1 .35 ,1 .71 4 .29 0 .49 1 .01 8 .85 20 .801936 1 .01 2 .27 0 .50 0 .91 1 .95 6 .64 23 .191937 1 .17 2 .44 1 .55 1 .16 0 .43 6 .75 24 .441938 0 .55 1 .73 1 .45 1 .05 1 .49 6 .27 19 .021939 1 .66 3 .43 0 .48 0 .23 1 .01 6 .81 19 .131940 2 .16 0 .58 1 .19 0 .72 1 .50 6 .15 20 .231941 2 .83 3 .35 1 .81 1 .26 3 .55 12 .80 21 .981942 3 .08 1 .90 4 .84 1 .15 0 .87 11 .84 17 .091943 1 .09 1 .94 1 .11 0 .89 0 .35 5 .38 1.4 .831944 1 .33 1 .08 1 .00 1 .96 2 .53 7 .90 19 .821945 0 .60 1 .31 1 .54 1 .02 1 .93 6 .40 23 .431946 1 .37 2 .60 0 .45 1 .28 1. .43 7 .13 22 .471947 1 .30 2 .78 1 .94 1. .23 0 .82 8 .07 22 .691948 3 .91 0 .78 2 .41 2 .71 1 .51 11 .32 25 .481949 1 .83 1 .96 1 .55 1 .29 0 .68 7 .31. 20 .001950 1 .26 0 .63 1 .41 0 .67 0 .39 4 .42 19 .431951 0 .83 0 .36 . 1 .45 1 .25 1 .27 5 .16 24 .041952 0 .81 2 .35 0 .67 0 .17 0 .33 4 .33 14 .111953 0 .65 4 .42 0 .97 3 .45 0 .76 10 .25 22 .811954 2 .78 1 .75 1 .96 3 .42 0 .84' 10 .74 25 .041955 1 .40 1. .61 2 .20 0 .44 0 .93 6 .58 19 .971956 0 .52 2 .64 1 .24 1 .92 1 .15 7 .47 21 .731957 1 .63 3 .79 1 .02 3 .26 0 .40 10 .10 21 . .071958 1 .12 1 .82 0 .62 0 .82 2 .54 6 .92 23 .961959 1 .77 2 .53 1 .01 2 .26 5 .04 12 .61 19 .68

Average of five months for 44 years 7 .13

* Less than a tenth of an inch .

TABLE 4~ : RAINFALL AT ARMSTRONG, MAY TO SEPTEMBER,SHOWING VARIATION DURING 44 YEARS(Inches >_

Year May June ~Jul -_ August SeptemberFive

Months

AnnualPxecipi-tation

1916 0 .86 1 .90 3 .82 0 .91 0 .72 8 .21 15 .341917 1. .97 1 .96 0 .33 0 .77 1 .67 6 .70 18 .361918 1 .07 1 .46 1 .28 2 .69 0 .49 6 .99 17 .701919 0 .90 0 .73 0037 0 .76 1 .21 3 .97 14 .141920 0 .41 ~2 .66 0 .35 1 .01 2 .96 7 .39 19 .971921 0 .50 2 .46 0 .37 0 .99 1 .37 5 .69 16 .211922 0 .75 0 .17 0 .21 7. .29 1 .89 4 .31 1.4 .661923 1 .67 '` 4 .15 1 .28 1 .79 0 .77 9 .66 16 .821924 0 .12 1 .59 0 .40 1 .80 0 .71 4 .62 15 .1.41925 1 .26 1 .03 1 .22 0 .84 0 .37 4 .72 14 .911926 1 .77 1 .35 0 .39 1 .67. 2 .11 7 .23 18 .861927 1 .42 1 .27 1 .52 1 .97 2 .79 8 .97 20 .491928 1 .02 2 .72 0 .49 0 .32 0 .44 4 .99 1.4 .191929 1 .30 3 .86 0 .14 2 .6'7 1 .78 9 .75 18 .421930 1 .43 0 .81 0 .041* 0 .47 0 .37 3 .12 11 .571931 1 .01 3 .76 0 .42 0 .44 1 .82 7 .4~5 -1932 0 .94 1 .08 ~0 .80 1 .,70 0 .91 5 .43 -1933 0 .81 1 .37 1 .29 0 .31 2 .26 6 .04 1.9 .711934 1 .54 0 .79 0 .78 0 .4~1 2 .75 6 .27 16 .031935 1 .27 2 .10 3 .38 1 .04 0 .73 8 .52 1.8 .691936 0 .87 2 .32 0 .94 0 .78 1 .92 6 .83 17 .681937 0 .57 2 .33 0 .89 0 .68 0 .23 4 .70 19 .571938 0 .18 0 .56 0 .59 0 .99 1 .67 3 .99 12 .551939 11.42 2 .10 1 .03 0 .00* 0 .48 5 .03 12 .991940 0 .93 0 .25 1 .21 1 .19 0 .44 4 .02 13 .671941 3 .97 2 .74 0 .58 1 .36 3 .54~ 12 .19 20 .791942 3 .65 2 .17 4 .89 1 .29 0 .27 12 .27 19 .231943 1 .07 0 .88 0 .81 1 .51 0 .56 4 .83 12 .391944 0 .57 0 .30 0 .97 1 .19 1 .74 4 .77 14 .151945 0 .76 0 .12 1 .11 0 .05* 2 .10 4 .14 14.681946 0 .78 2 .53 0 .00* 0 .46 0 .59 4 .36 1.6 .361947 0 .23 3 .4~1 1 .98 0 .27 1 .1.6 7 .05 1.8 .961948 2 .4-0 1 .43 1 .91 3 .77 1 .16 10 .67 22 .551949 1 .26 1. .27 2 .06 0 .94 0 .99 6 .52 18 .211950 1 .18 0 .24 0 .93 0 .77 1 .06 4 .18 16 .241951 '0 .75 0 .02* 1 .57 . 0 .70 0 .81. 3 .85 18.5319.52 1 .10 2 .01 0 .56 0 .30 0 .22 4 .19 10 .591953 0 .55 3 .51 0 .67 2 .03 0 .99 7 .75 20 .091954 1 .72 2 .53 1 .47 1 .75 1 .55 9 .02 -1955 0 .61 1 .24 2 .27 0 .17 1 .53 5 .82 15 .121956 0 .69 2 .65 0 .54 1 .16 1 .94 6 .98 1.7 .991957 1 .20 2 .10 0 .75 2 .43 0 .65 7 .13 -1958 1 .41 2 .20 0 .38 0 .59 1 .76 6 .34 20 .411959 2 .20 1 .77 0 .39 2 .01 3 .28 9 .65 16 .82

Average of five months for 4~4 years 6 .51

^ Less than a tenth of an inch .

TABLE 5 : RAINFALL AT COLDSTREAM, MAY TO SEPTEMBER,SHOWING VARIATION DURING 44 YEARS -(Inches)

Year May June July August SeptemberFive

Months

AnnualPrecipi-tation

1916 0 .65 2 .23 2 .32 0 .59 0 .52 . 6 .31 12 .691917 1 .41 1 .44 0 .40 0 .61 1 .66 5 .52 15 .561918 0 .77 1 .03 2 .41 2 .34 0 .35 6 .90 14.531919 0 .86 0 .92 0 .65 0 .55 1 .15 4 .13 14 .181920 0 .45 1. .29 0 .38 1 .33 1 .70 5 .15 13 .471921 0 .75 2 .38 0 .21 1 .11 1 .06 5 .51 13 .041922 0 .61 0 .1.1 0 .20 1 .72 1 .47 4 .11 13 .261923 1 .14 -4 .27 1 .76 0 .95 0 .37 9 .49 15 .331924 0 .30 1 .28 0 .48 1 .23 0 .71 4 .00 -1925 0 .66 1 .05 1 .21 0 . .14 0 .86 3 .92 13 .171926 1 .80 1 .06 0 .17 1 .88 1 .16 6 .07 14.881927 2 .10 1 .12 2 .00 3 .35 3 .59 12 .16 23 .251928 1 .21 2 .84 1 .70 0 .29 0 .18 6 .22 13 .151929 0 .96 2 .07 0 .09* 1 .70 0 .63 5 .45 14 .291930 1 .68 1 .17 0 .12 0 .42 0 .50 3 .89 10 .761931 0 .88 2 .44 0 .33 0 .45 1 .57 5 .67 14.021932 1 .27 0 .83 0 .82 2 ..22 0 .93 6 .07 16 .481933 1 .21 0 .91 0 .78 0 .75 2 .26 5 .91 18 .431934 1 .33 0 .25 0 .71 0 .27 2 .76 5 .32 13 .571935 0 .90 2 .49 2 .84 1 .18 0 .29 7 .70 16 .101936 1 .68 2 .24 1 .31 1 .46 1. .05 7 .74 16 .621937 0 .96 1 .58 0 .79 0 .43 0 .93 4 .69 18 .541938 0 .28 0 .70 0 .80 1 .19 1 .07 4 .04 12 .701939 1 .75 1 .95 0 .63 0 .09* 0 .66 5 .08 11 .831940 1 .62 0 .32 1 .17 0 .28 1 .05 4 .44 13 .171941 1 .71 2 .65 0 .71 1 .75 2 .54 9 .36 15 .241942 3 .05 2 .69 5 .14 1 .49 0 .39 12 .76 18 .561943 1 .08 0 .70 1 .16 1 .31 0 .73 4 .98 12 .701944 2 .07 1 .36 0 .83 1 .12 3 .09 8 .47 18 .381945 1 .35 0 .88 1 .33 0 .26 1 .91 5 .73 16 .071946 2 .07 1 .91 0 .32 0 .52 0 .66 5 .48 14 .061947 0 .30 2 .98 1 .71 0 .69 0 .59 6 .27 14 .001948 2 .06 2 .03 2 .04 3 .4~3 0 .80 10 .36 19 .431949 1 .13 0 .65 1 .00 1 .66 0 .68 5 .12 13 .501950 ,0 .92 0 .54 1 .21 1 .52 0 .65 4 .84 15 .571951 1 .30 0 .65 1 .16 1 .09 0 .83 5 .03 18 .881952 1 .49 2 .26 0 .40 0 .34 0 .33 4 .82 9 .7~a1953 0 .67 4 .97 1 .06 2 .26 0 .87 9 .83 19 .191954 2 .42 2 .13 1 .79 2 .23 1 .14 9 .71 17 .821955 0 .96 2 .31 1 .32 0 .29 0 .80 5 .68 14 .461956 1 .36 1 .92 0 .43 1 .09 2 .07 6 .87 15 .681957 1 .52 2 .05 0 .37 2 .38 0 .19 6 .51 14 .091958 0 .77 2 .05 0 .10* 0 .54 1 .34~ 4 .80 15 .231959 2 .08 1 .58 0 .55 0 .85 2 .80 7 .86 15 .92

Average of five months for 44 years 6 .36

* One tenth of an inch or less

TABLE IA: AVERAGE MONTHLY AND ANNUAL TEMPERATURES FOR THE PERIOD SHOWN*

(Degrees F.)

Station Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr. May June July Aug. Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec. YearYears ofRecord

Salmon Arm 23 27 36 47 56 62 68 66 57 46 35 27 46 1913-59Sicamous 25 26 35 46 57 ' 62 68 65 57 45 33 29 46 1955-59Sugar Lake 23 25 35 42 50 58 65 . 60 54 43 28 28 43 1958-59Enderby 22 26 36 47 55 62 67 65 56 43 32 25 45 1895-01, 1910-27Armstrong 21 25 35 46 54 62 66 64 55 44 34 26 44 1916-59Vernon .23 27 36 48 50 63 69 67 57 46 35 28 46 1922-59Coldstream 21 26 36 47 55 61 61 65 56 45 34 27 45 1897-1959

TABLE 2A: AVERAGE MONTHLY AND AVERAGE PRECIPITATION FOR THE PERIOD SHOWN'

(Inches)

Salmon Arm 2 .47 1 .62 1 .22 1 .08 1 .38 1 .82 1 .27 1 .23 1 .24

Oct .

1 .71

Nov.

2 .03

Dec .

2 .61

-Snowfall

67 .3

Year

19 .68

Year ofRecord

1913-59Sicamous 2 .84 2 .08 1 .31 0 .96 t_ .68 3 .31 1 .49 1 .79 2 .31 2 .04 2 .81 3 .06 82 .7 25 .68 1954-59Sugar Lake 3 .26 2 .94 2 .17 1 .45 3 .80 2 .45 1 .47 1 .58 4 .87 3 .29 4 .19 1 .63 100 .3 33 .10 1958-59Shuswap Falls 2 .01 1 .69 1 .04 1 .10 1 .63 2 .12 1 .42 1 .30 1 .48 1 .56 1 .66 2 .00 57 .9 19 .01 1933-59Mabel Lake 2 .12 i .41 1,10 1 .09 1 .54 2 .12 1 .45 1 .39 1 .45 1 .65 1 .52 2 .11 52 .2 18 .95 1927-59Enderby 2 .49 1 .47 1 .09 0 .94 1 .33 1 .98 1 .25 1 .26 1 .49 1 .49 2 .02 2 .40 63 .4 19 .21 1894-01,1910-27Armstrong 1,83 1 .21 0 .86 0 .87 1 .20 1 .82 1 .21 1 .09 1 .29 1 .66 1 .62 2 .16 48 .1 16 .82 1914-59Gienemma 2 .09 1 .38 1 .40 1 .55 1 .77 2 .71 1 .10 1 .21 1 .09 1 .47 2 .07 2 .38 54 .1 20 .22 1915-17,1921-24Grandview Flats 1 .72 1 .96 2 .32 0 .86 0 .80 0 .81 0 .95 0 .75 0 .64 1 .37 0 .98 2 .95 68 .1 16 .11 1949-52Vernon 1 .68 1 .14 0 .95 0 .80 1 .13 1 .70 1 .04 1 .17 1 .14 1 .46 1 .36 1 .94 47 .8 15151 1922-59Coldstream 1 .47 1 .10 0 .86 0 .80 1 .27 1 .73 1 .17 1 .13 1 .22 1 .23 1 .31 1 .59 36 .6 . 14 .88 . 1900-59 . . .

* Climate of British Columbia, Report for 1959, Department of Agriculture, Victoria, B . C .

-10-

ORIGIN OF SOIL FORMING DEPOSITS

In the Pleistocene epoch the Cordilleran ice-sheet covered all of thearea below 7,500 feet elevation . Hills that do not exceed that elevation wererounded, and hills covered by Tertiary lavas were left flat topped . During subse-quent glaciation of the north-south valleys, the spurs were removed and the valleysleft U-shaped .

In the stages of ice-retreat most of the valleys were in part filled byoverloaded streams . In the Okanagan Valley ice-damming occurred at different ele-vations and temporary lakes were impounded . The whole valley bottom betweenKalamalka Lake and Enderby is covered by a deposit of glacio-l.acustrine clay, andremnants of older lacustrine deposits occur at higher elevations . 1=Parts of thevalleys occupied by Okanagan, Kalamalka and Mabel Lakes were probable sites of rem-nants of valley glaciers preserved. under coating of debris . This ice disappearedafter other parts of the valleys had been filled with glacial outwash .

In addition to glacio-lacustrine clays, there are terraces and deltaicdeposits where streams entered the main Ol.canagan Valley . A large delta was formedin the area occupied by Grandview Flats . The sandy materials of which this depositis composed were supplied from the Salmon River valley . The water-sorted sandy soilforming materials on the upland west of Enderby were left in drainage ways duringthe lowering of the valley glacier . Upland areas not covered by sorted materialshave a mantle of till .

Fan formation began when temporary glacial lakes occupied parts of themain valley . It was a time in which the ice had retreated to high elevations, therewas little or no vegetation, and the summer climate was dry but punctuated by violentstorms . Under these conditions the loose drift on the highlands was carried downthe stream valleys as tumultuous outwash and deposited at the toe of the slope .After removal of readily available drift from the high elevations, and the invasionof vegetation and stabilization of the climate, this process .came to an end . Mostof the fans have been stable long enough to develop soil profiles with B horizons .

Early to late post-glacial soil forming alluvium contemporary in deposi-tion with the fans, occurs in the stream valleys . In the mapped area the largestof these formations is in the Spallumcheen Valley along the Shuswap River. Thisdeposit is worthy of note because of its size and also of evidence that stagnantice in the Shu~swap and Mara Lake depressions for a time prevented northward drainage .It would appear that the ice-filled Mara Lake depression extended south to thevicinity of Enderby .

The dam thus formed caused the Shuswap River to turn southward at Enderbyand discharge into the north arm of Okanagan Lake . This drainage was of sufficientduration to carve a wide channel to a depth of 50 feet or more in the clays previous-1y deposited in a temporary glacial lake . The town of Armstrong is largely situatedin this channel . It may still be .feasible to reopen this abandoned riverbed, nowused to convey the drainage of Fortune and Deep creeks, and thus divert Shuswap Riverinto Okanagan Lake .

Eventual decay of the ice in the Shuswap and Mara lake depressions causeda reversal of drainage, and the gradual filling of the lake basin from the vicinityof Enderby to the south end of Mara Lake .

In addition to the mineral soil forming deposits in the north Okanaga»Valley, ponds and seepage depressions here and there have become filled by orpadeposits . The deeper ones obviously began as lily ponds with rushes and tulesaround their margins, and the organic residue accumulated a little faster than f:lie

rate o£ decay . When the partly decomposed organic matter reached the surface,building outward from the margins, sedges were able to take over, and the finalstage was invasion by forest . While some of the bogs are up,to 20 feet deep, the

surface material is generally woody peat or muck .

SOIL CLASSIFICATION :

Table 6 gives the relationship of the soil forming deposits to the soil

groups and series . The soil groups can be divided into two broad categories, those

developed under grass and those developed under forest . The grassland soils are

characterized by accumulation of. organic matter in the surface mineral horizons,

whereas in the forest soils a layer of organic litter occurs on the soil surface .

The natural. grassland soil group separations are the Dark Brown and Black soils .

- 11

The forested soils were separated into groups on the basis of the degreeof weathering and movement of soil constituents . In the order of increasingweathering and leaching these groups are Brown Wooded, Gray Wooded, Brown Podzolic,and Podzol soils . There is also a Solonetzic .and Solodized,group of Black andGray Wooded Halomorphic soils .

In such areas additional groups of soils occur which are distinguishedby the influence of groundwater . In the classified area these are Calcareous Meadow,Dark Gray Gleysolic, Gleysol, Regosol, and Organic soils .

The basic mapping unit is the soil series, meaning a group b:6 closelyrelated soils derived from one patent material and one drainage position, and withsimilar profile characters except for the surface layer . Soil series are givenlocal place names . They are divided into soil types on the basis of the surfacesoil. texture (i .e . sandy loam, loam, etc .) . In turn the soil types are divisableinto phases based on variations of topography, gravel, stoniness, etc . Where it isnot feasible to differentiate soil types the "complex" is used as the mapping unit .The complex may contain two or more soil types identified by hyphenating the namesof the soil types ,that are included .

TABLE 6 : CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS IN THE NORTH OizA.NAGA1i VALLEY

Dark Black Halomorphic BrownParent Materials Brown Soils Soils S04-1IS Wooded Soils

Series ~ Series Series Series

Glacial Till ------ ArmstrongBluespring

Mixed Till andLacust-rine Material

Thin Glacio-LacustrineSediments

Stratified Glacio- Hulcar SpallumcheenLacustrine Sediments Broadview

Saltwell

Plaster

EnderbyHiltonBeaverjackLatewhos

Glacial Outwash, ------ Moffat ------ OKeefe Stepney Shuswaporaines,-Eskers,I Grandview Glene.,mma

Nahun

Alluvial Terraces Mara Sauff

Alluvial-Colluvial Fans ------ Kalamalka ------ Lumby SchunterGo?dstream

Gray BrownWooded So ils Podzolic Soils

Series Series

Grizzly Hill Reiswig $icamousCherryiille

TABLB 6 (\COLN7'.D) : CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS !N THE NORTH OKAIN-A-GAN VALLEY

Podzoi Dark Gray Gleysoi Regosoiic OrganicParent Materials Soils- Meadow Soils Gleysolic Soils Soils Soils Soils

Series Series Series Series Series

Stratified Giacio- ------ S=Nar,son ------ ------ _Lacustrine Sediments

Glacial Outwash, ReiterMoraines, Eskers

A1luvial Terraces ~Iance _ ------ Nisconlitb Duteau & Mab&l ComplenSome Included Fans . Bessette Complex Monashee 8?

Gar3om & Comp 1 exComplex

Alluvial-Colluvial Fans Sitkum ------ ------ . ------ Grindrodliuoel

Organic Deposits --- ------ ------ ------ ------

Series

6dabyOkanagan

- 14 -

DESCRIPTION OF SOILS

1 . DARK BROWN SOILS

The soils of this group developed on dry exposures under natural grasscover . They are charactearized .by,an accumulation of organic matter which impartsa dark brown color to the surface horizons . Since leaching is not pronounced,soil reaction at the surface is generally neutral, and lime accumulations occur ata relatively shallow depth . Only one Dark Brown soil type, Hulcar Silt Loam, wasmapped and this was assigned to the Orthic subgroup .

Hulcar Silt Loam

This series is derived from silty to fine sandy glacio-lacustrine sedi-ments, which occupy a minor acreage in.the east-west valley between Glenemma andEnde.rby . In undisturbed areas the topography is level to gently undulating .However, the deposit occurs as a strip along the valley side with one face exposedand subject to erosion . Where erosion has occurred the relief is rolling andsteeply sloping. The elevation varies between 1,700 and 1,7 .50 feet and the areamapped was 222 acres .

The parent material is stratified and calcareous . Textures of the stratavary from silt to fine sand ., the sand being more common with depth . The materialis stone-free . The surface texture is coarse silt loam containing occasional vari-ation to fine sandy loam . The soil profile is well drained .

The Hulcar. Silt Loam is confined to the north side of the valley, wherenatural grass is dominant . Whereas other soils in the same environment are Black(Armstrong and Grandview series) this soil type has proved to be resistant tochange, retaining the morphology of a Dark Brown soil . In undisturbed locationsbhe vegetative cover consists chiefly of bunchgrass, a few weeds and saskatoon .A few ponderosa pine occur in drainage channels . An undisturbed profile locatednear a graveyard in Spallumcheen Indian Reserve No . 1 is described as follows :

Horiz on Le1LL: 11 Description

Ah 0 .- 10.1' Dark grayish brown (lOYR 4/2 dry), very dark brown(l0YR2./2 moist) coarse silt loam containing much finesand . Weak medium subangular blocky structure, friablemoist, pH 7.0Gradual change to :

AB 10 - 20" Pale brown (10YR6/3 dry), brown (i.OYR 5/3 moist) coarse, silt loam ,to fine sandy loam . Very weak medium subangular

, blocky structure, soft, friable moist, many fine roots .pH 6 .9Gradual change to :

B 20 - 29'1 Pale olive (5Y 6/3 dry), light olive brown (2 .5Y 5/4 moist)coarse silt loam, weak medium subangular blocky structure,friable moist, roots . pH 7 .0

C 29" + Light gray (2,5Y 7/2 dry) micaceous loamy fine sand .Single grained, occasional root, no stratification to 441t,calcareous . pH 8 .6

AGRICULTURE :

The greater part of the Hulcar Silt Loam acreage is within Spallumch ;:erlIndian Reserve No . 1, and is not actively cultivated . Some of this acreage appearsto have been cultivated, but it has reverted to couch and native grasses . At thetime of the soil survey a small area outside of the Indian Reserve was cultivatedand under alf.alfa .

This,soil type is too light textured for dry farming, but with irrigationit would be productive . Under irrigation the farm delivery requirement is 20 acreinches, with an interval between irrigations of about 20 days .

2 . BLACK SOILS

The soils of this group developed in the most humid parts of the regionof natural grassland. In a few grassland-forest fringe areas, the Black. qo ;.lG ex-tend a shurL distance into Lite trees, signifying recent forest enroachment .

of organichorizons .to neutral

The soils of this group are characterized by an appreciable accumulationmatter which imparts a. .dark gray to very.dark brown color in the surfaceLeaching is not pronounced, and thus the-reaction may be slightly acidat the surface . The parent materials are calcareous . The subgroups

are Orthic and Degraded Black soils, The Armstrong, Moffat,and Kalamalka series were classified as Orthic Black soils .in the Degraded Black subgroup .

(a) Orthic Black Soils :

Armstrong Series

Grandview, NahunBluespring series is

The group of soils astigned to the Armstrong series are located chieflyin the southern part of the map-area, from Vernon to Armstrong and in the ColdstreamValley eastward to Lumby . They are restricted to the lower valley sides . A totalof 3,702 acres of potentially irrigable land was classified between 1,400 and 2,500feet elevation .

The topography varies £romuundulating and rollingito very steeply sloping .Stoniness is generally light to moderate but can be heavy in places . Outcroppingsof bedrock occur frequently .

The parent material is composed of glacial till containing a moderateamount of gravels, cobbles and stones . It is calcareous, compact, laminated andimpervious to the downward movement of water . Owing to its position on slopes,the solum gains or loses thickness by downslope movement of topsoil . The severalsoil types and their extent is as follows :

ArmstrongArmstrong

Gravell.y Sandy LoamSandy Loam

--

1,783 acres .716 acres .

Armstrong Gravelly Loam - 220Armstrong Loam - 853Armstrong Clay Loam - 130

The parent material of the Armstrong Clay Loam is composed of a mixtureof till and glacio-lacustrine sediments, similar to that of the Saltwell. series .All of the above types are Orthic Black soils which developed under bunchgrasses .

