l>a compataHve siudy oj job motivjQtion · ot vorioua i^zofasaicmal Csoapa** 2 we ^ily aatiaCied vith his uoxk. v^ cc C/l A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF job motivjQtion ... tba Jab laativatioo

Thesis Submitted in fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychotogy

l>a compataHve siudy oj

job motivjQtion vatzous pto/e^ :/ ess ton a I ^toups

YOGEIMDRA NATH BHARGAVA Enrolment No. L-3466

Under tiie Supervision of:

DR. S. SULTAN AKHTAR

Reader

Department of Psychology

Aligarh Muslim University. Aligarh.

1 9 7 8

T2243

A<o No-

Jot UNtVE^'^

7 ; t . . . I ' J

^^CKrr r:5.p7

S. S u l t a n A k h t a r M.Sc.,Ph.D.

READER IN PSYCHOLOGY Aligarh Muslim Universi ty

^, L«ctur«r s Quar ter

Diggi Rood

^ l i g o r k 202i)Ul

IN Ola

].S,9*i979

This id to CQctify that Hr. iKHjsodra Hath Bhergeflra has <aanplj&t&& hla l^*D« thosls undar wg ouptivlaior). tSU topic was *h Oonc^cative StuSy of JOb Hotivation ot vorioua i^zofasaicmal Csoapa** 2 we ^ i l y aatiaCied vith his uoxk.

v^

cc

C/l A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF

job motivjQtion OF VARIOUS PROFESSIONAL GROUPS

Ph. D. THESIS

YOGENDRA NATN BHARGAVA

-r > >A3

% r w^

DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY

ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY. ALIGARH.

mmtMCf

Tb* thssla luMi t>«Mi dlvia«d into four Chapturat

Psyctioloi^«t9* aocioloQists mx^ •eonondots hove b««fi

tueiiiAtttd by ttm «o«pl«acity of ttm t«x» Job aotlvatioii. ffisy

httv*, sine* tl0BM» JUMMHBoci«l« tri«dl to mohm v&«b30 mcMteXa losd

to th» •iuGldiftt« th« eof>c«pt,. ¥h« to«««ti^t#i''4i^ tsiatf to

«n«ly»ii thft various wsAmla, tp uiiditfwtaod the Ixplind «fia ct&t«d

wmmxixi^m Tbaori^ of job notivtitioa ranging tteam 9IAS1OW*«

U954) 'fiatta H»JUmieby« to iu3am*if:^(l$6i) *Xiitt<|uity fhsosy* xs ro

be«n aiaciiasi^* EieJUrirant aepiirloal evKiUiiicea for €aid »Qaitiait

thd tt3£iori0« h nro bnon t£ik«^ iDtb coosMoratloQ. It io quito

0vi(3eiit that th@ l^tivatorwn^}i«na thaory geziecatad new loteraat

about Jdb motivation tbough i t has oc^ baan t3»#îvoca3ll.y

«iiQPpD£ta by rasadccl^ra in tba field*

*ni& rariaw of tba cciaaascl»a laivoais that invaatieatora

h<iv« tttiliaad variad leathodolciey and gtudiad diffaiant ocoiipa

aod ttoair job oKjtlvatioiia. siatucally tba caoulta coold hardly

bo coaipaxabla. 2t haa baan poiotad out that the Job motivation

of |ihy«ieia»a and laiiyara have not btiao atadiad aa yst theu«h

thay baSoag to vary iaqportant prefaaaiona in our cot»try» similarly*

tba Jab laativatioo of taachara and polica f4iraoQnai haa not

hmma tiiofOuiMy mamiamA, ttmm Qioyp« not only differ in

W9^ 9olm rmtUbtmm, tlwy ftl«o wos^ und^r diffecnat oi<G«oiM<-

tioci«l cli»ftt«a« Mieth»r f*«tuf« oC ths pf«««nt stiady i s i t s

iMitliodeloîcai iaaovfttiori which htm bmm diacii«tt«d •lal>or«t«ly

ia tiMi ••cocid chaptttr.

Chttptwr 11 - K«eho(îooy

ttm various iM^surlng dovlcft* used for sttidying joib

motiv«tiori «M satisfaction he»m bsso thofoufihly fsvisusd* Zt

h&9 besQ ftiiiiid that Qasstiotmairss hme besn itost frsQuantiy

yssd &>r such stîsa/^^îctb notitratie^ acmlm (JHd) dsvolopsd

for cooducting ths pi!»ssot iav@stigatio» has besa diseyssed,

£t c%^si0ti$ of i t ^ 3 ua&d by (tSCilxsrQ ati<3 his aasociatssi but

i t Qlm> coG3prisci9 mm itams £&'. icl significant for Xei iao votU^m,

i!ii iadsi £KScmt cseasuDs of J ^ satisfaetlois iras ta^n €nd Ibr

ttiia g.ur;o@a 3*D t &pioy ss invvntory d«fr@iop6a by s sfl xmjee

m<^ ^titms C1974> i#a3 ussd. ?ha seopiing peooedyrs has hma

discussed ai»3 thes inraraoss o£ %g», «aiparij@aco, sal4>ry hmm b««rt

rspoxt^ for tha four grodips. iJuncsa's ûogs test at^ EtusIcaX-

i ^ l i s <jaet way juaaiysis of variance tmm b@€0 ttsad for

statistictti analyses•

Chaptsr • XZX itssults

Tha aaaiyaes fwraaisd that ths various «foaps haidly difftersd

With aach otisir o» 'contaat* as wsil as *coi»taiit* factors* Ths

tasults abtsioad thnHi^h ttnspaeif iMS raokiof; showsd a s i s i i ar

tsMld./Bajrlittr iUiAingm «•<« nmtilximd wfmn mmtimimetSjoa

£io tfi€f6nmco« IMI IMNRI th* QRMIJPS «KI various I MStora «MS»

«tb8«nr«dl •tcCitl t th«t pellea fMiiw»na«i dlffarOMl iritli «difoc«t«s

on aociai iat«r«etlefis vlth eo»«ioidtoir». Afftto* polic* P»«KNEIII«1

4if ifoxvd ifiti) doctor* «a<l «dvoe«t9« oa aupoiviaioo and |M»21C«

with dsMStora <»a liaaith.

Chaptar isf - OiMfuasi^n and mtacpratatioo

Ttm f^lica pasaofuieJi, pâfarroa mMmwmmt^, gvamth, atatua*

GomwotkmzB, aitparriaifiia 4BAd wDcial ixttaraetieii with au^rdifiatoa*

ttm taach@ra aapirad tor scrhiavamB'nt, ^fowtl), aocial status and

security* ftia advocatcrs m^S^Km^ meMmmsmat oi^ social, statiis.

irh0 doctoisojptad for achiavae^nt, sociaX statiJts and wort itaeif •

St was ccmoludc^ tl)At tmhimmmxt, @eowth <»d sc»eial «t«^tis

wsce a0;îi^ i^^tivatinQ to a i l tim groups atudiad by «#« s i i# ) t

difierancas om lîviduaJ. factors wsro attributad to woi^rols

It i s conteodad that tha inpaet of socio'âeoiiomic ^ d othar

sttch <»9Rditioi3a ahotild h& takan l^to e%>osidaratio» nAiils

attsmptino to study job Motivation. It i s su@9ast«d that

diflterant woi^ Qroii a abou3d ba atudisd by using tha sam tools

and anployifjQ similar sMthods bafora wa can draw aossi Cmitfiil

infarancss sboyt mdian ssiiplss.

uamavnumammm:

yihklm i>i?@a@ritiQQ t h i s t t^s ia as A c«Ngpiixr«ra»nt for the awajcd oi Hi,!)* d«igctt«», Z tlncsi^tlf £«•& cbliQod t o the Uo|;axtiMint and I t s vmiSomtm tsxm vhcm 1 g&t. f u l l cocii«rt«ti«» tâu m'saijp&tlmti& ti»«t««nt «»hich •ocouzagsdi met to coaplettt tb» px«aottt m»&asch work «/ith a l l Hty «ittt»ai«tm an^ OOVOl XOI} •

X Ivtve no %iDrdi» t o «»qpress my wa.xm fe&lin@9 for Pr, ^ b a s i:. kiaevl# lisctnirsr, Dîârtmeat o£ rsycbolo^* Allsarh Muslim Universtity, Ali«««.xt;, who not only pexsua^SeS ma to take up K®ae»wh vttrk in t h i s Oepartaumt but ^l9X» ccmaiatently <»»«i!ced ms to parsue nty i«oxk t i l l x aampl9t»& it.

X <« indebtod lMiycm<3 woxds tu my supexviaor^ Dr.s* sultAn Akhtar, iMie who won vm over by h is valuable suctQBsticois *m6 «blo guidenc® in th« pmcmas of jpttAdin^ the manuscript c r i t i c a l l y and «|fiqMittMrt ic&lly* Tlw finieourao«»ent and aocipeii: opinion whler X 9ot iron bin boceiett kindly liQht for mm at ovary stag* in tho production o£ th i s thoaia. 'Whatover Z haire gainad froii bin w i l l always bo an aosot for KM in ny fttturo acadaiuic caraor*

Frofaasor jjbdul Jaaiil ondxl* Mi< , oapartimnt of l^ycbology, Aliârb Muslin Univarsity, XLioarb* was always kind and synpatbatic to no whrnavor 1 facod any pzcbltm.

I havtt a lso to tbank Dr. Hahnood Kustafa siddiqi imam yarid), Laeturar, Oopactaiant of aoeioleoy, Alignrb Mnslln univorsity, Aligacb, tog tba patianea with whieb bo wnnt throu0) aeno part a of tba prosont wor^ and inpgwnid

i t s aeslpt*

X also wish to SHpxttss my mSMtcmm gmtittidtts to Mr,R«t,. Mshta, FociBfir A^vi««r to th» Cantrttl COMMxt{i«X CaniBittoo, Hew o«lhi« for bis ntorai sus^sort in the procoss o£ fosoaieb Moxk.

Dr« Ashok Sanymi, Eoadsr« Anatoisy PopartiMiiit, Medical ColI«^» RstiaxMi tUMvt tMiv«rsity, Varatiftsi, Shxi iro^sndsa Bhargftvai jl^vocats^ Monbcir of tfes Bar Msociatlor), O»llaetojr«ttt, Aliffaxti, lato sstish Cheoidra ShanNi* Foznar Foiico asto^txiapBtctot, r'OstfflS at Kainpuri, KSSSJES mivamatm Kummr Varslmsyt ZACturart stinaac IMX ssMsna, senior Operator! aitci Tsnjeed AVJNMI Ktiaa, Operators Conputair Qsnter, Ali«i&rh i usiiia University, Ali^xl)« belpefi sie at v&rious stages of my c^searob ym^, v i« , , data coilecticm* stat is t icai analyses ai»l otl^r sttch rmK^mtamtmm Klthout their coopera--tion this thesis yttmlA not hanre reached to the stage of i t s CKNBpIetion*

I a» personeliy €i»ii«sa to Mr. Hashtaeod Man Ras* who has typed this script within a short pexiod of time.

/I 1/

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Ch«pl:«r IZ HSTHODOJbOCV • • • 36

Ctia{^«r 111 srATXSTZCAL ANALYSIS mO RBIRIXffa • • • 4S

AHMmpiam

Chaqp'tor Z

ZHVUCEOCrXQM

Xn t h B s a o o n t { iast thief* Ibad tMi«n s u e h 4BII « a % h a « i « s t l o

iDCxoaao in ttm f*s««xeli»a on *Jdb Motivatticm* thstt i% l)a«

baeoi&d i^xacticalXy jUefsoasiblei to mmmmtMim aoa cx&tiealXy

evaluate ttm mmmsmim tmmt&xch atudUia in this fimW, Hane*

wm can c i te ham only a imt, v^xy impoxtemt tmm; out of these

mmxf BtxtdMta* imstêg «t a i . (1999) ttodoubtsdly axoaso^ now

intttcssts in the study of jcib notivatior. by dicjrossin^ £rc»% tha

txaditional a^coach which ims nnich too thsoxltlcal as %mll ss

BNithoclolOQical* ssveral investi^Q^toirs i»plicat»d the oniiWiriBHKiitai

dssigrt of H»ii^vg s t «!• (1999) &a<f oiKSoxasd thoir eindin^s

• i thsr fully or iMuctislly (flehnsxts* Jsaitscitis mnA staxk,

19«li Mstonjos, Akhtar and Dwivsdi, 1971}.0thsKs hava

aadsavousad to tast tha «MMzality of Midfeax^'s eantantian*

but tha casttlta do not iiaa<3i>ivoeally sappext tha thsofy and hara

faiXad to aatabiish a oXm^x eat aatiafiar<-diaa«îafiar diehotany

(rciadlandar, 19C3* 19#4« 19d9# tahiri and sxlvaatara* i9«7f

main* 19Mf Kin«, 19tOy hmmtwm^^ 1971 and iftilin and ifatars,

1971).

lA^(a_ilti9^4sfi»ad jaiii^satisfaetian aa ths "••• plaaaaritfbla

spsttonal stata caaoltin^ fsaai tha am^saiaal of ana*a Jab

va&aaa*. faeter «ialysis of Jab attitadsa* ^(sastianaaifaa* iadlcata

%li«t Job satiaCaction eao b« m^KsMd as tha coagmiita of •

mmiMX of iwditxataly eomil«t«d emtpoxmat «ttituiMM« iueh «#

•akisioctjUm with p«y« satisfaetiiMi with attpflinriaioiit mmtJkmtmtiMm

with eo« «ojrl«ix» «na satisfaetioci with ttm MOIIC* %rh«i»«i

*'iN»tivatioii'* xaf^rs to ths «ny in «Mch « poiaon** iMOtSs

avtonOiui bis hethsvlenr. ^though m pmrmm*a jtfb •atiifaietioii

and bis iiexic notivatioa «x» two dist inct Taciidolss* ttey am

boiuEid togoittier in a eoK^lax iiat<4«iitk of saiatieiuitiifMi.

i«ycboio0Ata« ainca ttie iaat tticea (Sseadsa hova t i lad to

aaawwr ttm <|tiaatiOQ aa to wtiy paoitia woxic, «aiiy aoiaittific

and objeetiva affoicta hava baan dooa to ptxnrMm an memvmt to

i t* svyebo-aattiiopoiofifical ai^xoaeh arguMts that thn pristitiva

ntan's wotiva to woxilt utam naxoly to f o i f i i l ttxs baoio naads of

tiis fftiirviyai. Wat m&xwm and waias (1995) found that patâ

woidkad ''mmi i f thsy had aaoa^ naoay to support thanaaivas, •••

MOiltinQ fiivaa tham a faaXiafl of baing tiad into tha Xajrgt

•oeiaty of hwring aosia thing to 4o« of having a pnxpoaa in

i i ia** MOfk i s sach an intcinaie past of l i f a , that i t i s stuviy

diffieiiit to diffaiantiata ooo fsan tha othar,

Nsny othar assoNptiooa or aotftls hava boon put iocwofd

tiaa and again to aMpiaia aa to alqr poopla i«ei^ and bahava in

tha wi^ thay do ao. Tha aasiiaat traca of tha thaory of

Motlratifltt i s found in tha philoaaphicaX wcitings of British

assoeiatianiats uho uphsid Oraalt hadanisn (•oaxtog* i9M)«

•aaMMOata* aoeiologiata and payohologtsts daring tha las t

smsntyfiva yaacs havu nado oaneaitad offoits to unvoii tim

wystvy of «»tir«tieii to woik. But t te torn SMMIBO m mlvmkim

«• i% ir«o « fow docoteo ««o which i s ovidtot f son voiiotw

Modols that hitvo boon piopooaA oft and on. Tho pxemlnont

m»cSR|.« iicoi roireo ana eooieloo* •eoncMjyc auun thtexy* Social, and

pu»tionft3l nwm wi^ cuowth epon syntoii.

ir oxce «Bd oooieioii

Ittstoiy •tanOa nitaoaa to tho aaauBj^tion that mm by oatai*

•hiflta fxoii woilc and ha could bo eiada to wotk imdar dtiSBsa*

Thia mtmmptiim moo popular thiroit@hottt the ijjeoindaatxial

sairolittlon asa in l^xopa aa wall aa i» tha imitod stataa of

Marica (Haaa eQ«S fionditoh* 1973).

EcoBOHie Man

Tha aeoiiaiiiic nao ooocapt owaa i ta mrnxgrnsm to Ad«a aaith

vho viaaaiiaad that aiaa ia an wittaaaieii of amehiiia and ia

liotMratod aoXoly by aoaiia»ie xatiafda. Ha ia **a paaaiira agant

to bo aîiitiilatad, ootivatod and eontsoUod by th> of«Miaatiaii««

Nta iaaiinfa bain« aaaantiaUy icnîonai* oggawtaation «aai9i

ahoMld ba aaoh •» to oaatialiao and eantcol hi» fboliaga.

mr^tmt^ ilHH) helda tha iriow that, "tha oonsoMic mm afoaa

oot of tha daaiinant aqftha of inditatirial savolution and tha lasga

Mytha of Piotoatant othiea." A andifieation of tha amdal naa

y^pulariaad by tha c«tiaoal oaano«ie »an ooncopt of offieianoy

•Kpotu. Tha aaa«i|>tiaaa aco pfiaMiciiy baaod on hadaniMi aiiich

•dfoeata that mm ia baaioally aotlvatad by aeaoaMie iaoantlvoa.

m i « "pMsivv agMit to b# iMni9iil«t«di« aotiir«t«a maa contioll«<9

by tht erguiiafttioii.'* mm f««ling» b«lii« ««a«iit i«l iy i r ra t ioaa l ,

ovoani««ilon d M i i ^ shoitld b* mieli as to iMMt«c»Ii«« and esatsel

hl« favXingi* AaawqAJLons in tlwocy *X* of Mccxaoor ( IMO)

to land soppost to hia contMitiaii which aasonaa that tha van

im inhasaotly |>aaaiva« laay maS gai l ib le* aR<5 ha i a incapilsla

of aal f -diaelpl ine and aaif eont io l . l^hla thaosy elasaiCiaa

huMia b a l n ^ into two 9iott£ta, tha uatz»atiioxthy« ncmey Motiirataa,

and ealeulative leaaaf and the txua^forthy, tmrm bxoacSiy

MOtivtttad* nosmi a l i t a iîo mxat or^ttiiiaa and vm^mv» th@ t»aaa

(3ehain« i969)« niniiaff othar ecooomic incantiire thaoriaa waca

{ixopotmOad by nany of t t e aoelal aohoiaca* Haai iMbar (i946)«

an aniaant Gasman aocioIofMît, c»mtandad that an individual's

netivas should be sid>exdinatad to tha xatiuiisonanta of tha

ocfpiiaatleo and tha individual daaaxvea acanomle xatrazds t9t

hia pacfamanea. Tha aoonanic sMdal laya aaipihaaia on f inaaeial

lawasda t^r tha aawNmt of laiiSi dona by individaai*

tha »anay, «nidoabtadiy« halpa i a aatiafyioQ tha individoal'a

pftoacy Booda m» «ia].l aa h i^wr iavai naada. Zt i a baiiavad

that BMBMoay. i a nHny ways* aeta aa an ineaetiira for t h * aoiliacs.

m this vaxy poMftaotiva Opahi and XJaaaatta ( i f i f t ) baiiava that

•Mooay acta Mi an iaeantiva ia f isra peaaibla tfajfst aa a

*«anditieoaX ineantiva*, aa an 'anxiaty sadiiear*« as a *hy#aDa

faotov' and aa a *mana of i ^ s t w a B t a i i t y * .

Social and motional Man

TIM <MBOti«fnal man mppt^mh %m» «£hracatfid by sigMWMl

rxoiad, who tMiliaved that etiillPMod fsuatrations ond bioX«»9ic«l

urgBf woxo tbo baaos of oRo*a bohaviour dynaHica "iffldamtaBding

&nd dealioQ with man aa a v iet to of amotiona psocipitatad ttia

moQmgn aBt|>hasi» oo hUMtn xolation p»e^9êmmu^ at a l l jcC> lovels

of aophiatieatiofi. iMa eoocopt fittod in nicaly with ttw

burgaQoifiQ bitxoa»exa^«s that davalt^wS to mmaga tlni htt a

psodaetioi} pla^ta that mmsgsA* illicilwipg* 19§3).

The HawthoxB® atnOioa ahoMOd that iMeo&s taii<» b r <««*• woide

gxo«tp wa» a» istposte^t &s the easncmic incentivâ attmna^ by

»anaî»Qt, Haj^ (1945)« cma of tha fenâjeehatx of theao studioa*

through hia atdtMocpcoit atudi«»a bsouQht forwacd Goitviiicinc

•vidancw that tha indteatsial Xifa daprivad the woxSwsa of Ma

social noa<Sa« tiei davalopod a aat of aoMnptiiwtui 4iE>ottt tha

iHduatcial woxkar.

(a) a woikor ia baaically arativatad by aecial naada and obtaina hia baaio aaasa of idamtit y thtoueh salatioiuihipa with

(b) aa « vaault of ratiooaliaatioo of woili, aâniiiQ haa qmum out of woxk which tha weckora soak in aoeial salafeionship at woik.

<«) «oil( ia wmsm laapaoaiva to tha social f«»roaa of tha poor ^WBMp than to tha iooantiipas and eeotsel of MtfiaonMOta* and

(d) wog]( im sespeosivo to •wnagiaiant to tha aaitant that a supaiwisor can »aat a sabosdiaato's social noada and aoad

MMty mammmfmm tmwm aheitm th«t tmrnt woik and social $atmt90timm

hawt l>««n pnf«cK«d 9<mr wmmt by wotkmm (Tri«t, Xf i ) i sios«

i f Ml Akhtar «ia Bh«x««r«» 1974)*

Gnnfth ofMHS systeii

2t ! • maMmmsa that »aa i« eopiftiie of ii«liin« decisions, tluit

he has sotiiras mhich am eosôic* and that ha strives £er Qzowtht

iBspoRsihility, otwS sehiaveewnt* astosai psyeholoQists

loaiise^l that the ioss of smsniRQ i s not miatad to suoh to i&an'a

aociai ttooOs hut he has an iahsneat neail to use his eapnîlities

and slcii ls fuliy* These i s soet* hind of a cxeative urge to

seaiise one's CJis>«i3ilities» Host lioik ctiies do not piovide

emw^ fac i l i t i e s to the «ctent that they peisiit the wotlcor to

use his eepabiiities Aiiiy.

Modem appfoaieh to tiede Motivation can he divided into

•oonteat* and *p«ocess* evpseaohes. Theofeticai fttsmiatiQns

of Mosiow a t S t ) end mxi^mg^ (1919) aisi to identify spocifie

oentent foetors in the individttal (Meslow) or in the Jcflb

SBwriwiiwientdiiwtoert) that ootiirMte esyloyees.

A reel sad systewitie appseach to the def«lo9nent of the

theories of woik «etivetien mttf be traced to later port of 1990.

Heny theories, in this dsoade, hove been propeeed niieieas enly

a few have been widely aclilwed and heve been eiqposed to the

rifwixs of seientif ie oi erabMntsitiAR mA validation, the

thooties ooiild bo broadly e loss i f isd as content snd psonoss

thm&xy o£ aotiTation (tMtluiw, Xt77)« Itw eontant tlwocisa

•t«jet«d with tlsi dbMissifOn of figi«ici«X iiic«iititNM iMtt Xtfismx on

inoivHted woiidiiQ «iOiuiitiaii«« mmemKlty moA atyl^ of auôivioiea*

T))oy «lso iiiooi9ei«t«d lii^wr Xmtml mmAm, K*speii«lt>ll.ity«

nKEooBitioQ and gxeiith. 9h» two »«Jor thaorl«8 fftilin^ in tMo

c«to9osios axtt <orw«xd«3 by Hosloir a»a HiiiiMirg irhich neoA to l»o

i tf«MSiic«a tmg» t>cio£3ty«

MASlOtf (tf49}f on ttoft baoio o£ eXin&eol oxsMirieiico,

otttlisod th» el«iBfiitt8 of an ovojeaU thooxy of tMoti'vatlon. m

axrangat! a {laxôn'a IUMKS in a hiocaxohieai iMMtiisar» mmlMm

olfllioratoa thst ooea a paetiiniiar iov^X of aaed bacoac* aatiafiad,

i t no Itmgitr aacvâ tlie puxpoao of iiK ivii i£«s and, }iinc», tha

noxt liiQbar lavai naadi had to tw aotivatad! in oxdar to nMitivata

the indivlHttai.

»aalow olaaaifiwS naad hjecaxehy in five iavola* vis.«

phyaioloffical oaaaa* aafaty naatfa* lova naadia, aatawa aoada and

naad for aaif aBtualiaation. Phyaioloîcal noad c^maiata of

haaio aaada, aiieh aa# htt»9ar# thicat, aiaaiP, Mmt» ate. Jicoaidia^

to thia thaovy «aoa thaaa aoada aia falf i l lad thay no laogar

htUp in «otivatia« tha intfiviaaal. safety naoda iaeittda both

aaetienai and phyaical aafety* St may alao bo tanaad aa aacttsity

naada« lika ybyaioioQieai aoeda« anea thaaa aaoda axa aatiafiad

thay no longer aiotirata the iadividaai. Tha intaaeediato iovol

9i naoda* father Xnmm or bolaofrin^Maa naa4,ooriaapanda with

affaction and affil iatiaa aoada. the naoda for power,

ashlafvaeiant and atatua ««n ba eanaidesad the part of aal

n—<!•• Til* mXi m^9llutÛm MMMI tmpwmntm th» cwlwiwtigii

9f a l l t h * Imi^t, iUa^gmmAiAtm and tiifiilwr IWMUI aaatf** fw iy l *

who haw l»«e««a tmlt «ettt«3Ll««A «ra ( M i f - f u l f i l lad and bava

etaliaad a l l of tha i r potaatiala. Xs af fact , a * l f (WituallMitlaa

i a th» pmxmm9 aotivaticn t€> tiwosfoiii p^temptixn of aa l f into

f o a l i t y ,

»aslow*s tl^moxf wm^m a aign i f leant eootfUnatioii its tama of

iMiliinQ si«aa9»Mmt airaio of divaiaa mmOm of paopla at noik* Maalow

U 9 i l ) Mnaal f n ^ i f i « d liis pootiilataa by auîastiiiQ that

Oiatifyiog ttta aalfâ0tualisin« aaad of Qxovtti-aietivatad

iodiviûiila CM) actually inecaaao xattiar ttum daesaaaa thia iiaad*

liiahiriba and eicdMall i l97S) beliave that llaalGw alao niodifiad hia

aar l io r tmmmq?%U3im and aunâatad tbat hiîar itaada stay mmtgn

aftac long dti^ciiratioo oir aupsoaaion of l Moir naada inata«S of,

only ¥iimm, ttwr lowar naada axa aat ia f iad .

OMiidta Matloir'a attainpta to inpiiova hia aaad hiarasehy

thaory, aavaral othajt atitdioa *mm oanduotad with boat

iaoanelittaiva laaal ta . Wahitoa and Bixdwall ( I fTS) hcra antanaivaly

awrianad th« laaaaiohaa eaodoctad on tiaaloir*a noad tiioraiehy

•lodal. Tlwy OiBMi to tha aoBclaaiop that liaaloir*a aaod hloiaiehy

Modal i a iMt a lwa^ taaiiil»la «Ad ono oan aapiia for tha

aatiafaetian of hiifhar ojpdar aaad withoiit tha lawar osSar aaod

baiAQ aat iaf iod. Thay alao faund t«fo pximmwf oluatara of naada

la a M i t i o n to tha fiipo ait«i»atad hy Maalow,

Kqpaa foftar ( I t d l ) * in hia atady of pasoaivod naad

aaîafaotiotta In botton and iiiddla Mana^Miaat J«ba« foaad

d»fieiMieias in fvlfillMittt and pnienlvnd lapoitnne* to thn

indivi4««l0. in both bottom and nldtflo nanoQBMmt. fia his

OBothtr otitdy lector (19<a)« in ^^lyin« M«oi«w*o nood himtmmhf

to nonagMMint |Mir»omiol# imrvotioatod pmtonknA nood foifilliBont

d«ficl«ncl09 JUi oeorly 2,000 autfiogBrs. t^x^r found that

mmiAgarm at a l l loimls had ainiiar aoetirity and aocial needa*

li»uovttr« aatiafactiCKi of the thsoa hifiliar l«v«l naeds irai;i«^

gesatly with nanngasial cmk* the lowor managmiwit lovel, tho

XmtB lilcoly i t weia that thaaa naeda wottld bo aotiafiad. Satia-

faction of ostoaw* oatonotsy axmi aalf-Hnettialisation noada also

•oaiRod to be cr i t ica l ly dafiolant at a l l lewola of isasiaeaBients*

with tha poaslble «iR»ptiaa of the top i^dsagarial lovol. I^rtar

CQRC1UI£NMS that tc^ nanagattsnt waa to b« oa concaxned with the

aatiafacrtion and privation of i t s lower lairel tMmimaxa aa

i t waa with tha leotivationa of i ta blue-col lar woxieam.

Vso«K (1964} psoridaa n raviaw of aiatilar atudioa that

hairo baoo conducted by other roaaaxehara. However, tha atudiea

eendttoted by Porter and othara ««» be oritieinad for beinQ exoaa

aentienal xethar than lenfiitttdinal* m other wexda, aitnatieoel,

aelection or eultîrAl faetora, rather thwi «n»wth factor* wMor

tutm datexwined the seanlta.

ledr <19id} found that Naslow'a andel was faixiy xeli#>le

way of neaaering priority needs of woxkera. Xn one of hie studies,

Slai <lf«4} va^hexed vnriaMS oeeyi^tions s«kples and found that

need satisfied by Jabs were oonsistant with Haal0w*s hiexeiehy

of needa. Vor anetlMir atndy which pxQ<ridad ewidanoe fer tieslew*s

IQ

hmma Motivation, Blai CltM) maOm e i ia ical flbwiiviitioii* liic

htktm 4md tathmtd mmpXem fwem «i<hi jomgtf of oocupAtions.

MsconUxiQ to hiKi tiMi •tcongmt mmd of Jcb sgtisfaetioQ «pp«ftis

tc bt th9 int«i»»tinti ^ t i o * %i%, j«b •eeority 49K «BA ••lf-«et«a«

iistttien 42^, Out of tho 14 psoMioctoiS noeds, 9 mum eonsiaomtf

to nmtch or «p|»xoaciiMt« witb tho nmwAa ceotaitied i» K««ioit*s

hioisjKil^. Xt «ia« «lM> aotieoa ttmt c«i«tioRahip botnoon nood

wad job aaiisfaction w«s wodBimto.

Ver imrifyiag I «uiloir*a hyi»ytlwsi«« Sairior «R^ aattlo (1972)

took lonciltudiaia dat« fiWRt 167 sRoiiAgeni in two diffonnit

ortiaiiisatloiM. One ^^xncp coMploted the <3Bo«tionnaic« twlca

in miM mmtim* data for the other finnp noxo colloctwd over «

poriod of on* yoar. But thttm w«s l i t t l o crldonco to mifi^ct

nmltm*9 th»ory of tmnttn no«d« for showiaQ thftt thtro ovor

•xiated « hioxmiehiy of lov«l« in noodt,

m another looQitudimil study b«MM9i on HMIIOW *S tboory of

Bood hiomieliy* m i l «aid Hoagain (1946) intoxviowod « gmmp of

•siMiôra ovor a pariod of fiva yaars at tal^hana wd talagnyh

dapaitMMt* Tlioy did not find atfoav avidMioa for tba ttiaiarehy.

Contrary to i t , thay found that aa th* aumaâra atap aliaad*

thoir aaada for aafaty tand to doeiaaaa, with i t thosa ia

eonaapandino iaasaaaa in thair naada far affi l iation, aehiava-

want, aataaa and aalf aetaaliaatian* Mai and Neugain argua

that tlMtaa akMigaa laault faos da^Mntial eacaar atagaa sattotr

th«i tvm Immt aster ftatif ieation,

MMMi« iBdiMi payabolafiata Agafwal and tfiaaaa (1977) hava

n

mKUtoXimtmd t l » l r point that UMAS foUow « daseandisiQ p9it%mm

mm against tlia iHittani hmmd <stt iuwa«w*« coneaption* Tha oaada

ava ao lii«^y aaaociiitml with aach othor that eftan ena can

{>sa lict lowar o«3ar naada baaad on tha data af hi gihftr oxtfar

naeda an^ vix:a varaa* HmnOm do not imd oannot foXlow a ImSiOmt

pattam aa Raaioif aaana to advooato, Ganamlly, i t ia a apical

pattam which iiakaa ael ipticai taxna at avary ataQ»» mxicm,

i t la avidaat that AQaciral and Shacna do not u i ^ l d fMaioir*»

fiira aaad catafpsriaa* But thia CMiclusion did not a££act tha

ttfo bxoad eatagori^s (uppar and iowar} daiinaatad by Mahaba and

SicdtMiil vMeh pcoposa that thaxa exiatad a nagative caiationship

batwaan aatiafaction and itspoxtmcB in aaeh naad eata^ry.

Aidacfar iVi&f) hsui eoobined KttiiOff*3 eataoori®* with thxaa

Qxntipa o£ <soz» naada* via** waintananca of nateri&i axiatance*

autintwaanca o£ infwxfaraonal laiaticmahipa, with which the paepia

hava tha daaira to davalop in than a Bmaam of aalf-confidanoa

and th» aaad to find opportunitiaa ios* fiowth and paxaonal

Aldaifar'a firat iavai of aaada ajciatanew ineludaa Naaiow*a

phfsioiagicai naada and aaf^ty eataêriaa ineiading pay« fflngt

banifita and woiklfio eanditiona* Aldarfar*a aaoond lavai •

naiatianaaa aaeaMpaiaaa iiaai«w*a aeeial and mmtmim iaraia ma

ineiadaa aaoh aignifieaat pacaona aa ttmily mmtbrntm, e»-woXka»,

ifcagdinataa* avpaxviaoxs* ata. KiABtimt indieataa that tha

baaiiB iBfiatflMita of thia aaad ia ahaxia^ of Mitiiaiity. Par hiii»

laiiatadnaaa naada axa diatiji«aiahad f xaa meiatMiiea naada ia tlia

12

tumm that *tlie pjoocsss of •«tisfaetloii £oc «Kist«aee ii««<lji

Th» cc»lncia«nc<i of Fajilew*s ego e«t«gory aa^ Aiaiezf«r*0

x»lftt«<toes8 isi»d crxoMfth eate^rias am diacmxnOitm* i**ûalmt

GosebixmA the intiennal &n^ exMmal asp«eto of eoo iMMtds «d»SBaa

ftl^jcittr li«&8 *epÊ«t«t! tliestt two factors. TO Al<3acfer« ^scmtli

inciitdtta, the indivldiiftl^Q aesira for M2f-«onf idence, cxnativa

ana productive* engagiia In paPobieiRe or tiutke trtilch ni<|tii£e hits

iaK3t only to u t i l i s e hie caj^toities folly* tmt^ also to deireloi^

aiSditlonal e^$«2>ilities or aSUllle.

yhmi tlhiese etudii^ ace reviewed, i t i e notict^ that i s

midtifyling t : 3lcm*3 aj^ro^ti Îdecfer <3oeis not cieeu xi that loi^r

leirel needa imiet be eatiefif^ I Bfore hi^lier o r ^ r oeeae eBierioe.

fmm another eepect* Wi iebe and s iraeel l (1976) have eriticieed

the aeeeptexiee of ltiMXew*e need hiesecehy withottt anf

critieieM «e i t leeke eaipirical mriamxem for tsein^ sc ient i f ic .

It i e eleo betreyed by i«aslow*9 (19S4) apologetic eatpreision

that the **•.• reiport <on eelfîristnelieetion) i s pree«mted tiith

due apol«9iee to thoee whe ineiet on conventional reliability,

velidity, saiipling, ete." in this eentejct, tfenous and eiraaiy

(1977} have sufported Alderier's (1973) hierarchy of the three

aeedst existenoe, celefeeteees and 9So«#th needs (S.R.G.) by

their e«pirieal verification.

The other theory relating to job-aMBtivatlon has been fut

focvesd by lterirfber« et e l . ( iMi) «fhioh providee us a different

view. Yhey toave««thereiee, ncwenclatnied i t ae eiotivetor^

IS

hf^fimn ttmoxy or two Caetor ttwory,

Tlis ts&tk^&torîsjfgimm thnocy was mBtv^mxmd by mnkmxq,

tUtttmer ana anyteiaaii ( X ^ i t ) . Thiy •xt^ndea ttw F«slow*8

loz^ aii<3 <!l«velop«fi a atMMSifio ccmtejct therory o£ watk notiiratiaa.

stttdiao by BrayfiaXd ^m& Crocsket (JLtSS) aa^ Htr»b«c9 e t « l

(JL9S7) Qze^tly tielfitta mstSbetg anti his asaoeitttea In

£onRulatinc tha theoxy* ttm notivatin^ factots airs aimilat;

to those o£ lâsioi^ hifilMir Ie%'@l nsaCls. m IndivtdttaX ratst

h«va a j«ib with chalianQiiif; eontent in osater to ba tjculy

motivatad. Ttm tiygime factors axo cotiîy mtn^&X to Ifasiow's

i«»@r levî naeSs whioh pxwv»nt dissatisfactiao but <^ not

iaaid to satis£actii»}. HiCi^c(B*s thaoxy* howsver* highlights

tim content of «^£V raotiwat^m,

HsmbavB ttt al« ccsHliietad Motivational stu^y on AcooitntMits

and mqiMMmat in VkttttmK^* f<»nnsylw«aia. Thsy tiswS c r i t i c a l

incidaat mithoa m^ s«aii«tx«MStuxal intsxviews for obtaining data

for tha analysis* Thay eonclitdad that Achiawsswat* fbaeo^îtion,

Naturs of wexk« itaspsasibility, and Aidvaaoawsnt waxs aiotiwators

or jab cootsnt faetocs. fisitoxs who wars dissatisfiad with

ths i r woxk spoka mdUily of jab eentaict or hy«i«na factors* which

ittcl»dad eonpany policy* Adninistration* suiparvision* woikinQ

Conditions* a t e . irhsir inwastigations nnraalod that satisfaction

and dissatisfaction do not aicist in tha sasMi csntinuvun. Also*

tha affaot of notirators on ths Job att itadas ara salatiwaly

aaditriAg aa cosqpacad to hygi«aa factors.

Tha •MOtJâôr-hyfiami thaorsr prowidad a groat inpatas for

14

tlw sti^y of Sdb motiffmtitm \mt i t WAS net uiiqttttatl«n4ri»3«

i60»jpt«d hy ttm psyeheloyivt*. VXOQM U9M) i»irl«ii«d ttiat tlw

tdio factor coocluoJUMi w«ai iMSoiy eno of tlw ii«tiy ecKKiliisiocia

ttiftt ooold b« drsMo fjpesB mai:mxq'» mmt^mh flaaiiiQ* "teo

eoyl4 aJL90 «rgiw that th» fol«tiv« tmaamncTf with wliich j«l»

cont»xttt«I £aat«ic«8 trili b« iMmtiiMMkl ma sou tee of sAtiaf action

«iul d(i«8«t iff fact ion dffpffiulOQt on th« iMitiiiro of tho conteint

4>ad eontoxt of woti^ xolmm of that xofftKNadtnts**, VCOOR eitotit

thtt cl«ftffic ottidy of «ff«aiift>iy iine tforlcon ()f«lk«r and (li«fft«

i9Sa} to ffiipport his intoipxetation» Buxko (it66) ftcgaed

that iiBnS3erQ*s two f«cteir theory should bo etmmi&^VB^ as on

ovsr simplified loprosoetstion* Kwin (1964) coBne^tod that

sines only naninosro mnA MK»ont«nts psrticipstsd ia ths study

ths fosialts iiMiy not bo sfiplicsbls to othsr occupational rou};>s*

furtlisr, MtnftMicil's study tasod only sssiiostnietttsmi intoxvisws

to SMMsiirs Job sttitudos. C«qpboll snd Fisko (1919) critieisod

this sspsct snd stsssasd that nosd for siors than ons iMthod

•f SMssitrsasnt coyld bo saiployod to dolinooto jcb sttitudos.