A prmfile of the Armstrong,Gravelly Sandy Loam was examined . This waslocated on the Star Mountain road, about five miles northeast of Vernon .' Thesurrounding area sloped ten percent southward, and the elevation was about 1,900feet. It was used as range but had not been cultivated . This prdfile is describedas follows :

Horizon De.ytli Description

Ah 0 - 11I,

AB 11 - 15"

B 15 - 33'1

Very dark grayish brown (IOYR 3/2 dry), very dark brown toblack (IOYR 2/1 .5 moist) gravelly sandy loam . Weak granularand weak subangular blocky structure, soft, friable moist,many fine roots . pH 7 .3Gradual change to :

Dark grayish brown (IOYR 4/2 dry), very dark brown (IOYR2/2 moist) gravelly sandy loam . Weak subangular blockystructure, .friable moist. pH 7'.3Gradual change to :

Olive brown to dark yellowish brown .(2 .5Y 6 .5/2 moist),also dark grayish brown (2 .5Y 4/2 moist) laminated gravellysandy loam weathered till with free carbonates in cleaveges .Hard dry and firm moist, scattered cobbles and roots . pH 7 .4

- 16 -

Horizon Depth Description

Cca 33 - 391' Light gray to light brownish gray (2 .5Y 6 .5/2 dry), dark, gra:vi ::,h brown (2 .5Y 4/2 moist) laminated gravelly sandy

loa:<< till containing free carbonates in the laminations .Hard dry and firm moist, scattered cobbles and roots .pH 8 .1

C 3911 + Light olive gray (5Y 6/2 dry), olive gray (5Y 4/2 moist)laminated gravelly sandy loam till . Compact, hard, imper-vious, scattered cobbles . pH 8.4 ,

AGRICULTURE :

The several soil types in the Armstrong series located at the lower ele-vations in the Vernon Irrigation District are irrigated and planted to orchards .The remaining cultivated land is dry farmed for grain and alfalfa, but sincemoisture holding capacity is only moderate, the crop yields are comparatively low .Uncultivated areas are used for range .

The soils of the Armstrong series would respond to irrigation where careis taken to prevent erosion onsslopes and in the rolling phase. Under. sprinklerdrrigation the farm delivery requirement is 23 inches for the Gravelly Sandy Loam,Sandy Loam and Gravelly Loam, with a 15 day interval, 20 inches for the Loam, witha 20 day interval and 15 inches for the Clay Loam, the interval. between i.rrigationsbeing 30 days .

Moffat Series

The Moffat soils occupy scattered areas from the vicinity of GrandviewFlats to Gkenemma and east to Deep Creek . They are a minor group of soils havinga total area of 676 acres at from 1,500 to 1,600 feet elevation . The topographyvaries from gently undulating to rolling and strongly sloping, natural erosionbeing the cause of the uneven relief .

The soils occur in association with the Grandview series . Both seriesare derived from glacial outwash material . The distinction separating the Mof£atfrom the Grandview series is the richer silt and clay content of the M6ffat soils .The fine textured sediments occur as a surface capping, the profile becomingcoarser with depth, grading to sand and gravelly sand at from two to four feetfrom the surface . The soils are comparatively stone-free ; scattered gravels andcobbles occur . Free lime is encountered at depths between 24 and 36 inches .

Two soil types .were-differentiated . Moffat Loam, 77 acres, and SiltLoam, 599 acres . Both types are Orthic Black soils which developed under bunch-grasses .

A cultivated profile of Moffat'Silt Loam was examined on Grandview Flatsand given the following description :

Horizon Dh Description

Ahc 0 - 6'1 Very dark gray (l0YR 3/1 dry), black (10YR 2/1 moist)silt loam . Moderate medium granular structure, veryfriable moist . Many fine roots . pH 7 .40Abrupt change to :

Ah 6-- 14'1 Very dark grayish brown (lOYR 3/2 dry), very dark brown(l0YR 2/2 moist) loam. Weak medium blocky structurebreaking to fine granules, very friable moist, scatteredroots. pH 7 ..52Clear change to :

B 14- 2311 Dark grayish brown (l0YR 4/2 dry), dark yellowish brown(10YR 3/4 moist) silt loam . Moderate medium blockystructure, very friable moist . Scattered roots. pH 7 .65Clear change to :

,Horizon De ~pth

- 17 -

Description

Cca 23" + Light brownish gray (lOYR 6/2 dry), dark grayish brown(l0YR 4/2 moist) silt loam. Moderate medium blocky struc-ture plus some modular forms, friable moist . Visibleconcentration of carbonates, vesicular, an occasional root .pH 8 .02

D Underlain at depths from 30 to 48 inches by sand .

AGRICULTURE :

An area of Moffat soils located in Okanagan Indian Reserve No . 1 is usedfor range . Another area near Hulcar is irrigated for the production of potatoesand other crops . The remaining acreage is dry farmed and planted to grain, alfalfaand some asparagus . The moisture holding capacity of this soil type is moderateto good ; thus it is one of the most productive of the soils used for dry farming .

Crop growth under dry farming is far~-Jrom maximum, and these soils wouldrespond favorably to irrigation . The recommended farm delivery requirement undersprinkler irrigation is 20 inches for the Mo..ffat Loam, with a 20 day irrigationinterval, and 17 inches for Moffat Silt Loam, the interval between irrigationsbeing about 25 days .

Grandview Series

This series is confined to the natural grasslands in the southern partof the map-area . The larger acreages occur northwest of Armstrong, on GrandviewFlats and on Mission Hill . These soils are between 1,200 and 1,800 feeteelevation,and the area mapped occupies 6,423 acres .

The topography varies from level to rolling and hilly . The rough topo-graphic phases ate due to erosion and in some cases to kettles . The parent materialis composed of sandy glacial outwa.sh . The texture of the soil prdfile coarsenswith depth . There are scattered gravels and occasional cobbles in the solum, andlenses of gravel in the parent material . A lime layer is present at depths of from36 to 48 inches ..

Three soil types were differentiated, all of which-are well drained .These are Grandview Loamy Sand, 2,001 acres, Sandy Loam, 4,332 acres, and FineSandy Loam, 90 acres . Where erosion has occurred, usually as a result of cleancultivation, patches of the sand subsoil are exposed .

The Grandview series is composed .of Orthic Black soils which developedunder bunchgrasses . . A soil pr6file of the loamy sand, typical of the series,was examined in an undisturbed area on Grandview Flats and given the followingdescription :

Horizon Depth llescrl2tion

Ah 0 - 8'1 Very dark grayish brown (lOYR 3/2 dry), very dark brown(10YR 2/2 moist) loamy sand . Weak granular and wehk mediumblocky structure . Friable moist, many fine roots . pH 7 .1

AB 8 - 1611 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2 moist) loamy sand . Veryweak medium subangular blocky structure . Friable moiSt,scattered fine roots . pH 7.2

B 16 - 28<< Brown to dark brown (10YR 4/3 moist) medium sand . Mostlysingle grained, loose, scattered fine roots . pH 7 .0

C 28<< + Medium sand having variegated colors . Single grained,loose, a high proportion of. .f.erromagnesium minerals . pH 7 .3

AGRICULTURE :

Most areas of t=he serie~:are cultivated . A small acreage is irrigated Inthe vicinity of Vernon and plaiited ta orchard, but the balance is dry farmed forgrain, alfalfa, grass' l:zay, and 'a few specialized crops . Early maturing crops, suchas ~asparagus, do fairly; well'. Miiisture holding capacity is fair to poor, thusproviding droughty growing condition's for the later maturing crops .

These, are.' . fri:abl.e sails axtd;''with irrigation they are excellent for theproduction of " :potatoes ., Veget~ables'` axzd' `~'ield crops . The farm delivery requirementsunder sprinkler''1.~:rigation 'are"31 .'ìxiches with a 10 day interval for the GrandviewLoamy Sand, and 25 inchès with a 15 day ` Interval for the Sandy Loam and Fine SandyLoam .

Nahun Series

The Nahun ser.ies ~occupiias'gravell.y terraces in the natural grasslandsection of the map-area . ''These snils'are'associated with the Grandvi.ew series .The main areas occur north.uiestò .f Arm.strong, south of Glenenma and in the vicinityof BX Creek . They lie betweerz 1,2.00 and 1;800 feet itlevat:ion, and the total areaclassified amounts to 5,748 acres .

I'he 'topography vaz'i.es . from level' to roll ing and rough broken . The roughphases of relief are due to natural erosion and in some cases to kettles .

The parent znai:.e .ri.als are composed of, a fine textured surface layerresting upon coarse gravelly and sandy glacial outwash. The thickness of the overlayvaries from rzone at all to about 24,.inches . Surface cobbles and stones .are abundantin places where the overlay is thinA Lime,plating on stones is generally encounteredin the coarse textured'substratitnz, .just be7.ow the solum . In scattered areas,particularly those to ,tlie''ncirthta.st of` Veinon, the gravelly substratum of theNahun soils is coinposed'of`keworked till . Till also underlies the gravels, orit is scattered at random through thn .giavelly deposits in the form of lenses .The following soil types aare,diffeientiated :

Nahun Gravelly'Loa.my Sand - ' 860 acres .Nahun Gravelly Sandy Loam a 2,681, acres .Nahun'Sandy Loam - 1,872_ «Nahun Gravelly Loam 94 ~rNahun hoam , . - 241

All of the soil. types are well. drained Orthic Black soils which developedunder bunchgrasses . An undisturbed"Gravelly Sandy Loam profile was examined onthe edge of the Coldstream municipal gravel pit . The topography was level and theVegetation was composed of buncrigrasses, yarrow, pussytoes and balsamroot . Thisprofile is . described as follows : '

Horizon D,e~t.-~h

Ahl 0 - 4«

Ah2 4 -- 7'1

BD I - 13r?

BD2 13 - 19"

D 19" +

' I)e~cri, tiox~.

Black (10YR 2/l .m.oist) gravell.y sandy loam . Very weakgraniul.ar structure,~fiiable to loose . Many fine roots,about 30%-gtave1's . pH 7 .1

Very`darlc 'tiirowzi (10YR 2/2 moist) gravelly sandy loam .Very weak,granular structure, friable to loose . Manyfine'r6oCs,- 30~40% gravels, an occasional cobble . pH 7 .4

Dark yellowi.sb brown (l0YR 3.5/4 moist) gravell.y loamysarid<!!-M'o-st1y"s.iril;le grained, loose, many fine roots .About'70%-"'gravels and scattered cobbles . pH 7 .7

Dark yel,lowi_sh,l:>.rown (l0YR 3/4 moist) gravelly sand .'Single gi°airiei:I ; loose, some fine roots, 80%gravels and_'cobbles . , 'p11,7-6 ' .

Roughly-s4'rati:fied gravelly sand containing numerouscobbles lime plated on their undersides . A few fineroots in the upper part . pH. 8 .3

- 19 -

AGRICULTURE :

In the native state the Nahun soils support fairly good range. InOkanagan Indian Reserve No . 1, a large area to the south of Glenemma is used forthis purpose . Most of the acreage is under cultivation . In the Vernon IrrigationDistrict the Nahun soils are planted.to orchards, hay and pasture . The soils areproductive under irrigation, but poor when dry farming is undertaken .

The farm delivery requirement of Nahun Gravelly Loamy Sand under sprinklerirrigation is 31 inches wihh a 10 day interval, the Gravelly Sandy Loam requires'30 inches with a 12 day interval, the Sandy Loam should have 29 inches with a 12day interval ; the Gravelly Loam and Loam require 28 inches with a 13 day intervalbetween irrigations .

Kalamalka Series

The main areas of Kalamalka soils are located in.the Coldstream Valleybetween Vernon and Lumby . In addition, there are scattered small areas in theBlack soil region between Vernon and Enderby . Elevations range between 1,150 and2,000 feet, the total classified area being 8,796 acres .

The topography consists of a main downward slope toward the valley centre,characteristic of fans, and lateral slopes to right and left . On large fans theslopes are comparatively gentle, but steeper on the smaller ones . Stoniness,common in the area of the fan apex, decreases downslope as the materials becomeprogressively finer in texture . .The lower part of the fan apron is often stoneand gravel free .

The parent material is composed of alluvial-colluvial fan materials thatCfor the most part have issued from the coulees of temporary streams . The fansare largely of early post-glacial age, with aprons spread over pre-existing glacialoutwash . The pattern of deposition consists of coarse, angular detritus near thefan apex, grading to finer materials downslope . Since the fans are stage-built, astream channel was formed by each outwash and buried by the succeeding one . Thisprocess left random lenses of grave], throughout the vertical depth of the fan.The gravel lenses carry natural seepage and excess irrigation water, which some-times swamps the lower fringe of the fan apron . The greater part of the acreageis well drained .

The Orthic Black soil types assigned to the Kalamalka series, whichdeveloped under bunchgrasses, are as follows :

Kalamalka Gravelly Sandy Loam - 2,305 acres .Kalamalka Sandy Loam - 801 «Kalanialka Gravelly Loam - 226 «Kalamalka Loam - 4,708Kalamalka Silt Loam - 313ICalamalka Gravelly Clay Loam : - 371 11Kalamalka Clay Loam - 72

A profile of Kalamal.ka Gravelly Loam, typical of the series, wasdescribed in the Coldstream Valley about one and one half miles west of Lumby .The topography sloped southward at 8 to 109., and the area was in orchard with acover crop of alfalfa, sweet clover and miscellaneous grasses .


Ahc 0 - 6" Very dark gray to black (l0YR 2 .5/1 moist) gravelly loam .Moderate medium granular structure, very friable moist .Many roots, occasional cobble . pH 6 .92Abrupt change to :

Ah 6 - 1211 Very dark gray to black (l0YR 2 .5/1 moist) gravelly loam .Weak medium subangular blocky which~breaks easily to gran-ular structure, very friable moist . Numerous roots, anoccasional cobble . pH 7 .10Gradual change to :

- 20 -

i , ; :

C-D

.;s?: ;. . . " t2~rr:

Dark gra~<ish,brown (lOYR 4/2 moist) gravelly sandy#to g,ravelly loamyi ~aatn sand ."°~~Ieak ~f z.ne'grai~tilar

Descri tp ion. . . . .,i . . . . . . , . "" ,

Da~k'?brown-' (lOYIt 3/3èmoi~t) gravelly'""sdndy ;''loam :~ " ^'Weak

~

medium"subangtilar blocky tireaki'rig'~`to~"grariulai''structure';,-'very-''friable"mo'ist : ~'Mo''i~iat'e'-'rdot''iconteiit' ; ' incr6asAng'',"numbers of angular gravels and cobbles . pH 7 .48

. rstrticture°amongst a°lhigtir'broportion"'off'axigular'gkawe'ls'

S ' ~' 'v"'''"-''and-6obblesr: " 3cattere'd4~r''tidts~l' "in-~uppe'rspart :~ EUndersì~les''

*""1

, 'i,;d .-~,;,~. .~ . i ~r ' r~ " r y4 f. . of grave ls arizl c+obblesvadre lime~~ pl'~'ted-'-;--pHt~7 :99 `~ :)' ~

AGRICULTURE :

The bulk of the acreage of Kalamalka soils"ti:iii'°.'the' :',Ca;lds'tream,~Val,leycultivated and irrigated . The loams and clay loams are representatives of thebest''irrigatiion~soi'ls in':the"''-North'~~Okai'iagan'"region . ''T:hey`.wi:ll~produce''all cropssuitable"to the 'c1imate`: " ' -,The' Kalainal'ka4,so'ils'`'a're` "'dbep';'and friable ; " havirlg-moderateslopes and'they'ir'equi`re no-~specia'1'`'~irecauti'o .ns'-to~'p.revent :~ eros "ion when irrigat; " fonis applied .

Areas of Kalamalka soils are dry fatmed'; ti:b :: tlie :-'nortli, of,' the Vernon Irri-gation District . In these the moisture holding capacity varies from low to mod-

a. . .. ,. .. ' '. -. ° .. . . ' . ; d, . ' . . ,ai . .

erately high; production_ "be~i'ng'~``lim"ited'~'by~' t'he'~~lota~ summer~ ~airi~al " 1: . ~ For sprinkleri:ri:igatioii`'the'~retonunè"rided lf'arta' delìver-y' *fequìzetne'nt 'i:s' 25~Anches :'~with an. int'er'val" . . .. . ~ . .of '15

.`days for-2the' Gravel "ly'°S'aiidy'r T.oam~, "Sa.ndq hoarim`; htid Gravelly Loemd For the . '

loam, 18 inches with a 21 day interval, while the Silt Loam, Clay Loam aii:d'Gravt-elly Clay Loam require 15 inches and 30 days between irrigati.ons .

(b) Degraded Black Soils :

Bluesprinp Series

he Bluespririg~r sekiès occurs 'oh' the"upand bettaeen Armstrong and ; Lnderby ,ànd'cs'n;`the"'south''side "sof~'the~'Co'1'ds'tream and A,- of "3 ;118., . ., . . - .. ", . . ., . ,.

~--l,

acracres"' ~'po~ten~'iallyàrable'land-wa;s''ma"pdp'ed?betivee,600-'arid~'2 ;500= feet elevation .The"topography'var~:"es"''from~titnd'u~lat'ing'°'to~`ri~lliiig .'ai~d'steeply''sl'oping,~'with slopes

:: ,, . . ,r . , . , " ,r'~* °. . . : . .northoften facing .

The'° pàrent material` is~ c'ompos'ed ~ò-f"=sandy glac°ial "till" having a moderat eo -t nt4 um,,-mine nv theted ;tll 1~ ; b'h "an e 6 er omagtiegi "'ria s . ea' e e'' th, ~tbe' bolurW is

Iar :to ; the t -~offil;'whith`th* &rmitrongamina~t'ed"And- tA careoug ; - difid 1--iiii g~Ondta'l ,1 :A,irni e sseries is derived . Ston-IneSs", rlghi`~ t-0":~,,in6d,~-~~Ate~"'~ :'Tdith) :atl',~otcii*,§tioiia'~l-lhea,v ..1. $ y 'stonepatch . Bedrock outcroppings are common, and the soils are well drained .

s, .ti .r~ . ,~ .,.a- 'flie°' Blue'sp'ring' s~ties i's' com~ios:eti of ' a'g~oup " of' Degraded B "1ac1~ "soils ; l. "'

presently.'si'tuated~ in a'`forest.gta ss" ecb`tone -'~'" The '-profilei-or-iginally :~ .,deiel:oped' ; ,unde~~'buiichg "rasses,~A`but '''subsequentr fo'fest ~invasi,ori -has' caused the~ Ali hori.~on t.o : ~,degrade .

""' The-`' tree,.cover'"cons"i'sts--~`bf"-1'i'~-htF to'' "inediutn stands'"of pondeiosa. :p.ine~i ar&

Douglas £ir~ ;

The description of the profile is similar to that of the Armstrong series .eViations-'~are'

description'the Ati~`h'orizon'~~~'+iti`-"cahi'rCti'~ t-he'`fixed``'`bxganic:lmat~ter~°is' " decomposing,

and iri"''a;'thiiii~e~~Ah ;"wltli èiatier""'br'o"fan-3sh ''tingeg" 8:e~ brow' 'd(l.OYR ~4/2~~ dry). ;~ .pl.ote:hesPwhich become dark brown (l0YR 2/2 moist) .

Three soil i'f:f .i.rentiated as follows :

Bltiespriing GravellYSaildYLoLoam `r `"1';'721a;cres.3Bluespring, Gravdllyi,oarri F` ''t

Bluespring~ Loam :` 479 : . ' .i~

AGRICULTURE :

Cleared -and 'cultivated, areas' are dry' farme& for grain and alfalfa, but much

o£ the acreage still~urideveloped arid providing~fairly good range . The moisture

holding capacity .ofthe soil types'i.s.'fair', but'crop yields are drastically reduced

1911 +

:= d

"

in dry dummers. , . , . ~ . ,

The Bluespring soils.respond to irrigation, but care is necessary to pre-vent erosion on slopes . Under sprinkler irrigation .the farm delivery requirementof the Gravelly Sandy Loam ..is 20-inches with a 15 day interval . The Gravelly Loamand the Loam require 18 inches, .and .an interval between irrigations of 20 days .

3 . HALOMORPHIC SOILS

These are soils with .Ah or Ae surface horizons and usually columnar orprismatic B horizons which ar.e .hard to very hard . Generally, the B horizons showorganic staining and surface coa.tings : ., ;They may,contain more exchangeable sodiumplus magnesium than exchangeable calcium . The parent,material is usually salineand calcareous . Two subgroups of the Halomorphic Order was differentiated inthe North Okanagan Valley :

(a) Solonetzic Black Halomorph:

Soils having a dark coloured :Ah,horizon which is underlaid by a columnaror prismatic horizon B . The reaction .is .f rom slightly:acid to neutral, and theparent material is calcareous and slightly saline . In the map-area a representativeof this group is the Spallumcheen series .

(b) Solodized Gray Wooded Halomorph :

Soils with a light.colored horizon .Ae,- beneath which is a very hardcolumnar to prixmatic horizon Bt with. surface coatings and organic staining . TheC horizon is calcareous and slightly saline . The,BrQadview series was assigned tothis subgroup .

(a) Solonetzic Black Halomorph :

Spallumcheen Series

The Spallumcheen and Broadview series are derived from the same parentmaterial . Extensive areas of Spallumcheen soils occpr in the North Okanagan Valleybottom between Kalamalka Lake and .Enderby . A total~of 10,556 acres were classified,the range of elevation being between 1,150 and,1,500 feet . The topography ischiefly level to undulating, with localized areas in which erosion has producedrolling and steeply sloping phases .

The parent material is .composed .o£ stratified, often varved, glacio-lacustrine clays . With depth the clays :grade into stratified silts and fine sands,often of considerable thickness . Surface stones are encountered near bedrock out-croppings and near boundaries .of adjoining stony soil types .

The Spallumcheen series was differentiated into two soil types . Theseare Clay Loam, 2,155 acres, and Clay, 8,.401 acres . The soils developed undernatural grass vegetation, which is responsible for the dark Ah horizon, the mod-erately well drained profile is regarded as representative of a Solonetzic BlackHalomorph, owing to the heavy textured horizon B, which has prismatic structure .The parent material is calcareous ; magnesium and calcium sulphate crystals arepresent in the upper part .

A profile was examined at a cultivated site about one mile east of Vernonon LaLonde Farm . The surface relief was a five to seven percent north slope . Thedescription is as follows :

Horizon Depth Description .

Ahc 0 - 8" Dark gray (l0YR 4/1 dry), .black to very dark brown (l0YR2/1 .5 moist) clay . Massive but breaking into large blocks,hard .dry, and firm moist . Numerous fine roots . pH 7 .0Clear change to :

Bt-1 8 - 1311 Grayish brown (2 .5Y 5/2 dry), dark brown (10YR 3/3 moist)clay . Strong medium prismatic breaking to coarse blockystructure, firm moist, sticky and plastic wet . Someclay flows along cleavages, interior of peds slightlyvesicular, . scattered fine roots . pH 6.8Clear change to; :

- 22 -


Bt-2 13 - 25" Olive (5Y 5/3 .5 dry), dark.yellowish brown (lOYR 3/4 moist)heavy clay : Coarse prismatic breaking easily to coarse

' blocky structure, very firm moist, sticky and plasticwet,. Slicken sided oblique faces in lower part . Clayflows and' roots in cleavages . pH 7 .3

B-C 25'1 + Light olive gray (5Y 6/2 dry), dark yellowish brown(lOYR 3/4 moist) calcareous heavy clay . Weak blocky struc-ture, ftiable moist . Cracks containing a few alfalfa roots .

, pH 8 .2

AGRICULTURE :

Most areas of the Spallumcheen series are cultivated . In the Vernon Irri-gation District the series is irrigated and planted to orchards and field crops .The remaining acreage is dry farmed, chiefly to grain, alfalfa, mixed hay and somepeas .

This is the best soil series for dry farming in the North Okanagan Valley .The higher productivity is due to the fine texture, organic matter content and goodmoisture holding capacity . Irrigation is necessary for maximum crops, but owingto heavy texture and the dense B horizon, the Spallumcheen Clay requires carefulirrigation practice . For sprinkler irrigation the farm delivery requirement is 14inches for the Clay Loam and Clay, with a 30 day interval between i.rrigations .

(b) Solodized Gray Wooded Halomorph :

Br.oadview Series

The main acreage of Broadview'soils is located in the valley betweenVernon and Enderby . Scattered~a'reas of the-Broadview soils also flank the ShuswapRiver Valley to the east of Enderby . The elevations range between 1,200 and 1,400feet, and a total of ' 13, 963 acres"were classified .

The general topography is level to gently sloping and undulating . Inplaces erosion has trenched areas of these soils, leaving rolling and stronglysloping topographic phases .

The parent material is composed of glacio-lacustrine clays . These claysare stratified, often varved, stone-free and grade at depths to stratified siltsand fine sands . In places erosion tias~stripped off the clay capping, exposingthe underlying silts . The parent materials are calcareous and the soils aremoderately well drained .

Two soil types were differentiated . 'These are Clay Loam, 794 acres,and Clay, 13,169-acres . The profil'e development' is that of a Solodi.zed GrayWooded Halomorph . A heavy textured, prismatic horizon B restricts downward move-ment of water and roots .

The native vegetation is composed chiefly of a medium stand of Douglasfir, spruce and aspen . The shrub layer includes mock orange, spireae, DouglasMaple, oregon grape, Solomonts seal and salmonberry . A light growth of pinegrassand moss partly cover the thin depo"sit of surface litter .'

A profile on a cultivated site, but representative of the series, wasexamined at a location about one mile east of Armstrong on the E . Prouty farm .This is described as' follows' : ,


Aec 0 - 41T Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2 moist) clay . Strongsubangular to angular blocky structure, very firm moist,slightly sticky and plastic wet, scattered fine roots and

pieces of charcoal . pH 6.5

- 23 -

Horizon 262th Description

Bt 4 - 28" Dark brown (l0YR 3/3 moist) heavy clay . Strong coarseprismatic, breaking to coarse blocky structure . Obliqueslicken sided cracks prevalent in bottom 8'1 . Clay flowson cleavages, cracks up to ~tt wide . Only a few rootspenetrate peds, most roots in cracks . pH 6 .5-7 .4

BC 28 - 34't Dark gr#ish brown (2 .5Y 4/2 ;moist) heavy clay . MediumIblocky structure with slicken sided faces, peds laminatedon inside . pH 7 .5

C 34" -I- Olive gray (5Y 4/2 moist) stratified heavy clay ; calcareous .pH 8 .0

AGRICULTURE :

A large acreage of Broadview soils is under cultivation . The main cropsare grain, . alfalfa and grass hay. A limited acreage of specialized crops, chieflypeas, is also produced . These soils have a high moisture holding capacity and fordry farming they are moderately productive, but irrigation is necessary for maximumyields . The heavy and dense horizon B restricts root penetration and the downwardmovement of water . When irrigated, the water must be applied slowly to preventpuddling . Under sprinkler irrigation the farm delivery requirement is 12 inchesfor the Broadview Clay Loam and Clay, with a 30 day interval between irrigations .

4 . BROWN WOODED SOILS

This group includes soils only slightly weathered and those showing weakprcafile horizonation . Such soils developed in a fairly dry climate under openforest cover . They are characterized by brownish horizons which have no markedtranslocation of sesquioxides and clay . There is a thin layer of forest litter onthe surface . The solum is neutral in reaction, and parent materials are calcareous .Soils assigned to the Orthic subgroup are Grizzly Hill, OtKeef e, Lumby and Coldstreamseries . In addition a representative of the degraded subgroup, Glenemma series,was also differentiated .