Afioeiding to tbMk mmiboro alXowsd bis Msthedology to dstscBins

his loso l t s . Osnorally psoplo sttsfibnto good losolts to thsir

own oisdit and blaas etbscs for bad sssiilts, this lusmsn tondaney

Fiodstoxiiinsd NSnftMirB's findings, tnon (1944) Has ôintod

oot tbat« thst»9h« ths wsssors of ovorsll Job sstisfaotion has

bostt inclitdBd in idis stody by llinl»ox« and his oollssgsos* ths

fnotois oanslng ovossU Job sstisfaetion or Jsb dlssstisfnetioii

bsvo not boon sssossod, Nysvs (1944) i s of ths vlow that ths

vsriatblss «f isoting a«tiiratlon n«y Hsvo ^ i t o diffosont

i f

• f f«et« en pxodhictivity than what i t i s ptmmmmA, Wot

iit«t«iic«, gfowth f«9tors ixnrai « lositiirtt •€«•«:« en |»coditetivity

Aod atiiMilattt nRploycm* t o woyic • f f«e t iv« ly whil^ tiygimM

f « e t o n loduc* iMCoductivity K«i«tino to ttMi typ« of work* tmO.

di«««tisfAction «fitb vacious ttrnprneto of tfm Job* ftali» «nd

a»itT^ (i967) baro also highiighitta tbft two factor thaocy.

TliBir xo«uit« do not sitpfioit tiicidMitv's eonttotloiis in th«

•onto that tha i r findinga andoraa thn tKttditionai tbaory wtiieli

hoMa tliat any vori«£>la in ttta job aJLtoation can b« both o

aot ia f iar and a d isaat ia f iar . Vhay« hnwevsr, OQiniid with

HiCii^c«*8 viow that p«aa«!tca of a variablo tends to malce a

Job d a a i r ^ i e . fUnton ( i 9 M ) doubta tha x«lii9i>i2ity of

cv i t ieo l incidonta aa • toehni<iao of MiaaiicinQ Job aatiafactifsn

md aiao thinfca thctt tho t«fo>f«ctor thao«y ia net v o i i d .

icing ( i t t o ) pioaantad f ivo diffOnmt rmtmimm of the ttpo-

factor thaosy. Aeoosding to tha f i r a t voxaien, a l l aot ivatom

whan <i«a»)inad to«ithar oontcllNito aiora to Job oetiafaetion

than to Jab diaaoUafaction and, i f , a l i hygiano oonbinad to«athar«

thay oontflbiito BMSO to Jab diaaotiafoetian than to Job

aat iafact ion. rba aneend vavaion naaunaa that o i l aotiiratora

togathar oaotdbiito amro to Job aotiafaetion than to a i l

hygiano*. and a l l hyfianaa togathar eontrlbitta MK»I:» to Job

diaaotiafaetioB than to tfaa sot i rotora. Ttaa thixd von ian

atotoo that oaeh Motivator oontribotoa to Jab aatiafoetian

t h w to diaaotiafostien. Vaurth wofiaion atatoo that oaeh

pi^»eic>«l hygiono eontfibotea aioxe to J«b diaaotiafaction than

i#

to any iM»tivator* wad oonvg—ly> •aeti prlacipal i» t i i r«t«r

eentxllnittts Jfil» 0«ti«faction tbao to any hygiAiifi. ITho f i f t h

vonien says that i t i « eniy tha atotivatoni who datamina Jab

diaaatisfaction. Kaxria and lACke ( I f74} hmra put foxwasdl

•umiwhat siaiiJUir CiadiiiQa« thut white co i ls r votkem ^mr@ mom

i iko iy to aariva aatiafactioii mx& diaaattiafaetion tmm

*aiotivator* avanta an^ bioa eoilttr vatk»x» fcoai "hy^«»iea"«

Balît ana nahiinf (1972 > fotuui no m a i imwfost for *QiDWth*

and *»aiiitaBanca* aaakam. Acôxaing to thaai •intcizuiie

variabXaa ax* gmfiaraiiy aioso potant than axtsinaio irafiiibiaa«

and ovarai i satisfaction ia inora i?xadiet«l>le than ovoxali

disastisfaction.* f«itacs and i«it«cs (1972) did not atippoxt

tha hypethaaia that dtfwnca nachaniaiea oporata to attciJbiata

«nf«v«ural>Xa ontecwiaa of aitoationa to otbara (aittxinaie)

and favounblA oitUdiaiaa to ona a * l f ( i n t r i n s i c ) , j^ccoxding

to GvigaiiJUinaa, a t a i (1971 > (M-R) thaovy pxadictiena bava

baan saplioatad thxoagh tha aoqiianea of avaota nttthodoiogy*

b«t Whan altaxnativa wathodoiogiaa ax* titi i isad^ inccmaiatmit

vaaulta a n o f t ^ ohtainad. xtaai rat ing and rating

pxoeadiasaa hawa baan aecxuad to pcodue* ixxalavant data for

tha atady of Jab attitodaa* Thaxofora* a atudy for eenparing

tha two iMthadologiaa waa cen^btctad and a naaaura of ralavanca

waa «btainad ia oxdar to dataxnina i t a offact on producing tha

aMplricaX inooaaiatanciaa. Tha xoaulta ahowad that ratings

•ad ranlcinfa of itaas awasuring Job sttitudaa wara oaotaiAing

too aany inoXvvoBeioa* 2B addition to irraisvancy^ tha

IT

£ailui« of £«tiaQ and ranking «£ itWBs to ittplicttttt (H-ff)

th»OK3r« pfttaietiotMi «•«• tc be furthtr Oam to tha bias**

pcpAMSotf by social M«lrability# vcOuo systems and

niaiat0ip«atatio»8 oc rointoxpcotiftiORs o£ iteii^ by tba

mrt^bmgg*& stodel h&s not drawn mmh attontion i» Ibdio

tot maeexoh emploxmtijoti9, r ostXy tfa» imreatleators hav«

mi4icat@d his oi^sftriieoistal d«»i0% «BCS Imve, £uUy or partialiy*

eiidor««^ ttm originai fia^tin^ (sasveawora IUK»# i976« 1971,

1973; saxveowasa mo md Qui^l i , 1971# 1972i «3&htar ana

nhax9av«^ 1974| Beau an& Pe«toiiJ«e» 1974}• raat«ii«ie«

Akhtar m^ onivadi (1971) partîally «^stafitiatG timS»Qrc*a

contauticma. It «ras xavat&l^ that tba wsemsmix: lenasdbhsve a

Qxeat influaacm on iforkera pajcoapticm ot variems factors

eontributiiif; to satiafactioii or diasatisfaetioa* psstonjaa and

liaatt (1972) too hae<m partially a«ipi«>xtad Haxiiiare*a two fa«stor

tbaory o£ jab »otiration, 9hia atiady waa eonduetad with tha

balp o£ a job aatiafactian «|aaaticimaira» Other invaatioatora

hava andaareucad to taat tha namirality of HandEtarg'a ooiitantiaii

biat tha raaiilta do not anaiiaiToeally auppoxt tha thaory and hava

failad to aatabliah a elaar out aatiafiar disaatiafiar

diehotaaiy (rriadlandar* 1943, 1944, 1948| Swan at al», 1944i

oxaian, 1944, 1948| l4ihiri and shrimiatava, 1947| Graaa and

Main, 19441 Kia«, 1970i saliMn, 1970i ASMatnmo, 1971f

• m a , 1971f tlilia and Matara, 1971t Oaxdaa at a l . , 1974f

Uekm at al«, 1974f fiataca at al*, 197S).

i t

ditemioia^ tlw basic seuxces of notivstlon «t tfox^. Tho

pvoottss tlMiori«« a n mois eoiic«cn«4 with ideatifyloo tht

v«rldbl«s that ^ into ffiotl'vatien, ana BOZ« i»pajctialXy» tht

way thi»3r xielattt to ona aaottwr. SKpaetancy tlitory (Vfocua,

191(4) i^ze««at8 aa aXtamativ* to ttao eoBtwtt maG»iM, which he

£alt ^mm iaade<ia«it« «i3cpXaR«tloiui o£ tho conplax pineaaa o€

woiSc Motivation • VxocMi*8 Ptodol was tmilt on ths eoneajpt of

valsnea^ «»gpectaiicy aii<3 thft outeoma hanrinQ ths basic assmj^leo

that the choica mads by a pmmoa 9Mmg altexnative sources of

action am lawft»lly xnlatea to psychological arents occacrlnc

contaatporanaously with the bahairieur«

Valanca lasans the stxen^h of an in€Ulvidual*s pesfozaiEinca

for a particular witoem&, Xt nay also b« tmMsm6 as inc«Kitiir«,

attitttte or ojqpaetsd u t i l i t y . Ths socona variel»ltt, SKpactaocy*

i s tha piobiJbility that a paitlcalar (first laval) action or

affoits wi l l l»9A to a particular oatcoiRo (tMKscmtii lavol), for

OMVVilo* to assoM that an inOividttal dasirss ji rcaiotion and

fsals thst sii|>arior forfosKanea i s vsry strong factor la

aehS4nriB9 ths tfsairsd goal. Mis f irst laval outeosias ara than

Stts>axior, •PSiaga or poor patfoaaaaca. Hia soeond laval oittcono

i s proMotlon. Tha first Isvsl outeaiM of hioh paxfoxiBaaea,

thus, aeqittixos a psaitira valanos by wixtua of i t s OKpected

rslationship to ths pgafaxrstf ssoond laval outeona of psonetion

(ttmt Mftd mn, l f i » ) .

V«ooMi*s thsory i s aiffaront fcosi thosa of Maslow an^

19

mxwimvs mm i t <tepi«t« a pmemmm of emg^tkvm v«rlal>JUi« that

wflflct Indiviâl dll!f«miic«s In work miQtirmtitm, Ytomt f«il«d

to dssedlMi wimt tlw eontoat i s maO. titiat tha individuAi

dt£for«Retts «M. It aoes not amlc« siioeific auQfpstiocia for

tMMttn tiotivtitian in ot^^mimîxm*

Vs%KW*8 ttiBory only iiidicat«s tbf» eonoftiKtuai dotejEiKiiUffltts

of motivation miS. thoir xoiaticm. His nodNil has onocQH^ as «n

inisoit«nt oodBcn thiojcy of i«os:ls motivatioo. 2t soeogaisos th«!

conpisoiitits of liOJEk stotiv^ktion* saRpoetmiey wodsl i s l iko

»«ijcyin«2. Moalsîs in ocoiKiaiics.

Moffosd (1971) stcortglv mia&^xwam the oaiiôctsiicy tbsioi^ «EI

corîuaas timt i t 1ms a «i»ator prcniso for undantiaidinQ ms&

pgoîcting j«3b Motivation and satisfaetioa than oither Masioir*a

nosd hiora»eh|r or mo0>mt%i*m two factor theory. Daehior ot al

(If73} hova attsmptad to xoviaw tha eoaoa^^tualisatioit and

•Masitcanatit of SBstxumintality theory IJI two orginiaatiofis,

Sapport for tho major linka iit tha iwDdal was found in ona of the

orvMiisations, while the results froei tha other organisation

9MMiraIly failed to sappoct the hypothaais. Speeial attaatien

i s Qivaa to the potential ii^paet of orvanisetional amriroranent

on employsas eo^Bition and SN»tivatioe* shsiidso at al (lt7S>

studied the eKpeotaacy sradal of Vrocsi in relation to woxit

perfosswaee. iJt incentive workers participated in the stitdy.

The data indicated that the total eiipeetancy model was a velid

indicator of jsb perfosmenee, althoaîh the variaaees aiqplained

by tha variotts parts of the theory ware low*

20

mmm diff«i«nt eoocXusioos mXatwl to validity and

pmdictatoiJlity of •xpsctancy ttwory c&a hm dcaMn which,

•eeoidinQ to f i l loy ^ • ! (1976} «K» «• followst

iX) 3n gatrnmU oaoli variil>lft poxtinont to valu«/«xp«ct«ey theoxy liea htmn fcmnd to hcrvo aignif ic«Lnt pxadictive fmmrB in mmm atudics, but not in c^bera.

{2} ths! mmt eonaiatentiy poîtiva findinf^ involva the expactaacy th ft poxfoviBance wil l moult in axtcinaic sovaxda, ana that intrinsic satisfaction will msvilt firom the ymtk i t sa l f . ThBsa vari«^las allow xathar coosistant^ stat is t ieal lv sifftifleant, associations witV affoxt and pB]:[email protected]«

(3) tjoicihiisg t te aaqpeetaney that pBirfoaspaiKNi loads to xotfasds by timt value plaieod tm osctrinsic lovaids doss not jUapjrovo poller oC pxodictioGt ovor th&t dataintid by nming the unwiifiêd ejâetanoy timt patwttktmmncm loads to sawaids.

(4) Tho theory i s limitod to CHynditicms «rh@r8 sva>Jocts hawet tha i9S(|Giisito idsility* aieeurata sole foreaptlons, «3d aeeurato poseoiBîmtB of oentioQant rsifasds.

(5) Tha liattar e«mtxoUad tha study (in longitudinal analysos and laboratory imrastigations) the mom support wi l l gsoarally l»a shewn for tha theory. The superiority of •iteh carefully eantiolled i^ppioaches over cross-•oetisnal studies se^gssts that eioss-seetional tests sssttlt in «mder*estisKates of the theory*s prsdictive validity.

It was porter and Lawler (1918} who rnfioed and oxtonded

Vgoeii*s SMdal to estiblish the ralationship between satisfaction

and pecferaanee based on the Motivation wodel. They started

%rith the prwiise that Motivation i s not ocjuivalent to sattisfaction <

And for paiCoflMMiee, awtivation, satisfaction and perfosnanoe

aio a l l soparsto variables and xolate to different ways fra« whet

was tieditic»n«lly esswfd. Isrtor and lawler point out that

effort does not dioaetly load to pertowisnoe. I t i» iMdiatod by

ai

4A3ilitl«s/tr«its «id K»lo paxcAption* Itoxtar and hmlmr

VMxlel a«i|i«|Bsts that jaaxtowtmnem i««di« to Aatisfafitiem which

i s •ignif leant effact of mmntm fro» traditional thinking*

atoilt^r to tl»st vso«m*s «ROdtel, the £>oi:t®r and Lawlar isodei

i s an <9aKi>«tctex}cy model baswl <m thoory ot iwcttivatiGm. This

inoclel htts Courv^rii^lBs* viv** effoxts* psxfoisnanoa, tmtmwd

exid satisfacticm*

ihe variable "offort** xelSors to the aiAOunt of energy oaeazted

by an anployee on a giiren task. Effort i s m»re closaly xelatod

to ffiotivaticsit tl^n to porforsNuic^. Tho sPMBunt o£ effort

depends on the interaction batsmen the v&lue of the reward and

the perceived effort reward probability, The value placed GK

reward depends on i t s degree of attractIvetutss end 4tesir«bility.

The pereeivml effort reward probîl ity mfars to the eR9)loyee*3

pesoefytien of the prebability th4rt: differentiates rewards

which depend on differential eeount of effort.

The se^md variable, "perforsHUiee**. represents the

prepiatic sewilt th«t organisations can be ateasured objectively.

PerfoBeanee depei^s net only en the sMOunt of effort exerted

but also on the person's ability, e .g . , jdb knowledge and skill«.

the way the Jc^ i s defin«d« direction of efforts, and the level

of effort thought to be neeessary for effective perforsianoe. All

these onsMilatively contribute to the role perception.

The thirdi variable "reward* was inelnded by Porter and

l4srler in their SMdsl as a single veriable but later they

divided i t into extrinsie and intrinsic eetegories. Thsy fsel

22

thtt th« Intriaaic tmnxAn ar« nach nor» l ikely to pwoOiacm

•ttimaAiS to ««ti«faction wbiyeh ax» fointofl to poxfoxaHMSOi.

fUxttiOinonif |Ni««Mivo0 oiiitltablo xowozdo v i ta l ly offoct the

Tito last variabli "aatiafaetion** i s not the mmm mm

BSfifvitatioa, It i s «xx «ttit«do, an intoniiil coôitiim stoto

which i s obviouvly not Motivstion. tn this nodsl sstisfacHSiion

i s only mm o£ the viMti4i^les which i s 0mrlym& txam the saiEtsnt

to which this setusl wmmwSim f s l l shoKt« wmmt or swcood ths

p9xmea*9 jamwc&i'wmS. aqpitabln level of inmsiedia. 3stisfaction

i s fSmtrnmin^ cmly in i^ct by tha actual xntwaxd cocoived.

After tha original f^rter^t^sirlar mioeml, Z avlar <1^3) tias

pJEOfiosad sovsral refioaniants* He foals thdt tbe^re are tii&

types of aspeKrtancieait tha S --——— p aatp^staney OE^ P • 0

oiQWCtanGyi both of which naka an iaimt into affort or notivation.

Thara ia a multiplieativa ralatiooahip batwaon tha oxpectaitcy

factors. Tha su^gsstaa z«^lar a<|ttatieo for a«itiiraticn nay IM

syabolisatf asi

t f for t 1 (1 F) X {P 0) (V)

Tha f i n t «^paet«ney (t '' ' F) ia tho parson's astiauita of

pcabdBiility of aooeaipliahin^' tha iiitaiida4 partosaanoe • Tha

soeeod axpaetaacy if •——> o) inrvoliras tha pacsoo*s astioatiaii

of tha likolihoodl that parfoflnanea will load to particular

laarlar fsals that tha siii«lo Most isQioxtaot dstaminant

29

of tlift S ——> P mMpmctmcj Im th» «ibj«etiva •ituotion.

tSommmXCAtiiOfaM twam othscs «x« »aMi of tlw waior inputs in to

tho porson's pozeovrtlon of tho situatioo. ttm p^non^m

P^goaptXMm of the P —.— 0 wqôctancies i« infiuonced by nflny

of the satea factors as tho K -—— p «icp«ct«ney. The

aitom^tivertoiia of oatceraesi, th» E •—«<-1> oxiiectancy, will mil

imy9 m i«i»ct on the r«®«»o«*« P — - 0 oatpectAfiicy,

Lairicir (3.973.) Msisolf viauaXiae€l th» iiiodto(|ki«ey of hia

S<»«t»lttt«9 f xm he 0ttfigo9tod« "2£ wo tsy to pioAict a s»nion*9

bohanrieur using oar raodoXs a oa i f ws ^ther ooiiqplote data on

a l l Ills or h@r i3efCO|4:ioi} of oxistln^ xoletionships vm s t i l l

niQht pxedict tjeh^viour im»xxeetl|r tteoemso our modml uould be

tx^ coBiplwK to allow for valid prsdicticHns* •

Znequity theory of iêm^ (1963) arguas ttmt a najor input

to 5«l> |4irfoi»e«ie« &ad s«tia£<«MCtion i« the iikiQcao of aqoity that

paesOa pamaive in thsir work situation, in other %#oi€ls, i t i s

aoothar eo^Ritiaraly basad sMitlvational thsory.

tor sons tyi* of ths mm^Cm, a parson *s parformanea laval

for tha tiling that f u l f i l l s tha naad i s affaotadi by a soeial

ossq^rison vcsosas. JMeoidin^ to aqoity theory^ a parson

owipasss his pay (or othar job banafits) with that of woikass

who baira a s i » i U r j#>, s l i i l l and sanioKity. Xf a parson's

pay i s hl^^r or lass than pecson(s) essiparad, ha wil l pancaiipo

i t to ba iasqpiitabla.

Ths a ^ i t y thsory, pmsaatly, i s ssaswhat in a stata of

transitioii, Wkwl ana iiaiday (if71) hava ssssiMiUfl that in

24

s»ewst d«y« tlMt cvMwcetiers «m €tfme«mtrdtio9 on tht matlvaticnal

iMpilCdtlcms o£ thtt tlMOi:) of iiMûity.

Mm9 and Jkqpoxtenc*

The pcesont stutSy may be a»«BMia to b« oignifitcatit £r«i6

«9p«ets« tor iii«t«ic«, s»seaix»liee3 henm uamalXy stKtdl»(3 mei%iy

oam or tno gcc^ps OIK hav@ drawn th»lr c&oxshiaixmst about Jcib

Motivation V€ry onbitloiisly. Zt i» not to be ifîorta that the

results alK3»2i3 not be coBpared i f in different mtisAi&n (3i£€«treQt

tOQle «(£« ttse^ or tbey Itave cone out through different

iMthodoiogies* A easefisl aertitlny of the iiterstiire tf^t

we t»ve oitea xmmalB that since tha @tn% of HDppoek C193S)

6i£fexent groups ec^ their Job AK tiirfttorst h^ve lên 9twQ$»€^,

yet new ena eomrineinfi un^rstsnding ot Jel> laotivntion has

developed only a£ter the fubileetlAn o£ mnber«*s (19$9) two

feoter theory* This e«n be rseiised by the folXowine table that

the stitaies conducted on diffeient segMnts of eetpleyees*

S.ist of the £ew studies oendiieted by verioiis aethers in xeesnt s>est

1 , snQlneersi Green, (19it)i lAndy a » 7 i } | aerveswere lieo (197)}, «infi^ (197»}.

2, angteeem it Asestrong (1971)

1. inelaeefs end Anrey* oewhirst end BoUng (1976). selentistsi

as

4 , SystMl •BQlA«ttC« 1014

6* Foxwtaiilt

7. Tvetmiciaitttt

e . iwdio and T.v.

9* aelmit ist , Msxkexvt

10* ae lent is ta and

]l l . s tate A/gmcy employassi

1.2 • wanbPWUiisiQt

14• 7rad« OBiooi

I S . a^lmmnmt

I S , AiffBan

17. HWfli

19 • MllitAry Offic«n« Civil li«i«fps«t

19 . toliec and 0«icy

ao. poiiMi

a i . S^lagnph md V«ll^llOIM«|

aa. *ra«etMiist

aa. Lif« aitfofaBoat

Vnneli, Mitaxsky and Vxantar, (iwa) HsnAiaz^, MKiffiiar and anydaman (ltS9)i Wifiiiaioiit, (19M}

Batlar (19S9« 19S1)« i r i a and Banat t (1973)

HiAXietiaa and KiacMdnd (1967)

mtmrm* nomh and B«tlia (1973)

tawler a»d nai l (1970)

mmimmt, Toxan and ftapall (1970)

Baizttd (1976)

Kat»oll« Barxatt and Paxkar (19«1}

DMTia and Mian (1970)

dalati (1969), Haalay (1964)

»mcmrU:h (1976), taxehnar (196S)

mood (1969)

l latar* dt luâ «id amgar (197S)

MitolMll and 9oxtar (1967)

^ h t a r and Bhaxeanra (1974)

adiarrld and Baaeh (1976)

Glioah and «taikla (1967). mtHmm and LaMlar (1971), Ki» and MHMMir (1976). «toaa and fbxtar (197S)

Paatanjaa and Aklitax (1969). MttUaa (1963)

Hatfltii and Taxai (197S). selnaidor (1975)

3«

24. 8ttt<tefit«t

3&* mm tsap&xvl&QKY vmaumMlt

a6« fmm9l9 ai«rl«al8t

27« Xaûstri^l and

2B. sxttctttivejf

39. Clocks 4iQa (ffisxiai

30. Bluo and ^hits Collar

31 , Mlilte collîr t«oc%«nii

33 » BXU« Collar floiônit

33. Wmmmlm mgfkmrmt

34. Mil* and r«M«l« Morkftiat

3S. Udt»or ma nm»g/mmnt

3€. attpavflaocs and

BMXlM (19««}« Evans (1971)* Clibacii ana fttat (197S).

I8tthea« sloeas) &oi& Chaoo (1971), Mitara a 9 i 9 )

ifttlla (1966), tfatera and Hatora (1969)« »fllli«raion and Kaxraa (1970)

GojnSai}« Pxyor «i^ iswxia (1974), Sacvaavasa Rao (1973) »0£tc3«i (19S7)« Faatonjaa and 8aaii (1972)

liabar (1971)

Ommixig» wA Btgnlxm (1976), Oaaai (1966), l^daaiantSar (196S), f ^ l a y (1974), flarris and locica (1974), locka (1973), mffcsa (1971)

rrlAdlandar (1966), limniniia (1970)

Mcbtur and Fastaajaa (1969). Manibarv (196S), llndaay, Marks and Gorlow (19€7), Hal t sar and XMdwias (1966), Orpan and Maddan (1973), Matoojaa, juchâr, Dwivadi (1971), Saxkar and Faâik (1967), Sharldan and alâai (1979), Sinlta (1973), alnha and sghAmm (1962).

MildJlay (1970)

QKmm (1966), (Slann, trayler and N»«irar (1977), Main (1969), liicholaan. Brcwn and ChttAwIck, (1976).

Hlas (1973), itenan (1976), Sarvasirara Rao and cwipati Rao (1973), spaxoff (I9 i9) , atuwemvimh (1972).

fiilln and flnith (1967), 9nr«ar (1961), ilMWi (1971)

s«

(1970 )• X.«liiri and siiriv«st«v« (19<7)» t«eli« and Wliitiao <1974}. 8*1*^ and Otis (1964), Sp&lUiitt (I9TS), StMkar (1976), Molf (1966).

3t* sapecvisont 8«bbit aiui Bahllag (1972a, 1972b}, (5xii*iif«ld (19«2}« mnb9xg (196S}« |i|«t«ai and Osva (1975), mhnA and HKiMwan (1970), s c ^ a z t s , JMHiuaaitia md staik (1963), m—Km (197S), Miia«aeb«r and Gcuanfeld (1966).

Wa Ciitd that job t^tlv&tlon o£ BKma«ars, «agiiiaQSs, blue and

white c o l l a r woUeem and supexviaoca h nre baass m3«t extensively

Jjivestiâti^, The coa^riacma in moat of the atudiea wera not

very araticmal &mC loîc«il. Koatly di££ezem::ea in jcb m»tivatic»i

due to differencaa in tfoxk role variablea baire been studied.

Set Alchtar and Bhargava (1974) apprMwehtd the pnablem with a wider

pempeetive. They express that "different woik-rotle variables

aacereise a diffexrential e f fect on the wojckers ai^ the ir e f fec t

i s Mediated to a eonaidaxiiftle extent through oreanisational

e l ina te s .*

Nsesdao in Hind the dbove snggestitMi, we have selected

four psefessional gsoitps, v i s . * leaehars, n»liee personnel*

lawyers, and Fliysieiaas. It stay be pointed out that job

aiotivaticm of pbysieians and laMyvrs have not been studied as

yet thoufih they ate mong the ia^postant pcofessions in our eouatcy.

Ths studies en teeehexs and pel iee pexsonael are few. lie have

also kept in siind that these professional troeps not only d i f f e r

at

Jin woi i folc v«riiftbte«, th»f also woxk uadar diffenmt

organiwiticmal elinattes. Yhoa, «MI toenre •pptaeiatad to eemaidar

thtt twoKk CQl« ana ojr KiJb«.tiemoX iraxlÎ«ii togtther. Th»

poiipe {jacsonaei tioik tiiK3«r Autocratic c3UiRat«« the toacham

woxic i» aMMKriatic set up* whila tha lawyora ana ths jphyaicians

ifoik in I4ioo«atic all%tdti<m».

Ttu our imotfJUidgfty tho j[<^ ntotivatiim o£ timtm four

pioSoASionsl 9»oitp8 hoa hmaa 9t»dl«!d £or ttxi f irst tiam mad

alcm<| with i t iBnovatiGn metho^lo^ tmm fRadto i t mom uiii<po in

i t s «aq?irical fori^. Detaiia o£ the) pmsent atti^y are$ reported

in th« oocQisa chapter.

&mptmr xx

RtVHODOUKiy

Xm th« psttoiaiD^ cha^t«r W9 «ib8«nreid that jdb notivation

i s VictorXly cenplcQC ia m&tum am i t i s not a lo&«i factor but &

Mttitipls of tham that infliumcQ €8i«*8 notivation. im also

have Aotea that in osdmr to viiadttnitttiMl job iRotivation ths

satisfaction dinsnsioa esmiot be ifipoced <Biieci, 1964} •

G<ms<û«ritly« the siettsasaiîit o€ KOtivatioQ end jcib satisfaction

ace the pcese^tisite of the pceeent sttidy.

varioiis sieasyiinQ aevices* such as Itankin^ {9etbod«

OtCMitiocmaixes m^ Daventocies* tmv^ been uaea for assessing

Jcb •etivetiof}. ^nioog these tectmi^^s. questionnaire has b«en

•ictensively iisea (ThoxB4ike« IfSSi Oiesigtoo and BergB»# 1941f

Rose and zandsr, 19Sti Butler* 19S9| Mesen and miavert 1960f

Itoxter* 19«lf Katsell, Banett and Pailter* lêXt Xithlen,

19«lf rxledl«oder, 19641 6SMB« 19«6I Nslin* 196«f S.Ahiri

and Shriirastava« I9«7i Meters and inters* 1969; IiSirler and

Hall* ItTOf aoli»aB« 1976f «rans« 1971f Sloessi, 1971f Bsbbit

ma BehliR«, 19721 I0eke, 1973^ PesteaJee and Basu* 197ar

Sacveewara 9m* 1979i Binha* 1973r Bxlef snd Alda«. 197Si

Nateei and Verai* 197S| Oebem and Mint* 1976).

Iisiacin« awthod developed by Cattell (196a« 1903) has been

weed imt eedsntaadiao Jab M»tiTatien and satisfaction, AS a

iB

at

iMttttr of fact • •r l i«r stutftes (Cbvat, I932y mmmy* 3Lt36»

{if3r«i)it;t, £«ai«dim and mseck« 19$7y fibuser* 19389 litt«o« PatMinion*

19«7f Jiirgwi«oii« 1948f iMleh, 19«9i stagpMir* 1950} •iseliisiimXy

crniMiiiQH thitiMMiliws to the ut» of raaking netiôd. X«^r on,

imroatiiiafcors (HytXin« 1963t Singh mvSi hitmrtY* lt69y 3«loh

cua Ot&tt, 19649 &iitk« 196&9 ISiiasrcha m^ K&ylor« 1966i Swois

19679 mnton* 19669 iBlMcm, 19669 l^stoct|@e and ^htar«

19699 8«l«b mgt^ Hjt^0 19699 ifftnlnont ot ol«« 19709 ffUlioBiaon

a»a Kaixas, 19709 Ofi^^liimas an<S tloni rQ , 1971} iitills«i(3

this method. This i»»tlK)d, though not in imch 'vogm, in the

c@c»nt past* has not been total ly tlisc&sSsd hut i t s t i l l

eâintains «mr£e»oy«

Rstini; scales hiffo not hooo uti l ised as f xsquantly as ths

rankin«f Natht»d, hut son® of ths isipostant studies hswo ussd this

tschni^pui (sehwMTts* Amusaitis and Stai^f 19639 Blfti* 1964;

HslpsiB, 19669 saxicar m»A V%tnaile« 19679 Amstcoag^ 19719

MaflaoMui and lAiaer* 19719 l«Kious and hmtlmtt 19739 Hias, 19739

Akhtar and Shurgovat 19749 Brosdline, 197S9 Shsrrid and ls«eh«

1976) fttr thsir ssssasch dssisins.

fôiead choieo t«chni<|u« has also bsan usad {llttm and fttss*

19429 êoas and jaffexay, 1964} hut sosiaiihat occasionally*

Ths swthod of paifod ooi^paslsee i s ths othsr tsehniq|tto Mith

vhioh J«b BMytivatien has boon assassad (Oi»aiiisld« 19639 Moalsy*

19649 boelca* 19469 Orasa and nslin* 19669 llood* 19699

memm, 1969}.

10

Odb notiviatioa timm a lso bMm mmamwmm& by iatrntyfi^mfkng ttai

x»l«t«d subjects <ftoxa9« i9S3f 3poxDff» l9S9t OmtmxB sod

Biig«}tal« X966f CHlsU, ItC^r mxansy* X970# Dsvis and /O^Xm*

intlt miber, l»7lt Ut&m, 1973f Xioclctt and imitin«« 1974).

asnistiocsttissd intanpiAws h^vs baao uamA to study the jcib

attittidss Itundbacv at «l.» i9S9f ietmasts^ Jsimsaitlft and stacks

t9^t pestoBjea, iOthtar and Dwivaai, 1911). 2t bas to bs

spsciaJLly nsntionsd ttmt ttet^^tQsg at a l . (i9$9} Init ial ly usad

tbs intezvifiw tachni iiiA and eeRa>ined C r i t i c ^ Sbcident techaiqitte

(Flanagan* 1994)^ to davolop tbair Biotiiraticm*h]fQiene thoox^*

H his m»thodi>10fsical iimovation tias i^teoaiirely u t i l i s e s by

sttseaichers for studying; tbe Jc^ luotivaticsi, Zt has bean

WBpixieally daaionatrated that ra t ing and xwiOaGS of i^ms

aaasdvinQ job attituetes« to a socious axtwot* mm icvslsivent

(Matars« 19t9r 6ri§alliitnas and mnibmsg, 1971f tocli«« 1973y

Nataxs# P&meth and Batliii« 1973i UtCkm and Vfhitin<|» 1974).

MsiifcM«9*8 Mkthodelogieal appfoach i s not ffaa of flans.

liRBB <19§4), for instanea* has poiatad out that this iMtbod«

whsB tisad alona« i s biassd sinea i t i s aasy to rseall ineldants

fslating to pfiswiiilions, bat diff icult to raeall thosa whieh

follow no aohiavaoMnt. VioaH and Maiar C19A1) point out that

thaio i s a risk of considaring tha siibjactivo statanants of

tha indiiriditala as tbs aetoal mmumm of satisfaction. Thaxa i s

a tandaacy of tha iadivJUIttals to saa caasss of satisfaetlon

within th«BSOl¥os iBd« hsnoo« to 4ss«rlbo OKpariaacos involving

AoMsuraMMit, Maoopiitian and nranotion as satisfying while

SI

<ais9«ti«£ttctioii may IHI «ttrlbiit3*d to th« factor «acistinQ in tht

mBpriwmmmmt imthtjr than t\m pac^mal liiadNi0i«eie«* T%m wmmtchem

«rer« acMMi (jriiabar 1971 r SSxm, 1972) to test mxwSomxg'a

witivatlon-liyQiMmft theory maCt in bot^ of ttmr. i t was foundf that

tbtt sulyjQcts (tftiiirttrsit^ toachexv una ai«cicaX ata££) «t3cpx»««Qd

t l» i r initf»ility t o r«c«ll aatifyisg aâ dijM«ti«fyin«| t}«ip |WRingp

tnm %tmlr tfoclc l i f e , l Xso, ttw £«w trlio ccmXd Mcsall j Ksh

agqpexijtncotf 4i^ not fully a t t a i n the ••££«cts* as twll as ttm

*<9ai»ticiii* ot mtch «xpeslenc«ft. Ths invasti^tors concli^teA

tlia^ tlm criticitl inci(3eat tsKslmiQua CCMIM baxOly be «££activ«ly

utllixad in mxe cenrntcy to asaosa J«b e^tiiratiisii.

AS vag&xAs tim tmdâxmamt. of |db s«tisfacti<m sinas mid

tblct ias a distinct a iakanin^ i s n o t i c e tm&ntQ ptycholeîsts

to undaiastMNS saad ijsvestlQate t l^ various as]^scts €s£ job

satistactisti .

Ml ajeallant cmriaw of dtefiniticms and neasueamint of Jfib

satisfaction has b«Ne»n dona by Muioua and Unrlar (1978)* Ttwy

diistiagaisbad batwsan ovsrall jcfe satisfaction with a paxti«tilar

fa«Mit of eoa*s jsb ( j .F .s*) . Ths varlotis opsrational definitions

«fhic»> hava boan jeaviaund spoeify diffarent %«ays of nsasuxlno

facet satisfaction and different ajpipxoaches to the ecsbiaatiOB

of data £f«» facet satisfaction as that overall satisfaction

can be SMMSitred. Thsse definitions also differ in the «e«tiin«

and kind of facets ei^loyod. mmm eMphasisa satisfaeticn in

different need aseas (ffscter* 19i l ) , while others Uy

•Uphasis en swuseiiaisnt of ccnerete Jcb factors sneh as pay

»t

and pxoaotlons (aRlthr K«iidl«ll and Itilia* 19i9).

OvttvsXl i«b sdtiitfaeticm I9 bî«v«tf to be th« mm ot jfll»

Cacwt aatisfaction OBXDSS cnrexsill faoRts olf J«b. Many

xttseaxchars (acaffer, 3.9S3i Aicbt«r and l^«toaJ«e« 2f61i and

Swan, 1967} x«poxt«« a positive comiat ion b«t«M«n ttwi overaU

8«ti9f act lent and j«i» iaoit aatlafcietion*

^ha neact aipsoach viaoaliaaa i<A> aatisf MCticm aa a waiQhtad

8i» ot Jdb £ac@t aatiifactJUge, sena iavosti^tocs CBIcxtd,

i969f ana £wen» 1967} h«flr« uaad eatings concesniag tha is^sortanca

of Job facets to laoight tlva facat s«tiaf«K:tiofi9 tMifora suned&e

that;! to €)btais:i an ovacalX satisfaction scoxft, acaffar (19S3)

has 8bo»n t ^ t the corxalatlofi batiêen facet satisfaction aQ<2

otn»r«(ll satlsf«usticm Incsoasad as th@ emt®^ iieportet csce of the

facet Incfttaswa,

jfit> satisfaction has also l»«an opasatlosiallsa^ as tha sun of

9oal attaliiBMmt or aaodi fulfllliaent lAmn mmmatSt accoss $db

faeats* Foster (1961} and Aldarfar (1969} saam to ba la a^raaamtt

with this a^psoaeh.

(hrscall jab satlsfaetion oenasimids with Vtoon's (1964)

"Valanoa for a Job*** Zn addition to it* tha laqpesttfiea of a job

fscat i s slMilar to Vxossi*a "Valanea for a jab outosna*.

Portar (1961) daflnas sattisfaction as tha diffaaanoa batwaan

losponsas to a 'Now awch i s thaxa BOW* itam and rasponsas to a

*HSw aiach should thaio ba* i t s * . Mfaan thoos two itaas aio put as

a #i«rry to lavaal a mvbar of Jab faeats or naads# ths

diffaianeas aia ii—isfl aaioss tha jsb faeats to yiold a aajor

93

post of thft m^g»ll actisfoctioti. stitiMtaetUm km a»£inad am

a *«•• GosTttspcmdeneer h^ttmais xeiii£€>f>c»#r nystam of the tfoUc

«niris«»ii»«nt and tbe iiKlliriduai*s n««d8.«,* (Zoqâist and Dtailm»

1969).

lACktt (196i>} b«llGves that only iiii^l£iii«d dasixes cmx9»

aiaa&tisfisctixm wtBoeaa •at&afiKStlcm i s fkm mmulti of a

Cf3S «iClson botvmen ftilfiXsiftat tm4 ^mtrms or id&ais* Dei SOR«

9tudi«« **ai«^2^ tm" ltm» ar® iisedi £or t t» os?aiirati<»sal

m««isur§i3 o£ •aesirea* or *i(2»{il8*« Tliis ap|>xoaeh i s vary much

u$mkXui: to I«>£t9r*s aipnstacb. Otl^r i]a.««8ti9ator9 x0c$3A,m ttm

xvispcmstents to think i» t^nss of ideal st yodaetSs or **«ti@t tliiy

wouia lika*.

m££etx!intiatloa bet% «iaQ tk« • aontldl So-Xa i^ti* îd "lioitld

lika-Xa Uarn* appsoachta he highli^htad, The firat xepraaanta

«0i a ^ i t y ooBi|i«ria«m and can ba ataasiirad hy tha di»ori|>attcy

hat«iaan *i xMsId Ba** &ad "*!» non^ itaata tmmmm, 1963f ffoittaiaa*

It i ly Patehaa, 1961f Tartar and tmtXmx, lfM)« Diaeripaney

h«t«ia«Q "ifouXd lik** and **Zc {4ow* itama indicata tfhather the

indiviataal'a pmaant jab caaiaa elosax to hia idaaJL job or daairad

Job (lAOka* I f i t ) .

ifoiQhtad iaqport«Dea ratinga tmn alao h—n uaad to aMNunira

Job aatiafaetioo (ftlood, 19«»i Mlkaa and Hilin, l t i 8 i Vsoon,

1964)* tocka (19tf9)»hoifavar, arguaa that i»poxtanca ia alsaady

inclsidad in and mflaetad by aatiafaetion catinga. Tha findinga

of Mablay and Iêka (1970) land aappoxt to S«eita*a cxiticiaai.