(a) Orthic Brown Wooded Soils :

Grizzly_Hill Series

The main areas of the Grizzly Hill soils are on the upland between Glen-emma, Eriderby and Armstrong. Small and scattered'areas were also mapped to thesouth of Lumby . A total of 3,879 acres were classified between 1,600 and 2,500feet elevations . .

The topography varies from undulating to rolling and steeply sloping,with slopes in all directions . Extensive af'~as of hill and steepland occupied byGrizzly Hill soils also occur, but since such\~reas were not suitable for cultivation,they were not classified .

\The parent material is composed of comp t, laminated, sandy glacial till,

having a low to medium content of ferromagnesium mine' Is . Gravels, cobbles andstones are distributed at random in the till and in the~olum . Surface stone islight to moderate, but may be heavy in places ; occasional~bedrock outcroppings areencountered . A horizon of calcium carbonate accumulation is often present at deptl~~of from 26 to 40 inches from the surface.

The Grizzly Hillsoils . The tree cover wasspruce and birch. The serifollows :,

series was classified as a group of Orthic Brown Woodetrinly Douglas-fir, with inclusions of cedar, larch

s is composed of three soil types differentiated as

Griz.zly Hill Gra,~elly Loamy Sand - 456 acres .Grizzly Hill Gra,ìelly Sandy Loam -3,.225 ~~

ri~Ly Loam - 198 ~~Grizzly Hill Sa,

-24-

A_profile was'examined on'the upland at 2;000 feet elevation. It waslocated two miles northwest: of Armstrong, and given the following descriptiona

Horizon Dep t.h Description

0 1 - 0 ~~~ A thin layer of forest litter, partly decomposed .

Ae 0 - 2' " Thin, discontinuous dark gray to dark grayish brown (l0YR4/1 .5 moist) sandy loam . Single-grained, friable .

AB1 '~ - 10" Brown to dark brown (lOYR 4/3 moist) gravelly sandy loam .Weak medium subaiigular blocky structure, friable, moderateroot content, scattered cobbles . pH 6.7

AB2 10 - 21" Light olive brown (2 .5Y 5/4 moist) gravelly sandy loam .Weak medium subangular blocky structure, friable, scatteredcobbles and roots . pH 6 .9

BC 21 - 28'1 Dark grayish brown (2 .5Y 4/2 moist) gravelly sandy loam.Fragmental structure, firm moist, scattered cobbles androots . pH 7 .4

Cca 28 - 31" Partly weathered sandy loam till containing lenses and. pockets of free carbonates . pH 8 .0

C 31'1 -f- Light brownish gray (2 .5Y 6/2 moist) laminated sandy loamto loam till . Occasional root mat at the top, scatteredgravels and cobbles . pH 8 .1

AGRICULTURE :

Scattered aress of Grizzly Hill soils have been cleared and dry farmed .Grain; alfa_l.fa and grass hay are grown, but yields suffer during dry summers owingto the light texture and low moisture holding capacity of the soils . One orchardwas observed, which had satisfactory growth, but the trees showed frost damage .These soils would respond to irrigation, with the provision that care should betaken to prevent erosion on steep slopes . For sprinkler irrigation the farmdelivery requirement is 18 inches for a11 three soil types in the series, with aninterval of 20 days between irrigations .

0 1 Keef e''.' S erie s

Areas of the O'Keefe soils fringe the Black soils in the vicinity ofGlenemma, eastward to Enderby and from there southward to Armstrong . The elevationsof the O'Keefe series are from 1,400 to 1,800 feet:, and the total area -classifiedwas 2,567 acres . The topography varies from level to strongly rolling . In someplaces kettles are responsible for rough relief, and in others duning is the causeof steep slopes .

The parent material is composed of sandy glacial outwash . The sand containsmore silt and clay at and near the surface than in the subsoil, indicating a loessialsource of the fine material . In places scattered gravel and cobbles are found in thesolum, but generally the sandy deposits are gravel and stone free .

Three soil types were differentiated . These were Loamy Sand, 1,191 acres,Sandy Loam, 1,102 acres, and Fine Sandy Loam, 283 acres . The Loamy Sand. supported

a medium stand of ponderosa pine, whereas the Sandy Loam and Fine Sandy Loam were

able to support a mixed growth of Douglas-fir. and ponderosa pine, which requires

more moisture .

The O'Keefe soils are well drainedy The Sandy Loam and Fine Sandy Loam

have Orthic Brown .-Wooded soil development, but in areas of the Loamy Sand where

duning has occurred, the movement of material at the surface has retarded soil

development, and such places are inclusions of Mull l.tegosol . .

- 25 -

An undisturbed profile of the O1Keefe Loamy Sand was examined about twomiles northwest of Armstrong . The topography was gently sloping and the vegetationwas ponderosa pine and scattered fir, with shepherdia, Solomon's seal, saskatoonand pinegrass in the lower story . The profile was described as follows :

Horizon Depth

0 1 - Off

Ah 0

AB 1 2 - 611

AB2 6 - 1211

C1 12 - 2P

C2 21't +

AGRICULTURE :

Description

Forest litter consisting of undecomposed pine needles .pH 5 .4

Very dark brown (l0YR 2/2 moist) loamy sand . Very weaksubangular,bloc.ky structure,* friable, numerous fine roots .pH 6 .4 ,Abrupt change-to-

Dark yellowish brown (lOYR 3/4 moist) loamy sand . Veryweak subangular blocky structure, friable, some fineroots . pH 7.0Gradual change to :

Dark yellowish brown (lOYR 4/4 moist) fine sand . Veryweak subangular blocky structure, friable to loose,scattered roots . . pH 6 .9

Yellowish brown (lOYR 5/4 moist) medium sand . Single-grained, loose, scattered roots . pH 7 .1Gradual change to :

Yellowish brown (l0YR 5/4 moist) mediu d .m s gn na Si l e-grained, loose, occasional root . pH 7 .1

Most of the acreage of the O'Keefe soils was in the native state at thetime of the soil survey (1959) . There is sufficient vegetation to provide somegrazing and an occasional harvest of timber . Cultivated areas are dry farmed forthe production of grain and alfalfa . These soils have low moisture holding capacity,and .thus they are incapable of maintaining good crop yields with the prevailingsummer rainfall .

The OtKeefe soils would respond favorably to fertilization and irrigation .For sprinkler_ irrigation the farm delivery requirement for the Loamy sand is 28inches with a nine day interval . For the Sandy Loam and Fine Sandy Loam therequirement for the irrigation season is 21 inches, with a 15 day interval betweenirrigations .

Lumby Series

The Lumby soils are scattered throughout most of the classified area,but they are more common in the vicinity of Lumby . A total of 4,611 acres weredifferentiated between elevations of 1,300 and 1,700 feet . The fan topographyis smoothly sloping, the steeper gradients being near the apex, with progressivelymore gentle slopes situated toward the fan margin . The topography can vary fromsmooth very gently sloping to irregular steeply sloping .

The parent material is composed of light textured alluvial fan detritu ..awhich often covers pre-existing terraces and floodplain deposits of similar comp-sition . Precise boundaries between the fan and the exposed material it overliesoften difficult to define, and frequently a distinction cannot be made . The fan-were deposited by small, chiefly temporary, streams tributary to the larger valleys .The deposition occurred in a typical manner, with the coarser textures dominatingat the apex, close to the mouth of the coulee, while the finer textures were carrieddownslope . Sandy loam and coarser textures were mapped as the Lumby series, whereasloam and finer textures were differentiated as the Coldstream series . All of thesoils are underlaid by earlier and coarser detritus, such as gravels .

- 26 -

as follows :Six soil types were differentiated in the Lumby series, and are listed

Lumby Gravelly Sand - 122 acres .Lumby Gravelly Loamy Sand - 492Lumby Loamy Sand - 1,444 'cLumby Gravelly Sandy Loam - 921Lumby Sandy Loam - 1,324 'tLumby Fine Sandy Loam - 308

The Ltamby soils support a light to medium cover of forest composed chieflyof Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine . Although Orthic Brown Wooded soil developmentis normal for the series, Degraded Brown Wooded profiles were found in small areas .A profile of the Lumhy Sandy Loam was examined about two miles south of Lumby, onthe south side of the Coldstream Valley ., This was given the following description :

Horizon Depth

0 ? - 0'1

Ah 0 - 2tt

AB 2 - 10"

BC 10 - 19!1

CD . 19'1 +

AGRICULTURE :

Description

A thin layer of coniferous forest litter .

Grayish brown (10YR 5/2 dry), very dark grayish brown (lOYR3/2 moist) sandy loam. Very weak medium subangular blockyand weak granular structure, friable moist . pH 5 .8

Light grayish brown (lOYR 6/2 dry), dark grayish brown (l0YR4/2 moist) sandy loam . Weak medium subangular blocky struc=ture, friable moist . pH 6 .0

Pale brown (l0YR 6/2 dry), dark grayish brown (l0YR 3/2moist) fine sandy loam . Very weak subangular blocky struc-ture, friable moist, scattered gravels . pH 6.4

Pale brown (l0YR 6/2 dry) , olive brown (2 .5Y 4/4 moist)gravelly sandy loam, grading to gravelly sand at variabledepths, friable, loose . pH 7 .2

The Lumby soils are located in the most arid sections of the map-areathat produce forest, and most of the acreage is devoted to forest range . The lowsummer rainfall combined with low moisture holding capacity of the soils makesthem unsuitable for dry farming . To the north of Vernon attempts have been madeto grow gtain and alfalfa on these soils without irrigation, which gave spottycrops with poor yields . A few areas in the Coldstream Valley are under irrigationand produce satisfactory crops .

Under dprinkler irrigation the farm delivery requirement for the LumbyGravelly Sand and Gravelly Loamy Sand is 24 inches with a 10 day interval . TheLoamy Sand and Gravelly Sandy Loam require 22 inches with a 15 day interval, theSandy Loam needs 20 inches with a 15 day interval, and the Fine Sandy Loam requires17 inches with~:.a 20 day interval between irrigations .

Coldstream Series

The group of soils that compose the Coldstream series are widely scatterc.'.but most common in the Coldstream Valley, between Lavington and Lumby . The rangeof elevation is from 1,300 to 1,700 feet and the area mapped totals 1,673 acres .The topography is gently to very gently and smoothly sloping .

The parent material is composed of medium to fine textured alluvial fandeposits . Such deposits are often spread over earlier river alluvium of similarcomposition, and where .this occurs the boundary between the fan and exposed portionsof the underlying sediments is indefinite . The fan deposits grade from coarse materials near the apex to fine textured alluvium downslope . Most of the Coldstreamsoils are in the lower, fine textured portions of the fans, whereas the Lumby seriesoccupies the coarser textured higher parts . In the Coldstream soils, stones andgravels are absent from the upper part of the solum and do not interfere with culti-vation, but all .of them are underlaid- at depths by gravels . Five soil . ;types weredifferentiated and named as follows :

- 27 -

Coldstream Gravelly Loam - 182 acres .Coldstream Loam - 652 <<Coldstream Silt Loam - 543 ~Coldstream Clay Loam - 102~Coldstream Sandy Clay Loam - 194 "

The Coldstream soils support a tree cover, la,rgely deciduous, of cotton-wood, willow and alder, with scattered Douglas-fir, cedar and spruce ., The vegetationindicates the presence of groundwater, and the soil profiles vary from moderatelywell drained Orthic Brown Wooded to imperfectly drained, .gleyed Bzown Woodedsoil development ; A moderately well di~aiited profile'"of Coldstream,Sandy ClayLoam in the vicinity of :Lumby"was described as follows :

Horizon Dept,h Descript:ion

ABl 0 - 7" Brown sandy clay loam . Medium subangular blocky structure,friable moist .

AB2 7 - 14'1- Strong brown sandy clay loam . Medium subangular blockystructure, fairly compact .

C 14« + Light brownish gray sandy clay loam . Slightly gleyed andfaintly mottled . Underlaid at variable depths by Aravel1.ysand .

To the south°~of Lavington, an impeif ectly drained profile of Co].dstreamLoam was described as follows :

Horizon Depth

Ah 0 - 41,

AB 4 - 10',

ABg 10 - .25'1

Cg 25" +

AGRICULTURE :

Description

Grayish brown (lO.YR 5/2 dry), very dark brown (l0YR 2/2moist) loam . Weak granular structure, friable, many fineroots . pH 6 .5 .

Pale brown to~brown (lOYR 5 .5/3 dry), dark brown (lOYR3/3 moist) silt loam . Weak structure blocky structure,friable, a few faint mottles . pH 6 .6

Dark-grayish brown (lOYR 4/2 moist) silt loam with darkyellowish brown (lOYR 4/4) mottles . Weak subangularblocky structure, friable . pH 7 .1

Dark gray (1OYR 4/1 moist) gleyed silt loam to silty clayloam, mottled as above . pH 7.5

Most of the Coldstream soil acreage is cultivated and devoted to grain,hay and pasture . Fairly good yields are obtained under_ dry farming, a factor whichmay be attributed to the high moisture holding capacity of the soils and to supple-mental moisture from groundwater . Some areas in the .Coldstream Valley are irrigated .The Coldstream soils have deep, friable solums and gentle slopes . They require nospecial precautions to prevent erosion when under irrigation, and they are suitablefor the production of all climatically tolerant crops .

The recommended farm delivery requirement under sprinkler irrigation is,18 inches with a 20 day interval for the Coldstream.Giavelly Loam . For the Loam,Silt Loam, Clay Loam and Sandy Clay Loam, the requirement is 12 inches, wiLh a30 day interval between irr_igations .

(b) Degraded Brown Wooded Soils :

Glenemma Series

Small and scattered areas of Glenemma soils were mapped along Equesis Creek,

near the north end of Okanagan Lake . Other areas lie,adjacent to BX Creek northeast

of Vernon, and along the south side of the Coldstream Valley-between Lavington~and

Lumby . These soils occupy a small portion of the mapped area . There are 824 acres,

which lie between elevations of 1,700 and 2,200 feet . The topography varies from

undulating to rolling and steeply sloping.

- 28 -

The parent material consists of a surface capping of loamy sand and sandyloam that overlies sandy and gravelly glacial outwash, often in the form of terraces .The thickness of the overlay varies from none at a11 to about 24 inches . Gravelhas been brought into the top layer by the uprooting of trees . Surface stones andcobbles are often abundant where the overlay is thin .

Two soil types were differentiated . These are Glenemma Gravelly LoamySand,~516 acres, and Gravelly Sandy Loam, 308 acres . These are Degraded BrownWooded soils, which developed under a light to medium forest of ponderosa pine andDouglas-fir .

An undisturbed profile of Glenemma Gravelly Sandy Loam was examined nearEquesis Creek on the west side of Okanagan Lake and given the following descriptions :

Horizon Depth

0 k - 0't

Ahe 0 - 6'v

B 6 - 1211

Bt-D 12 - 16"

B-D 16 - 211'

Description

A thin layer of coniferous litter composed mainly of needles,twigs and cones . Partly humified in the lower part .

Dark grayish brown (lOYR 4/2 dry), very dark brown (lOYR2/2 moist) gravelly sandy loam . Weak medium subangul.arblocky breaking to granular structure, friable moist,many roots . pH 6.4~6

Brown (lOYR 5/3 dry), brown to dark brown (lOYR 4/3 moist)gravelly sandy loam . Moderate medium subangular .blockystructure, slightly hard dry, friable moist . Numerousroots, scattered cobbles . pH 6 .75

Brown to dark brown (10YR 4/3 dry), dark brown (lOYR 3/3moist) gravelly sandy loam . Moderate medium blocky struc-ture, slightly hard dry, friable moist . Numerous roots .Increasing content of gravels and a concentration of cobblesin this horizon . pH 6.64

Brown (lOYR 4 .5/3 dry) , dark brown (lOYR 3/3 moist) grav-e11y loamy sand . Weak fine granular structure in a highcontent of gravels.and cobbles, loose dry, very friablemoist . Scattered roots . pH 6 .64 .

D 21" + Gravelly and cobbly sand of variegated colors, single-grained, loose . Occasional root in upper part . pH 6.'11

AGRICULTURE :

The greater part of the acreage of Glenemma soils was in the native stateat the time of the 1959 survey . In this condition the soils had some value forrange and an occasional timber harvest . One small area was cultivated and dryfarmed for the production of hay and pasture . The Glenemma soils have low moistureholding capacity and thus are incapable of .good crop yields under the prevailingsummer rainfall . .

These soils would respond to fertilization and irrigation . The recommendedfarm delivery requirement for sprinkler irrigation is 29 inches, with a 10 dayinterval for the Gravelly Loamy Sand, and 28 inches with a 10 day interval betweenirrigations for the Gravelly Sandy Loam .

5 . GRAY WOODED SOILS

Development of Gray Wooded soils from calcareous parent materials takesplace in the cooler parts of the map-area, in which sufficient precipitation occursto bring about leaching . Beneath a surface layer of forest litter, an horizon ofeluviation (Ae) occurs, which in turn is underlain by an illuvial horizon (Bt) of

clay accumulation . These are the prominent features of the profile . Any otherA or B horizons are transitional, and are named according to'closest relationshipwith the one above or below . When a Bca horizon is absent, the calcium carbonate

has deposited at various depths in the parent material . The following subgroupswere differentiated :

m 29 _

(a) Orthi.c Gray Wooded Soils : Reiswig, Saltwel.l_, Plaster, Enderby, l-Iilton,Beaverjack, Latewhos, Stepney and Mara series .

(b) Brunisolic Gray Wooded Soils : Cherryville series .

(a) Orthic Gray~Wooded So ils :

Reiswi~ Series

The Reiswig soils occur on the uplands to the north of Lumby and in theBluesprings Valley . -A total of .2,880 acres suitable for agriculture were mappedbetween elevations of 1,750 and 2,400 feet . The topography varies from undulatingto steeply rolling, with most slopes facing south .

The parent material consists of glacial till of sandy texture, havinga moderate to high content of ferromagnesium minerals . The unweathered till iscompact, laminated and impervious to the downward movement of water. Gravels,cobbles and stones are distributed at random . Surface stone .:is generally moderate,but may be heavy in places . A horizon of Calcium carbonate accumulation is oftenpresent at depths from 36 to 40 inches, and the soils are well drained . Four soiltypes were differentiated and named~as follows :

Reiswig Loamy Sand ~ 275 acres .Reiswig Gravelly Sandy Loam - 1 130~ ItReiswig Sandy:Loam -

,293

Reiswig Fine- Sandy Loam - 1,182

The Reiswig series was classified as a group of Orthic Gray Wooded soils,but in places the Gray Wooded development is marginal . The forest cover consistschiefly of Douglas-fir ; with larch and scattered ponderosa pine . The areas inwhich these soils occur have an annual precipitation o£ 18 inches or more, and aMay to September rainfall of about 7 inches .

A Reiswig Gravelly Sandy Loai:n profile was examined in an area with rollingtopography about four miles east of Lumby, near the road to Cherryville . It wasgiven the following description :

Horizon De~th~ DescriRtion

0 3 - Off `Dark brown litter, mostly from Douglas-fir, well decomposedin the lower part .

Ahe 0 - 3ft Pale brown to brown. (lOYR 5.5/3 dry), very dark brown' (lOYR 3/2 moist) sandy loam . Weak subangular blocky

structure, friable-moist, scattered gravels, numerousroots . pH 6 .3

Ae 3 - LO't Light brown to light brownish gray (5Y 6 .5/2 dry), darkgrayish brown (10YR 4/2 moist) stony sandy clay loam .Medium blocky .structure , vesicular, firm moist, slightlysticky wet, gravel.ly and stony . pH 5 .9Abrupt change to :

Bt 10- 2411 Pale olive (5Y 6/2 dry) stony sandy clay loam . Coarseblocky structure with some clay flows, hard dry andfirm moist, gravel.ly and stony . pH 6.4Clear change to :

C 2411 + Pale olive (5Y 6/3 dry), stony and bouldery loamy sand,moderately compact . pH 7 .8

AGRICULTURE :

The greater part of the acreage of Reiswig soil.s is in the natural.~state,and utilized as forest range and for timber . The moisture holding capacities ofthe soils are only fair to moderate, and under dry farming the crops would sufferduring dry periods . These soils would respond to irrigation, provided that care istaken to prevent erosion on steep slopes .

30

The farm delivery requirement under sprinkler irrigation for the ReiswigLoamy Sand is 18 inches with a 15 day interval . The Gravelly Sandy Loam, SandyLoam and Fine Sandy Loam a11 require 15 inches, with a 20 day irrigation interval .

Saltwell Loam

This series is limited to one soil type of loam texture . It is confinedto the flanks of the Spallumcheen Valley from Grindrod to Armstrong, and for ashort distance into the Shuswap River valley east of Enderby . The Saltwell Loamoccurs between 1,400 and 1,850 feet elevations, and occupies a total of 1,641 acres,all of which are arable . The topography consists of steeply sloping valley sides .

The parent material of this soil type is composed of_ a mixture of 8tonyglacio-lacustrine sediments and glacial till . The upper two to three feet of t1lesoil profile has a heavier texture than the till beneath . The variation In theprofile is .from loam to clay, under which there is sandy loam to loam till. .Gravels, cobbles and sto~ies are well distributed . The composition of the soilprofile a,nd the topography suggest that the sandy loam till originally uAZd.ejmlaida portion of, the Blaster series which was eroded . During erosion the parent mater-ial of the Plaster series mixed with the weathered till, leaving a mixed prof-ilefrom. which the Saltwell Loam developed .

The average surface texture is loam, with variation to clay loam, Thisis an Orthic Gray Wooded soil, with bleached Ae and i.1luvial Bt hori.zoias~ Tlaetree cover was chiefly Douglas-fir of medium density, with some 1arcb and an. occa~~sional spruce . The slzrub layer was fairly heavy .

A soil. profile was examined at a roadcut about three miles i-iorth ofArmstrong . The area had been cleared and the surface litter was missing . 'l.'1.2 :i.t;profile was given the following description :

Horizon 2!T-th Des-c7°iyt ion

Ae Brown (lOVR 5/3 moist) loam . Strong medium blocky so-i.ic~-ture, friable moist: . Peds bleached and vesicular, occa-sional gravels and cobbles, many fine roots . ptJ 6 .,7Clear change to :

AB ! - 12rt Brown to dark brown (10Y1R. 4/3 moist) loam. Strong mediumblocky structure, friable to firm moist . Some bleachingon faces of. peds . Scattered gravels, cobbles and fineroots . pli 7 .2Clear change to :

Bt 12 -'2011 Dark grayish brown (2_ .5Y 4/2 moist) clay loam. Strong-medium blocky structure, firm moist . Scattered grav~~1s,cobbles and roots . pH 7 .5

BC 20 - 2611 Very dark grayish brown (2 .5Y 3/2 moist) clay loam .Massive to weak medium blocky structure, firm moist,Occasional root, scattered gravels and cobbles . pli 7 ~~3

C 261' -I- Dark grayish brown (2 .5Y 4/2 moist) loam textured till .Laminated structure, very firm dark coatings or). cleavageplanes . p1i 6 .6

AGRICULTURE :

The Sa.1twell. soils provide limited forest range in the na.t:ural. ,t:.atve~,and support a good growth of trees . A small acreage is cultivated on farms whichalso have other soil types . Grain and some alfalfa are produced without irrigation .The Saltwell Loam has moderate moisture holding capacity . Fairly good yield's ofgrain are obtained, but alfalfa suffers from insufficient moisture in the middleand late growing season, and would benefit, from irrigation . The farm deliveryrequirement is 14 inches, with a 30 day i.literval between irrigations .

Plaster Series

Most of the acreage of Plaster soils occurs north of Armstrong on thevalley sides . There are also some scattered areas having the same position. in tl:xeShuswap River valley to the east of Enderby . Elevations lie between 1,400 and1,600 feet . A total of 2,753 acres were mapped, a11 of which is arable . Thetopography is undulating to rolling ..

The Plaster soils are derived from glacio-lacustrine sediments . Thesedeposits are seldom more than three to four feet thick, and they overlie glacialtill, but also there is localized thickening, due to slumping or erosion . Theunderlying till. is exposed on many o£ the steep slopes, and where of sufficientarea, such exposures were differentiated as another soil series .

Since the Plaster soils are at higher elevations than the B'zoadvie'wand ipallumcheen series, the lacustrine deposits from which they are derived areolder . They were laid down when the main valley was occupied by ice, and wl.ii-leice-margin ponds bad floating berg ice in summer . Ice-rafting distributed thegravels and stones scattered in the lacustrine deposits . The thin veneer of lacus~-trine sediments generally conforms to the pre-existing till topography, but inlocalized areas has modified it to some extent .

'.['here are two soil types . Plaster Loam occupies 151. acres, ai.i.d Pl.a.sE:e :E-C1ay covers 2,602 acres . The profile is that of an Orthic Gray Wooded soil-,moderately weal drained . The native vegetation consists of a medium stand ofDouglas fir, spruce. and birch, and an occasioua.l ponderosa pine . A7:1 undisturbedprofileslope,

Horizon

of Plaster Claabout two,miles

Depth

y, typical of the series, was examined on a gentle west.northwest of Armstrong. The description is as follows :

Desc riPtion

0 1 - Oil Coniferous forest litter . The upper ~'," is raw and thebalance is well decomposed and contains many fine rfaots,o p'I-1. 6 .8

Ae 311 Dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2 moist) clay . Coarse pl-at_ .ystructure, vesicular, firm moist, scattered roots . pIi 6 .9Abrupt change to :

AB 3 - 10" Dark grayish brown (l0YR 4/2 moist) clay . Strong fine tomedium blocky structure, firm to very firm moist, pedsssomewhat vesicular, occasional root . pH. 7 .0Clear change to :

Bt 10 - 29'r Dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2 moist) heavy clay . Coarseprismatic breaking to blocky structure, firm to very

` firm moist, roots restricted to cleavage planes . pl~t 6 .7

C 291l + Dark brown to dark yellowish ba.°o4m. (10YR 4/3 .5 moist)stratified lacustrine clay . pH 6 .7

An underlay of sandy loam to loam textured glacial tillat depths generally between 3 and 6 feet .

AGRICULTURE :

Most of the acreage of Plaster soils is cultivated . Under dry farmingthe main crops are grain, alfalfa and a small acreage of field. peas . The soil :,,have a moisture holding capacity equal to the Broadview series, but:. the ccnrlpa.raa-

tively steep slopes and dense Bt horizon, which resists the downward movement of

moisture, combine to make this soil vulnerable to erosion .

Irrigation is necessary for maximum yields . The farm delivery rerlt.ii-r.e>>e'i.7.t

of Plaster Loam and, Clay for sprinkler irrigation is 12 inches, with. an interval .between irrigations of about 30 days . -

r -32-

Lhderby_ Series

The soils of this series are mainly found in an east-west valley that..lies between Glenemma and Enderby, and also in the valley of Deep Creek.: A~totalof 2,$62 acres were classified between elevations of 1,500 and 1,750 feet . Thetopography is level to undulating, with minor rolling acreage due to natural erosion.

The Enderby series is derived from stone-free glacio-lacustrine dedimentswhich vary in texture from silt to very fine sand. The lacustrine deposits occurchiefly in narrow formations flanking the valley sides, but there is a fairly largeacreage in the valley bottom to the east of Deep Creek.

Two soil. types were differentiated. These are Enderby Fine Sandy~Loam,362 acres, and Silt Loam, 2,200 acres . The profile is that of a well drained,Orthic Gray Wooded soil . Accumulated calcium carbonate occurs between 12 and 30inches depths . Under the natural conditions there is a medium forest cover ofDouglas-fir, lodgepole pine, birch and scattered spruce and cedar . Common shrubsare oregon grape, pachystima and spirea. Solomon's seal, pinegrass and scatteredmoss constitute the ground cover.

A soil profile of the Silt .Loam type was located about 100 yards northof the Deep Creek-Enderby road and just within the western boundary of SpallumcheenIndian Reserve No . 2. The topography was level and the vegetation similar to thatmentioned above . It was given the following description:


0 ~ -011 A thin layer of forest litter, raw on top and partly de-composed on the underside .

Ae 0 - 8" Very pale brown to pale brown (l0YR 6.5/3 dry), brown(l0YR 5/3 moist) silt loam to silt . Weak medium sub-angular blocky structure, very friable moist, many roots .pH 6.0

_IBt 8 . .. 14" Light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4 dry), brown to dark brown

(10YR 4/3 moist) silt loam to silt . Medium subangularblocky structure, slightly compact but friable moist .Clay accumulation discontinuous in the form of nodulesand pockets . Precipitated-salts in cracks . pH 7 "3

B-Cca 14 - 2411 Light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2 dry), pale olive (5Y 6/3;cmoist)silt loam to silt . Breaks into angular fragments, friablemoist, occasional fine .roots . Carbonates in cracks androot channels . pH 8.4

C 2-411+ Light brownish gray (2.5Y 6,2 dry), grayish brown (2.5Y5/2 moist) silt loam. Remnants of stratification, friablemoist, occasional root in the upper part . pH 8.4

AGRICULTURE :

Most of the acreage in Enderby soils outside of the Indian Reserve isdry farmed . The main-crops grown are grain, alfalfa, hay and pasture . The yieldsare only fair because of insufficient rainfall, but the soil textures are idealfor irrigation. The recommended farm delivery requirement for sprinkler irrigationis 15 inches for the Ehderby Fine Sandy Loam, and 14 inches for the Silt Loam,both with about 30 days between irrigations .

Hilton Series

The Hilton Soils are confined to the Hilton, upland two to three milessouth of Cherryville. They compose a minor series occupying 1,811 acres betweenelevations of 2,250 and 2,750 feet . The topography varies from gently undulatingto gently rolling, and the landscape is marked by an occasional small kettle .

-33-

The parent material consists of ;a_thin layer of glacio-lacustrine claywhich overlies stratified silts, sands arid'i~i'some places, glacial till. In localizedareas the . ~till inclusions extend, to; the., surface ,,.. .and ;on, the margins of such exposuresthe ..clay is . a direct overlay. :, The glacso lacustrine cls,y ::contains scattered, ice-rafted gravels and cobbles, and it is capped' by àbout' six.,.,iriches of coarser texturedmaterial containing a higher content ,of~,sand , gravels and cobbles . No gravels andcobbles were observed in the silts and sands~that lie between the clay and thetill, and underlie most of the . clay deposit ., ; The, ,clay was. deposited in a temporaryice-margin .laket .which in summer was supplied with gravel � and stone carrying bergs, .and which on melting,,dropped their loads-at .rsndom.., ~s : ., . . . . .- . . , , .

The Hilton series was differentiated'into three soil types based on sur-face texture . These are .. Fa.n .e, .Sandy,Loam, . .. 1,154 ,acres, Loam, 121 acres, and siltLoam, . 536 ;acres . In addition a mixture~of Hilton' and soils was mappedas Hilton-Beaverjack Complex,, .which occupies 226 acres . "

The .prqfile.is a moderately, well drained Or~thic Grgy Wooded soil . Thenative vegetation is composed of a heavy growth of Douglas-fir, spruce, lodgepole pine,larch and scattered aspen . A few grassy, open areas of small size are probably oldclearings . An undisturbed profile of the Silt Loam was examined in a roughlycleared area, which had been in heavy forest, and given the following description :

Horizon Depth Descri]ption

0 1 - 0" Coniferous forest litter. Well decomposed in the lowerpart . ; : ;

Ae-1 . , 0 - 32" Light gray (7.OYR 7/2 ..dry), dark grayish brown (l0YR 4/2moist) silt'loam . Medium platy structure, friable moist,many fine roots . Scattered grit and small gravels, occa-sional cobble . pH 6 .1

, . Abrupt change~to :

Ae-2 2 - 6" Light brownish gray ` (2 ; 5Y 6~2 `dry) , olive gray (5Y 4/2. moist) clay . Coarse, strong blocky structure, friable

. , moist . Concentration of angular grit and small gravels .Fine roots penetrate peds . pH.5 .$

. Abrupt change to : .

. , . .

Oliv.ergray~ .(5Y 5/2 dry)~;`,dark~olive gray (5Y 3/2 moist)heavy clay . " Fine blocky structure, sticky and plasticwet, firm moist, ; a,,few roots confined to cleavages . .Occasional. vertical crack~containing Ae material droppedfrom . above . . . pH . 6 .2, "

D 20'"+ , Stratified claSi, silts'-ai~id fine` sands . The fine sandy, . . strata become . more, conunon ; with depth .

The D-Bt horizon is dense, pl:astic 'snd'slotaly permeable to water androots . This undesirable condition,is the main reason for separation of the Hiltonfrom the Beaverjack soils .

AGRICULTURE:

. A small acreage of Hi1ton soils is' .dry,farnied for mixed hay and pasture,and~the balance is .under a second growth forest havirig limited value for range .High moisture holding capacity and moderate,rainfall.'permit fairly good yieldsof forage crops with dry farming. For maximum yields, some .irrigation would bebeneficial, providing that the water is applied slowly, owing to the dense slowlypermeable D-Bt horizon.

The recommended farm delivery requirement for sprinkler irrigation is 8inches, with a 30 day interval, for all .soil types in the Hilton series . TheHilton-Beaverjack Complex should have a 10 inch farm delivery requirement, with30 days between irrigations . . . '

-34-

Beaver ack Series

The soils included in the Beaverjack series occur east of Cherryvillealong the .south side of Cherry Creek, and also northeast of Lumby in the vicinityof Rawlings Lake . A total of 4,653 acres were classified at elevations which liebetween 1,500 and 2,000 feet . While the topography is chiefly undulating, itvaries in places from gently undulating to strongly rolling.

The parent material is composed of glacio-lacustrine sediments, theupper portion being medium textured and containing more sand than the lower part,which consists of stratified clay containing some silty strata. Ice-rafted gravelsand cobbles are scattered throughout the deposits.

The Beaverjack series.was differentiated into four poil types and twophases as follows :

Beaver3ack .Sandy Loam - . 31089 acres .Beaverjack Fine Sandy Loam - 734 f "Beaverjack Silt Loam - 283 ff

ffBeaverjack Silt Loam, M6ttled Phase - 248Beaverjack Silt Loam, Concretionary Phase - 128 ffBeaverjack Silty Clay Loam - 179 "

Complex.In addition to the above, 286 acres were mapped as Beaverjack-Schunter

The native vegetation was composed' of medium heavy stands of Douglas-fir,spruce, larch and lodgepole pine . The shrubs included sa7.monberry, filbert,spirea.and saskatoon. This series consists chiefly of moderately well drainedOrthic Gray Wooded soi.ll. An undisturbed profile of the Silt Loam was examinedat a site situated about four miles northeast of Lumby, near the road to Mabe1Lake . It was described as follows :

Horizon Depth

0 1 - Off

0, - /, ff

Description

Coniferous forest litter composed of needles and twigs .

Light brownish gray to pale brown (l0YR 6/2 .5 dry), .grayishbrown (2.5Y 5/2 moist) silt loam . Fine platy structure,friable moist, vesicular, occasional gravel, many fineroots. pH 6 .1, .Abrupt change to :

AeBt 4 -1111 Grayish brown (2 .jY 5/2 dry), dark grayish brown (2.5Y4/2 moist) loam . Medium subangular to angular blockystructure . Firm moist, peds bleached and with light gray(2 .5Y 7/2 dry) coatings . Very vesicular, occasional gravel,many fine roots . pH 6.4Clear change to :

11 - 19ff Grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2 dry), dark grayish brown (2 .5Y4/2 moist) sandy clay loam . Medium blocky structure,clay flows and pockets of bleached sand are present,occasional gravel . pH 6.7Abrupt change to :

B3-D 19 - 23" .Dark olive gray (5Y 3/2 moist) clay with some sandy strat~Laminated to broken laminar structure, occasional gravel .Laminated to broken laminar structure, occasional gravel .pH 6.4 ,

D 23'f+ Very dark grayish brown (2 .5Y 3/0 moist) stratified heavyclay containing occasional bands of silt . Plastic wet,occasional gravels and cobbles . pH 6 .6

- 35 -

AGRICULTURE:

The Beaverjack~soils support'forest and lamited forest range under thenatural conditions . The small` areas which-'are cleared and cultivated are mixedfarmed, and produce forage~crops and pasture: . Moderately good yields of cropsare obtained with dry farming but irrigation would be beneficial, particularlyto support pastures in late summer .

;The recommended~farm delivery requirement under sprinkler irrigationfor the differentiated soil types is 10 inches, witha 30 day interval betweenirrigations . The requirement of the Beaverjack-Schunter Complex is 18 inches,with a 15 day irrigation interval .

`Latewhos Fibe ~ Sandy Loam

The Latewhos Fine Sandy Loam occupies areas between Shuswap Falls andMabel Lake, and eastward toward Ireland, Squaw and .Latewhos creeks . A total of2,$74 acres were classified between 1,500 and 2,200 feet elevation . An additional983 acres-were separated .as the Latewhos-Sicamous Complex. The topography variesfrom gently undial.ating to rolling .

The parent material. is composed, of somewhat variable sandy and siltyglacio-lacustrine deposits, containing scattered gravels and cobbles . The depositsbecome finer textured with depth, but remain higher in silt and lower in clay thanthe substrata of the Beaverjack soils . The dominant surface texture is fine sandyloam, with minor inclusions of sil.t loam and loamy fine sand. There areoccasional surface stones :and . gravels . .

The Latewhos Fine Sandy Loam was differentiated as a well drained OrthicGray Wooded soil . The native vegetation is composed of a medium stand of Douglas-fir, spruce, larch and lodgepole pine . Shrubs include salmonberry, filbert,spirea and saskatoon. An undisturbed profile was examined on the east side ofMabel Lake road near Ireland Creek, and given the following description :

Horizon Depth

0 1j_- 0!'

Ae 0 - 5"

AeBt 5 - 12",

Bt 12 - 28"

D 28f'+

AGRICULTURE:

Description

Coniferous forest litter . Well decomposed in the lowerpart .

Pale brown to brown (10YR 5.5/3 dry) fine sandy loam .Weak medium platy structure, slightly hard dry, friablemoist, many fine roots, scattered gravels . pH 7.l

Grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2 dry) silt loam . Weak st.ibangularblocky .structure, vesicular, firm moist . Clay or siltflows and localized bleached areas, many roots . Scatteredgravels and cobbles . pH 7 .1

Dark grayish brown (2 .5Y 4/2 dry) loam. Weak coarse blockybreaking easily to fine blocky structure, firm moist,scattered roots . pH 6 .9

Dark olive gray (5Y 3/2 moist) stratified clay containingsandy layers, fairly compact . Scattered gravels and.cobbles . pH 6 .7

Undeveloped areas support forest and limited forest range. The smallacreage cleared and cultivated is devoted to raising forage crops and pasture . . Themoisture holding capacity of the soil is moderate, and the crops suffer fromdrought during the middle and late growing season.

The Latewhos Fine Sandy Loam *ould respond to irrigation . For sprinklersthe farm delivery requirement is 15 inches, with a 20 day interval between irrigations .The Latewhos-Sicamous Complex should have 16 inches and a 20 day interval.

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Stene,y Sandy Loam

This soil type occupies three small areas on the highland southwest ofEnderby. A total of 349 acres were classified, and the elevhtions at which theseveral areas occur are between 1,600 and 1,700 feet . The topography varies fromlevel to undulating, with slopes that do not exceed five percent .

The parent, material consists of sandy outwash, which probably had itssource in :Deep Creek. There is more silt and clay at the surface than is presentin the coarse, sandy subsoil . The sandy outwash .deposit is grav el and'stone-free,except near the boundaries of stony soils . The average surface texture is sandyloam, but there are minor variations from light loam to loamy -sand .

The Stepney Sandy Loam was classified as a well drained Orthic GrayWooded soil, inasmuch as the profile contains a leached horizon Ae, and an accumu-lation of clay in horizon Bt . The native vegetation consists 'Of Douglas-fir,spruce, lodgepole pine and birch. An undisturbed profile about .four miles northof Armstrong, near Deep Creek, was described as follows :

Horizon

0

Depth Descri ption

1 - 0" Thin layer of forest litter, the upper-,." being composedof fix, needles and twigs . The lower ~2" is black and welldecomposed.

0 - 10" Dark grayish brown (10YR 1~12 moist) sandy loam . Weakmedium subanguIar blucky structure, friable moist .

AB 10 - 19"

Occasional small gravels, scattered roots . pH 6 .3Clear change to :

Brown to dark brown (l0YR 4/3 moist) sandy loam. Weakmedium subangu.l.ar blocky structure, vexy friable moist .Scattered colloid remnants arid roots, occasional finegravel. pH 6.2Gradual change to :

13t1 19 _ 2$'" Brown -to dark brown (10YR IN/3 moist) sandy loam. Veryweak subanglzlar blocky structure, friable moist, scatteredfine gravel, occasional root . pH 6.1Gradual change to :

Bt2 28 - 39" Dark brown to dark yellowish brown (10YR 4j3 .5 moist)sandy loam . Very weak medium subangular blocky structure,friable, occasional roots covered by while nqcelia. pH 6 .2

C 39"+ , Loairry sand',,to sarzdcrof variegated colors, single-grained,loose . Occasional root in the upper part . plI 8.3

AGRICULTURE:

Stepney Sandy Loam is utilized for forest and forest range . No cultivatedareas were observed. The moisture holding capacity is only fair, and if farmed thecrops would s4,f~er from drought . . This soil type would respond to irrigation andfertilization.

The recommended farm delivery requirement under sprinkler irrigationis 21 inches, with a 15 day interval between ir.rigati_ons .

Mar.a Series.,. ..~. ......~.~...,..~. .a.

The Mara soils occur on alluvial terraces of the Shuswap River, betweenEnderby and.Mara Lake . The classified area, which lies between 1,150 and 1,1'70feet elevation, totals 3,927 acres .

The parent materials, from which the soils were derived, consist of mediumto fine textured sediments deposited by the Shuswap River in post-glaca_~.1, time . Thesesediments are composed of silts and clays of limited thickness, underla~d by micaceousfine sands . The depth of the sandy underlay is reflected by the topogr ,phy, and oftenby the position of the terrace in relation to the river. Tex"races nearest to the

- 37 -

river have undulating topography due to braiding, and generally have shallow overlaysof silts and clays about a foot thick . Terraces with level to gently inward slopingtopography, suggesting old floodplains and often at some distance from the river,have an overlay with an average depth of about three feet . Gravels and cobbles areabsent . `

The most common surface textures are silt loam and silty clay lqam, withminor inclusions of silty clay . The series was classified as moderately welldrained Orthic Gray Wooded soils . Some imperfect drainage occurs in the hollowsof br4ded areas . The tree cover is composed of moderately heavy stands of-Douglas-fir, larch, birch and lodgepole pine, with cedar in the understory . The shrubsinclude filbert, salmonberry, hawthorn, saskatoon and spirea. Bracken fern alsooccurs . Pinegrass and twinflower constitute most of the ground cover.

A profile was examined on a terrace . This was located on the east sideof the valley about two and one-half miles north of Enderby . The description isas follows :

Horizon Depth

0 1 - 0"

Ae 0 - 5"

AeBt 5 - 10"

Bt 10 - 20 " ' .

BC 20 - 3g"

C 38"+, root in the upper part . pH 6 .5

AGRICULTURE:

The Mara soils are excellent for agriculture, and a large acreage has beencleared and cultivhted. They are devoted to mixed farming, with grain, tLUalfa andgrass hay as the main crops . Most of the cultivated land was dry farmed at thetime of the soil survey, but some sprinkler irrigation had been undertaken . Verylittle moisture for crop growth is supplied from the water table, particularlyafter the freshet season in June . The recommended farm delivery requirement forsprinkler irrigation is 12 inches, with a 30 day irrigation interval .

(b) Brunisolic Gray Wooded Soils :

Cherr,yville Series

These soils developed in the area between Cherryville and Hilton, andalso on the upland west of Enderby in the vicinity of the Deep Creek valley .The elevations at which the Cherryville soils occur are between 2,000 and 3,000feet, and the total area classified, amounts to 2,895 acres . An additional 255acres were mapped as the Cherryville-Hilton Complex, in which Cherryville GravellySandy Loam and Hilton Fine Sandy Loam weie grouped .

Descri-ption

Forest litter . Needles, twigs and decaying wood . Peatyand fluffy in the lower part .

Grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2 moist) silt loam . Fine platy,grading to medium platy structure in the lower part,friable to firm moist, vesicular, scattered roots . pH 6 .3Clear change to :

Dark grayish brown (10YR 1a./2 moist) silt loam. Mediumblocky structure, firm moist, vesicular, peds bleachedon outer parts, occasional clay flows, scattered roots .Clear change to :

Dark grayish brown (2 .5Y 4/2 moist) -silty clay loam.Medium to fine blocky structure, firm moist, continuousclay flows, scattered roots . pH 6 .2Clear change to :

Olive (5Y 4 " 5/3 moist) silt loam to silty clay loam.Weak fine sub angular blocky structure, friable moist .Some laminations in peds and clay flows in cleavages,occasional root . pH 6 .2

pH 6.4

Stratified silt loam. Faintly mottled and gleyed, occasional

-3g-

The topography varies from almost level to strongly rolling. Hilly andsteepland soils also occur, but these were not included because they are non-arable .Surface stoniness is moderate to heavy.

The parent material is composed of light to medium textured glacial tillhaving a moderate content of ferromagnesium minerals . Gravels, cobbles and stonesare randomly distributed. The depth at which free carbonates occur is seldom lessthan five feet .

The Cherryville series was differentiated as follows :

Cherryville Gravelly Loamy Sand - 522 acres.Cherryville Gravelly Sandy Loam - 1,515 "Cherryville Gravelly Clay Loam - 82$ "

The series was classified as a group of Brunisolic Gray wooded soils,with a thin to discontinuous Podzol horizon Ae, a brighter colored Bcr horizonand a degraded, weakly represented Gray Wooded soil horizon Bt . The tree coverwas composed of Douglas-fir, spruce and larch. A profile of the gravelly sandyloam was examined and described at 2,720 feet elevation on the Hilton upland, andthis is given as follows :


0 2 - 0" Dark reddish brown fibrous and peaty forest litter.

Ae 0 - 3/4" Light gray (10YR 7/2 dry), dark gray (10YR 3/1 moist)loamy sand. Single-grained, loose . pH 5 .2Abrupt change to :

Bcr 3/4 - 7" Pale brown (10YR 6/3 dry), dark yellowish brown (10YR3/3 " 5 moist) gravelly sandy loam. Weak subangular blockystructure, friable moist, moderately stony. pH 5 .$Clear change to : ,

Bt 7 - 16" Very pale brown (10YR 7/3 dry), grayish brown (10YR 5/2moist) gravelly and stony sandy clay loam . Massive, com-pact, slightly sticky and plastic wet .' pH 5 .4Gradual change to :

C 16"+ Dark gra a..sh brown (2. 5Y 4/2~ dry), very dark grayish brown(2 " 5Y 3 moist) stony sandy clay loam . Compact, hardglacial till . pH 5.7

AGRICULTURE:

In the native state the Cherryville soils are suitable for the productionof forest, and also they provide limited forest range . A few small areas aredry farmed. The principal crops are hay and pasture, both of which suffer frominsufficient moisture due to inadequate summer rainfall arid the light soil texture .

The recommended farm delivery requirement under sprinkler. irrigationfor the Cherryville Gravelly Loamy Sand and Gravelly Sandy Loarn is 18 n:nches, witha 20 day irrigation interval . For the Cherryville Gravelly Clay Loam and theCherryville-Hilton Complex the requirement is 1:4 inches with a 30 day intervalbetween irrigations .

6 . BROWN PODZOLIC SOILS

The Brown Podzolia, soils are characterized by a layer of forest litteroverlying brown to yellowish ~,~~own B horizons which do not show significant accumu-lations of sesquioxides or clay, . There is some accumulation of finely dividedorganic matter . The color of t`he B horizon fades with depth .-

An horizon Ae is generally absent, and when present it does not exceedone-half~tinch in thickness . The profile from top to bottom is from strongly tomoderately~,acid, the range being frorn about pH 5 .4 to 6.2, and there is low basesaturation :; The Brown Podzolic soils\,~have a well drained solLUn, sometimes withrestricted drainage beneath . They are~light to medium textured, and confined tothe more humid areas . ` .

- 39 -

In the North Okanagan Valley soil map-area, four soil series were differ-entiated. These are the Sicamous, Shuswap, Sauff and Schunter series, all of whichare Orthic Brown Podzolic soils .

Sicamous Series

The Sicamous series is distributed on the upland. west of Grindrod and inthe Trinity Valley. A total of 5,%.8 acres' were classified between 2,000 and 3,500geet elevations. In addition, the Sicamous Gravelly Loamy Sand was mapped with theGrindrod Gravelly Sand as the Sicamous-Grindrod Complex, 105 acres, with the HupelGravelly Loamy Sand as the Sicamous-Hupel Complex, $54 acres, and with the LatewhosFine Sandy Loam.as the Sicamous-Latewhos Complex, 542 acres . Some areas of theSicamous Gravelly Sandy Loam also were,mapped with the Beaverjack soils as theSicamous-Beaverjack Complex, 2,027 acres .

The topography varies from undulating to strongly rolling. Hilly andsteepland also occur, but the Sicamous soils in these areas were not classifiedinasmuch as they are non-arable . Surface stoniness is moderate to heavy .

The parent material consists of light to medium textured glacial till,containing gravels, cobbles and stones . The unweathered -bill is lamillated, compactand impervious . It contains much serpentine, basalt, basic andesite and some lime--stone. In the Grandview Bench area, free carbonates are common at the top of thetill where it meets the solum .

The Sicamous series was differentiated into four soil types as follows :

Sicamous Gravelly Loamy Sand -- 218M acres .Sicamous Loamy Sand - 229 "Sicamous Gravelly Sandy Loam - 2,333 "Sicamous Gravelly Clay Loam - 112 ""

The series was mapped as a group of well drained Orthic Brown Podzo:Licsoils . A thin Podzol Ae horizon was observed in undisturbed locations . A mixedforest of Douglas--fir, spruce and scattered white pine, cedar, larch and lodgepolepine is supported by the Sicamous soils .

A profile of Sicamous Gravelly Sandy Loam was examined in the TrinityValley north of Lumby . The area supported vegetation consisting of cedar, hemlock,white pine and spruce with a cedar understory. The description is as follows :

Horizon Delth Descri:-Ption

0 1-0" A thin layer of forest litter.

Ae Diacantlnuous to 4' " in thickness . Sandy loam, singlegrained . structure, loose . pH 6 .02

Bcr 0 - S" Strong brown (7 .5YR 5/6 dry), reddish brown (5YR 4/4moist) gravelly sandy loam . Weak fine granular structure,very friable . Many roots, scattered cobbles . pH 6 .60Clear change to :

B-C1 £i - 2011 Light browri.ish gray (2.5Y 6f2 dry), light olive brown toolive .brown (2 .5Y 1a. .5/la. moist) gravelly sandy loam . Weal~medium suban.gular blocky structure, very friable, Mode.r.root content, scattered cobbles . pH 6 .88Gradual change to :

B-C2 20 - 29" Yellowish brown (10YR 5l6 dry), dark yellowish brown (10YR1~/4 moist) gravelly sandy loam. Weak fine blocky structure,friable moist . Scattered roots, increasing content of gravelsand cobbles . This horizon represents the remnants of a GrayWooded l3t horizon . pH 6.92qxadual change to :

C1 29 -- 39"

r

F1ale brown (10YR 6/3 dry), olive brown (2 .5Y 4/4 moist)gi~~r,avel.ly sandy loam. Weak fine blocky structure, friablebultt firm in place . An occasional root, numerous grave:Lsa~i.a' cobbles . Some gleyitg along cleavages, pH 6.95

-40-Horizon Depth Description

C2 39"+ Pale brown (10YR 6/3 dry), olive brown (2.5Y 4/4 moist)gravelly sandy loam . Laminated till, firm and compact inplace . Some gleying along cleavages . Numerous gravelsand cobbles . pH 6 .95

AGRICULTURE :

Under forest the S.icamous soils provide scanty forest range, but they aregood soils for the production of timber. A limited acreage is under cultivation .This land is dry farmed for the production of grass hay and pasture . However, thesoils have low moisture holding capacity, and the crop growth is retarded by droughtduring the summer season . Irrigation would be beneficial for all crops and particu-larly for pastures, with care to prevent erosion on steep slopes .