J«b aatiafaetian haa alao baan dafinad in tofna of tha

94

4it£mmme» iMitifseii tim Smt»gtmic& of a Jisb facet i«d ttm jprnwempitiioa

of fulCilMMiat f goB a fwo*t (Bavr* I f M t 6Ii«mim, Ommm, anitti

and AUiir&ijIit, 1960» I3iilil«ii« IttfSr fa ts and ABdcaif, 19M; noaa

and Eaoaar* 19S7)* But Siraiia (i$€9} «âaidNira tt i ia apptoacti to

l># t l»or i t ica lXy nomiiiigleaa* Zt ia af<0tt«d tliat t l i ia mm^&mh

f a i l a t e aiffexaottat® batwaan • l l l {^ Inôstaiica ^nd h%ii

^X£ll»a&t*> aniS **i«iif Inpoctaiicia aii^ lent flilfiSmant** • na a aiattac

of fact , tha aiattar eaabinrntlon i a jmch worn îaaatiafylfi i; to a

parson ttuus tlia foxia»r«

i^nmia a i ^ Xâwlar (I,t?2) caioa to tlie eo»c2»9ion tliat *thexe

p£idbably aj?@ aav^cal t^jjâ of f@g4lss@a ttmt p@«>pla hmo^ %^hk:h

cmi hm e9^li&& o@tiaf«ictloo about th»ijr |«i>,«»«

Specific ififopnation oiNHit Jfiib satis£«^Btl<»n hmn b@«B daxived

by iw»afl»rifsf jdb attitudaa ttiroutf) tlie ansaoye iffit of <3it£ciri»st

toola ant! tMsliBiâa. ¥ba amthoda itcj^t CNamincmXy t^pplSoi^ by

varioua invaatiâtoi:* to tha past aiat AipitHialoiiiatJUs nattieÛi,

Mtmtîmi* (QitiamI an<l uaîiaadh ouoatlooaaicaaf aealiem

taeliiiiiittaa, and iMiizaet taolmi^fmia (»Iu», 3L9SO.

Ij^piaaalaoiatie OMitbada asa ooii-atatlatioal ifid asa baaad

cm the ebaaxvation of babairioiar and attitttdaa, fliay ean ba uaad

whan a haaty auivay Itoa t o ba mida or i t l a to ba appliad mm a

auff^Xanantary tacliii<;(iio«

<rha gaited lataxvioiM asa imipoaaful eoErvoraatloii in wliieli

tba iatarvloiiar t r iaa to obtain banaat and eooploto aaoiiani to a

aot of ^ a a t i O M . Ukm a^l intarviatfa, i t baa tha aArantae* of

n

f«e« to fftctt eoiit«ct. ffslkcr «nd Ganst (i9SI) mttmtitkwly

tttUiMd this t«el»i<|ii« to eoll«ct data iwm noikvra on oiitoiMbllo

aooonbly lino itMmt tht •eoxeoo of J«l» ootlofaetloii. lQ»xiilitMoor

U9Sa} oaod thim toct»i(|iao in lilo e«Ro»8 laotxoit otiiay* novo*

(19S3} intorrlowad 7 ^ doc ica l itoxltors and 79 f irst and —cend.

l ino otiperriw^ni in a lafno inoiiciaiico c ga aoy to adv ^Mt hia

concopt of indicaa of job aatiafaetion*

Ttw tmgaidki intajTriaw ia ehaxacteriaed by i t s nature of

tK9m dimiuasXmi end i l a i t s dafined by tlha intesvloifae* Those

am no apoeific aata 'o£ quastiona wbicb tba intaxviatior can

i»%Opt for hia invaatigatioii* Cari fiogra U942} ia one of tha

ioâdora in prenoting tbia taehnticiao* The HEwtbomo aicit-intarviaw

baa yiolded mtm vary £r%iiti^l raauita dbeut iaK>our tiaxaov^r

(anitb and Masr, 1933 )•

gaaationnaira* aiUica Sjfm^, h«uS boon tba inoat f ovoiirad

inatstmaat bandiad by paycboiogiata. Vbe «M»at notaislo atudiea

of paat tew yaam bsva bean baaad an ipaatioonairaa which wara

aotil>iy oondttctad by tihidoxec^ (1914}« Koiatod (1938), aaiân

and Nataan (1940), aaKhMn (1941) and Trior (19S4), Thaaa

aobolara aaod <itM«tioimairaa for tba piirpoaaa of atodyino

ralatioaabip botwtan oeoupational atatoa and job aatiafaction*

BttlloA (1931) davalopad a aeala on tba linoa of llanpnok*a

qpioationnaifo. It bad lOS itaaia whieb wiaaiifod ororall

•atiaffaetiao. oioorly* wood (1944) aaad a aoalo and Harvay

(1910) a qaaatiSMiaiio for noaaaring tba aa»o fact, i*a.,

aatiafaetion tawaxda auparviaora. riaialinan'a (19CS) <|aaationaaira

M

v«« mutmTpBoum but ce&tA ana me%mit»& uttitudis toifAfda vitpttanrtoien,

Ma«Mpeli iiivd«ti9atieii« ^rincF the la«t d«cado« thouf^

pis«oeciipi«d with vaiidaticm or mpiMliatloD o£ ncytiiratoxwIiyQiomt

t))ociry« heewm isv&cietoX^ u»9<i qôstiotmaixea (iiiXX«r «R<3 OiliOidul#

19i3f rrittdl-aiidttr, X9Mf Lftst«n and Oifi «« 19<Sf Hullii« 19«6|

l)iiRii«te, C«iBil»eXX «ii^ HRle « i96ti floaan« :i970y MildHay* 1970|

S4»fa»« 3.9t3}.

Xt tfoiild not be oyt of fslae® to wHmtJU ) ttiat the q^stionnairs

9tM6i»9 have ps»md the way for the deve2opn«at 43 seelee &n6

inventorize of Job setisfisetion* fhe ec«lee &a& iitvwritoriee

have utilixod the techai(|t2ee of fector enelysis and other

statieticttl wetboas to stanaardiee the toole. SMith ana her

aeeoeiatee initiated the i xneXX etudiee in 19S9« aiui developed

a tool ^X i^db oeeoiiptiire Xadex) for the wm»tmstmmt of ieto

aetiefeotioo (oeith, Xfi7}. VTocw (X9«4} beXievee that, **%hB

eaKteaeive wethedoXoQieaX woiSc uadiiXyiiig thie neaeitre ae vei l ee

the evaiXibXe mmgmm ehowid eoeece i t e widte epiead itee in both

leeeaxoh end preetioe** The aenw of ^X, detemiiied thxe»^ the

een^riee of induetrial em>Xoyeee of uoited statee of inorica,

eouXd herdly be mppXictblm on Xudiaa eofteere ae there i e a wide

eoeio««itXtuxeX end orgviieatioiiaX diffeieaee in the enviiening

fr«Be of the two oeentxiee*

31

Xn thtt pxMmmit study m Ymvm used two tools* • ! » • • <»« f o r

th« nsasuxoRoot of jci? inotivatlou and the other £or t l i»

a#soaanPM»it o£ job s a t i s £ a c t i ( » * \ ^ ha(v^ used a Job not lva t ion

• o a l o (J.M*S«> disvolopsd by ^b ives t i^ tor . Xt i s a 2S it«ii«

5-poiUit uatlnod r&tinQ scaXe. 16 i t«Rs aat o f 3S an* bssod on

ths fac tors origJLnalXy «octxaetsd frost Hendberfr «i»3 h i« «ssocittt«tfi

(X9S9). The iieirl.y IntxvidNaai^ itsios ers housinff* t ransport ,

tnodical, hssl th s u i t ^ l o f o r job» rsersat ion, liMnrs iîJLcJtos,

f ee l ing of c«istei«n (î the jGt>« sicsbllity wi th r o ^ x d to %foz ai»3

dUseision mslkkig process. Host of the newly Introduced factors

fksv® botta mjârtt^d t o bo s i ^ i f icôit daterRînanta of Job

3a t i 3 f«c t ioo f . r XncJUiU worker ( ^ h t a c end F»stcxtja»* 1963* 196i7r

AKhtor mvc Bftorgdiva, 1974i Pootonje®, 1973) whi le sai«e ot thetir*

SBterged during tt«a s/>rBlidnin«^cy explorat ic^s coocsxninis ths

prssent invsst igs t ion .

Or ig inaUy ths seals (J .M .3 . } had foar parts* Ths f i r s t

part was asant f o r c r i t i c a l incldsots and ths sscwid ens f o r ths

IHirfioss of luispseif isd rsAkiiifi. m t h i s ssoood part* ths

rsspondsRts wors ssquirsd t o csprodoos f rosi t h s i r siswory thsss

s a t i s f y i n g Mtd d issa t is fy inv factors rs latad t o t h s i r JcS>. Thsss

factors wsrs thsn t o bs a r m o a d in ordter of t h s i r istpertanes.

Xn ths t h i r d part 35 fse tors wsrs l i s t o d and ths subjoots wsrs

rsqpiirsd t o ohi«'< out ths Inag tans and short tsxsi s s t i s f y i n g

and d issa t i s fy ing f a c t o r s . Ths subjscts wors a lso xsqoirsd t o

rank ths f i r s t thrss s a t i s f y i n g as ws l l as ths f i r s t thfoo

St

aisfttttiafylnQ f«etor« (l.on« tmm^ f«iE:tioss}. Xn th> •»• pact «

• te iacr c«nkiii« «fa« to hm Msiipea for shost tfttn factors

(i iaaiMSix ••X«A}«

PxttJLiiBinary txy<«oat of th» aceJLm covealed t l» tollmiinq

factors*

i* "Srlia mspcHiaaiit could hardiy racall, tSm oritic^d incitStiiis relatea to th»ir mark l i f o .

3 . TbK Kospondftots failed to aistintiaJsh bettfoon *loii«-t®in» aiKS alioct^toiai* fi^^tors*

3« Ttm sarie difficulty MSS i»cperieisce<3 by eespcitdtoiats wbilo x@»%iiQ0 the f<K;tors of part four.

& ttm li^ht of tb^ 9i^xf9n mmtiaaaSt factoars nodificatiorta vera

ma Sa in the scale (Apsm^Llai X> «£J( the ficat pact waa cataioad,

Xck tba aacond pact, raapoodauta \mtm nK uoBtwi to espxodaoa fxon

thair nanociaa thcaa aatiafying and diaaatiafyinQ factoxa* in

ocdar of pc«fac«mca« calatad to thair jtto, t& ttm thiid part

tlw caapondanta tiaxa raqairad to rata aach and wary factor on

a S-paint aoala. la tht fooxtli part ranking tiaa dona only of

firat thcaa factora which aaca aatiafying and diaaatiafyin^

for iioat of tha t iaa,

Ttm aoala waa davalopad both in Hlodi and m^liah, Tha

cal&itoility eaaffieiaot ealculatad by th» Klt«-ao focnula cm a

a«ipla of 100 iiidividuala tiaa 0.87 (Bhargava, 197S). Tha

caliability eoaf fieiaot la vary hi«h bacaoaa the Kft O focaula

uaaally yialda low raliitoiUty eoaffieiaBt i f tha itana aaaaafa

•oca than mm dlwangion or trai t (ccoaeMMeh* 1940 )•

Vha othar tool uaad waa a Jab aatiafeetion invaatory davalapad

3f

by PestonjcMi ma<i Akiftar (JL974). Th» iiiv«nt«ry«, known aa S-O

€imi%l«y«« ioirantory, h«a four «x««at JBfe« MaaAgnaant* social

calaticma and paxacmal afajuatwmt. Xt haa boan atandacHliaad

l»oth in Hindi &tx(i SiiQiiati* Sach ax»a baa 30 iteiRa and tba itaaa

oi tho invantory were «aipiriea.ily dataiwinad. Tba «pl i t«l ia l f

cali«bii it:y Goe££ici<QQt« dot@»Rin«d CBI a aci«)ple of IOC casaa*

rmageim tstm 0.98 to 0»99» The aofioa Cor tba test war* also raada

araiiaibla,

Sas^laa

siait(ifil<3s have baen dsiwn ffom four prrofossionai gsoiips* i«e».

C^lica pecscmneif ^^vocatea, OoctoK^ tm& imivajraity taatchem,

fbe l i a t o£ Po Xice paracmtî woi^ng in A l i ^ r h town tms

preparad by th« pxtasant invastigat^r MIIO v iai tod various police

atatior outpaata of Aligafti and praparad a l i a t of pacâ worltinQ

thaia . m a l l , 1900 poliea parsonnal tiata on dtaity at dif far«at

atationa* Kvary 10th iiUIividaal frow l i a t of aach poliea atation

waa laodaMly aalactad and aach atibjact waa indtr idual ly appmachad*

Tha poliea pasaonnal «Aio i i i l l in$^y accaptad oitr xiwiaaat to

partieipata in tha atudy uaia ineliadad in tha aaRpla %rhila thoaa

who did not appraoiata to ablina wara iapl«Bad by othar iadivJUSaals

soma of tha poliea paraonnal, in 9pit« of tha i r aiqpvaaaod wi l l ing*

naaa, fa i lad to oanplata tha taat atataxial* Hicioa* tha i r

inesMplata sataziia wara diacardad, Alao* n»«ay of tha a«qâd

individuala could not ba oontactod aa thay wasa on daty. Hith

a l l thaaa l ia i ta t iena* wo wara l a f t with 110 poliea paraonaal for

40

our iitv«»tigBtioR parpemmm,

Bimll»»tly, a l i s t of advoeatas %foi9ci£i« in c i v i l «Bd esioiiiiai

coiixta of Alifiarh mmm pcvpaveKl. ftt»r thi» pusipcMM* ttm Bwr-xoen

iaB0l«t«ni of tfm iri»oir« nMmtioiHKl eoerts px09m& wmty much tMil|^2»

At ths timo of tl«» eollwrtloct of t i» psttsont âtn, the BaxvREMaR

niesi3«»ihip wsa cdsout 1,000 o«rt of which cmly 90 tfubjecto ««•£«

iwadoeily salACtod in tfm mmxmr doacxDbea dbov«,

trhs »mm pcooeduxn was aaeptMS to mmaplm out Uoctoss and

(Mivacaity taachars aa iflilJt* Thm ntwibar of Ooctoea aa privata

practiajUmers as wail a» aiôyod Doctors wart 900 in di f fa»nt

organiaatioost suob as «r«H. nodical Collaga, Aligarh fUtalim

(%tiv«raity, j||i^rh« Diatdct c i v i l Hoapital, &«ratrya Matomity

HMipital and <3gftdhi Sya HMpital* iCLi«acfi. Bf pidcing up airazy^

10th individual* a aompla of tO iîviduala W M mada availabla

for thia atudy.

SiMilarly, a l i a t of tAiivaxsity taael»ca of Aliârti Moalln

tjaivaraity, AXi arh, waa piapaiad. Jit ttw tiaia of tha data

eollaetioR, tham wasa appioKiaMtaly 700 taaehara woikiao in

diffarant raealtiaa of A«K.u*, Aligaxti. Oat of which avary

lOtli iadividaal waa talcan fmn aaeh raeulty, ¥ha aaaipla» tliia«

eanpxlaad M univaxaity taaeham.

Ha aKplainad tha parpoaa of tha study to aach «id avary

aidkjaet who waa raqaaatad to «iva honaat and aineara mapeaaaa.

Ofiaii awia thui two viaita iiaxa sa^Kirad to abtaia eeaiplatad

•ataaaa froM tha saapondanta. Xn T#>la 1 ia laportad tha dataila

41

sagaxdint; oxp9ri«nai of woxlc« ttg» and iiic«NM tlw »«wpltt ineludBd

in this stiMiy.

7AB£C 1

onAvwity W^ I Ml Milln1 M 3 V 0 C V * 0 8 DOdOXTS < |^«dtM««

iiiimlt<raffMl»Wi .nil iigiTilBrn'SiMiii

in yMun

i«mrag« Ago i n ya«jE»

Kiniwim es(x;erienoR in y»«n

Kaxiaun mtperlence in s«axs

iorexage «Rp«xl«iai in ymmxB

Kinimm iftoqua in ltt,/Mnth

in M.>taonth

in lt«*/taon%h

24

309 3 9

2S 24 2S

57

36,77

X

34

16.37

its.oo

741.00

75

3e«34

I

4C

mJLtMM

200.00

5»000«00

75

33.13

I

44

10.35

200*00

9,000.00

53

35.09

1

2S

9.59

500.00

1,350.00

766.17 1.042.25 863.64

at«ti«tieol «a«ly«is

•vary analysis la mmwmA to tba typa t>£ aaaiga aalaetad

and ttia hypathaaaa intandad t« ba taatad by tha imraatiga^r.

Tha f imt analyaia daala with tlia uaapaeifiad xwikinf. Tha

ittvaatioator aaad tmapaeifiad lanliittv to poaauxo indiridiial

riMa •tMfigbh of t l» «iii>J«et«« Tliia IM««IIX«« hmmmr^ mfl«et«

tiM ].«v«l of 4«six»« of t l« mtphnfmrnm for tii* ««ti«f«cstioa of

G«vt«in Hoods* isiffoimicos in ttoi^-xolo v«riil»loo nsy too

xosponsiblo for th» aiffomacos in aoeKS otvanytb,

Xn orflor to raoasmre aood ot«e»)Qth i t im euuitomttiiy to pi»«eitt

J^nrontorifid itemii to ouibjoets (Mic aMiii and Xawlor* 1971) m& to

€d!»taiii ratiriQii Against tlie i tons. tim lospORdont, t!sis« has to

i^siCP ratine to oach and ovary itan iiraspaetliro of fact tfmt

ttm item may or may not be rslavant to tm indiviaual. I t was

vimiaiiaoiS that n hazi the xasptmdanta would be raqaiiod to Jot

0mm tlia oatiAfyim^ m& dissatiafyint itons th@y mnXd

inv«riii>ly soaxch the satisfying exOt dissatisfyic^ faetocs from

thair actual wotic aiepaeiaiioa. By this j^rocoss wa hwm oi^jactod

tha factors actually coamonly noticad by the sid^jaet can •rnrga.

Tha analysis of indiviâl noad stmsQth i s dono on ths

basis of paroantaâs*

Tha thiid analyais was of ratings assigaad by tha xaspendants

to tha 29 itasM of the aealo. Mean, standasd deviation and

Coaffioiant of variation waa ooaûtod for oaeh gsoiip. AS WO haira

four pcofassional gwena^, wa havo used ouncan's Raaga test to

ees9»ars diffoiaaeaa in Job Motivation. Mlian aavoral gssups are

to bo osiâcad, «a/a spoeially tha dif Cexoiiooa asMano their aaans

i s to ba found out, this test i s ooasideved to bo tha swot

api^sopciata eoo (lieOii«aa« 19tft). OriglBally Suiiean*o Itsoâ tost

was dswisad to oanpara mom than two ^vmp naaiia» oaeh having oîal

41

iiini>«iir of tibammtUmm, Imt i% IMMI hmm mttma&tiA to a&tvuitloR*

X9W7 m^ itAmmtt 19S7).

^ havo po in t s CHit •I.flowtiex:!® that «n i»a(iip«nî}t fnoasurv

of tn^smH »Atl9i&otSmt ^tmuM b« tiOcon £or atudfiiif Job

ffiotivatioti. Aa siiLQh, ttm xaspoônts of #®e}i ^mop nmm o| . i issi£i^

a» *SAti8£i«d* laii •Oissatiafloa* oo ttMi basis of their •coma o6

3«& enqployea invtoitocif* sigBifi«aiit iSiffamseaa on mmh. Itmm

tor eseh Qiotis>« taking into account the aatiafaotiOQ disianaiim*

If as €mtmemixi&$ by uaia^ Dam:mi*a mmm tast«

The mlgai£icm% €li£mrmie®a in Jcfe iiotivaticm batwoa^ tha

icmc gsQN^ «ei!@ fouM oat hf Ksiiskal**wall.ia tcest* Xt i s oiie<ây

i»alf8is of va£i«3C9S by ranks, 2t ti»its the tmXX hi^pothasis

that tha *K* sampias ospse ttxm tha aaim pcÎatifm* Xt i s

baXievad to be tbii iimst affielsfit of tha mNi*ipa««fiatrie taats

for •»• iadapsaaffint samplaa. Xt has a hi|^ ponai^-affioisiîr

(saiâl »i«S6K

Tha a^ct anaiysis was ao»a by apiittlng tha factors imdar

MOtivatora m^ by icmoa which l ^ i i i t a t a a ua to fiad ant tha

aiîifieaiit difCaxaneaa bat«iaaii tha i>xofaaaioQal 9W»im*

ttm laat anaiyaia daala with tha aaad-elaatar* ainea tha

auiijaets wasa aakad to rattk S aatiafyio^ aad 3 4iiaaatiafyia«

iaetois* Nadiaas tna qtiattilas wara eaaq^tad and tha factora

yiaidinQ hi#i qiiaftiia YaiiMia# iadioativa of higffiar aiEtant of

disaosaanaata. wsss Oaiatad aad tha satisfyiao and diaaatisfylBO

44

fiictojc* wxm 4xmm out.