The recommended farm delivery requirement under sprinkler irrigation for theSicamous Gravelly Loamy Sand, Loamy Sand and Gravelly Sandy Loam is 16 inches, tuith a20 day interval, whereas the Gravelly Clay Loam shoilld have 12 inches with an intervalof 30 days between irrigations . The Sicamous-Grindrod Complex and the Sicamous-HupelComplex require 18 inches, with a 16 day interval . The Sicamous-Beaverjack Complexshould have 14 inches and a 30 day interval, and the Sicamous-Latewhos Complex hasa requirement of 16 inches with 22 days between irrigations.

Shuswap Series

The Shuswap soils occur in the most humid parts of the map-area, chieflyaround Waby Lake and Deep Creek, and along the Shuswap River in the vicinity ofSugar and Mabel Lakes . Areas also are scattered on the Hilton upland. A total of3,734 acres were mapped between elevations of 1,700 and 2,500 feet . The topographyvaries from level to strongly rolling . In some places kettles are responsible forrough relief, and in others duning has caused steep slopes .

The parent material is composed of sandy glacial outwash, containing moresilt and clay at the surface than the amount present in the coarse, sandy subsoil .The fine textured material at and near the surface was probably added in. the formof loess after the deposition of sand . In some places scattered gravel and anoccasional cobble are found in the solum, but generally the sandy deposits aregravel and stone-free .

The series was differentiated as Loamy Sand, 2,189 acres, Sandy Loam,1,545 acres and also Shuswap-Glenemma Complex, 9$ acres . It was classed as a groupof Orthic Brown Podzolic soils, with slight Podzol development (an horizon Ae) inundisturbed locations . The soils are well drained and support a medium heavyforest of Douglas-fir, larch and spruce . A profile in the Waby Lake locality, at1,7$0 feet elevation, was given the following description :

Horizon Depth I Description

1 - 0'" Coniferous forest litter, matted and peaty . pH 5 .2

Ae 0 - 2" Dark grayish brown (10YR 1,./2 moist) sand . Single-grained,loose, often absent . pH 5 .0

Bcr-1 2-1211 Dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4 moist) loamy sand . Very weaksubangular blocky to single-grained structure, loose, m .--roots . pH 6.8

Bcr-2 12 - 30'! Brown to yellowish brown (10YR~5/3 - 5/4 moist) sand .Single=grained, loose, scattered roots . pH 6 .8

BC 30"+ Light yellowish brown (l0YR 6/4 moist) sand with occasionalthin bands of clay and/or iron to considerable depths . pH 7 .0

-41-

AGRICULTURE: ,

'Under natural conditions the ..Shuswap soils support limited forest range .A few small areas are cultivated and dry farmed .for grain, alfalfa and grass hay .These soils have low moisture holding capacity and thus are incapable of maintain-ing good crop yields under the prevailing limited rainfall . They are friable andwould respond to irrigation and fertilization.

The recommended farm delivery requirement under sprinkler irrigation is2L{ . inches for -bile Loamy Sand, with a 12 day interval between irrigations . TheSandy Loam should have 15 inches, with a 20 day interval, and the Shuswap-GlenemmaComplex requires 28 inches, with a 12 day interval.. . ' `

Sauff Series

This series occupies well drained river terraces in the upper parts ofthe Shuswap River valley, including Cherry and other tributary creeks . Theseterraces occur at from 1,700 and 2,200 feet elevation, and a total of 2,233 acreswere classified. The topography is generally level .

The parent material is sandy and gr.avelly, with an overlay of finertextured sedimerrts . . In thickness the overlay varies from none at all to 'about21,. in.cheso There is a moderate to heavy distribution of surface stones, whichare most abundant where the overlay is thin, but where it approaches ?Ja. inches inthickness the overlay becomes stone- and gravel-free .

The Sauff series was separated into two texture types, and a small areawas grouped with Hupel soils as a complex . Gravelly Loamy Sand occupies 1,279 acres,GraveJ_ly Sandy Loam covers 954 acres and the Sauff--Hupel Complex occupies 96 acres .

The series was classified as .a group of Orthic Brown Podzolic soils .The vegetation is composed of a moderately heavy tree cover of spruce, Douglas-'fir and larch . A soil profile of the Gravelly Sandy Loam was examined in theupper. S.h.uswap River valley, north of Shuswap Falls, and described as follows :

Horizon 2RP-thil

0 1 - 0°'

Bcr-1 0 - 2"

Bcr--2 2 - 13"~

Description

Dark brown coniferous forest litter containing somemineral soil material .

Dark grayish brown to dark brown (10YR 4/2 - 3/3 moist)gravelly and stony sandy loam. Very weak subangular blockyto single-grained structure, loose, many roots . pH 5 .6Gradual change to :

Light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4 dry), dark yellowish brownto strong brown (10YR 4/4 to 7 " 5Y 5/6 moist) gravelly andstony sandy loam to loam,y sand . Very weak coarse subangularblocky to single-grained structure, friable to loose,scattered roots . pH 6 .2Gradual change to :

D 13w} Grayish brown (10YR 5/2 moist) gravelly and stony coarsesand. Roughly-,stratified . pH 5 .6

AGRICULTURE :

The entire acreage of Sauff sbils was forested . in 1959, and served as asource of timber and limited forest range: . These are limited-use soils, owing -t-stoniness and coarse texture . They have l,,w moisture holding capacity and thusare incapable of good crop yields with the';limited rainfall. Irrigation andfertilization are necessary for maximum pro'd,,ac;tion .

Under sprinkler irrigation the farr:l delivery requirement for the SauffGravelly Loamy Sand is 26 inches with a 10 da~ interval . The Sauff-Hupel Complexshould have 21~ inches with an 11 day interval between irrigations.

tiy

-42-

Schunter Series

..The Schunter soils, derived from alluvial-colluvial f.an deposits, aredistributed north of Lumby in the Trinity Valley, in the Creighton Valley and inthe vicinity of Shuswap Falls . A total of 1,l{.60 acres were differentiated at ele-vations between 1,600 and 2,600 feet . The fan topography varies from smooth, gentlysloping to irregular strongly sloping. Slopes steepen near the fan apex and . becomemore gentle toward the margins . Stone and gravel content is-high b.t the tops ofthe fans and the concentrations progressively decrease downslope .

The parent material is composed of alluvial-colluvi.al fan detritus broughtto the toe of the-valley slope by small tributaries now inactive or intermittent .The coarse detritus is in the upper part of the fan and the fine sediments becomeprevalent downslope . Most of the fans have a moderate ferromagnesium cixinera:L content,but~some were high in this constituent, and so were distinguished on the soil mapby the symbol ST1 .

as follows :The Schunter soils were differentiated into five types and a complex

Schunter Gravelly Sand - 415 acres .Schunter Gravelly Loamy Sand - 3$7 °'Schunter Gravelly Sandy Loam - 374Schunter Sandy Loam - 105Schunter Gravelly Loam - 1:79Schunter-Sicamous Complex I9- .,.120

The Schunter series was classified as a group of Orthic Brown 1'od.zolicsoils . These soils developed under medium stands of spruce, Douglas-fir and larch.An undisturbed profile of the Gravelly Sandy Loam in the Creighton Valley wasexamined and given the following description .

Horizon De,y,rth Description

0 1 - 0" Dark brown coniferous forest litter.

Bcr-1 0 - 3" Grayish brown to dark grayish brown (10YR L, .5.12 dry), verydark grayish brown (l0YR 3/2 moist) gravelly sandy loam.Fine subangular blocky structure, friable moist, manyroots . pH 6.2Abrupt change to :

Bcr-2 3 - 10" Brown (l0YR 5/3 dry), dark brown (10YR 4/3 moist) gravellyand stony sandy loam. . Medium blocky structure, friable tofirm moist, scattered roots . pH 5 .9Gradual change to :

Bcr-3 10 - 18" Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4 dry), dark yellowish brown(10YR Li./1 moist) gravelly and stony loam. Strong fineblocky structure, moderately compact . pH 5 .8

D 18"-fi Gray brown gravelly and stony sand.

depositsnorth of

A profile of the Schunter Gravelly Loamy Sand, representative of fanof this series high in ferromagnesium minerals was located four malesLumby in the Trinity Valley and described as follows :


0 1 - 0'r Coniferous forest litter, partly decomposed.

Bcr-1 0 - 2" Grayish brown (2 .5y 5/2 dry), very dark grayish 'brown(2 .5Y 3/2 moist) gravelly and stony loamy sand. Very weaksubangular blocky to single-grained structurer loose .

Bcr--2 2 - 4" Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4. dry), dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4 moist) gravelly and stony loamy sand . Very weak subangulblocky to single-grained structure, loose .

CD 4"+ Gray (5Y 5/1 dry), dark grayish brown to very dark grayishbrown (2.5Y 3 " 5~2 moist) stony and . gravell.y coarse salldn

Single-grained, loose .,;

- 43 -,

AGR2CULTUR,E!

The Schunter soils were in, the native state at the time of the soil survey(1959), and served for forest range and as a source of timber. These soils have alow rating for agriculture, owing to coarse texture, stone content, and in somecases, rough topography . The low moisture holding capacities render the soilsincapable of producing satisfactory crops by dry farming, but good production ofhay and pasture is possible under irrigation .

The recommended farm delivery requirement under spr :i:nkler irrigation for.the Schunter Gravelly Sand and Gravelly Loamy Sand is 2.+ inches, with a 10 day irri-gation interval . The Gravelly Sandy Loam requires 20 inches, with a 12 day in~l;erva1 .The Schunter Sandy Loam, Giavelly Loam and the Schunter-Sicamous Complex should have1$ inches, with a 15 day interval between irrigations .

7 . P_0DZOL SOILS

The Podzol soils vary in their development from minimal 9:,o o.rthic . TheMinimal Podzols are characterized by an 0 horizon of forest 1itter, beneath whichis a light colored Ae horizon, generally from one half to one inch thick, which mayor may not be continuous . One representative of this subgroup was classified. aia.dnamed Hupe1 series .

The Orthic Podzols have an horizon 0 and an Ae horizon from one to fiveinches thick . In all Podzols there is an illuvial B horizon in which organic matterand sesquioxides have accumulated., but clay accumulation is absent . The co]-or ofhorizon B usually is brown to y6llowish brown . These soils have developed o:«coarse parent materials in the most humid parts of the map-area. Soils classifiedas,Orthic Pdozols consist . of the Reiter, Vance and Sitkum series .

(a) Minimal Podzol Soils :

Hupel Series

The Hupel soils are derived from alluvial-colluvial fans . They arelocated north of Lumby in the white and Trinity valleys, east of Lumby towardCheri7vi)1e in Bluesprings Valley and also in Creighton Valley . The soils are alsocommon in the Shuswap River valley west of Ma.bel Lake, and between Enderby and tiaraLake . Potentially arable land occupying a total of 2,02$ acres was mapped 'between1,300 and 2,500 feet elevation,

The topography varies from smooth, gentlysloping to irregular, stronglysloping . The slopes are steepest near the apex of the fans, and become more gentletoward the margans . Steeply sloping fans are stony throughout and thus were classedas non-arable.

The parent, material is composed of early post-glacial alluvial-colluvia1 .fan detritus, deposited at the toe of main. valley slopes by presently inactive andintermittant streams . The fans were built by a succession .cif outwashesg whichleft the coarse material near the apex and progressively sorted -the f.*U'ler materialdownslope . Most of the fans contain moderate amounts of ferromagnesium mine~~als,but a few have a high content and these are identified by the symbol HU1 on th.esoil map .

Two soil types were differentiated. These are Hupe1 Gravel.ly Loamy Sand.,630 acres, and Gravelly Sandy Loam, 1,398 acres . The soils were classified arMinimal Podzols because of a -thin but fairly continuous horizon Ae . Rermzant,s

~ .a Bt horizon were found in some of the fans, but usually fairly deep and not,significance to the movements of roots or moisture .

The Hupel soils support a medium to heavy growth of Do-uglas-rir, larch,spruce, cedar and white pine . An undisturbed profile of the Gravelly Loamy Sandwas described as follows :

- 44 -,


0 1 - 0" Coniferous forest litter, well decomposed and peaty inthe lower part .

Ae 0 - 1" Light gray (2 .5y 7/10 dry) gravel7_y loamy sand . Single-grained, loose . pH 5 " 5

Bhir 1 - 311 Brown (10YR 513 dry), dark brown (10YR 313 moist) grav-elly loamy sand. Very weak subangular bl.ocl.c-,y structure,friable moist, moderate content of stones and roots . pl~l 600

Bir 3 - 10" Pale brown (10YR 6/3 dry), dark brown (7 .5YIZ 1_,/4 moist)gravelly loamy sand. Very weak subangu.lar blocky struct-are,friable to loose, moderate content of stones and . roots .pH 6 .2

BC 10 - 19'r Brown (10YR 5/3 dry), dark brown (10YR 3/3 n?.oist) gra:v~~-elly coarse sand. Single-grai.ned, _Loose, very si:;oi .ry,scattered roots . pH 5 .6

CD 19, "+ Grayish brown (l0YR 5/2 dry) mixture of coarse saizd,gravels and cobbles .

A second profile, located on the Trinity Upland, is repY-esevA-.,a-(-,JJ :ve of thefans whicis as fol

Horizon

h containlows :

Depth

a high proportion of ferromagnesium minerals . The deserip[A-an

DescrjpLio:q

0 1 - 0"' Coniferous forest litter .

Ae 0 - 2" Gray (10YR 5l1 dry) , dark gray to very dark gx~~~y ( J. .0Yla3 " 5/1 moist) gravelly sand. Single-grained, loose .

Bhir 2 - $" Pale brown (10YR 6/3 dry), dark brown (].OYR 313 moist)gravelly and stony,loamy sand . Very weak subangularblocky structure, friable, moderate root r,orrteArt ~

Bir 8 - 16" Light yellowish brown (10YR 6/1a. dry) , bx"owr~a. I;,o dark.yellowish brown (10YR 1,./3 .5 moist) gravelly lcratrq sand.Very weak subangular blocky 'structure, friaba.e . Moderate:l.ystony, scattered roots .

CD 16"+ Gray to grayish brown (10YR 5/1 .5 dry),, ver5r dark gray(l0YR 311 moist) gravell.y and stony coarse sand . Single-grained, loose .

AGRICULTURE :

The Hupel soils were chiefly under forest at the time of t)a,e soil . su:e"vey(1959), and used for limited forest range and as a source of timber. A large partof the classified area is not suitable for irrigation, arid. the r. ema:i.ra.der was givera.a low rating, due to coarse texture, stoniness and some rough topography . Ì'1?.esesoils are submarginal for dry farming . With irrigation the better areas wolcLd givegood yields of hay and pasture .

Under sprinkler irrigation the farm delivery requa_reme.na is 2CF. ?.nch.~~ . forthe Hu.pel Gravelly Loamy Sand, with a 10 day interval, and 20 im.ches for the,elly Sandy Loam, with a 12 day interval between irrigation.s .

(b) Orthic Podzol Soils :

The ReiterRiver valley, betweenbetween elevations oflocally rolling .

~ Reiter Series,

soils occur on high terraces in the upper part of the ShuswapShuswap Falls and Sugar Lake . These soils occupy 2,209 acres1,800 and 2,500 feet . The topography varies from level to

s

The parent material. consists of coarse gravelly and sandy outwash. cappedby finer textured but gravelly sedimients . The thickness of the fine textured over-lay varies from none at all,to about ?J4, inches . Surface cobbles and stones areabundant where -the overlay is thin .

The Reiter soils were separated ijzto two texture- .:types . These are Grav--elly Loamy Sand, 1}604 acres9 and Gr.avelly Sandy Loam, 605 acres . The well drainedReiter soils were assigned to the Orthic Podzol group. They developed under a heavystand of spruce, larch, cedar. and some Douglas-fir and white pine . An undisturbedprofile of the Gravelly Sandy Loam was giv~en the following description:

Horizon De h Desci.~i tion

0 1 - 0'° Coniferous forest litter, dusky red, fibrous and peaty.

0 - 2z� Dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2 moist) gravelly and stony .sandy loam . Single-grained, loose, friable moist . pH 6.5Clear change -to :

Bir 2-2 -p 13" Light yellowish brown grading to dark brown (10YR 614 - 7 . jYR4/2 moist) gravell;y and very stony sandy loam to loamy sand .Very weak coarse subaagular blocky to single-grained struc-ture, friable to loose, moderate root con-tent . pH 6 .5Gradual change to :

CD 1311+ Dark grayish brown (1QY'R l.,./2 moist) vexy stony and gravellycoarse sand. Roughly stratified. pH 6 .1

AGRICULTURE :

The greater part of -the acreage of Reiter soils is in. the native state,and used as limited forest range and as a source of timber . All areas mapped. a.relimited-use soils, submarginal for dry farming and . capable of rais:ixzg only one ortwo crops under irrigation . The limitation is due to coarse texture and heavystone content .

The recommended farm delivery requirement under sprinkler irrigation is26 inches for the Reiter Gravelly Loamy Sand, with a nine day irrigation interval,and 22 inches for the Gravelly Sandy Loam, with 12 days between irri.gations .

'V'ance Sand

Vance Sand is situated in the most humid part of the map-~area> Itoccurs on low lying but well drained terraces of the Shuswap River downstream fromSugar Lake . This is a minor soil type, which occupies only 146 acres between 1,900and 1,950 feet ele~ations . The topography is level with small undulations .

The parent material is composed of mixed gravelly and sandy alluviumlaid down by the Shuswap River . The surface soil is sandy and generally gravel-free,but at depths of 12 to 15 inches the soil grades to gravelly sand. In localizedplaces underlying gravel bars approach the surface .

Sand :is the main 'surface texture, but there are minor. variations -to loamysand and gravelly sandy loam. The profile has a bleached. horizon Ae, and was classi-fied as an Orthic Podzol. . The tree cover is composed of heavy stands of Douglas-fir, spruundisturb

ce, whiteed site is

pine, cedar and larch. A brief profile description from an.as follows :

Horizon Depth Descripl:,i..~

0 1 M 0" Coniferous forest litter, fibrous and peaty .

Ae 0 -- 2" Pale gray sand . Single-grained, .'Loose . pH 5 .8

Bir 2 - 6p° Brown, grading to strong brown loamy sand. Locally grave7_ly,very weak subangiu.J_ar blocky to single-grained structure,friable to loose, many roots . pH 6 .2

- 46 -


BC -- 6~-1211 Pale brown coar'se sand. Scattered'gravels, single-grained, loose, scattered roots . pH 6 .2

pCD 12"+ Pale ~3ra~rish brown gravelly sand. Single-grained, loose .

AGRICULTURE :

All of -the acreage is in thenative state and in use as forest range andas a source of timber. The coarse soil texture is responsible for low moistureholding capacity, which makes the soil submarginal for dry farming . Water is avail-able from the Shuswap River, and a favorable response could be obtained by irriga-tion and fertilization : The recommended farm delivery requirement is 26 inches,with nine days between irrigations .

Sitkum _G_ravelly__Lo_amy Sand

This soil type occurs in the most humid part of the map-area. It occupiesa small acreage,in the Shuswap River valley, south of Sugar Lake . About 279 acreswere classified;at elevations that lie between 1,900 and 2,500 feet . The gentlysloping fan topography is surfaced by hummocky micro-relief .

The parent mAterial consists of early post-glacial alluvial-colluvialfan detritus deposited by inactive or intermittent streams tributary to the mainvalley. There was a textural grading. from the apex to the fan apron. The greaterabundance of angular gravel and stones was near the apex, and progressively finersediments were deposited downslope . The material is chiefly granitic, and lowin ferromagnesium minerals .

The average surface texture is Gravelly Loamy Sand, with minor inclusionof gravelly sand. This soil has Orthic Podzol development, which took place underheavy stands of cedar, spruce, white pine and Douglas-fir . An undisturbed profilewas examined near Sugar Lake and given the following description :

Horizon Depth De~,cription

0 4 - 0" Forest litter, bright reddish brown to dusky red, peaty.

Ae 0 - 2" White (l0YR g/2 dry), very pale brown (10YR 7f3 moist)gravelly sand. Single-grained,-loose . pH 5 " 5

Bir-1 22 - 4" Light yellowish brown (l0YR 6/4 dry), strong brown(7 " 5YR 5/6 moist) gravelly and stony loamy sand . Veryweak subangular blocky structure, weakly cementednear stones, friable, scattered roots. pH 5 .6

Bir-2 1+.--9" Yellowish brown grading to light yellowish brown (l0YR 5/4to 6/4 moist) gravelly and stony sand. Single-grained,loose . pH 6 .1 .

CD 9"+ Light brownish gray gravelly.coarse sand. Cobbly andstony . pH 6 .0

AGRICULTURE :

The Sitkum Gravelly Loamy Sand was all in the native state at the timeof the soil survey (1959), and served as limited forest range and as a source oftimber. The combination of coarse texture and storiinees is responsible for a lowland class rating, and the doubtful value of this soil type for dry farming .Irrigation would be necessary for satisfactory crop production. The fam deliveryrequirement under sprinkler irrigation for the Sa.tkutrl Grave:1.ly Loamy Sand is 20inches, with an interval of 12 days between irrigatiains .

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8. MEADOW SOILS

The Meadow.Soils are situated ;Ln depressions and seepage slopes scatteredin the area of Black soils . The poorly drained soil . profile is characterized by an.appreciable accumulation of organic matter in the surface horizons, which impartsa dark color . The subsoil is gleyed and mottled. . Calcareous Meadow was the onlysubgroup observed in the map-area, and this is represented by the Swanson series .

Swanson Series

The Swanson and Spallumcheen soils are found in close association as bothdeveloped on the same parent material. Scattered areas of Swanson soils occur nearthe north end of Okanagan Lake, along the shores of Swan Lake and in the area between1,150 and 1,500 feet elevations . The topography is depressed level to gently sloping.

The parent material consists of glacio-lacustrine clays which are stratifiedand calcareous . At depths these clays grade into stratified silts and fine sandsof considerable thickness .

The two texture types differentiated were . Clay Loam, 457 acres, and Clay,774 acres . These soils were assigned to the Calcareous Meadow subgroup, whichdeveloped under restricted drainage . Seepage water with calcium and other carbonatesin solution drains from higher ground and accumulates in the depressed areas . Duringthe season of runoff the carbonates are deposited and the longer persisting subsurfacewater table gleys the subsoils . The soil is generally calcareous to the surface .

A,cultivated Clay Loam profile was examined at a site near the main high-way two miles north of Vernon . The topography was a moderate slope toward SwanLake, and the area was planted to grain. This site was given the following descrip-tion :

Horizon Depth

Ahc 0 - 6"

AB 6 - 9"

Bg 9 - 15"

Cg 151r+

Description

Very dark brown (10YR 2/2 moist) clay loam . Weak mediumgranular structure, friable moist, many fine roots, calcar-eous . pH $.$

Dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4 moist) loam. Coarse granularstructure, friable moist, ..calcareous, many fine roots . pH 8.8

Very dark gray (5Y 311 moist) clay. Medium blocky structure,friable to firm moist, scattered;;roots, gleyed . pH 8.2

AGRICULTURE :

Olive gray (5Y 4/2 moist) si].t cL'~y to clay . Massive,firm moist, common and distinct mottles . pH $.3

All of the land is cultivated. Some irrigation is applied to the Swansonsoils in the vicinity of Vernon where hay, pasture, grain and a few poorly growingorchards are raised. The suitability of these soils for agriculture depends uponthe degree of alkalinity. Swanson soil: areas are not suitable for orchard, owingto high pH and restricted drainage . They are fair to poor for other crops, andonly the most alkali tolerant species -should be grown. A few scattered areas northof Vernon are dry farmed for hay and alfalfa. Where irrigation is desired, thefarm delivery requirement for the Swanson Clay Loam and Clay is 10 inches, with a30 day irrigation interval .

9 . DARK GRAY GLEYSOLIC SOILS

These are soils having a dark colored Ah horizon or cultivated surface(Ahc), high in .organic matter . This is underlaid by one or more gleyed horizonsthat do not have eluvial or illuvial sub-horizons . The gleyed horizons have agrayish cast, sometimes mottled or splotched by brighter colors, from developmentunder restricted to poor drainage. The native vegetation was mainly deciduous,with scattered spruce and cedar . In the North Okanagan Valley, lime can accumu-late as a result of seepage, thus producing a calcareous phase .

-4g-

IOnly the Orthic subgroup was recognized, and the soils assigned to it were

the Nisconlith and Bessette series .

Nisconlith Series

The Nisconlith soils are scattered throughout the map-area except in theShuswap River valley east of Enderby and in the valley bottom north and east . ofLumby. A total of 7,932 acres were classified between elevations of 1,130 and '2,200 feet . Two soil complexes occupy an additional ~.38 acres . The topography islevel to gently sloping and~ gently undulating .

The parent material is composed of medium to fine textured stream alluvium,generally having a coarser textured underlay at depths which exceed lg inches . Inareas of overlapping fan and stream deposition, there are a succession of fine andcoarse textured layers . The Nisconlith soils are stable, inasmuch as they do notreceive additions of sediments from annual freshets .

These soils developed under the influence of a fluctuating water table,which did nbt approach the surface, to the same height in all areas, but a11 of themhave a dark colored Ah horizon and a gleyed and mottled subsoil . They were classi-fied as Dark Gray Gleysolic soils . The vegetative,cover, mainly moderate to heavystands of deciduous trees such as cottonwood, aspen, willow, birch and alder, plusscattered spruce and cedar, is indicative of a water table .

The Nisconlith series was differentiated as follows :

Nisconlith Loam - 778 acres .Nisconlith Silt Loam - 0283 �Nisconlith Silt Loam (Calcareous Phase) -

,607

Nisconlith Silty Clay Loam - 1 963 u

Nisconlith Silty Clay Loam (Calcareous Phase) -,147 re

Nisconlith Clay Loam - 726Nisconlith Silty Clay - 253Nisconlith Clay - 249 n

Nisconlith Clay (Calcareous Phase) - 181Nisconlith-Duteau Complex - 2+9NisconlithMara Complex - 1$9

A profile of Nisconlith Silty Clay Loam, typical. of the series, wasexamined about four ¢miles north of Grindrod on a level terrace of the Shuswap River.The area had been "rough cleared", but not cultivated. ,The profile description isas follows :

Horizon Depth , Description

Ah 0 - 5" Dark gray to very dark gray (l0YR 3 .511 dry), very darkgray to black (l0YR 2.5~1 moist) silty clay loam. Moderatemedium to coarse granular structure, slightly hard dry,friable moist . Many fine roots . pH 6 .50Clear boundary to :

Bg1 5 - 14" Grayish brown (10YR 5/2 dry),, dark grayish brown (l0YR4/2 moist) silty clay loam which is moderatel g]:eyed withmany faint brown to dark brown (7 .5YR 4/4 dry~ mottles .Moderate medium blocky structure, hard dry and slightlyfirm moist . Slightly vesicular, numerous roots . pH 6 .80

Bg2 14 - 19" Light gray to gray (5Y 6/1 dry), olive gray (5Y 4/2 moist)silty clay loam to silty clay with common distinct reddishbrown (5YR L,./L{ . dry) mottles . Strong coarse blocky structurearranged in weak macro-prismatic structure, hard .dry, firmmoist . Scattered roots . pH 6 .95

Cg 19 -24" Light gray to gray (5Y 6/1 dry), olive gray (5Y 4/2 . moist)silty clay loam containing a few distinct reddish brown(5YR 4/l+ dry) mottles . Vertical cracks form a coarse pria-matic structure which break horizontally along sand partings .Hard dry, slightly firm moist . A few roots restrictedmainly to the vertical cracks . Very micaceous . pH 7 " 13

- 49 -

Horizon, Depth Descrilption. , , . . .

Dg 24'!+ Light gray ( 5Y '`'7/2 'dry') , 61ive gray (5y 5/2 -moist)coarse silt loam to fine sandy loam with many distinctyellowish red (5YR 5/6 dry) mottles . Roughly stratified

: , an occasional root i:n the upper part . Very micaceous . pH 7.70

AGRICULTURE:

These are fair to good agricultural soils, their quality depending onthe height of the water table and the concentration of carbonatesp chiefly calciumcarbonate . Underdrainage is often necessary in areas mapped as-a calcareous phase .

Under dry farming the subsoil moisture supplied by the water table inspring and early summer often supports a better crop growth than that observedon well drained soils of the same texture . However, the Nisconlith soils oftenoccupy the lowest elevhtionsy and care shoul.d be taken in connection with theplanting of frost sensitive crops, because these soils often get the late frosts. .

, Some irrigation is necessary for maximum crop yields after the watertable has receded below the reach of roots, generally in the middle or late growingseason. The recommended farm delivery requirement under sprinkler irrigation forall textures in the series and the Nisconlith-Duteau Complex, is 10 inches with a30 day interval. The Nisconlith-Mara Complex requires 12 inches, with a 30 dayinterval between irrigations .

Bessette Series

The soils of the Bessette series are a widespread group derived fromlow lying stream and river alluvium. The area classified occupies a total of2,613 acres at elevations that lie between 1,200 and 2,200 feet . A Bessette-Gardom Complex covers an additional 329 acres . The topography is level to gentlysloping and gently undulating.

The parent material consists of sandy alluvium and locally inwashedsandy fan materials . Deposits from which the Bessette soils are. derived areabove .high water and receive little or no sedimentation in the freshet season .Generally there is an overlay having a higher content of silt and clay than theamount found in the subsoil . Cobbles and stones are rare, but gravels areencountered frequently .

These soils developed under the influence of a fluctuating water table,and they have the characters of Orthic Dark Gray Gleysolic soils . There is adark colored Ah horizon and gleyed and mottled subsoils . The distinction whichseparates them from the Nisconlith series is their sandy texture. The nativevegetation is composed of moderate to heavy stands of deciduous trees, including .cottonwood,' aspen, birch, willow, alder and also scattered spruce and cedar.

The Bessette series was differentiated into types, a calcareous phaseand a complex as follows :

Bessette Gravelly Loamy Sand - 80 acres .Bessette Loamy Sand - 222 "Bessette Sandy Loam - 19872 "Bessette Sandy Loam (Calcareous Phase) - 195 "Bessette Fine Sandy Loam - 21+1i: "Bessette-Gardom Complex - 329,,', "

A cultivated soil profile of the Sandy Loam type, typic,i,of the seriesand located immediately east-of Armstrong, was given the followingà~,,.description :. :

Horizon . Depth Description

Ac 0-9" Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2 moist) sandy loam.Medium subangular blocky structure, friable moist, manyfine roots . pH 6 .5.Abrupt change to:

-50-


Cgl 9 - 14" Fine sandy loam mottled dark grayish brown (2 .5Y 4,2moist), occasional grayish gleyed spots . Massive, friablemoist, a few roots . pH 6 .8

Cg2 14 - 19" Dark gray to dark grayish brown (2 .5Y 4/1 moist) sandyloam . A few faint mottles, friable moist, scatteredroots . pH 6 .9

Dg

AGRICULTURE :

Slightly gleyed coarse sand with a few faint mottles .pH 7 .2

1911

The Bessette soils are fair to poor for agriculture, depending on pro-file texture and the level of the water table . Underdrainage is necessary forwater table control, particularly in the calcareous phase .

Under dry farming the extra subsoil moisture supplied by groundwaterin spring and early summer supports crop growth, and such growth is greater thanon well drained soils of a similar texture . Irrigation is necessary for continuedsupport of the crop in the latter part of the f.rowing season, when the water tablehas dropped below the reach of roots . Inasmuch as the Bessette soils occupy lowlying areas, care should be taken in regard to the planting and harvest of frost-sensitive crops .

The recommended farm del.ivery requirement under sprinkler irrigation is15 inches with a 20 day irrigation interval for the Bessette Gravelly Loamy Sandand Loamy Sand, and for the Sandy Loam, Sandy Loam (Calcareous Phase), Fine SandyLoam and Bessette-Gardom Complex the requirement is 12 inches with a 30 day intervalbetween irrigations .

10 . GLEYSOL SOILS

.Two subgroups of Gleysol soils were recognized :

(a) Orthic-Gleysol Soils :

The orthic Gleysols have an 0 horizon up to six inches-thick, or theymay be .without an 0 horizon . They also may have an Ah horizon up to two inchesthick . The mineral soil consists of a strongly gleyed horizon or horizons . Thesoils developed under'poor drainage . In the map-area th6 orthic Gleysol,subgroupis represented by the Duteau series and Complex .

(b) Peaty Cleysol Soils i

Peaty Gleysols develop in depressed areas under poor to very poor drainage .They have from six to 12 inches of organic accumulation over strongly gleyed mineralsoil . The gleyed soil has a grayish background that may be mottled o- splotchedwith brighter colored mottles . There is noIn the classified area the Peaty Gleysol isComplex .

(a) Orthic Gleysol Soils :

evidence of eluviation or illuviation .represented by the Gardom series and

Duteau Series and Complex

The Duteau soils cover a minor portion of the soil map . There are afew areas in the vicinity of Waby Lake, and between Lumby and Mabel hake . A totalof 2,058 acres were classified, of which 950 acres are Duteau series and 1,108 acresare Duteau Complex . In addition, 240 acres were assigned to the Duteau-MonasheeComplex, and 229 acres to the Duteau-Mabel Complex. These soils occur betweenelevations of.1,400 and 1,700 feet . The topography is level to gently slopingand undulating .

The parent material consists of sandy alluvium and locally inwashed fansediments . Duteau soils are high enough above runoff levels to avoid flooding andaddition of sediment in the freshet season . The surface soil contains a higherpercentage of fine sediments than the subsoil . The subsoil .is composed of sandsand gravels, which are comparatively stone .and cobble free .,

The soils, which were classified as orthic Gleysols, developed underthe influence of a fluctuating water table that reaches the surface, and thus aregleyed and mottled . The surface layer of organic litter.is thin, and an Ah horizonis absent . The vegetative cover is composed of a moderately heavy stand of deciduoustrees, which include cottonwood, aspen, birch, willow and alder . Scattered spruceand cedar were also observed . '

The most common surface textures are loamy sand, sandy loam and loam.These textures are intimately associated and could not be separated at the scaleof mapping used . Some areas, particularly around Lumby, had a complex pattern ofdeposition with inclusions of recent alluvium (Monashee serie.s) and some PeatyGleysol (Gardom'series) . Areas having this composition were mapped as DuteauComplex .

A profile of the undifferentiated sandy .loam,~located in the vicinityof Waby Lake, was described as follows :

Horizon ' Depth Description

1 0 - 5" Dark grayish brown (moist) sandy loam . Weakly mottledpale brown and strong brown . pH 6 .4

2 5 - 10" Grayish brown (moist) sandy loam . Distinct and prominentdark brown to strong brown mottles, scattered gravels . pH 6 .7

10 - 20" Light brownish gray (moist) gravelly loamy sand. Distinctto prominent dark brown to reddish yellow mottles . pH 6 .8

4 20" + Light brownish gray to pale olive.(moist) gr.avelly sand.

AGRICULTURE :

These are fair agricultural soils, particularly after under.drainage andcontrol of the water table . They are capable. of better crop .yields without irri-gation than similar textured well drained soils . Since the soils are low lying,care should be tak2n~in regard to the planting and harvest of frost tender crops .Without-drainage the soils may be excessively moist in the spring and early summer,but may dry'off to the stage of crop injury in the late growing season, hencesupplemental irrigation is often necessary .

When irrigating the farm delivery requirement should be 10 inches forthe Duteau Series, Duteau Complex and Duteau-Mabel Complex, with a 30 day interval .The Duteau-Monashee Complex requires 18 inches, with an interval of 16 days betweenirr.igations .

(b) Peaty Gle .ysol S oils :

Gardom Se ries and Complex

The Gardom soils occur in the Waby Lake - upper Deep Creek localityand in the vicinity of Lumby. The area mapped .amounts to 1,352 acres, of. which990 acres are Gardom series and 362 acres is the area of the Gardom Complex . Inaddition to these areas, the Gardom-Nisconlith Complex occupies 109 acres and theGardom-Waby Complex cover 19j acres . The elevations at which these .soils occurlie between 1,500 and 2,200 feet, and the topography is level, with hummocky micro-relief" . " . . _

.-The parent material is composed of sandy and gravelly post-glacial riveralluvium, which is 16cated in drainage positions that permit of a high -water table .'Me conditions are sufficiently wet to produce an 0 horizon from six to 12 inchesthick . This organic material is composed of sedge and wood remains in various stagesof decomposition . Beneath the organic layer the subsoil is gleyed and mottled, andthe soil was classified as a Peaty Gleysol .

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The forest .cover is~composed of moderately heavy stands of birch, alder,willow and balsam, which: in places has been succeeded by cedar . Also in places theGardom series forms a complex with inwashed fan alluvium containing patches of marl .Areas having these inclusions were mapped as the Gardom Complex.

tion :A profile from the Waby Lake locality was given the following descrip-


1 0 - 10" Dark reddish brown (moist)loamy peat containing fragmentsof well decomposed bark and twigs . pH 6 .3

2 10 - 20" Pale brownish gray gravelly loamy sand . Faintly mottled .pH 7 .4

3 . 20" + Light gray (moist) gravelly loamy sand to gravelly sand .pH 7 .9

A general description of the profile to be found in areas mapped asGardom Complex is as follows :


1 0 - 8" Dark reddish brown peaty muck .

2 8 - 11" Light gray fine sandy loam . Calcareous .

3 11-13" White marly horizon .

4 13-17" Dark gray mucky peat .

5 17" + Gleyed sandy mineral soil .

AGRICULTURE :

These soils .would be moderately productive after drainage and cultiva-tion . The peaty layer-would be difficult to decompose if allowed to dry out . Decomposition of the peat can 'be increased by the addition of manure of nitrogenous fertilizers .Care should be taken to preserve the natural organic matter, because it has a favourableinfluence on the moisture holding capacity of the soil .

Areas of Gardom Complex having marly spots require special management :These should have the calcareous seepage water intercepted by drains, and the cropsgrown should be lime tolerant . Some irrigation would be of benefit in the middle andlate growing season, and for this purpose the recommended farm delivery requirementfor sprinkler irrigation is 10 inches, with a 30 day interval between irrigations,for all of the Gardom soils .

11 . REGOSOLIC SOILS

This group is composed of mineral soils which lack discernible horizonsor have only very weak development of an A horizon ; an 0 horizon less than 12 inchesthick may be present . Although Regosols most often are found on recently,depos!tedmaterials, they may be found also on older soil forming deposits in which profiledevelopment was arrested either by the composition of the soil forming material D:~~by the environment . Regosolic soils, in which the drainage may range from rapidto poor, support a vegetative cover either of forest or of natural grass .

Only the Mor Regosol subgroup was differentiated, to which was assigriedthe Mabel Complex, the Monashee Series, the Monashee Complex and the Grindrod series%.

Mabel- Complex

The Mabel soils occupy low lying terraces of the Shuswap River north -from Shuswap Falls. to Mabel Lake, and between Mable Lake and Enderby . A total of5,071 acres were classified between 1,170 and 1,500 feet elevations .

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_ The parent material is composed .of sandy and silty alluvium on low terracesand islands . These areas are inundated at the time of the annual freshet, whichdeposits new sediment each year . The sediments become coarser with depth, andoverlie coarse sand and .gravel .

The Mabel soils have level topography, with included areas having a braidedsurface . Oxbows and-abandoned channels occur . The most common surface textures areloamy sand and sandy loam and occasional variation to loam and silt loam . The soiltextures were too variable for.differentation with the scale of mapping used .

The soils are flooded during the freshet, and also they are subject to ahigh water table until the river drops to average flow . Since the terraces are stillin the process of formation, the soils have little development below the layer offorest litter, and are thus defined as Mor .Regosols .

A profile was examined approximately five miles east of Enderby in theShuswap River valley. The area.had braided topography and supported a deciduouscover composed mainly of cottonwood, aspen and Red-osier Dogwood . The descriptionis as follows :

Horizon Depth

AO ,~-~ - 0"

Cl 0 - 4"

C2 4 - 10"

Cg 10" +

AGRICULTURE :

Description

A thin litter of recently deposited deciduous leaves .Little decomposition ;

Dark grayish brown (l0YR 4/2 moist), loamy sand, singlegrained structure, loose . Many fine roots . A recentlydeposited horizon . pH 6 .30

Dark grayish brown (2 .5Y 4/2 moist) variably texturedhorizon ranging from loamy sand to loam . Contains twoburied surfaces . Single grained to massive structure,loose to very friable . Slight mottling, moderate rootcontent . pH 6 .15 ,

inantly loamy sand to sandy loam, but with lenses of finertexture . Single grained to massive, loose to very friable .Common faint mottling . Scattered roots to 36" + . pH 6.25

Dark grayish brown (2 .5Y 4/2 moist) horizon which is predom-

The Mabel,Complex has a low land class rating, because of annual floodingwhich prevents.early~cultivation, planting and the growing of.perennial crops .Dyking and drainage are necessary for a permanent agriculture . After dyking anddrainage the recommended farm delivery requirement for sprinkler irrigation is10 inches, with .a 30 day interval between irrigations .

Under the classification of soils according to their suitability forirrigation, the Mabel Complex occupies 45 acres of fourth and 5,026 acres of fifthclass land .

Monashee Series and Complex

The Monashee soils occupy low terraces in the Shuswap River Valley andislands in the river from Shuswap Falls to Sugar Lake . Areas of these soils occu: "also along Cherry, Creighton, Bluesprings and Bessette creeks . A total of 786 acresof Monashee series and 3,044 acres of the Monashee Complex were mapped at elevationsthat lie between 1,600 and 2,200 feet . The Monashee series has fairly level topo-graphy., and the areas of Monashee Complex have a braided surface, with stony andgravelly ridges interspaced with peaty depressions .

The parent material consists of sandy and gravelly alluvium. The soils areflooded during the annual freshet, new sediment being deposited with each inundation .Little or no soil horizon development has occurred below the layer of organic litteron the surface,. and thus the soils are defined as Mor Regosols . Gravelly Gleysolsand Peaty Gleysols occur in the depressions of areas having braided topography,and these were included in the Monashee Complex . .

-54-

The common surface texture of the Monashee series is loamy sand to sand,which grades with depths to stratified gravels and coarse sand . The deciduous treecover includes alder, birch, willow and cottonwood . A profile was examined near the,junction of Cherry Creek with the Shuswap River and described as follows :


- b" Thin layer of recently deposited forest litter .

2 0 - 10" . Very dark grayish brown (l0YR 3/2 moist) coarse sand, singlegrained, loose, scattered roots . pH 7 .5

10 - 16'1 Speckled dark gray (l0YR 3/1 moist), and pale brown (l0YR7/4 moist.) gravelly sand . Single grained, loose . pH 7.2

4 16 - 22" Very dark brown (l0YR 4/2 moist) loamy fine sand . pH 7 .8

5 22" + Roughly stratified coarse sand, gravels and cobbles .

The following are descriptions of profiles-found in areas of the MonasheeComplex :

(a)

(b)

Horizon- Depth Description

1 0 - 2" . Fine Gravel .

2 2 - 6" Peatyy sandy loam .

3 6 - 9" Gravel and cobbles .

4 9 - 15" Pea-by loamy sand .

5 15" + Aleternate layers of gravel, sand and occasionalband of organic matter representing buried leafmats .


1 0 - 6" Fine sandy loam, slightly mottled .

2 6 - 12" Mottled gravelly sand .

3 12" + Gravel .

AGRICULTURE :

The Monashee are limited use soils for agriculture . Flooding in thefreshet season restricts farming, and dyking would be necessary for a permanentagriculture . With dyking and drainage, irrigation would be necessary. For thispurpose the recommended farm delivery requirement under sprinkler irrigation is24 inches, with a 14 day interval between irrigations .

Under the classification of soils according to their suitability forirrigation, the Monashee series occupies 27 acres of-third, 596 acres of fourth and163 acres of fifth class land . The Monashee Complex covers 62 acres of fourth ;Lnd2,982 acres of fifth class land .

Grindrod Series

Grindrod soils are derived from alluvial-coluvial fan deposits . Althoughwidely scattered, they are most commonly situated in the Deep Creek;*Waby Lakelocality, in Trinity Valley and in the valleys of Cherry and Creighton creeks . Theelevations at which the series occurs are between 1,200 and 2,500 feet, and the totalarea classified was 3,815 acres .

-55-

The fan topography varies from gently to strongly sloping . The slopes,steepest. near the apex of the fans, become more gentle as their margins areapproached . The higher concentrations of angular and rounded stones and gravelsalso occur near the apex, and there is a grading to finer material downslope .

The parent material is composed of sandy and gravelly fan detitus . Mostfans contain gravels and stones at the surface, the content of which increases withdepths and with nearness to the point of origin . Most of the Q.rindrod fans containmoderate ferromagnesium mineral content, but some are high in these minerals, whichbreak down easily, and these have been distinguished on the soil maps by the symbolGD1.

Six soil .type.s and a calcareous phase were differentiated . These are listed..as . follows :

Grindrod Gravelly Sand - 252 acresGrindrod Gravelly Loamy Sand - 541 "Grindrod Loamy Sand - 500 "Grindrod Gravelly Sandy Loam - 435 "Grindrod Sandy Loam - 1,764 "Grindrod Sany Loam (Calcareous Phase) - 147 "Grindrod Fine Sandy Loam - 176 "

Inasmuch as little or no soil horizon development has occurred, the Grindrodsoils were classified as Mor Regolols . The so~ils are well drained, excepting smallseepage areas near some of the fan margins . The fans support a medium forest ofDouglas fir, larch, spruce and birch . A profile of the Loamy Sand member of theGrindrod series was given the following description :


0 1 - 0" Coniferous forest litter, well decomposed in the lower part .

1 0 - .4" Grayish brown (moist) loamy sand . Single grained, loose,&cattered roots . pH 6.7

2 ~ 4 - 12" Brown stony and gravelly sand . Single grained, loose . pH 7 .0

3 12' .' + Gravelly coarse sand containing many cobbles and stones .pH 7 .2 .

AGRICULTURE :

The larger part of the acreage of these soils is of limited-use quality,inasmuch as the full range of crops could not be produced . A combination of.coarsetexture and stoniness accounts for. the low ratings . The moisture holding capacityis low and the soils are not capable of good crop yields under dry farming . Withirrigation they would be suitable for hay and pasture . The farm delivery require-ment under sprinkler irrigation is 24 inches for. the Grindrod Gravelly Sand,Gravelly Loamy Sand and Loamy Sand, with a 14 day interval . For the Gravelly SandyLoam, 20 inches with a 12 day interval, and for the Sandy Loam and Sandy Loam(Calcareous Phase) 18 inches with a 16 day interval . The Grindrod Fine Sandy Loamshould have 15 inches, with a 20 day interval between irrigations .

12 . . ORGANIC'SOILS

Deposits of Peat and Muck occur in poorly drained depressions in which ahigh water table is conducive to an environment favourable for the accumulation .:organic residues . Such deposits more than 12 inches deep were classed in the groupof Organic soils .

The 'Plant remains,in the various deposits were composed chiefly of therefuse of trees and sedges . The range of decomposition is from raw, fibrous p,eat,in which thetplant remains can be identified, to muck, in which the plant remainscannot be identified and there is some inclusion of mineral soil material . Thereaction varies from slightly acid to neutral, excepting where marl has accumulated,and the material is in part calcareous with a reaction of pH 8 .0 or more . Theorganic residues were underlaid by gleyed mineral soil material . The Organicsoils were differentiated as Waby Peat and Okanagan Muck .

-56-

Waby Peat

The Waby Peat is a minor soil type, which occupies 279 acres within therange from 1,170 to 1,700 feet elevation . It occurs in the Waby Lake - upper DeepCreek locality, and to the north and east of Enderby in the Shuswap River valley,and also to, the southeast of Lumby . The topography is depressional and flat .

The parent material consists of accumulated organic residues exceeding12 inches in thickness, which .overlies gleyed mineral soil . The organic depositsare composed largely of rush, sedge, wood and some moss remains, which are relativelyundecomposed .

The,native vegetation varies with the locations of the several bogs . Someareas have a cover of scrub willow and birch, and in others the growth consistsof a light cedar forest . Some bogs have open sedge vegetation .

The Waby Peat is composed of fibrous organic remains which accumulatedin poorly drained areas . These areas consist of depressions, which act as catch-ments for seepage and runoff water . A profile located in the Waby Lake area wasdescribed as follows :


0 - 12" Dark brown. (moist) fibrous peat, only slightly decomposed.pH 6 .5

2 12 - 42" Dark reddish brown (moist) mucky peat, soft and very wet .pH 6 .2

3 42" + Pale brown gelatinous muck, very wet.

AGRICULTURE :

The use of the Waby Peat for agriculture require reclamatiorL in theform of suitable drainage works and careful management to being about decompositionand .:consolidation of the surface . When the surface has decomposed to the statusof muck, these soils will produce good crops of hay and vegetables . Their use aspasture depends on development of a firm surface . When drained a little irrigationmay become necessary in the latter part of the growing season, and for this purposethe recommended arm delivery requirement under sprinkler irrigation is 10 inches,with a 30 day interval between irrigations . . .

Under the classification of soils according to their suitability for irri-gation,,the Waby Peat occupies 50 acres of fourth and 229 acres of fifth class land .

Okanagan Muck

'Me Okanagan Muck is scattered throughout the map-area. It is most commonin the drainage channel that lies between Armstrong and the north arm of OkanaganLake, and in the .Deep Creek - Waby Lake locality . A total of 2,229 acres were mappedbetween 1, 170 and 1,700 feet elevations . An additional 384 acres were grouped asthe Okanagan Muck - Waby Peat Complex.' The topography is depressional .

The parent material consists of organic matter having a depth that exceeds12 inches, and which overlies mineral soil, except in the vicinity of springs -n.ds.eepages, where the underlay may be marl . The organic matter is chiefly composedof rush, sedge and wood remains in various stages of decomposition . The surfa~ :econsists of well decomposed black muck, and the reaction varies from neutral toslightly alkaline'.

The native vegetation is deciduous, and composed mainly of willows,cottonwood and alder . The Okanagan Muck developed under poor drainage conditionsin depressions which act as catchments for seepage and runoff water . A profile wasgiven the following description :

_ 57 -


1 , 0 - 24" . Black well decomposed muck containing a small proportionof recognizable leaf~and stem remains of rushes, sedges

. , . . , and trees . pH 7 .0

2 24 - 48" Dark brown well decomposed muck . Small quantities of welldecomposed but recognizable stems and woody remains .

. pH 7 .4 .

45 - 60" A layer of marl, with or without small snail shells . Thishorizon is discontinous . pH 8.4

'6b" ' + Bluish mineral soil, generally fine-textured .

AGRICULTURE :

Most areas of the Okanagan Muck have been reclaimed for agriculture . Inaddition to hay and pasture, the soil is capable of producing many kinds of highquality vegetables . Good yields are obtainable with adequate drainage and fertiliza-tion .

When reclaiming muck soils for hay and pasture, care is required to preservea ..fi .rm and even surface . Livestock should not be permitted to trample the surface soilwhen saturated with water . After drainage "a little irrigation is necessary to sustainthe crop, and for this purpose the recommended farm delivery requirement is 10 inches,with *a 30 day interval between irrigations, for both Okanagan Muck and the OkanaganMuck - Waby Peat Complex .

Under the classification of soils according to their suitability for .irrigation, the Okanagan Muck occupies 1,019 acres of third., 988 of fourth and 222acres of fifth class land . The Okanagan Muck - Waby Peat Complex cover 384 acres,all fifth class land.