Thft 9Mlf—B &t this tli»ais tmztt 6asim by Z*B*I4. 1X30

ecM Esotino systoK whieh i s ••na^d-ttilxd gimimticm mynÔBm

€immig£»& for «ci«ntifl4S miOL a9iw»»c«si«3L data £»jDQai«ain9. tlw

•oftwun pnogswanting langnaga of this coRfitttor i s 1130 basic

fttrtjcsn XV. Ttm l i s t soitixw p»»9rwmB of oair statisticaX

anaivsss «i» giirQn in ths Afipsudlicss 3 to 6.

stat iBt ical 9gUAXTf9»9i hasm im ptesfpoam to folleiir thm tchsam mnA

jpcesont ttm siisults c^tftinod thKottf;^ various onaiirsos.

Ttw f i r s t «t}diy«i9 no intended to mport i s of «iisp®eififid

ir«iiIdUi9»« Tha f»s|pc«iâts v&s® m<îx&& to «fjcite f i r s t threo i»o«t

sstiflfyitiQ fflid aissstisfyiag factors from t l » i r |cfe i i f e . ftm

ii«Hit sstisfyiti i; factor wsa to be written f i r s t 4!in<l toXim^R hy

the second and th i rd wost satisfyiRfl ones« trbe vorr •sf!«

procodurs was to bo foXlowod in the cass of s^ntioning dissatis-

£ying asftacts. Ths «aalysis rmâled that tha iaaxk£^ isdiviayal

<Siffanmeas axiatad tooth within aa<S batwean tha professic^Ral

onwtpa ia raskiao tha s«tisfyizi9 ss wall aa tha diasatiafyiBO

aspaeta. Thia ia aaf f ie laot ly aridant fiosi tha t«a»ia Z2. Thasa

faetoca wara wi4aly dlayasaad baeaaaa «a waatad ths xaspondanta

to tîra ^^^Y thraa aatiafyio9 and thraa diasatisfyifto mapansas.

Aa thosa saai«MMN»a Quva aa a widar apiaad of aspaets of tha

factors imdar oar atady* wa raaiisad that ths cavpesitian of

simply tha cittda avaragis woaid ba fn t i t laas sad sttparfiuoas*

Htfioa* aa appdiad noxa aophisUieaâd s t a t i s t i c a i taats*

4$

Pi

H

9

1

I 5 o

<

o

I

o « ff« • « •

• « i i-«

« N O • « • #-l «»» i f

r* I * o « • • © 2 ***

o « « j If} v-i r* 1" *«l W

« « o * • •

88 • « « « • • •

» m »

W « I* • • •

f^ M & «<4 M H

« o r* • • •

:5 § •

O « « M • • • •

(» r« •» 4n »4 f4

Si

Ml « M « « r i M • • • • • « •

01 H «^ <«} H ^ ^

!

n

n n n n «i M e& H

f t t •

r» o I • •

f* ca tfi « « t * 01 f«> G) «n H «« fn* «»

<o o « m • • • •

V» O 10 m

0% « « •

«

«4

« • M 0 lA • • •

«« "« «

f^ (» M ® . « • • • I •

<n CB (« 9 rtt SS

n n n «i«? 1 I •# «Nt di H O lA

fo m rt » f« e» • • • • « • M H 1^ O O V

I 2 «1

t * * ^ • fo *» • • •

H M ^

If M in Oh o H ei f i «

H H •«< H i^

47

8 H H

f

I I

•

<« • « • . • w ^ . • * • » • I • • • I

« «l» « l f-< 4-« M «

O • • « t i l l » • • t

n -I *t 2 W Hi

i t t I I I to O ifl «. n w r» in «

t9

* : * j • ! I I I I *^ I I M 40 «-« M 1A

r» m ««• • • •

?i !Q ** #4 HI

H lA H • • •

i«4 HI i"<

H H f t *0 rt H • • • « • •

M ««| M to H «4

I I

• 01 « • • •

<« O « r4 #4 r4 M

•? «s m m t» m « • • • « •

M O Ok O M

r» o» 01 • o» f«> • • • • • • • •

M O O r4 O M O

OJ « O r4

t 10

o

in 04 H Ok O i-« P« #^ ^ M «4 M M m r« «« N

10

A mammwf of findiAgt i s givwo in table XXI niblfit) bitags

u« to tlw eoRClusion that mimpmi£im& Kmaki»gB eoa httxdly

mptmmmt ttm mmA •tnnsgth of th* vmrloiui pKof««sion«l oxoufs.

Al«o« th»sii «ra oDly a foctoi: «m wr icb tlie majority of aiift>j«cts

io varioua gsmpi atiKlled hav«i cataQpxically oaepcossa^ ttwir

04MNS atjeangtb*

la tdblo XV tftt mpaxt the f rni values o£ ea t ing of vacieus

Xt i s to be bome out that tha avaratps ai» nisl-e^dinc;

unXass thay &ce aooispaiiiad by aiîi^xiata swaaurG of vacidbility.

Tata (19S6}, by cncprassing that, *It i s tha variation of

s tat is t ical data which îvss naaain^ ao^ tuMiful»asa to the concept

of awoxacia valu«*« siibstaittiattts tha a&Mim c^Mitanticm*

Xa tabla V the mt^m aod cv*s axa sapoxtad. The coefficient

of Vaciatian whan gxaatar than $%% cxaataa aoubts #90ut tha

at9>»»priataaas8 of tha ooKsmtaai value of an avaxmga* *Tha

distrltoiition in which c«v, xeachas this «i«oaitiida am usually

Josbayad, xeetangular^ or sia cedUly MaltlsMaaal.** (Tate, 19S«)*

ftais* tha faoters yieldia^ value of C«V. gieater than 3SK warn

aiscaxdad. A sueaiary of findings i s noted in til»le VX (Aps«ndix 3)

•lleeo9aition* and •Advaiiee«iant* wese net included because

for every qnmp C.v« far eiweeds the l is i i t of $%% variation,

sisdlaxly ••ess** •Coaipany pelieiee*, •Pereonal l i fe*, •Housing**

'Txanspertatien'* 'Casteisn*,'Mobility* and *oeeiaieo aakinfi*

^âaaB^wseWI •B^^W^W e

B 12

5

I u IS 4 a

i

•>.

S

I i t •

t i l l

I { . • :

t I t ft * I m m

o o « « * • t • ^ $ $ s

* l f* W O • • • • i; s 9 s

n i n n 9 s » 9

• I I »

, 1 ll

t I

t

IS

I I

t t

I t

I t

P«« 4#

. 1 i 3^ lit i IS ll : M m -^ th

TABUB ZV

S0

s*iio, Vmeton wolicm 'îm^vîfjM'n^j

A(dHr«eat«s ooetom livttrsity tmachmtm

1 mhUnrmmnt 4.#3

3 Moxfc i t 0»if 3*03 4 mmpmaihility 3.33 5 iitdirMROMNMit 2 . so 6 Saca ln^ X*8S 7 0»oiith 3*66

4.48 3,37 3*16 3,63 3.04 3»o6 3.33

4.61 3,06 3»60 2.96 2.76 3 . U 3.36

4.3X 3.QX 3.46 3.26 2.43 3.16 3 . ^

soc ia l ZBtexiotiot) nitli

6 Suboidinat«s 3.93 9 Boss 2.90

10 Co-mowtmm 4.26 11 social status 3.89 12 aapervisor 4*00 13 Company BBlicies 2.S7 14 phyaical 2 Cf

SOJTXtOIUldiBQS * 15 i«nwQ«l liftt 2.3S 16 aaourity 3.06 17 ftwsiiio 2.40 l i Tr«i«pesttttioD 2*77 19 M«6ie«l 2.46 30 Htaltli 3.90 21 mmm l»93 22 lk»«M«tioo 2.07 33 CMtiflK 2.79 24 iMtoility 2.72 8S mmimlmi mtkinq 2.27

2.77 2 .49 3.39 4.32 3.47 2.17 2.SO 3 .10 2.33 3.19 2 .99 2 .73 3.33 2,39 2.71 2.09 2 .76 1.72

2 .95 2 .66 3 .13 4 . 0 0 3 .47 2.W 3 .36 2*90 2 .79 2.97 2 .20 3 .19 3»33 2 .06 2 .36 2.67 2.33 2.47

3 » s9 2 . » 3.S1 3.90 2.75 2.29 2.73 3.13 3.71 2.09 2.40 2.40 3.49 3*33 3.23 2.90 2.99 2.29

Si

S

o

I

I

s SI 8 g g 8 s; • • • • » • o tt « m <•»

n 9 ff) # lA t ! • « l ¥1 »* « f* 10 flB ^ 01 «n f^ III M • • • • • • •

O «-l H •<« #4 f<( #4

» • • • li • •

S S j:i $ 9 S 9

O «-l »^ •-« H H #4

^ « s s ; 9 8 Si • • • » • » «

3 9 9 S $ S 9 8 9 s;s s s:i 3 O *-f •-* H •-« H HI

s si «' 3 s; 9 s

O <-! H «4 H *-l n

S 8!S 9 » S 8 S S S S S d

R A Jl 9 S K • • • ft ft •

• •^ ft"! #""1 #*^ 1*? •'"1

ssssss; 9 ^ fS m m S)

O »«| «« « H M «# HI M ^ f« if)

• • • • % • •4 HI «"• ••• ••• «*»

9

•

8

SI •

HI

I

m m t* Q n SH (& « f« r« w Ok 9 o

• • • • • •

U 5j ® « g> « in « n «t

•• «n

«

<« e* 04 <M fii O «n o r4 N

H H H HI HI H

S 9 S 9 S r 8 S S ^ S 9 8 $ * ;? 8 8 8 9 ti

s| s ;? s 3 R a B !5 ^ H H

• * • O M H r«

•4 M ««i « r» o ^ M m "• t^ H H

S2

t

s

: 8 3 8 S 9 S S 8 S S 9

S O <• 3 8 S 5? J5 ^ » 9 9 t e ;; $ s$ o

ffl f d

r i O

«

^ t

r-t

^ ««

• $

* fi4

•

U •

1 ^

• 1*1

n •

H

S

s •

H

g «

9

S •

H

* O

m a

• *-i

•

•"I •

H

•

• «»*

• ^

& t

HI

•

s t

l-«

9 •

3 «

H

•

tfl

• i-l

ttl •

9

• «-i

«

f; «

04

tn *

9 »4

• •>!

•

9 8

» «-«

Id •

3

i-«

•

9 3

« 4»l

P *

9 n

• rt

« HI tfl

^ •

r*

t

tfl

^ *

o

r < > t « > r » o 9 > ( < « t f i H # o k c i i

«

I 4#

& t I I S 9 11 s n I

# l « > « < l k O - 4 f « f i | ' » t f |

Si

s .^

1 a 3 4 5

6 7 e 9

10

11 12 13 14 19

• P«etont

JWCblWtMMIIIt

Hoxk i t «•!£ fi»»ponsit>ility EajEniniP oeowth

£i6M3ial zntsx--aetioii with

aillt>OJRlill«t(MI

Q&mim»t^>ims9

aocial stfttiftt 3ii£«xiri«or

•iiixvinkliiigai asencity MtdiOAl

Hialth tmtpm WMsncttioii

TABUe VZ

4»63 «*

•

••

3«66

3.93 4.36 3«8S 4.00

«•

4 M

«•

3 . to •

*•

•ia*TiJT>isi3?MFi'"::5^ AAvocst#a

4»©6 <•>

3.63 3.33

«.

3*30 4.33 3.47

-

-

mt

3.32 -

**

Decton

4.61 3 9011

4 M

«»

«H>

m

•

4.00 3.47

3.36

w

3.16 3.23

-

"

^8 UBivttivity

4.31 -

«*

M»

3 * ^

3.33 «

3,«0 •»

••

3.71 *

3.4S 3.33 3.23

94

tt»1M Vtt

M««a, S«D« and Co«fi£iei«&t of Vailaftiea of

GfOttss ^SEiaSMKSiKS? tan < .0 . C.V« waam an CO. C.y.

^ * ^J^Snal 22*fi©& 3.352 14.»at 53.3tl 3,464 6.613

(2} Aavocates 22.9«t 3.430 X4.676 S 2 . 0 n 3.250 6.249 (3) Doctors 22.926 3.496 i5.248 52.062 3.6S2 7.072

**^ SaohJtti^^ 22.416 2.715 12.115 52.700 2.917 5.535

a he a n a l g i a seflmolB that tliD v^tHotm ptQâstonol gsouf^s

l^xsdly ai££ar with @acb otl^^r in *Co»tant* em vmll ea *<; 9Qte3ct*

Coctora of S^ motivation (Taibla VIZ« ^pentSix 3 ) .

Thm amm pattexn of saaulta uwa olaai^jf c^saxv^la «tisn

aat isfact ioa dimeciaioo ia taken toto ccmai<39caticm. Tha sesalta

aiw saperf»id in tiibla VXZZ balow (Apiiafidiae 4 ) .

l ABLS VZXX

naan aa<3 8 .0 . of satiaf lad and oiaa«tiafiod cwmwm

waaa s.O. C.V> Waan s.o« c.v« POUCl PlIUKSINiZ. satiafiod 23.13 3.06 13.26 51.94 3.33 6.42 Diaaatiafioa 2?.64 3.04 13.45 52.24 4.07 7.79

wvouaM Satiafiad 2;j.53 3.45 15.34 50.40 3.45 6.59 Oiaaatiafiad 23.90 3.23 13.51 50.72 4.43 9.73

(cootd.)

ss

TAUXJI VXn (Csntd.)

Ofxsroiui

xmvmmiSY TSACHERS

Batiaflttd

21.80

22.70 22.91

3.41 9.31

3.13 2.95

14.«7 15.18

13.78 12.96

51.87 53.20

52.34 51.91

3.41 3.59

3.89 3.9C

8.58 7.76

7.44 7.52

si«rii£ic«mt diffacttnoes betife«n the four pcofesaional niiottps

%N»iiB £ttxthttr diviaod into satisfied and dlMatisfled ^coups and

te^taa by ieniiital«»fialli4i teat, flao leaulta af« iMfortad in

tabla ZX (AsE odiae 5 ) .

tÎJ! IX

tfiob Motivation Ooapansa by fiURiikal-fiAllia* ^ s t

S.HO. faetofs valttft of •»•

at IK l«¥al of II I i8^¥il'iiKiBr1iirMHrliii.i

2. cantont y«iBtora 3 . Côtaxt fa^tom

1. Alb aotivaitioii 3 . Cantant Vaotoca 3 . Contajct laetoca

6.5143 1.0603 1.5963

0.3644 3.7383 3.3844

Ziiai«nific«nt ZaaigBificafit Xaaigniiieaxit

Xnaigaifioant 3nai«p9ki£leant maiinifieaBt

Iha pcaaaat maialta e o a f i » that tha vBoapm do not 4bvi«i>aly

diffar in thair Jab notiiration but i t ia to ba aaeaxtainad wliathsr

tbaaa a i « ^ tlVMipa diffar cm individual Jab faetora or not.

s«

Sigtiif leant dUfemmcmm mwe tmat^d by £>aQC«ri'« R«n«« I'iMit md the

irssttits acs xeiioxtflfi biiloit (T«|»l« x ) . Xt nuiy, liow«var» b« iînt/^

out that only those factors vam takes ititfj ecHial4ex«tion for

dialysis which hove had low C,V. valutas (aaa t«i>h» VZ) (As>panaist 6),

Gnw[« C SBii cttd on fiîv&iSuaX Jcb Factors

»lio« raetors Groups coKÂmA Ranwidcs

1 ^chisv«»Ra»t Poctors \ Doctors 1 Doctors { enactors 1 Uoctors 1 yoctors 4 Doctors I toxica 1 Policm { foi ica 1 eolica i Folioa 1 Volica ( Adhrocatasi AOvocatasi Mlvoe«taa( Aitrihcatas' jwdhrocataal Ooetora ( Doctors 4 Doctors ( Doctors < fol lea 1 Poliea 1 Polioa 4 Advoeatasi Advocates 1 Toacham 1

iD)< iO)

o) D). iDh i D )

D) '3) [^} 3) 3) is) :s)< is) s) s) 8) 9) ;8) a)

[8) is) D) >D) D) ;D) ID) Is)

)-Taaehars

)-AdNroeates

)«>Doctors )~Aavocatas )-i>olioe )»Taachi»£s }~lfaachfirs )-*A£!vocates )-Folice }*Doctors KMlvocatas )-'Toachani }oTaa0hars )-.Advocatas KPeliea )«Doetors )'>Ta4HShsini )<J!roaehars )-Atfyoeatas }.l>oliea )«TaaBhars )~Taachars )»AdNroe«taa )-4roaehars }-Taaehars }«4(Oaohaxs

JxmigaiSic&nt

(Coatd.)

ITABtit X (CODtd.)

S7

B*Ba, wmatoKB GeiMm GonpaJMNS Jtsn&xfcs

2 Cfowtli

aetJUms with subonîiiiatM

actions with Cc»-4ioi:k«r»

S social itattt*

{% lXc0 InQXakCil

i ^ l i co ^-•aobem f^»«chsix» lôch»C8

£NEdi€» (fr ^^^wâ^n^^p

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(pw^* ^ P wiP^|BW 1^0 4 * • a f f W ' ^ ' i ^ w ^p"

fjasfJiy d i f f er with @ach «rtli@r en varices fsctrsrs ©jeesapt ttie poMca

piX3«mne»JL tfl^ d i f f er ««ritb Ajdvocatea on aoclaX iaataractioua with

CQ^-imtk&sm, ixjctt^rs «und âvocîtea on auîexviaion and Doctocs cm

tâlth. 7})ia ecRitiyaia maffiznta otir e a r l i e r inl^ranea that tlse

psx>£@aalacial exctupa ^ not di f far wit^ aaeb otb«(r in tlwiir jcab

BtotiVi&tioii. Tha diffarefica^not tmry hitsh* abaanradl i» the caaa ot

iiuiiviciual Job faetora laay ba attributed to work rela dif fanmeaa.

Our aarl iar ecmtantioii* i « e . , tha orQaniaatioaaX cliieata wi l l

aiadiata Jab Motivation* h&a not bean boma out by tha prasMSt

iii««ati«atiiMi •

statijitical, 9H93Lt/m9 of the present 8tt«3y htmrn enprnamXy

<S»Bc«i»tci3it«(S that ttm gtx»jm tftoiSiieS do »ot differ with each

other in thiiir Sob notivsticxi* tlxkm ia true (!£>out job content

«nd Job contort factors «8 well* But i t i s ttJLso to b®

oBKnoidedQad thet SOENI ^££tt£^M»is In indiiviâi factors have

b«M»n Qboervi^,

AMong {xsll re $3@r«c mei thtsB ia a ccmsidtairi^lB extent of

diflMf|itt«issfit cm t!$e fi^stors li}>.fl social J^toractiaos %rith

co-worksrs, aup<%£Vi3iori ana Hâith. FX«»J; tables VX we ttoto that

ths pssfsrxed motivationsl factors of raifitiMintatimial cISniat®

SM oahisvs»n>ot» 9io«rth, ststttas, CQ-«oxk«rs« 8ttp«rrision, hoslth

«otf see is l intoraetions with mtoow&inmtm; Tho itaiirorsity

t««eh»«s |>MforsBd mBHiavmmt, ^sotfth, socis l status sad

soeurity. Yht sdvocstss siidorssd aiehi«fV«Bw>t and social status*

Tha doctors hovs oi tod for aChiovsnant, social status and work

i tsolf • Ttaas, a l l thasa groiaps h«iv« thair own tmicjiio iMtivatiooal

factors*

AchiovoBMnt i s baliovad to b« one of tha most parvasivs

•otiva on which tha sooooss or failwra of l^hastrial organisatisn

dsyoads. Mcciolland ( I f i l ) has stxossod that hi«l«ir tha laval of

dO

« i

mhUci/mBmnt notiration, tho iaoir« l ikely i s tha •leaeittivti to

rlM to thtt potfltioo of Qzvator psMiv «nd jE»8pe»sibilit]r»

Kuhicoi (1963) found in bis atu^y of %Hmmx that aohiovommt noedt

aiacclp«Eici@s were ctmsiatontly related to occupitiondl

9atifitf«etioo. âceax>v (1972) has pointed out that «ohi0v«»i«nt,

i«oei : i tsolf , i^torpersonal xeletticrtshlps axu3 sosfOQsiblXities

oiicitofi iBoxo satisiûction than dissatiafoetion fiBK»i08t tho

ISidbuts i&«ntoor». BaXpom (1966} i^ his study of a aMBplo of 93

emlcis ooaojcsos the ôvo lesulta. atcria and ijocko (1974)

foima their £odmlt@ to ba ict eonsiateney with thei previous

finîngt, i«e.« «fhite<*coll©r wozkara were raoro iikoiy to ddve

satiafoction fcofo **SBOtiv<»tO£9<* mmnta (asp«ciaily aohievesant).