-58-

TABLE 7 : RECOMMENDED WATER REQUIREMENTSSPRINKLER IRRIGATION

Soil Type and Complex

OF SOIL TYPES USING

Hulcar Silt Loam 20 20 6 222 370Armstrong Grav . Sandy Loam 23 15 7 1,783 3,417Armstrong Sandy Loam 23 15 7 716 1,372Armstrong Gravelly Loam 23 15 7 220 422Armstrong Loam 20 20 6 853 1,421Armstrong Clay Loam 15 30 5 130 162Moffat Loam 20 20 6 77 128Moffat Silt Loam 17 25 6 599 849Grandview Loamy Sand 31 l0 9 . . 2,001 5,169Grandview Sandy Loam 25 15 7 4,332 9,025Grandview Fine Sandy Loam 25 15 7 9o 187Nahun Gray, Loamy Sand 31 l0 8 86o 2,222Nahun Gray, Sandy Loam 30 12 8 2,681 6,702Nahun Sandy Loam 29 12 8 1,872 4,524Nahun Gravelly Loam 28 13 8 94 219Nahun Loam 28 13 8 241 562Kalamalka Gray, Sandy Loam 25 15 7 2,305 4,802Kalamalka Sandy Loam 25 15 7 8o1 1,669Kalamalka Gravelly Loam 25 15 7 226 471Kalamalka Loam 18 2i 6 4,7o8 7,o62Kalamalka Silt Loam 15 30 5 313 391Kalamalka Clay Loam 15 30 5 72 9oKa.lamalka Grav. Clay Loam 15 30 5 371 464Bluespring Grav . Sandy 20 15 7 1,721 2,896Bluespring Gravelly Loam 18 20 6 918 1,377Bluespring Loam 18 20 6 479 718Spallumcheen Clay Loam 14 30 5 2,155 2,154Spallumcheen Clay 14 30 5 8,4ol 9,8olBroadview Blay Loam 12 30 5 794 794Broadview Clay 12 30 5 13,169 13,169Grizzly Hill Grav. Loamy Sand 18 20 6 456 684Grizzly Hill . Grav. Sandy Loam 18 20 6 3,255 4,837Grizzly Hill Sandy Loam 18 20 6 198 2970'Keefe Loamy Sand 28 . 9 9 1,191 2,7790'Keefe Sandy Loam 21 15 7` 1,102 1,9280'Keefe Fine Sandy Loam 21 15 7 283 495Glenemma Grav. Loamy Sand 29 l0 8 516 1,247Glenemma Grav. Saridy Loam 28 10 8 3o8 719Lumby Gravelly Sand ' 24 10 8 122 244Lumby Gravelly Loamy Sand 24 10 8 492 984Lumby Loamy Sand 22 15 7 1,444 2,647Lumby Gravelly Sandy Loam 22 15 7 921 1,688Lumby Sandy Loam 20 15 7 1,324 2,207Lumby Fine Sandy Loam 17 20 6 . 3o8 436Coldstream Gravelly Loam 18 20 6 182 273Coldstream Loam 12 30 5 652 652Coldstream Silt Loam 12 30 5 543 543Coldstream Clay Loam 12 30 5 l02 102 .Coldstream Sandy Clay Loam 12 30 5 194 194Reiswig Loamy Sand 18 15 7 275 412Reiswig Grav. Sa4dy Loam 1-5 20 . 6 1,130 1,412Reiswig Sandy Loam 15 20 6 293 366Reiswig Fine Sandy Loam 15 20 6 1,182 1,477Saltwell Loam 14 30 5 1,641 1,914Plaster Loam 12 30 5 151 151Plaster Clay 1.2 30 5 2, 602 2)602

*A - Farm Delivery Requirement in Inches .*B - Interval Between Irrigations in Days .*C - Carrying Capacity of the Irrigation System for the Peak Month in Acre Inches .

*D - .Potentially Irrigable and Irrigated Land in acres .*E - Total Water Requirements for each Soil Type in Acre Feet .

-59-

TABLE 7 (Continued) :

Soil Type and Complex ~ -- A B . C D E

Enderby Fine Sandy Loam 15 30 5 362 452Enderby Silt Loam 14 30 5 2,200 2,566Hilton Fine Sandy.Loam 8 30 4 1,154 769Hilton Loam 8 30 4 121 81Hilton .Silt Loam 8 . 3,0 4 536 357Hilton.-Beaverjack Complex 10 30 5 226 188Beaverjack Sandy Loam 10 30 5 3,089 2,574Bea~verjack Fine Sandy Loam 10 30 5 734 612Beaverjack Silt Loam 10 30 5 283 236Beaver,jack Silt Loam. (Mottled.)* 10 30 5 240 200Beaverjack Silt L . (Concretions)* 10 30 5 128 106Be averjack Silty Clay Loam 10 30 5 179 149Beaverjack-Schunter.Complex 18 15 7 286 429Latewhos Fine Sandy Loam 15 20 6 2,674 3,342Latewhos-Sicamous Complex 16 20 6 983 1,310Stepney Sandy Loam 21 15 7 349 611Mara Series 12 30 5 3,927 3,927Cherryville Grav . Loamy Sand 18 20 6 552 828Cherryville Grav . Sandy Loam 18 20'~ 6 1,515 2,272Cherryville Gray Clay Loam 14 30 5 828 966Cherryville-Hilton Complex 14 30 5 255 297Sicamous Gra~v . Loamy Sand 16 20 6 2,8'74 3,832Sicamous Loamy Sand 16 . 20 6 229 305Sicamous Grav . Sandy Loam 16 20 6 2,333 3,111Sicamous G.rav . Clay Loam 12 30 5 112 112SicamousaGrindrod Complex 18 16 7 105 157Sicamous-Veaverjack Complex 14 30 5 2,027 2,365Sicamous-Hupe1 Complex 18 16 7 854 1,281Sicamous-Latewhos Complex 16 22 . 6 542 722Shuswap ;Loasny Sand 24 12 8 2,189 4078Shuswap Sandy Loam 15 20 6 1,545 1,931Shuswap-Glenemma Complex 28 12 8 98 288SaufF Grav~. Loamy Sand 26 10 9 1,279 2,771SauFf Grav. Sandy Loam 22 14 8 ' 954 1,749Sauff-Hupel Complex 24 11 8 96 192Schunter.Gravelly Sand 24 10 8 415 830Schunter Grav. Loamy Sand 24 10 8 387 774Schunter Grav. Sandy Loam 20 12 8 374 623Schunter Sandy Loam 18 15 7 105 157Schunter Gravelly Loam 18 15 7 179 268Schunter-Sicamous Complex 18 15 7 120 180Hupel Grav. Loamy Sand 24 10 8 630 1,260Hupel Grav . Sandy Loam 20 12 8 1,398 2,330Reiter Grav. Loamy Sand 26 9 9 116o4 3,475Reiter Grav. Sandy Loam 22 12 8 ` 605 1,109Vance Sand 26 9 9 146 31.6Sitkum Gra1r . Loamy Sand 20 12 8 279 465Swanson Clay Loam 10 30 5 4~57 381Swanson Clay 10 30 5 774 611~5Nisconlith Loam 10 30 5 778 648Nisconlith Silt Leaan 10 30 5 3,028 2,523Nisconlith Silt Loam (Ca1c . )* 10 30 5 607 505Nisconlith Silty Clay Loam 10 30 5 1,963 1,636Nisconlith Silty C . L . (Calc .)* 10 30 5 147 122Nisconlith Clay Loam 10 30 5 726 605Nisconlith Silty Clay 10 30 5 253 211Nisconlith Clay 10 30 5 249 207Nisconlith Clay (Calc .)* 10 30 5 181 151Nisconlith-Thztea.u Complex 10 30 5 249 207Niscornlith-Mara Complex 12 30 5 189 189

# Mottled - Mottled Phase .Concretions - Concretionary Phase .

'~ Calc . - Calcareous Phase .

-6o-

TABLE 7 (Continued) :

Soil Type arid Complex A B C D E

Bessette Grav. Loamy Sand 15 20 6 80 100Bessette Loamy Sand 15 20 6 222 277Bessette Sandy Loam 12 30 5 1,872 1,872Bessette Sandy Loam (Calcareous) 12 30 5 195 195Bessette Pine Sandy Loam 12 30 5 244 244Bessette-Gardom Complex 12 30 5 329 329Duteau Series 10 30 5 950 792Duteau Complex - 10 30 5 1,108 923Duteau-Monashee Complex 18 16 7 240 36oDuteau-Mabel Complex 10 30 5 229 191Gardom Series 10 30 5 990 825Gardom Complex . 10 30 5 362 301Gardom-Nisconl-ith Complex 10 30 5 109 91Gardom-Waby Complex 10 30 5 195 162Mabel Complex 10 30 5 5,071 4,226Monashee Series 24 14 8 786 1,572Monashee Complex 24 14 8 3,o44 6,o88Grindrod Gravelly Sand 24 14 8 252 504Grindrod Grav . Loamy Sand 24 14 8 541 1,o82Grindrod Loamy Sand ~ 24 14 8 500 1,000

Grindrod .Grav. Sandy Loam 20 ' 12 8 435 725Grindrod Sandy Loam 18 16 7 1,764 2,646Grindrod Sandy Loam (Calcareous) 18 16 7 147 220

Grindrod Fine Sandy Loam 15 20 6 176 220

Okanagan Muck 10 30 5 2,229 1,857

Okanagan-Waby Complex 10 30 5 384 320Waby, Peat 10 30 5 279 232

Total Irrigable Acreage and Water Requirements 148,475 2o6,836

- 61 -

SUITABILITY FOR IRRIGATION

Table No . 8 gives the classification of soils in the North Okanagan map-area according to their suitability for irrigation. The method of classificationused for this purpose is outlined in "Proceedings of the Reclamation Committee,Brief No .22, 1953" "

follows :Briefly,, general definitions of the main irrigable soil groups are as

Group 1 Soils :

Group 1 soils include deep, uniform, well drained soils of medium tomedium heavy texture, including fine sandy loams, loams, silt loams, and siltyclay loams . These soils have desirable structure and other profile features withlittle or no deduction made necessary because of alkali, salinity, stoniness oradverse topography . This group includes those soils most suited to irrigationpractices and are capable of producing all commercial crops which may be grownunder the prevailing climatic conditions .

Group 2 Soils :

This Group includes well drained clays and all soils having medium tomedium heavy textures but moderate deductions are made for adverse topography,stones, gravels, etc . Most of the Group 2 soils have crop adaptations similarto thosefor Group 1, but are given a lower classification as they are less uni-form.

Group-3-Soils :

Group 3, which includes soils with similar textures to those in Group 1and 2, has moderate to high deductions for stoniness, adverse topography, impededdrainage, etc . ; these also include moderately well drained heavy clays and compar-atively stone-free gravelly river channels and terraces . Group 3 soils is soclassed either by its more limited range of crop adaptation .or by its incompati-bility to irrigation practices .

Group 4 Soils :

Group 4 soils include heavy clays with alkali subsoils and flat topographyand associated impeded drainage, and all soils with depressional topography subjectto flooding. Soils requiring drainage are classed in Group 4 until the feasibilityof drainage is determined . Upon drainage such soils may be placed in a higher group .This group also includes -thin, gravelly river terraces, channel bottoms, and allsoils having limited use . Under a detailed soil survey the poorer portion of suchsoils may be assigned to Group 5 .

Group 5 Soils :

This group is characterized by stony, gravelly and shallow soils, and allother soils of very limited use due to rough topography, high salinity, etc .-Such soils may not be worthy of development under present conditions .

-62-TABLE 8 : CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS ACCORDING TO.THEIR .SUZTABILITY .

, FOR IRRIGATION '

Soil Type and Complex lst .Irrigable Land2nd .3rd

Classes' 4Th

in Acres5th 'Total

Hulca.r Silt Loam 130 11 - 81 - 222Armstrong Grav, Sandy Loam - - 110 1,041 6?2 1,783Armstrong Sandy Loam - - 248 415 . 5 ;? 716Armstrong Gravelly Loam - - - 83 1 .37 220Armstrong Loam 38 - 441 374 - 853Armstrong Clay Loam , - - 70 60 - 130Moffat Loam - 37 - 40 - 77Moffat Silt Loam 224 138 132 105 - 599Grandview Loamy Sand - - - 1,364 637 2,001Grandview Sandy Loam 228 1,068 1,842 1,102 92 4,-~32Grandview Fine Sandy Loam - 90 - - - 90Nahun Gravelly Loamy Sand - - - 1q5 705 860Nanun Gravelly Sandy Loam - - 4,~6 2,17? 72 23681Nahun Sandy Loam - - 215 1,272 385 1,872Nahun Gravelly LoamNahun LoamKalamalka Grav . Sandy LoamKalamalka Sandy LoamKalamalka Gravelly LoamKalamalka LoamKal:amalka Silt Loam

---.-

1,984294

-241--

61,077

19

--397219123690-

94-40152477903-

--

1,507582054

-

94241

2,305801226

4,708313

Kalamalka Clay Loam - 72 - - - 72Kalamalka Grav . Clay Loam - - - 371 - 371Bluespring Grav . Sandy Loam - - - 385 1,336 1,721Bluespring Gravelly Loam - 106 63 315 434 918Bluespring Loam - 5S 180 244 - 479Spallumcheen Clay Loam 555 675 365 560 - 2,155Spallumcheen Clay - - 6,751 1,621 29 8,401Broadview Clay Loam 83 85 :321 245 60 794Broadview Clay - - 9,905 3,030 234 13,169Grizzly Hill Grav . Loamy Sand - - - 76 380 456Grizzly Hill Grav . Sandy Loam - - 164 26 3,035 3,225Grizzly Hill Sandy Loam - - - 112 86 ?,980'Keefe Loamy Sand - - 28 816 347 1,1910'Keefe Sandy Loam 40 - ~,65 25 472 1,1020'Keefe Fine Sandy Loam - 186 97 - - 283Glenemma Gra~r . Loamy Sand - - 163 63 290 516Glenemma Grav . Sandy Loam - - 225 5 78 308Lumby Gravelly Sand - - - - 122 122Lumby Grav . Loamy Sand - - - - 492 492Lumby Loamy Sand 0 . - 64 1,371 9 1,444Lumby Grav . Sandy Loam - - 153 442 326 921Lumby Sandy Loam - 93 479 718 34 1,324Lumby Fine Sandy Loam - 198 96 14 - 308Coldstream Gravelly Loam - - 38 144 - 182Coldstream Loam 244 81 48 130 149 652Coldstream Silt Loam 117- 426 - - - 543Cold.stream Clay Loam - 91 11 - - 102Coldstream Sandy Clay Loam - - 194 - - -L94Reiswig Loamy Sand - - 64 56 155 275Reiswig Grav . Sandy Loam - - 99 109 922 :1 .,).30Reiswig Sandy Loam - - - - 293 093Reiswig Fine Sandy Loam - - - 149 1;033 1,182Saltwell Loam - - 108 960 573 1,641Plaster Loam - - 151 - - 151Plaster Clay - - 1, 47_5 875 312 2,602

TABLE 8 (Continued)_:

Soil Type and Complex `

- 63 : -

Ir1st

rigable2nd

Land Classes in3rd 4th

Acres9th otal

Enderby Fine Sandy Loam - 123 122 117 - 362Enderby Silt Loam 1,355 575 198 72 - 2,200Hilton Fine Sandy Loam - - 1 , 000 64 90 1,154Hilton .Loam - - - 121 - 121Hilton Silt Loam - - 496 40 - 536Hilton-Beaverjack Complex - - - - 226 226Beaverjack Sandy Loam - - 2,234 855 - 3,089Beaverjack Fine Sandy Loam - - 50 , 684 - 734Beaverjack Silt Loam - - 283 - - 283Beaverjack Silt Loam

(Mottled Phase) - 106 134 - - 240Beaverjack Silt Loam

(Concretionary) - - 128 - - 128Beaverjack Silty Clay Loam - - 37 62 80 179Beaverjack-Schunter Complex - - - - 286 286Latewhos Fine Sandy Loam - 59 1,299 1,247 69 2,674Latewhos-Sicamous Complex - - - 13 970 983Stepney Sandy Loam - - 349 - - 349Mara Series 2,186 1,677 64 - - 3,927Cherryville Grav . Loamy Sand - - 18 50 484 552Cherryville Grav . Sandy Loam - - - 412 1,103 1,915Cherryvil.le Grav . Clay Loam - - - 229 599 828Cherryville-Hilton Complex - - -, - 255 255Sicamous Grav . Loamy Sand - - - 35 2,839 2,874Sicamous Loamy Sand - - - 229 - 229Sicamous Grav . Sandy Loam - - - 648 1,685 2,333Sicamous Grav . Clay Loam - - 35 13 64 112Sicamous-Grindrod Complex - - - 105 - 105Sicam.ous-Beaver;'ack Complex - - - 1,076 951

2,Sicamous-Hu.pel Complex - - ~ - 854 854Sicamous-Latewhos Complex - - - 86 456 542Shuswap Loamy Sand - - 81 893 1,215 2,189Shuswap Sandy Loam - - 2 385 1,158 1,545Shuswap-Glenemma Complex - - - - 98 98Sauf.f. Gravelly Loamy Sand - - - 105 1,174 1)279Sauff Gravelly Sandy Loam - - 45 741 168 954Sauff-Hupel Complex - 96 96Schunter Gravelly Sand - - - 235 18o 415Schunter. Gravelly Loamy Sand - - - 149 238 38 .-Sch.unter Gravelly Sandy Loam - - 157 133 84 374Schunter Sandy Loa,m - 45 - 22 38 105Schun.ter Gravelly Loam - - ' - 88 91 179Schunte.r~-Sicamous Complex - - ~ - 120 120vIupel Gravelly Loamy Sand - - . - - 630 630Hupel Gravelly Sandy Loam - - - 431 967 1,398Reiter Gravelly Loamy Sand - - - - 1,604 1,604Reiter Gravelly Sandy Loam - - - - 605 605'Vance Sand - - - 14-6 - 146Si.tkam Gravelly Loamy Sand - - - - 279 279Swanson Clay Loam 13 66 . 23 299 56 !+5'7Swan.son. Clay - - 326 10 438 '74Nisconlit.h Loam - 190 444 40 104 r'78Tdisconlith Silt Loam 106 1,272 588 863 199 :>Nisconl.ith Silt Loam

( Ca,~Lca.reou s ) 445 - - 158 4 607Nisconlith Silty Clay Loam - 1,154 675 38 96 1,963Nisconl.ith Silty Clay Loam

(Calcareous) -- - - 14'7 - 7.47Nisconlith Clay Loam 38 3 246 272 167 726Ni s con7.ith Silty- Clay = 7:66 87 - - 253Nisconlith Clay - 32 ' 14~1 3 23 249Nisconlith Clay (Calcareous) - - - 181 - 181NisconlitYi-Ihzteau Complex - 68 181 - 249Nis conlith-Ivla,rs, Complex - - 189 - - 189

-64-

TAk3.r~~', 8 (Continued ) :

Soil Type and ComplexIr

la~trigable2nd

Land3rd

Classes in4th

Acres5th Total

Bessette Grav . Loamy Sand - - - - 80 80Bessette Loamy Sand - - 26 58 138 222Bessette Sandy Loam - 580' 511 . 293 488 1,872Bessette Sandy Loam

(.Calcareous) - - - 195 - 195Bessette Fine Sandy Loam - 136 lb 98 _ 244Bessette-Gardom Complex - - - 244 85 329Duteau Series - 173 562 109 106 990Duteau Complex - - 493 336 279 1,108Duteau-Monashee Complex - - - 240 - 240Duteau-Mabel Complex - - - - 229 229 .Gardom Series - - 214 131 645 990Gardom Complex - - - 60 302 362Gardom-Xisconlith Complex - - - 109 - 109Ga.rdom-Waby Complex - - - - 195 195Mabel Complex - - - 45 5,026 5 071Monashee .Series - - 27 596 7_63

,786

Monashee ComplexGrindrod Gravelly Sand

--

--

-- 2~6 2~986 3,04~

Grindrod. Grav . Loamy Sand - - - - 541 r)41Grin.drod Loamy Sand - - 123 209 168 500G.rindrQd Gravelly Sandy Loam - - 53 130 252 4~35G.rindr.od Sandy Loam. - - 4 -Do 1,.286 4.8 1 764Grindrod Sandy Loam (Calcareous) - - - 70 77

,147

Grindrod Fine Sandy Loam - 88 - - 88 176Okanagan Muck. - - 1,0.19 988 222 2,229Okanagan-Wab,y Complex - - - - 384 384Waby Peat - - -

50 229 279

m 65 W

CHEMICAL ANALYSES

The following brief discussion of various soil properties is given as anaid in the interpretation of the chemical data given in Tables 9 and 10 .

1 . Soil Reaction :

The .degree of active acidity (hydrogen ion concentration) or alkalinity(hydroxyl ion 'concentration) in the soil is expressed as pH . This value is simplythe negative- logarithm of°the hydrogen ion concentration and,is expressed in termsof numerical values from zero to 14 ; a value of seven is considered neutral . Any,value lo~~:~e .r than seven is indicative of acidity and values above seven are indicativeof alkalinity . The deg'ree of acidity or .alkalinity is measured by the magnitudeof the difference in pH value from seven . For practical purposes the entire rangeof soil reactions is between three and nine and one-half .

As an aid to classification, soil pH values are important as they givesome indication of lime requirement . However, since different soils have .differentdegrees of buffer capacity, pH values are not reliable for the puTpose of estimatingthe frequencies or magnitudes of lime applications . The pH value also gives anindication of the probable availability of certain plant nutrients in the soil,since the availability of some elements is closely associated with this value . _In addition to the influence that the pH value has on the solubility of varioussoil compounds ; certain fixation processes in the soil are closely associated withsoil reaction . The cptimum range of soil .reaction for most plants lies betweenpH .values of 5 .6 and 7.8 .

2 . Organic Matter :

The content of organic matter in the soil may vary from less than onepercent in mineral soils to as high as 99 percent in peat soils . The proper amountof.organic matter is one of the most important requirements in soil fertility andmanagement . Most, if not all the nitrogen and some of the phosphorus and sulphurare held in organic combination . One of its greatest contributions to soil fertilityis its effect on soil structure . As organic matter decomposes, organic colloidsand acids are formed which have a beneficial influence upon the soil structure .Aggregation, and the formation of granular structures is greatly facilitated bythe presence of organic colloids in the soils . Aggregation improves and increasesthe movement of air, gases and water through the soil which is beneficial to themicro-biological population . In short, the presence of adequate amounts of organicmatter in the soil improves the texture of both light and heavy soils, increasesthe moisture holding capacity, increases the cation exchange capacity and createsa favourable carbon dioxide--oxygen tension in the soil which is beneficial toplant root development and growth . Since there is a tendency for organic mattercontents in the soil to decrease with cultivation, any good soil management programshould include measures necessary to maintain organic matter at an adequate level .

3 . Available Phosphorus :

Phosphorus is one of the major elements essential for plant growth . Itoccurs in the soil both in organic and inorganic forms . However, only the mineralform is utlilized by plants . Phosphorus is one of those nutrients occurring in thesoil which is strongly influenced by the reaction or pH value . At very low (pH 3-4)and very high (pH 8 .5 "-9) values, phosphorus is relatively unavailable . At suchsoil reactions and solubility of phosphorus carrying compounds is very low andthus the availability of phosphorus is also very low. With increasing pH valuesfrom 4 to 6 .5 the availability of phosphorus increases and. reaches a maximum atpIH 6 .0-6 .5 after which, it begins to decrease . Actually it is impossible to providefixed rules describing the probable behavior of soil phosphorus without detailedchemical and physical analyses of each specific soil site . The data on phosphoruslevels given in Table 10 are on the basis of absorbed phosphorus values and thefollowing levels-may be used as a general guide* :

Very low - 3.0 PPMLow - 3-7 PPMMedium - 7-20 PPMHigh - 2.0+ PPM

Jackson, M. L . Soil Chemical Analysis, 1958 "

w 66 -

4 . Caaion . Exchange Capacity and Exchangeable Cations :i

The ca'tion. exchange properties of soils are governed by the clay mineral,and organic matter fractions . This exchange is reversible as between the solid andliquid components . Ability of the soil to hold exchangeable cations is termed thec.ation exchange capacity- . It ranges from practically nil to over 100 milli-equivalentsper_'100 grams of soil . One milli-equivalent of calcium per 100 grams of mineral -soilis roughly equivalent to 4-00 pounds of calcium per acre to plow depth or the amountof calcium in 1,000 pounds of pure limestone* .

The cation exchange properties of soils influence plant nutrition . Nutrientcations held as exchangeable bases are in an available state, but not easily leachedfrom soils . . Since the cation exchange capacity of a soil depends on the content oforganic matter and clay, there is variation in behavior between soil types, andbetween soil horizons of the same profile . Total cation exchange capacities below5 milli-equivalents per 100 grams of soil are regarded as very low, 5 to 20 as low and20 -to 40 as medium . Over ZEO is considered high .

Depending upon the climate the important exchangeable cations are hydrogen,calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium. Others occur in small amounts, and theseare included with the hydrogen, as expressed by difference when the quantities ofexchangeable calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium are subtracted from the total.

Exchangeable calcium and magnesium are removed by .crops and lost by leach-ing of the soil during the wet season . A gradual development of .soil acidity iscaused. by increasing deficiency of these elements. Benefit from liming is greater-than mere reduction of acidity, inasmuch as these two elements are also plant nutrientsand essential -to plant growth .

To bring about changes in soil reaction, soils high in clay and organic matterrequire more lime than sandy soils having the same- pH . In general, where averagecrops are produced~it is suggested that at least 60° base saturation is requiredfor mineral soils, and at least, 40% for organic soils . Calcium is more readilyavailable at the lower base saturation in peat and muck than in mineral soils .

The availability of any exchangeable cation nutrient to plants depends onseveral factors, such as aeration, the level of other cations, the nature of the plant,depth of. .rooting and the ability of -the soil minerals and organic matter to supplynutrients . The following may be used as a guide for the interpretation of variouspotassium levels~HE~ .

Low - Less than 0 .15 milli-equivalents/l00 gms . soil .Medium - Between 0 .15 and 0 .30 " " "High - .Over 0 .30

Exchangeable sodiuia is an important constituent that can profoundly affectthe physical_ properties of a. soil . If . -the exchange complex contains appreciableamounts of sodium, dispersion of soil particles will occur . Such .a condition causesthe soil to puddle, promotes poor aeration and water availability ; puddling is mostdetrimental in fine textured soils . If the exchange complex becomes more than 10 to15ò saturated with sodium, nutitional disorders are likely to occur .

5 . Total Nitrogen :

Nitrogen is another of the essential major elements required by plants .Its presence in the soil is chiefly in the form of ligno-protein or clay-proteincomplexes . It may be also found in the soil as heterocyclic-nitrogen compoundssuch .as purine and pyrimidines, amino acids, . and nucleic acids . Inorganic forms ofnitrogen found in the soil are chiefly ammonium and nitrates .

The atmosphere is the ultimate source of soil nitrogen . Many agenciesare involved in the transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to:forms found in thesoil . One of the chieftmethods of this transfer is through the agency of micro-organisms inhabiting the soil . The nitrogen fixing aerobic bacteria known asAzotoba.cter and the anaerobic bacteria knovrn as Claustridia are responsible for

fixing large quantities of atmospheric nitrogen . The bacteria,.Rhizobia, . living in .

*Ryon, T. L., Buckman, H. 0 . and Brady, N. C . The Nature and Properties of Soils,

Fifth Edition, 1952 .

**Rovrles, C . A ., Department of Soil Science, University of B . C,., 1959, personal

- 67 -

symbiotic relationship with legumes also make a considerable contribution to the total :nitrogen :c.̀ontent of soils,. Aside from the-nitrogen attributable to micro-,biologicalactivity -some is washed into the soil each year as a result of electrical storms .

Despite the large amounts of nitrogen released in the soil each year, thereserve of available nitrogen is never very great . This in conjunction with the~,V~ery .l.arge amounts removed by crop production makes it necessary for an adequatefertilizer program to be undertaken . The addition of green cover crops and cropresidues greatly enhances the nitrogen content of the soil . In a general way it canbe said that-75-100 pounds of nitrogen per acre should be available for crop growth .Management practices should be such that a moderate level of available nitrogen isalways .present in the soil .for,cr.op use. Such a condition may be maintained by agood rotation practice which includes several types of legumes ; the use of legumesfacilitate the maintenance .of a narrow CIN ratio . It must be stated that organicsources of nitrogen will~never completely satisfy the crop requirements and thus theproper use of commercial inorganic fertilizers is imperative in any soil managementprogram.

Under .f.a;vourable conditions for nitrogen activity, the following levelsmay be used . as a general guide .

Very low - .10%Low - .10% - .25%Medium - .25% - . 4o%High . - .4o% '

6 . Conductivity :

Soil is composed of a three phase system, solid, liquid and gas . Theinterstitial spaces-between solid mineral particles~are called pore spaces and ,are usually occupied jointly by liquid . and vapor . Pores are classified into capillaqand non-capillary pore spaces . Non-capillary pore spaces generally are occupiedwith moisture only temporarily after .irrigation or heavy rainfalls ; however, theyare actively used in vapor exchange phenomenon . By far the greater portion of thesoil solution is held in-the capillary pores and most of the available moisture inthe soil is found in-these pore spaces .

The movement both of. water and gaseous vapors through the soil bring aboutsolution of. various compounds . Depending upon the kind of compound in question andits solubility, the soil solution may.have varying degre~es of soluble salts present .The content of soluble salts in the soil solution is estimated electrically throughconductivity measurements . The greater the'conductivity the greater the content ofsoluble salts present in -the soil solution . The greater the soluble salt concentrationthe greater the osmotic pressure against which plants must draw their nutrients .Conductivity measurements are-estimated in terms of milli-mhos (resiprocal to resistance-Ohms) per centimetre . Concentrations of soluble salts of four or more milli-mhos/cmare considered harmful to normal plant growth and measures should be taken, if possible,to reduce the . .content=of salt-in the soil solution . This may be accomplished by exces-sive irrigation which, if drainage is adequate, will remove excess soluble salts .

Tabl.e 9 :

The data pertaining to selected profiles representative of most of thesoil subgroups which occur .in the north Okanagan Valley area are given in Table 9 .A notable feature of the data given here is the direct relationship between thepH values and the percent base saturation values with increased. depths ; both soilpH. values and percent base~ .saturation values increase .

Some leaching of bases has taken place in all the subgroup profilesrepresented as seen both in the exchangeable calcium (and some of the exchangeablemagnesium -values) and. base, saturation percentages . The least degree of leachingis observed in the . orthic Dark, Brown, Black, and Solone:tzi.c Black Halomorph., whileincreasing amounts of leaching are seen in the Gray Wooded Brown Podzolic and Podzolsoils . The Itegosolic Soilr,, are more or less in a class by themselves as their youth-fulness has not permitted -sufficient time for the environmental forces to give theirfull expression to the profile . There does not appear to be any immediate dangerof the development of excess sodium salts even in the Halomorphic soils . Soil pHvalues are .generally optimum:for~plant growth .

- 68 -

Table 10 :

The, data, ,.given in, ,Table. 10 reveals -the fact that with the exception of-the two Mor Regosolic soils, Monashee Sand and Sandy Loam, the adsorbed phosphoruslevels particularly in the surface horizons are adequate for crop demands . Withthe exception of isol:ated cases the total nitrogen levels are very low (~ .1%) .The-.surface horizons, of-Arms Gravelly Sandy Loam, Spallumcheen Clay, BroadviewClay and Sau:ff' Gravelly Saridy . Laam are; low K . 25%) and the surface horizon ofMonashee Sandy .Loam is .high (< . .40°fo) .in total nitrogen contents . This is expectedfor the forested soils but the Black and Da:rk~Brown soils should have much highernitrogen value,s . In regard to the percent organic matter, the distribution patternsare similar for all profiles recorded ; organic matter is concentrated at the surfaceand decreases with depths . There is a positive correlation between the soil organicmatter content, .and the contents of nitrogen and phosphorus apparent in all theprofiles given.,in Table 10 ,, This suggest.s,.~that.organic matter in these soils contrib-utes to a considerable extent in bo,th.nitrb:gbzi~and~ .phosphbrus levels present .Undoubtedly a considerable fraction of the adsorbed phosphorus contents given inTable 10 is attributable to the sand, silt and clay fractions of the soil . Verylittle of a definite nature can be stated concerning-the-C/N ratios although thereappears to be ,a tendency for the Dark Brown, Black, Solonetzic Black and SolonetzicGray Wooded .soils to .have a narrower ration, particularly so in the surface horizons ;such a.-condition is expected . .

.J

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TARTZ 9 : EXCHANGE CAPACITY, EXCHANGEABLE. CATIONS AND BASK SATURATION..> OF ~REPRESENTATzVE PROFILES_

�. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ., . . .

Èxchange Exchangeable Cations °fo BaseCapacity _ m . e' : /100 g. Satur-

Horizon' ° Depth' pH m. e ;~100' g::", Ca Mg K14a ~ ation

HULCAR SILT LOAM - Orthic Dark.'Brown . '- . .-' 0 - .10"lo, 20"-20"

20"-20" 29"29~1. . + .

6.11,68 :6

17 : 52 . .. .10:90 ` ° '2 :76- -1-05 0 .42 . ~ 86 .86'. ,11 .10 ' .C `7 . :28: :'. , -1:70 o :67 0 .33 ~ '89-9111 .45 7 .98 .2,19 0 .25 0.37 99 .48 :4 .40 12~.64~ 2 .51 0 .10 ` 0.53 loo.oo

ARMSTRONG .GRAVELLY SANDY LOAM.- Orthic~Black. Ah . .0~ - 11" 7 .1 ' 14 .81 11.58AB i li ~ = 15,v . . , .

, 15 _ 33":' Cca' ~ =33 - 39" 8 .1 3 :82 15 . 25°e < 40~~--'401+ 8 .4 4 .62, 15 .76

2.05

-2 .043 .78

0 .72 o .42 99 .73,

0 .11 0 .58 100 .000 .11 o .66 100 .00

Sl'ALLUMCHEEN CLAY - Solonetzic Black HalomorphAhc 0 - 811 7 .0 37.83 19 .17 12 .25 1.95 o.96 90 .75Bt-1 8 - 13" 6 .8 34..22 14.53~ . 12 .17 1 .16 1 .13 84 .72Bt-2 13 - 25" 7 .3 34.6o i2 .38 15 .70 1 .22 1 .48 88 .96BC 25" + 8 .2 32 .80 19 .75 18 .30 o.80 2 .71 1.00 .00

BROADVIEW_CLAY - Solonetzic Gray Wooded HalomorphAec 0 - 4" 615 40 .84 15 .69 *.Bt (4 - 14" 6 .5 57°.62~ 16 .20

(18- 28" 7 .4 52 .86 13 .45BC 28- 34" 7 .5 44 .68 ll .o6Cca 34" + 8 .o 29 .34 16 .45

16 .7828 .1834 .3331 . .8617 .86

1 .78 .{1 .661 .341 .16o .83

0 .691 .221 .541 .611 .74

85 .5582 .0295 .84100 .00loo .oo

LUMBY SANDY LOAM - Orthic Brown WoodedAh 0 - 2" 5 .8 21 .78 11 .02 2 .73 1 .56 0 .28 71 .60AB 2 - 10" 6 .o 14 .52 8 .65 1 .55 1 .25 0 .28 80 .00BC lo - 19" 6 .4 17 .24 12 .36 2 .04 1 .50 0 .32

.94 .1o

CWD 19" + 7 .2 17 .27 ~~15 .o4 : . . .2 .10 1 .30 0 .37 100 .00

REISWIG SANDY LOAM - Orthic Gray Wooded

Ahe 0 --3"~ 6 .3 11 .05 7 .10 1 .24 0 .51 0 .22 81 .6oAe 3 - 10" 5 .9 6 .59 3 .25 1 .55 0 .33 0 .23 81 .4oBt 10 - 24" 6 .4 6.o8 4.64 0.58 0.22 0.28 76 .8oC 24" + 7.8 . 5 .01 16 .68 1 .o6 0.21 0.29 100.00

ENDERBY SILT LOAM - Orthic Gray WoodedAe 0 - 8" 6 .o 12 .02 5 .02 3 .44 0.52 0 .26 76 .87Bt 8 - 14" 7 .3 21 .46 22 .71 8 .27 0 .72 0 .86 100 .00B-Cca 14 - 24" 8 .4 6 .45 15 .98 3.57 0 .27 0 .62 100 .00C 24" + 8 .4 6 .o6 15 .25 4 .o4 0.28 0 .59 100 .00IMtTON SILT LOAM - Orthic Gray Wooded

Ae-1 o - 32" 6.1 18 .69 6.84 2.96 1.33 0.30 61 .16Ae-2 32 - 6" 5 .8 27 .07 1o .87 6 .45 1 .03 o .45 69 .45.ll-Bt (11 - 14" 6 .2 39 .20 20 .71 11 .62 1 .21 0 .88 87.81

(14 - 18" . 6 .2 '41 .6o 22-03 11 .19 1 .11 0 .96 .. 86 .27

BEAVERJACK SILT LOAM - Orthic Gray Wooded

Ae 0 - 4" 6 .4 9 .29 4 .48 2 .46 0 .52 0 .23 82 .78AeBt 4 - 11" 6 .4 10 .42 5 .56 2 .35 0 .54 0 .26 83 .59Bt 11 - 19" 6 .7 13 .32 7 .35 4 .38 0 .59 0 .36 95 .20B -D 19 - 23" 6 .4 28 .54 14 .86 .3 "

9 .70 0..85, 0 .65 91 .31D 23 + 6 .6 34.24 17.57 12 .07 0 .92 0 .76 91 .47

-70-

TA131~~E 9 ~Contin-ued)_ .

Exchange Exchangeable Cations °fo BaseCapacity, . ~- m .e ./100 g Satur-

Iiorizon Depth pH m .e ./100 g Ca Mg K Na ation

CHERRYVILLE GRAVFLLY SANDY LOAM - Brunisolic Gray Wooded

Ae 0 - 3/4" 5 .2 22 .05 . 9 .2'7 2 .48 0 .54 0 .38 57 .02Bcr 3/4 - 7'° 5 .8 15<83 7 .72 1 .75 0 .73 0 .33 66 .40Bt 7 - 161' 5 .4 6 .98 3 .50 2 .o6 o .44 0 .23 89 .30C 1611 + 5 .7 12 .o8 7 .72 1 .96 o .48 0 .34 86 .92

SAUFF GRAVELLY SANDY LOAM - Orthic Brown Podzolic

Bcr-1 0 - 2" 5 .6 38 .20 8 .o8 1 .10 0 .35 0 .36 25 .85Bcr-2 2 - 13" 6 .2 26 .82 3.76 0.37 0.18 0:34 13 .70D 13" + 5 .6 3 .72 1 .30 0 .00 0 .08 0 .20 40 .70

=EL GRAVELLY LOAMY SAND - Minimal . Podzol

Ae C - l" 5 .5 1.9 .29 4 .38 2 .40 o .44 0 .39 39 .408hir 1 - 3" 6 .o 17 .98 2 .37' 1 .26 0 .30 o .48 24 .50Bir 3 - 10" 6 .2 17 .25 1 .36 0 .68 0 .23 0 .24 14 .55B-C 10 - 19" 5 .6 4 .11 1 .42 0.56 0 .11 0 .25 57 .00

REITER GRAVELLY SANDY LOAM - Orthic PodzolAe 0 - 22" 6 .5 28 .79 14 .40 1 .36 0 .67 0 .30 6o .0oBir 2-ff' - 13tt 6 .5 18 .23 3 .29 0 .00 o .14 0 .37 17 .77C-D 13`4- 6 .1 4 .02 1 .96 0 .00 0 .09 0 .30 58 .50

MONASHEF SAND - Mor Regosol

1 0 - lo" 7 .5 3 .66 5 .05 o .46 o .o6 0 .23 100 .002 10 - 16" 7 .2 2 .45 2 .88 0 .00 0 .05 0 .22 100 .003 16 - 22" 7 .8 7 .77 11 .95 1 .65 o .o8 0 .43 100 .00

MONASHEE SANDY LOAM - Mor Regosol

1 0 - 3" 7 .4 45 .4o 42 .30 4.1o 1.8o 0.55 100.002 3 m 511 7 .1 18 .19 14 .1.o 1 .71 1 .05 o .46 89 .8o3 5 - 17't+ 7 .4 9 .90 9 .58 l .o4 o.88 o .47 100 .00

- 71 °-

TABIE 10o ORGANIC MATTER, CARBON, NITROGEN, CIN RATIOS AND ADSORBEDPHOSPHORUS DETERMINATIONS OF REPRESENTATIVE PROFILES

Organic Total Ads orbed,M4tter . . . Carbon Nitrogen CIN Phosphorus

Horizon Depth

HULCAR SILT LOAM - Orthic Dark Brown

Ratios P. P . M .

Al.x 0 d lo" 3 .37 1 .95 .148 13 .2 61AB l0 - 20" o .88 0 .51 .034 15 .0 46B 20 - 29" 1.31 0 .76 .025 30 .5 38C 29" + 0 .17 0 .10 .0o8 12 .5 6

ARMSTRONG GRAVELLY SANDY LOAM - Orthic Black

Ah 0 - ill, 4 .92 2 .85 .210 13 .6 4oAB 11 - 15"B 15 - 33"Cca 33 - 39" 0 .61 0 .35 .030 11 .7 5C 4o - 4611+ o.44 0.26 .009 29 .0 5

SP.ALLiTMCHEEN CLAY -, Solonetzic Black Halomorph

Ahc o - 8" 7 .58 4 .40 .2g4 15 .0 78Bt-yl 8 -- 13" 3 .64 2 .11 .150 14 .1 47Bt-2 13 - 25" 1 .72 1 .00 .075 13 .3 23BC 25" + . ,

o~. 55 . . . . . . . 0.. 32 . . . . . . . .049 . . . . . . . . . 6o5' . . . . . . . 3

BROADVTEW CLAY - Solonetzic Gray Wooded Halomorph

Aec 0 - 4" 7 .48 4.33 .275 15 .7 152Bt (4 - 141t 1 . .89 1 .10 .077 14.3 44

(1.8- 28' " 1.50 0.87 .o64 13 .6 13BC 28- 34" 1.38 0.80 .o45 17 .8 12C ca 34" + . , 10-72 . . . . .. . , . o .46 . . . . . . _, .039 . . . . . . . 11 .8 . 1.2 .

LtJMBY" SANDY LOAM - Orthic Brown Wooded

Ah 0 - 2" 8 .30 4 .81 .212 22 .7 70AB 2 - l0" 1 .39 o .81 .052 15 .6 64BC l0 - 19" 0 .59 0 .34 .o4o 8 .5 52

1911C --D + 0 .52 . . . . . . .0 .30 . . . . . . ..028 . . .1,0 .7 . 70

REISWLG SANDY LOAM - Orthic Gray Wooded

Ahe 0 - 3~l 2 .46 1 .43 . o68 21 .0 100Ae 3 - l0" 0 .59 0.34 .026 13 .1 6oBt 1.0 - 24" 0 .32 0.19 .o14 13 .6 65C 24" + . 0 :21 . . . . . .0 .12 . . .018- . . 6 .7 . . 00 . .

ENDERBY SILT LOAM - Orthic Gray Wooded

Ae 0 - 8" 1 .40 0 .81 .062 13 .1 4`;Bt 8 - 14" 0 .98 0 .57 .o4o 14 .3 )*TBwCca 1.4 "- 24" . . .o .44 . . ., 0 .26 . . . .017 15®3C 24" + 0 .35 0 .20

..011 18 .2 . . . . 37

HILTON SILT LOAM - Orthic Gray Wooded

A.e-1 0 ~- 32" 2 .4o 1 .39 .099 14 .0 19oAe-2 32 - 6" 1 .34 0 .78 .070 11.1 57D-Bt (11 - 14" 0 .91 0 .53 .052 10 .2 21

(14 - 18" 0 .92 . . . . . .0.53~~~ :047 . . . . : . 11 .3 . 23 . .

BEAVERJACY SILT LOAM - Orthic Gray Wooded

Ae 0 - 4" o .88 110AeBt 4 - 11" 0 .62 43Bt i1 - 19" 0 .35 37B 3-D 19 - 23" 0 .72 16n . P~-4-" n . 89 - . 20

TABLE 10 (Continued)

Organic TotalHORIZON Depth Matter Carbon Nitrogen C/N Adsorbed

Ratios Phosphorus

CHFIi.RYVILI.E GRAVELLY SANDY LOAM - Brunisolic Gray Wooded

A.e 0 - 3/4 "' 8.54 4 " 95 .198 25 .0 77Bcr 3/4 - 7" 3 .26 1 .89 .0.98 19 .3 92Bt 7 - 1611 o .64 0 .37 .037 . 10 .0 28C 16 "t + 0 .57 0 .33 " 042 7 .9 34

SAUFF GRA.VELLY SANDY LOAM - Orthic Brown Podzolic

Bcr-1 0 - 2t? 11.23Bcr-2 2 - 13+1 4 .29D 1311 + 0 .48

6.522 .'490.28

.286

.012

.022

22 .823 .323 .3

555858

HUPEL GRAVELLY IpAMY SAND - Minimal Podzol

litBhir 1 - 3" t 3 "30

5 49~. . 1 .Ogg 21a7

'~164

Bir 3 - 10tt 2 .17 1.26 ,06.5 19.4 18B-C 10 - 19+t 0 .57 0.33 0021 15 .7 26

RETZER GRAVELLY SANDY LOAM - Orthic Podzol

Ae 0 -22ti 8,86 5.14 .183 28 .18 103?3ir 2'-2 - 13" 2.85 1.65 .083 19.9 16C-D 13t~~ + 0.50 0.29 0.15 19 .3 66

MONASHEE SAND - Mor Regosol

1 0 - lofe 0.70 0.41 .026 15 .8 52 lo - 16 " t 0 .35 0.20 .012 16 .7 53 16 - 2291 1.73 1.oo .- . .o.6.6 ._, , . 15 .2 5

MONASHEE SANDY LOAM - Mor Regosol

1 0 - 311 16 .18 9.39 .555 16 .9 162 3 - 5" 1 .33 0.77 .058 12 .4 103 5 - 17" + 0 .20 0 .12 .022 5 .5

- 73 --

TABLE 1,1 : PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF~REPRESENTATIVE PROFILES

Sand Silt ClayHorizon Depth % ~-- - % ' % Texture

SPALLUMCHEEN CLAY - Solonetz_ic Black I-Ialomorph

Ahc 0 - 81' 5 .601 38 .285 56 .114 Clay' Bt-l - 8 - 13" 3 .600 36 .822 59-578 ClayBt-21 . 13 - 25" 1 .120 24 .882 . 73-998 Heavy ClayB~-C-C 25'° + 2 .066 23 " 267 74 .667 Heavy Clay

CLAY -~Solonetzic Gray Wooded Halor"lnorph

Aec 0 - 47r 8,390 - 36-726 54 .884 ClayBt ( 4 - 14" 1 .3g.7 .11 :935 86 .668 Heavy Clay

(18 - 28rt . . . 0 .740 . 11. .940 87 .320 , Heavy ClayB-C 28 - 344' . - ` '0 :3.01 . , 15 .462 84 .237 Heavy ClayCca 31, .f4 + 0 .20$ 21 .521 7$ .271 Heavy Clay

ENDERBY SILT LOAM - Orthic Gray Wooded

Ae 0 - 891 8 .466 81 .523 10 .011 Silt Loam - SiltBt $ - J..La.Y' 4 .5 .̀15 . $1,. .4.04 11 .0$1 Silt Loam - SiltB-Cca 14'- 24vt, . 1.1,..534 $1 .399 4.067 Silt Loam - SiltC . 24"4 + 20 .577 76 .95$ . 2 .465 Silt Loam

HILTON SILT r-QE -- .Orthic,,, Gray Wooded.

Ae-1 ' 0 - 32rr , .1$ :596, . . . ;, ; 60 .310 . 21 . .094 Silt LoamAe-2

.31 - 61e 8 .400

,35 .558 - 56 .042 Clay

D-Bt (11 - 141!' 3 .308 18 .317 78 " 375 Heavy Clay(11~ - 18°0 2.686 18 .865 78 "449 Heavy Clay

BEAVERJACK SILT LOAM - CFrthic Gray Wooded

Ae 0 - 4" 34 .501a- 52 .570 12 .926 Silt LoamAeBt 4 - 11" ` . 37-634, 43-503 18 .863 LoamBt 11 - 191P 55 " 472 16 .923 27 .605 Sandy Clay LoamB, ~-Dj

'19~- 23+4 ~ 13 .844 - 32-557 53-599 ClayD 23'° + 1 .891 32 .314 65 ;795 Heavy Clay

-74-

.Aazthropic - A general term meaning man-made . In this report it refers to a soil whichhas been altered by.man .

Eluvi~ted - Means washed-out and refers to a horizons from which a large part of theweatherable constituents have been removed . A gray Podzol Ae is an example .

Ferromagnesium Minerals - Biotite, hornblende, etc ., which are high in magnesium andiron . Such rocks weather more rapidly than granitic rocks .

Friable - Easily crushed in the.fingers, non-plastic .

Gley - A soil in which the material has been modified by saturation with water for longperiods in the presence,of organic matter .

Horizon - A layer in the soil profile approximately parallel to the land surface withmore or less well-defined characteristics that have been produced through the operationof soil building processes . The distinctness of horizon boundaries are described as(1) abrupt, if less than 1 inch wide ; (2) clear, if about 1-22 inches wide ; (3) gradual,if 22 - 5 inches wide ; and (4) diffuse, if more than 5 inches wide .

Horizon Nomenclature,- Horizon and lower case letters used in this report are defined asfollows-.

0~ -A layer of organic matter on the surface, as in forest soils, originallycalled horizon AC) .

A . -The surface horizon of a mineral soil having maximum biological activity,or eluviation (.removal of materials dissolved or suspended in water) orboth .

B A soil horizon, usually beneath an A horizon, in which clay, iron, oraluminum, with accessory organic matter, have accumulated by receivingsuspended material from the A horizon, or by clay development in place .Horizon B has blocky or prismatic structure, or has some combinationof these features .

-The unconsolidated geological material in the lower part of the soilprofile from which the upper horizons (or at least part of the B horizon)has developed . .

D -Any stratum underlying the soil profile that is unlike the material fromwhich the soil was formed, but which has significance to the soil .

c -Cultivated~ layer .

e -A light colored horizon that is the result of eluviation .

h -A dark mineral horizon dominantly characterized by the presence of humus .The most prominent example is the chernozemic A, written Ah .

t -An illuvial horizon with accumulated clay and indicated by the presence ofclay skins . The so.lonetzic B, written Bt, is an example .

g -A gleyed horizon indicated by gray colors and/or red and yellow-mottles .

ir ~-A colored horizon having a high iron content, usually considered as anilluvial horizon .

cr -Indicating chrome, a strongly colored horizon .

ca -Calcareous, an horizon of ,lime accumulation,.

Itn r

p

evious Material - Materials resistant to penetration by water, air and roots .

Leaching - The removal of soluble constituents from the soil by percolating waters .

Mottled - Irregularly marked with spots of different colors . Mottling in soils usuallyindicates poor aeration and lack of good drainage .

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Muck - Fairly well decomposed organic soil, often containing a relatively high'pro-portion of mineral material . It is dark in color and accumulated under poorly drainedconciitions .

Opgyani.c So:il -~ A general term used in reference of' any soil composed , predominantly oforganic matter . , .

Orthic - A term specifically used in reference to-a type of soil profile and meaningnormal or regional . Thus an Orthic profile is one expected under the combination ofsoil forming processes involved . '

Parent Material - The unconsolidated mass from which the soil profile develops .

_Peat - Unconsolidated soil material consisting .largely .of undecomposed or slightlydecomposed organic-matter accumulated under conditions of excessive moisture .

p1j_- A notation used to designate the relative acidity of alkalinity of soils orother materials . A .pH of 7 .0 indicates neutral conditions . Higher values indicatealkalinity arid lower ones acidity . (pH represents intensity of acidity, not totalexchangeable hydrogen, or quantity of potential acidity) .

Plastic - Capable of being molded without rupture, not friable .

Podzolization - A general term referring -to that process by which soils are depleted ofbases, become acid and develop leached A horizons and illuvial B horizons . Speci-fically, it refers to the process by which a Podzol is developed and in which the ironand alumin.a are removed from the upper part of the profile more rapidly than silica .

Profile - A vertical section of the soil through all its horizons and extending intothe parent paterial .

Solum.- The upper part of.the soil profile, above the parent material, in which theprocesses of soil formation~are taking place . It includes the A and B horizons .

Stratified - . ..Composed of, or arrangelin, strata or layers, as stratified alluvium .Those layers in soils that are produced by the processes of soil formation are calledhorizons.,,' while those inherited from the parent materials are called strata .

Structure - The morphological aggregates in which the individual soil particles arearranged. The following structures are mentioned in this report .

Platy - Thin horizontal plates, as -in the Ae horizons of podzol soils .

Prismatic - Large aggregates with a vertical axis longer than the horizontaland with fairly well defined edges and surfaces . Usually the tops of theseaggregates are flat .

L oclt~ - Block-like aggregates with vertical and horizontal axis of approxi-mately -the same length . Usually with sharp edges . .

Suban i.i-lar Blocky --Block-like aggregates with vertical and horizontal axis ofapproximately the same length . Usually with sub-rounded edges .

Granular. - More or less rounded soil aggregates with an absence of smooth face',and edges .

Massive - Large cohesive masses, almost amorphous or structureless, withirregular cleavage faces .

Single grain - Loose, incoherent mass of individual particles, as in sands .

Texture,- Soil texture is based on the percentage of sand, silt and clay that asoil may have .

Water Table - The upper limit of that part of the soil cr underlying material whollysaturated with water .

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Documents

L. J, ra. VANVLir- T, p.r,g. KDQ!OGIST AGRIcAJL'IURE CANADAsis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/publications/surveys/bc/bc101/bc101... · 2012-01-20 · l. j, ra. vanvlir-_t, p.r,g. kdq!ogist agricajl'i"ure