Mazninoat (1966} cibtaiiiad vasponsea fsoe SO aeccttntaots and

63 anginottca aii^ ocsncluaed that both iittxinaic ei»S oxtdnsic

tactora couM bo the aouxcea of aatiafaction aa well aa

aiaaatiafactioo* but intrJUuiic factora^ «aipM!i«lly achievmBmit,

vfoik itaalf and jcasF(m«^^X^^y# «f<»x* eoosifSand coii€M:ivo to

aatiafyln^ aittiatiooa. JOthtar and Shasvara (1974} found that

achiairaawpt waa aa^Bg th« f imt tan pwtmrmA aietivaticm*!

factora, both for the danecmtio and saniaMBtational typa of

clia»ita«. They alao raportad that police and aaixy aatployaoa

did not difCor an thia factor. Tha foaulta of thaaa

atudlea 4Mid that of the pceaant atudy are ia aCM:oi!d«ica with

a«Bh other* Hanee, our raaulta axe in the aotpectad positive

direct ion. Aa the four Qioiipa of thia atudy aqually aaplsod

for their a«tiafoction« no aigaifleant diffeiencea iieca obaerred.

• I

flMMM msuits l>riB9 urn to tlm fact ttwt amhia/wmtmtit, vsoifth

«sa soelai status «is iiqpoitint wotivatin^ factoxs for tut

MqployMHi in 9Mi*x:itX irhieh i s sviidhmt f!s«n our ftodlngs as

^ l i c o group •••»« to hm much sstisCind as far as social

intariietions with siibogdiBatss ana pesrs axa eonearmid (fubla

VJE# chapter XIX)• Thay aiso diffsr witb the advocatfts cm social

intarsetion amongst their co- wosicars (tdbla Xl, lAtsraction

with eo-worlcars la venr inportant for iôlica psrsonnol whemas

ths sasie intsraction i s Isast i»qoired for the advocates* Th»

polios personnel haws to fac^ many hai edUi and atungsrs in

psidôimin^ their duties which eahafuces the interaoticn to

assuaw significanee* The jol» interactiotts are ejcte«»eied to

situations even outsida the w«»x)c« 8tit in tha emte of advocates

no sMoh eosqpolsions inf luance their intersetions with thsir

eolXsagiies. Xahiri and jimrivastawa (19(7} ean toe cited as an

•videnoe to the faetor of interparseoal ralations with co-AfoHeers

whioh they have brought forwerA throo^li their study of niddls

mmmiftn as a eaotrilrator to jab satisCaotien aoxe often then

other SKtsinaio itests whsn desesitoing satisfying situations.

Pssple with high Job satiaf action tend to eithihit aiors

eenfoxMity to supeivisisR and intexpersonel relations (nines*

1979} than thoso who era not satisfied with their jobs.

Mliee personnel a«ain differ with •Avoeates wd deetora

on •ttpetwisioo, fteysieians and lawyers woiSc iM»te or less

indepsndsntly so «neh so that their j«b peifoxMuiee i s loss

inf lueneed by the solo of the supervisors while the polios

•3

pmrmMmwl hamm to cairrsf out the oxders o£ the mMpox9Uto&$ and

tiMtir Jflb l i f« irhieh incXydss pxenotions* x»eo0aitlaas« fttc.^

lai7Q«ly <kt%mndm «o the rftjpocts of th»s« vapenrisors. Thuis,

tto diffenuico* b«tii«efi polico pttCsonBal and advocataa and

doctom ia in tha enfant to «rhich tliey &m contiKsllad iUi tlMiir

pjEoaont job iavolvWRent aR4 «ffacted for thsir futura cmmer

by thoir nviysxwiaon*

mhlmi (1963) hail ahoim that mhiaivmmmat saad €iiacsipsiXK!i/&a

%mim csitmaiatantXy roiiited to oecu|.atirjQa3. aatiofaction* fte

ajDQMea th«t aatiafaotion with occupaticn should \m a function

of dlacresjancy batwaao paraomaX imeda and laazoaiirad potentials

of occaupaticm feir aatiafying iwada. zn the contaxt of thaaa

viawa* our raaulta provida auppoxt to iisahlan*a aaMrrticm aa

a i l tha gsoiipa hiQhiy daairad achiaiNmant which provad to ba

a kay Motivating foxea for thoM* Oftan i t haa baan argu*d that

laval of adueation^ aatura of tha orfiniaaticm and aalary

infiiiaiieas Jcfb atotivaition of tha pacaaanal. Tha four gsoiapa

widar mue attady bat ray wiiqoa naapoaaa, Poiioa pamaimal noik

ttadar aa autoesatic ataoaphaia whaiaaa taaohtra uaoally woik

aadar dawnwratio aat ap. Daetora and adveoataa uaualiy «ioik

indapaadaatiy* But tha diffaraneaa ia Job iMtivatioo waia not

obaacvad though thaaa gsoapa widaly diffaiad in thair aalariaa

ma i«f«la of adaeation. salafaita, jomiaaitia and staiili (i9M)

too did not fllbaaiva any variatinn in jab aatiafaetion of

•apocviaoni ia tha eaaa of avbjaet'a aga, job olaaaifieatieo*

adaoation and paeiaiiality oharaetariatiea. Thita aa oaa ciain

«4

that tlM» imri4B 24»s m0mt3Lime& tSbmm mmy not tm^m th& osetsiit of

|pw>«£«ilty o£t«ii aserllmdi to ttwin,

Befoxe «»tefim@ an oeeupaticm the indivitSnal eut ir l iro

deed patterns ^mi aspies for aapocta such «ui status, eeeixniiig

phyaiCAl aM«nwi»aiair» Ate. Siit once tm • e t t l e s dcma nith the

Jdb «it« has to ffiaK® mmxy eonpfioni««a and ^ thrcmfj is. ^ rtscass

of ffBcsenciliatioet ^ which uitijiNiteiv S>80iiot9 , Jei»

aSJustnaiit. Stte «t aX (196$) ae£iii@ noxlc agjfujitomnt *a® tha

pnscaaa hy which the in<3ivljâ3. int&tmct9 &a6 coroaa to t a » s

vi th his wfufk mxvixummt" m ^hay (»»iitai»3 that "^mx^ a&Sxkaimimt

i s aat»xinii3^ both hy the ODrx«Mipc»vSatK»i hatireNSii elyiUtias ma&

4al>iilty xaciiiixÊisista* tm^l by the oi»rs«8pe»^Saiioi bat«nM»i

seinfosear ayataia and naada*** Ooa'a attituaa tmtmxSm hia job

la dataaaiiaeA by many t h i a ^ l»it aapacially by hia paxacmal

araluatien of hia jab* Bieod (ifCt) au^âta that wiitm a

pacaon faala th«t ha can attain aatia£«ctie«( oniy thsoii^ aal£

aaorifieiteQ work ha weuld fiaai plaaauza in iSoing a jab avan

of in iador wtA «mdm* Blood thiaka that *«ioc1( vaiyaa pxaeoa*

and iafiaanea jab aatiafaction lathar than th« oi^poaita**

Xigao md Baaiy (1974) and wanoua (1974} hova ahoim that lowar

OKpantationa at tha tliia of job aataxy load to highar job

aatiafaation* llalin (19M} haa dionnatfatad that job

aatiafaction ahould ba atodiad with xafaianea to aueh oomntnity

variablaa aueh aa antant of alVM, pxoaparity« uaaiqôyaant

la tha asaa* «td* lanrifoniMntal ohaiaetariatica aarrounding

tha Sdb eannot bo awa»-lo«leod« ewmum** (1999) aîdy haa

aitplicitly dHianatmtad thnt **th» paveaftion of iaatituMntality

MXationaldps was mmvonmihlm for tha «otaaI eontiiiQttncias

ot tha jfil> •ituationo rathor than indkiijsndtoot jQi> anvixotnMmt*

Ml dovalop pdde in wotk tticMi b i t nay not have the deaiittd

stat«ui«* Zt ia« hamrmxt a fact that motivas* ixi anaraJU and

*jfil> notivati<m% in {reticular* an» tha pco(3uct o£ sosialisation

pwocmam. They are haxdly static an^ unaergo ehangaa. These

changaa aca aaually linkad to «ocio»aconoi»ic ecmditioaa

surzoundinc tl% ixidividual. ftoaeareh studtiaa hsve shown t^^t

dujdng the d^ys of dapressioil paopla value Sdb security leom

than 'good t»osa' or partioi|>atie»i in i t . When Jol s ai» abundant

the individual dsveloie aspirations Cor advancait«mt« xeco^nitiofx

&3X&. pBuxîxziiAtUiU Jjc} daeisi^ti naking« These facts are further

reinforced hy the findings of the present study.

MS are inspired wtMn w thoreu^My snrûate the coaqplex

mmi ecooept. lAmn i s not only eos^leic but also hifi^ly vaxia&le.

His isotives interact with each other for evolving a cos^latc

pattern of behaviottr, Man leams new sw>tives throu^^ his

orgsBisafcioaai asverieacNis and i t ia not wiccsaiion that within

the saoMi organiaation variation in oiotivatioii nay ba perceptible

if people woxking under different sections are «iialysed. Thus*

i t i s difficult to forecast that a particular stanagorial strategy

would be uaeqnivoeally siotivating to a l l the individuals*

Mbyte (19SS) and zaleanik, ChriateiisMi and lisethlitfberoaa (IfM)

have highliglAed the influsnoe of personal and social ba«kfrottads

on awtivatien. vgoaat and Mean (19f0) and GmSky (1962} have

iiigitlitîted ths iafiuamw of personality eharaeteristies en iel»

behavioer. He find ourselves inclined to agree with oaliosaan'e

• «

aiittXysis tbat i t i s Qitf IcuXt to pxvcisttly «rval.uata t\» SYHto ic

tmtningB attaehrad by psoplii to a ftaxticiilar WRitivtt anti to

validly pxedlct tt^ eonf l^rat icn of dlf£Orofit notlvaa. Tfatis*

in ttm li^ht of such oontplexitlea, teatrmin inust be axexeisad

ii) Interprating t l^ influaRca of Tmtiîi»B %m awtiiratici';, ^

be iN>jps px9Cia», one set o£ varlal>l«ta tm^ isotivata aocia Iridivlduala

«tt a particular tima tmt tfm a<mm aat of iM»tiv«3s faay prove

loe££ective at «yQothar tijRa. Ttwa, tfm impact ot aocio«aGoiio»ic

&a& otbar auch coaaitiona have to ba t<i an into cooaidBraticm

HMle attentptiog to atudy Jeto e^sttivatl .?!.

Qmmin^ (itjii laalmi (lt66) fmvc? as^rtad that "a thaozy ot

managacial oiotivation fivAt Im ufilflad. dafinite wv& univaraal

dcma not aiciat,** rimy 9uggeut that a ceaaaxch covarlnQ %#ldar

ratiQa of oroaniaational and paycholofjical vari4riblQ9 with ^xaatar

ccmtcol ovar the affac^s of indafândatit variablaa shmild ba

ceauSuctad. It ia aufigaatad that iRora oamplaK wDdala axa cwpixad

to aKplaia iAdoatrial Motivation {oraM^ 19i8i Graao and tulin,

19«tr Niatan, !»••> tftilia ma with, IftfTf Liadaay* Marka

and Oailoa, 19tf7i siftith, I t iS) . K&arich (196e> eondiictad a

factorial atady of Jab attitada and eollaetad data on fiva

diffarant iaduatrial whita-oollar ^pulation. Hi found, in

9anaral, eoa^rabla eamponanta of Jab attittida diawnalona

diffarsntlally inportaat in ajqpilaibriing aa ovarall aiaaaura of

Jcb •atiafaetiani aatiafaction with tha work itaalf laaa

cwrialatad with ova call aatiafaetiao with aaHftgara than with

othar freaiî aralttation of tha eaupany, in «anaral, laaa

«7

iapertopt fcur tmtmlam than £or »al«s# n^tiiifis o£ J0l» ««curlty

mstpt inportuint for eitmsit tmmhia than for ttio othfir qttMpm and

stttiofacti«m with pay was ««iR«wh«t ttgu«ily cormlatCKl with

ovecall satlstaotiem of MIZ thd five gcoitps.

the ttodel «volv«d by FcieaiaiKSer an<l Bcoum (1974} needs

ai«cial crnisldoration. But unfortimately, i t tma not been

enpeiriealiy evaluelMK!!. we have tilcen sp«:ial interest ijn

suibstantietin^ i t quantitatively as i t htts the potentiality to

i l lustrate himan fulfillBMint« to Sey satisfaction* more

convîncin^ly tt^n eny other a£>prcach.

The frame tmsk of our discmssion of Oreanisetion Develoiin«it

i s mpxmmntmd in thft figure Mhich brings foxivenS the t&dk that

an orâQiseticii incluaes peos le* tiK:hnolof^ end process etxucture.

^heae co«i{)Oft«tts ixit»ra«t in the techEm*stnictiir«l and hanan-

procesaual systesBiis on behalf of the objective of tlm hunan

fylfiilncmt and t9»%. aocoMplishMMmt. Although mm hove not

illustrated i t in the f igure, the environment dbviously interacts

with a l l thase coaponents in terns of the iaptat and output fron

orgenisation.

AS indicated in the attached figure* t l^ taiaaian->proeessiial and

techno-^structucal change «q^proaehes converge at the interface of

the orgenisatien process and stmeture. Both procesa and

structure are concarned with authority* ccewiunication* dmoimion

MriciAf* goal eetting* and eonfliet nsoluticm. But the pxocess

ia^lies their iaqplinentation as dyaanic behavioral eventa and

ioteraetiooa. whereas structure describes than as engsing sets of

durdbl* X!0l*8 aii«3 x«l«ti«n«liis«* Attitude and b»h«vimir ant

ci«arly af foete^ by both pxocass (Wiltta, •« al** i90i} aoA

stxttctttiv (Forter oiKi t«i#l«i:« IfMS). m ths couras of timm,

0taictttx«s can lae chmgod by psooias i f thny am inconsJUitJKit

with th« latter «««• Zn tha «i»i« coin* pcoottiises «i» coiuitC8iti«d

and faeilitat«a by oir9«tii««ti<mciI stcucturaji. 7hu«« psoceiMi

and •tiuctujr« axa intxinaicsaJliy mlatttd with aaeh othar* ai» auch

ao that i t ia alwoat impoaaible to eiaata iaating ehanoa in ono

without aKxSifying the isthar. imt thaxe axa acholaza who fiecita

cm changing orgiAiaaticmai stxuctuJDaa withcmt involving thmtaeXvaa

in tha bahanriîsaX i xoceaa which give ahai^ to the faiatetil

•tmctuxaa ana thoaa who az9 axpcaaaiy intaxaataa JUi changing

prcicaaaaa ignoring tha atxtMSturea that pzovidte a aat #ad

aituation to thair eonaan Mtnt pzocaaaas. Both of thaao appsoachaa

ac* lopaidad and thay naad balancing. Ma have nada attcaa|>t on i t .

if wa Cdftldl Map out tha influanca o£ anvizonaantal factor* on

hnnan fuifillaMmt, i t would hava laad to battar vaMlajataoding

of haiiin aiotivaticm on Jaba. St i l l wa hopa that tha praaant

•tudy ia ablo to anjphaaiaa on thia fact with mtiooal and

•eiantif ie atcain,

Ml ovarviaw of variaiia atudiaa rawaala that diffarant

toola hava baan umA tot vaaaoxing Jtib liotivation which piovida

auffieiaat gcoaad to eenfitatog and eontxadicting infaxwaoaa.

iaeb xaatalta do not bring na to any eoocluaion. Mi alao faal

a void of Atudiaa whieh dmtmxmixim tha faetora droMO out of tha

Indian aaaiploa. w* auggaat that thia ^mmm ahould ba f i l lad

• f

by •tiidyiisg « ir«ri«ty o£ Offonpc aaa unrmllinn dlff«c«nt taetm

ibcNit tliB hnnian notivatlen on jd»». V)iis eontimiity of

imm^xch i» this «<«« of study wil l thma onHy •nabla us to

gsnoraXistt ths psosant findlnîs.

ti9S«iociua^fnr

mmm, J.3<

Shanna B.R.

Ald«xfttr, c.i^.

Aowtwong, *r.A.

i963 Tonracdta an understaodliiig of inwioity* «roti£Ra]l o€ Mmomal one! soc ia l IPa-^hologY* ^9* 432«>436«

l,$77 Qrati£lcattoQ« ntetamctivtitioc and Maslotf. Vikalpi, 2 (4) . Oct.

IS74 'Job ftotiVtettlcxial factors yii<3sr a i f f e r a i t orcHKtlaaticmal eilmates** iToceodin^s of ISth XntensatiGoal CoQQCvsa of Implied FsychoXo^y, Kc»tc»aX (Canada)* Qato«iC,

1963 A 8t«i(3y of amplopsas adjuatt^^mt nithin an<s witliout a i ^ work aittiation, Xnîim Jousnal of Social HDXk» XXZX2* 4, 327-330.

1967 OrQaolâti(;mal ateucturB and tmployeaa adjuatsiant. Indian Joucnal of Social WorX* xinfXZX, i, 297*301

1969 Ml anMicical t e s t of M9«r Theory of Ntman liaada. OtrQanisational Sahoirioar and Hman Vmxtcammncm, Vol.4, 142*175.

1971 iMi contant and contaxt factors xttlatad to aatiafaotiim for di f famnt ooeHpational lovola .

lOuxaal of Apîad Mychology* S S d h S7.6S.

1976 Ralatienahip batuaan goal c lar i ty , participatioo. la Goal mttiag and paraonality Charactariatiea, On Mb satiafaction Xn sc iant iJ ie Organisation* Jaumal of vsyebolooy, i l d ) , 103.10S.

70

n

Baima^ us. 1976

8a8U« C« & 1974

ae«r, M. X966

I3«t«« S,« 1966

Bliacigacâ* 1S»g 197S

ai«i , 8. («rr.)

BXood« K.R.

saatM« n . L .

81«», M.t . ft Bass* J .

Bo l^ i t , H. J r . 6 8«lilin9« 0 .

Boria«« l * 0 .

BoVttOQ* lf»IC*

1964

1969

1996

1941

1972

1966

1997

R«lati<»nshi{. of |»xfomene« of a«tisf«etien in stlMtlAtliiQ J«&«, Joumal of Ai pliod p«ycholo«r« 61<6), 721*727.

Exictitiiros and tho **satl«f«ietififi CyelA*. ladiaii 43i3ttEn«l of iCMêtrlal Illations* 9*4), S07~$1S*

t<iNid«mhli> «B| o3ro» lutAds «ni3 «ot l -•atioric ColwMbQs l^c«a» of tetfliwas noaoajceh* Ohio st«fc« university.

TtM <sotic«i3t of wox c adiiuhkimmti liiiin««o%tt Btadklmm in Voe«tioii«l SMiludE»ilitation« XX Mimunapolio* HianoKitA. Tho XmMatcial Mlationa Ctfitsa, Onivarsity of lUimaaota.

h pilot study of Job «Kytivatii» of aalaslad class and «rag» aamazsi Uapuiblishaa M«t>liil. dissoctation, DepaztiRant of i^syclKalo^* Aliâcii MusliM IRiivaraity, AliCNixh.

fjck oocupational study of jeb and naad satisfaoticai. Psychological llapoxt«r« 14(1)« ei-*e2«

Work valuas and job satisfaction. JOttmal of AVfiliad fsycholoor, 93(6) , 996^999.

Xndystilal psyehelooy and i t s social foMOdaticms, liajci»r» M.Y.

K study of asiployaa attitiidas tOMSJDds various inewnttvas. MnKMsnal* 19, 426-444.

OsfsiMSs swehanisKS tM an altamata •xplaaation of Hinft>aro*s netiiratofw t^«iana naaialts* Jounal of Appliad rayehology* 96(1), 24*27,

A hifitory of axparismital fS|^1)elo«y« TIsMS of India »r«as« 702-706.

Ceicslatas of ooeit|>atiooal attitiidss and msMistaney with siotivational thaorlas. aeeial seianeas» 22# 199-lAi

fi

Aldao« R.J,

BKoediing, u j u

m»i20Ck« i%«l>.

Biai!Jc@« B.,h»

Botlttr, ^.P*

iStttl«r« w.t».

C«%t«ll« J.II.

Cat«ttll» J.M.

C«R%»ni« R. ii

195% "nqdoystts ftttitudss ttod cnployKat prnximMmtavem" m Psyeheloo&cal BtiXto%Jji« Sa(S)* S96.424.

197S mpioyMi (••et ions to itib ehara-elutriatlcat h eonstzuetiv* npHeatUiR* Joucnal of i^$4ind PayeholiHry, 60(3). 182-»Xe6.

3,975 B«lotioii»hip €»£ InintxnttlMixtuiinal iKffitffol t o ifoxk ttotisratioa and pmKtomnmcm ixt an CRpoctaney nodal. JOiisiuil of Afîad psy >-ohoXo^y* 60(1)« 6S->70,

X9S3 social factor* solatod to Job ««tlsf4i«tloo« Haa. mmo^ms^ tio.70, Colomlma* Ohio. Oliio staito imiv* •v«ity« auroau of iustoosa itoaeajeoh*

1966 Aco fiind>@r9*8 Vkstiv&t03» afi«l Hjf l gWMHi lAidiaMMEiaJUmftX* Joufnal of Applied Psychology* S0(6>, 317*331.

19S9 Job aatlafacticm tttnong foraman. Paraonnol PiraetJUzal Bullet in, 15« 7*15.

1961 Job a«tlafactioin Msonig foxaiMn. ponoimol pracstical So l lo t in , 17iil)« 5«14.

19S9 Ceevavgaiit and diaeciotijiant valida* t ioo by ttia Miltitnit<i-4MltiMothed •atrial. Psychological iul l«t ia« S6, 61-106 •

19Ca fha tiam ef poseaption aa a MNtaauio «l diffacwooaa in intonaity* phiioaopbieal Stiadiaa, 19« 63*66•

1903 s ta t ia t ioa in JUMrican paychelogiata. iMMxieaa Jounial of Payeholo«y, 14, 314-396.

1966 XRtfiMio UBA oictxinsie Job iMHii-•aitlAiia «aion9 diffaraot aigoanta of tha woikiiig populationa. oC Ap9iiMl payelielogy* 90(3 )• 193*197.

71

Cliaikt* Bmn,r» IM2

Cccmctt»<ich, h,J, 1949

OKHMifiga, T.G. & J1976

i3ovl8« K. & 1970 Alliin# G*R*

SMwgt K.S. » It ltili«l, M.

l i s ter* U.S., 1979

Ni«BttriiiQ that f «etozs that Mdic« tht rt> tntttmstino. f%ra«9«iii«l jRoui»«l« 11, 1<*4.

Mhttt de thtt beaa«s thlrdt. t«4Mia0WB«it» 6, 66*69 •

AdVicaiowft

fts<tratl&l9 of l>syc>M3lo«ioal Testing.

Satisf«eti«m, icab InvolvainQiit and Intrinsic notlvationt An •adMNsslan of Lavler and f u l l ' s fsctor a n s l ^ i s . Joojoisl of A| c41«<3 l^ycholoQy, 61(4)« 523-52S.

impedcsl vsassxch cm tho bsals &aA a>ri«ls t8s oC mariafierial n o t l -vaticKit h R«iri«w o£ I4,ter«tura« Pmyctiologicia mxllittin» 70, 127-144.

X«B{i1ih of time that f«ctlizig pers is ts for Htrsberg's ôtivaticmal and saintiffiiancc factors . Personmil PsyefK»l09y, 23(1}« 67->76.

**ChaiiQ(Eis in soc ia l status of oeeupfttions"» Oecupatioos, 29, 209^206.

A esstfHiratlire study of jsb Kotlva-t ien of Blue Collar and lAiite Collar

Xndiaa jsottmal of social f, 19(4) , )79.1«7.

The e f i e e t of variat ieo in Cee. Metries epon the obtained fo l i cy

aikl »syehele«lesl Nsasenamts . 26, 99i-604.

t e s t for eorxeleted 9 ^^we^^^'eespflfc WW* s aed Nitieeeei

19, 164.176.

rectors eentrlbtttiati to JSb s e t i s -feetioa and JSb dissetisfeetiAB In

set ionel •ehwriettr end mmm »« 2U)« 14I-176.

Need straeture snelys is and Osieni-satiooal a e l i e i e s . Psych»lo«l(Sel HtÂfts, l 7 U p t . 2 } , 112»*1121.

t4

«v«n«« N*G,

IEVM1C# M*6*

oHWEIf R»B»

KWHI |K«B»

iktiiii* c . t . St

icarr* s*

Flmukgan* J . c .

n.«i«Yn«ii, E.A.

1967

1966

1976

19S4

196S

1973

rgt«AlM)amt, r.

fTlttdl«mS»r* F.

Pri«dl«ii6«r, r.

1969 coacvKxtual MKI opaxtttional pxtiblmm in tiMi n9Amir«iMBmt of ••eious aspects of j«it> •«tlsf«ctien, joumal of Apiaicsa fsTchology. SS(2h 93-101.

1971 lit»b«rQ*« tw9 factor thvoxyt One iRor« tast . stodlsa of Foirtcmiiol P«ychology# 3(1), 4S<«49,

1964 smm aetflnmlnants of |ob «ati«fac-tioat h study of omMirality of Htn^rg** Tvo fi«tory Theocy* JoQxnal of j pidLiodi Payeholegy, 4e« 161-163.

i«iii9ht8a oowpononts ^ job sat i s -factioo. JOusial of Applied faychology* S l ( l ) , 66-73.

im aiRpesieal teat of flsin^jt9*a f MO Factor Thaory* Josunal of iVP|4i«6 Itaycholegy* S0(6}, S44-550.

Managacial prooeaa wad orc^tiiaa-tiooal l>«ti«vlor« ftad Sdition, soott* Fo&aa»en and Oo., < Unnriew XZZ, 200-201

Critical iRcidaDt Taehoi<|iia« iHiy*-eholoffical Bullatia, Sl,337-3ii.

AttitiMtoa varaua lOdll factora in tfOiEk gnwp f^KOdnetivity. paxaemial Payetiol*«y, 9, 339-340,

Nirrilarv'a Two Faotor Tliaocyi Oenaiatottey varaaa awthod dapandaacy, Pmmtmml Fayelialofy, 36(3}« 369-373.

1963 UAdarlyioQ aa«Kcaa of Jab aatiafae-tiaii. JOMxaal of Appliad paydiolo^y, 47, 246-3S6.

1964 Jci> ehtraetariatiea aa aatiafiaca and diaaatiafiara* Jattjenal of A ipliad ffayehalogy, 46, 3M-39S.

1969 nalatiiwiatiip batnaae %\m iapoctanca and tha aatiafaetion of Tarioua amrirooiMmtal faetoia. JooaMl of Appliad Fayeliol««y« 49, 160-164.

n

rrimAiuiamr, r.

ClKMlb, S .N* 6 SlwlkXa, S«K.

Baylor* f •A. &

anith, vr.s. &

Hftrds, B .v .

CnM9« C»B»

CSMH9i# C*B«

OXIMII, 0«S,

J19««

1974

1967

1977

1960

1974

1966

1966

1969

MotiVAtimia t» woxic and erf(inil««-> tionsl psffoiKane*. JoufMl of ApVllo^ Payeholomy* 50(2), 149«»192.

OriPiiiiMiticmal dnmlopiMint. Amntal lt«vi««r of Psyebcdogy, Vol, 2i» 31S-94I.

A •tudy of corcolato* of jcib tmtim-£ action of a Qfoutp of TolaQXai^lata. Indian Jouxaal of A$i|»ll«id Psychology, 4(2). 43.S0.

Mm of J«t» aatiafactioa mnong nala ana fwMtlos A mltivarlata m l t i ^ •itnroy 8«udy« JOognal of Appllod faychology* 62(2), 189-193.

A aoir diMmaioR in mmmixm woxala* Hanfazd fsusiness Bovicrw, 30* 105*107 •

MB aaugninatioR of Sealin(g Bias in fftmibaxig's TiMOcy of Job satia* faction. Oxffaniaational Baharior awl maan Parfoxnanai. 11(1)* 106-121.

i dMidMa to *An Eferparieal Taat of tlia M0fiibax9*a Two faotor Thaovy.** Jioiifnal of Anpliad Rtycholeoy* 60(6), SSl-SfS.

t)Mtli»« Traditional and 2 factor Mottoaaia coocamino jab aatiafae-tMM. Jawmal of Apîad Payehology, 92(1), 166-371.

HMtWMiB tal i ty Thaoiy of mA Notivaftion. dOMa aaqparinantal laaulta of awofiaatod a^difioiition. Moaial of Apviiod myeliolofiy. 93(2), y « 2 (MaiMîtt^).

csxaon, O.B. & lUliA, C.I*.

1966 to "Ml ftiyarieal swoati-ffstiao of Two aqîoationa of Two fiaotory Thaory of Jdb aatlafaetiaii. ^Biixoal of m l i a d Fayeholoay* §2(4), 341-34iT

7«

omaantnlA^ JUVi.

Oiu«ky« 0,

Gttl«ti# A.X.

HiiajLay# K»6.

fill}., D.T« 6

fiap«cn« o .

I* So A*

1971

11962

1962

1969

1971

1974

1966

1966

1974

19S0

19S6

1962

lMil«v«Bey In the t«at of M»ti<r«toiw MQffilmMi Theory. Joufnol of Apgôd t>oyet»lo«y. 99(1 >• 71-79.

h otitdf o f iMtivotioo of lofduotrial •upocvioovo* posocmnol P9ychQle«y# 1SU)« 303->$14.

*Mithoflt«ri«ai»i aiul e f foet lvo indoctrlAfttioiii A cose stttay*, AdtaiiaiiftJC«tivo 96imios oiactorly^ 7» 7S»9$ •

A tttudy of aM9tiiratix3ci tctvanSa imiooJJMition* fiidUUfi Jeumal o€ Ziid««tcial nolatiCNM, 6 (1} , 66»

Sffployao jcoActlona to job ctmsttctosw istjbos, jouKnol of Appling Fsyeho-looy« SS(3}« 299*>377«

ConiNsiit Qa zocaco'o S«tiafled ana ALmmmtiatimA amaag MhitM osd bluo eollttr OMployotto, ooumol of A|»]^llad Psycnolotnr* S9(4}« 9G7«-S0e.

**Aa «MPilaati<m of Koslow*» Hlojcttsclty in o» orgimistttlocioi s o t t -IA0** OcfMRiaaticaial BohMrioiir tand IMIMUQ ForfojORMuieo, fife* 12* 39*

*ftol«tiv« CoBtrlbiitions of MO«iir«tor «ad liyf^tMio foetoro t o cnroxoU Job • o t i o f o t t i o n . OOitcnol CHE AppHoA »oycholo«y« 63(3}« 196.200.

Aofilleotioa of wliito c o l l o r bluo e o l l * r d i f fexoaeoo in ooiiiooo of •«t i»f«ct ioa oRd 4i«soti«f««tioi}, JOMiaol of AMPltiod 9oyctiolO0y« 99(3}. 369.270-

avoluotion of tlw ooployoo ott i tuaoo. mavrntKiml Nodictl suKVoy, 19(9)« 409.412,

Foyehology of woDui* ^fmmml, 14« 391-296.

Wtm «9preo«li In iMkii««HMiit ocfHiio Mtioo ood J«l» dooi«ih-l. ai6Mit«iol •MMlieino Mio 9as9»*y, 31« 477-461 •

If

iftiniHirG* F*

Hlailclws, «r.fl.

itiaelifciiid, UA,

Hlns* G«K«

MBMMSIS« 0 » C .

HouMtr* J . o .

Niilin, C.i*.

i ts?

1999

i9«e

1967

197S

i 9 i e

19«l

19SS

1919

X9U

19M

tfm m>tlir«timi to noik M M O ^ Finish aiip«iirisor«. vmoa iMl Fsvchelo^y, l t ( 4 )» 393-401.

*iMo ttttXtwBmm trnwimting of maooieh aod oplnioii*. 1KlttiilMtr^ttsyctM»lo> 0ie«l aiijnrsy of F i t t i b o r ^ «

KGtiTKtioti to lioflc* idLloy* Haw "Msifc*

A fopUcotod otuay of job satiofac-tiott dimMoions* Mcsoimol F»y» etielofly* 21« 499^903.

"Saqporlcal d»3 tlwoixitical liMltatlonui of t«fo foctor hypottMiaia of job •ot iafact ion* Jouxnol of Ai^lled »iycholOQy« 91(3 }# 191-40C.

Ccosa cultucal difforanooa in Two Factor tfotlvatioiial Thaory. JEmmal of ApplioA Paycliology* 9tl3}« 375«37t.

l i i aaiperlcal ImraatiQatlon of ttia tmnbmvg fiathedloloinr WMS tm» Factor Tliaory. Or«aiilaatlonal Balvnror «o6

K 3 ( 3 ) , 399-309.

soolol Iwhairlour* i t a oloawntary • • T . flisoouct Sraoo ii world.

Job aotlafaetloo* tiarpar and itow#

iiB€k«w-ittll« N.y,

h •oeood look at tlia Motivation erf induatr ia l Mipaiviaora* roraannol Payeliolooy. 14(3) , 349-394.

Job aatiafaetion and tum-ovor in faa^lo o lor ieol fopulotieno* Mttsanol of Afoliod Foyoholoffy* 99(4) , 390 .3M,

,1949 ^^\^9lw«!ao of yoxiotlon in jdn «i4 liCa s ^ ' - ^ ^ aSûPMitien, tba lolo of aaiawMiity

i#|ic]Mil««ad irari4»laa. JaoMal of Mi4)J«yeholo«y« 93(4)« 379*391 •

c. '^kMkM 'S{%iMrmm^'^^'l

n

m i l * j.M.

Xvmcwvieh* j.K*

j«)3t>«r, II.

JtoJTQMUMII* C*Si

iti?

itn

19«»

1973

1974

1»72

1974

1971

# € • # * •

19«4

1946

19t7

An «iip*iri««l lmr«itipiti<m of two 111 4 icatiiMtt of fSm Voetory Thtocy of JTflb sotisfoetiim* JouwamL of Apfllod »oyotaolo«y, Sl(5>, 99«-402.

mqmamitm onolyolo of thxoo ir«Kl«tion» of Yno Pictory Thtocy of job •otiofoetlcm* Ammol of Affpliod voycliology^ S5(3), 211«217.

Thtt aotr MBXfc lis ltotiv«tlo» Tlieory for Or«init«tlon«l mtmammh* »m»n OtvmimutlaRt mmmr^ 104.

Boteorieiir In orfpnisotlonsi A mfmtmm «fpro«eti to fMUMiQliiQ* lidîaoo»M««loy« Vfmam,, S7»

l(»«ljUitiie oxfiectiitiimo mm tm old IA io<kieiiHi voltmtory cesigBatiOEio* g^^xnal of Aiijpliod Payctiolo^ff, §9* 4Sa->4SS.

SQIMI folatiCKio botHOon jcii ondl l i fo ootisfitGtion and Jdb Jy poctoneo, joumoi €»f Appliod f»irciioiotnr« Stf(4), 3G1-304. Sffoets of 900I oottifio €m p«i> focmuMO OIMS job oofeiofootiiin* Jouniol of Aiiîod pmjfctmiagft • K i n 40ft.«&2. A otttdy of J4rtb aottfotioitol foctoni o f «MelHiK»f lllipd>llol«d N.A. Dio«ojEt«tiOB« timmttemmt o f voyehol-Offif* AliOftdl Nltolll Aliffsrh*

Ali«ftcli Nitoiin Ihiivonitir*

A ^poatitotivo oiMilyoos of oaqpioaaod IMiffofiMMOoo for oooyoaootloo 9lMio. JtaMxnol of AgylAoa foyebolow, 49(4), 201-210,

•lAMit Job opiîcronts look for io « oonMuny*** MiroiNBMiol wycliolofly* l U ) , 413-449.

•iKtonoiee of Moltivlo xwigi toot of wmmp ConolotoA AtfJitotoA Mooao*, ll«Mtii«« 13# 13-19 •

n

KMtmXl, B.A», tt«xv»tt« U.S. Ci

K4nr«iiftifh« i f . J . ,

M0llllS« !*•

iCll«iS« A .

fCitlQ^ H«

fcitctiuir* N.K*

iQ»l«t«d, A.

wlWWfcWBWI^^WUff^Wiifc # v % #

mlilMRy i i . o .

IMl âb ••tisiMrtian and Jcto p^cfov^ Manes «iidi •ituational ^tmtmtmw» i«t le« , ijiouccuil e£ Applied

1970 mtiafaetion mS Honia of l^xwwn as • futteticm of iildMUlo mmmk9»w*9 povfoBumee. JomnaX of Appllad payeholooy, S4(2}« 14$*15«.

1972 A comr AJcativtt studlir of Job motives tJUm of univoRiity toootwra mtA olasioaX mtmit, impubiiahod A.A* DlOMiKtation, DajMixUMMit of l^ychoiooy, Al.i9«xti HuaXlii Univ.* Alicaxt*

1976 Goal aottJ^g on prodtaetiipity «id satlafaction in an oirQaaiaatlenal aattlnQ* jAiixial of Api liad Fo^holofiy* 61<1)» 48*57•

1970 Cladf icatien ma& auralnation of TMO Factory Thaoxy of JfOb satla-factioo. l^ycliological Bull*, 74{1)» 16-31«

196S "flolationabipa tNitwiaii oenaral and spaeific attltoaaa towavaa ^mtk and ctojaotiva job pavfoaaanea for outdoor advortlalno aaloaMO.* JoosMl of Appliod Poyehology* 49(6}^ 4SS*4t7.

19)9 ttqpleyoo attttodaa in a dapaitiwot • t o n . ûsaal of Appliad payeholo^ 9Sr, 22» 47Qb>479.

19S9 Attitudaa of Oataoit paoplo toifaida Datsoit. wayno Univ. Koaa.

19d ntodoo poieoivod naada aatiafoetion witb oceopation. iMmsnal of Aiqpliod »»yctiolo9y, 17(1}« S«.«4.

1971 Ooaa jab ptiforaMnoa affoet aaiployoa aatiafaotlenf jpocaennal Jboiaal* 90(4), 4Si*4i9.

1997 Ptaaaioaota of aattiafaotioa in •WHWÔâl faa lôm^v^VV|^H^^^PaO^^ a^Ô • f c a » ~ ^ ^ * * ™ ^ ~ ' " *

of uppliad l aycliolo«y« i l l ) ) 294*299•

• 0

UmAY, F.J«

tmnma, J.M. J r . 6

Imtlmx, M»u,

tdSMlex, S . s .

Httll, O.T.

t«ihiB«n, K.nr.

X4nfin« K*

Oofi«f« L.

X96S

1 9 t i

1973

iS70

X972

X9M

X93S

19C7

IiOCiCA« S«A»«

Lpokiif S • A*

teeka, E,A«

faction p»rfCMD»«ncMi MXatioasKips.* JcMfHAl <»£ Apsillied nsyeholo^« SS(S}, 40«-4X«.

ii»i^tt« satisfaction «s critosisn s isoMMil fsycheXogjr* ift(i)* 39»47.

Psy and oxipnisatioiial sffsctiMi* nmm9* MCGemh'HLllt Boom Cf»«, lf«y.

Motivaticn in woxk organisations* 8ooks/Col« pyi»ii8hin9 Oe.« HoBtsi»y« Calif.* SO.

nalatioaship of Job oharactofistics to J43l> involvMMint* satisfaction &n^ intcinsie Motivation* Jôumal of AP9 i<( Psycholoiiy, S4(4)« 30S>113.

"A casual eonnilation test of ths naoa liioimcehy concopt". Organisational Botittvioor and mmmR ^rfoasanca, 2<S-3fi7.

Opperttmity* awbility* tmC, satisfac* tion with iadttstrial organisation. •oeial roccos# 4«(4)« 493..SQ1.

A dynosic ttisory of parscmality* H.Y.» lfe<sr«if*ltt.ll.

A NMsfeorB Tlisofyi criti<iiM sna AsfoBMlation. JBuxnal of Applied Psyeliolo«y« Sl(4|yt.l), 330->339.

X9iS Ytos rslationship of task ooeooss to task Xiakiags and satisfaction* JonniaX of AVfXisd PsychXofV* 49 (S), 379-39S.

X9i9 WiMt i s satisfaetiooT Organisational Botewrior and MsMn forfosianeo* 4C4). 309-334.

1978 XB dsfonoo of dsfOnoo asehaaisMi •MM ooBSMMits of md»»it mA •oKXing. JOomaX of JifpXiod p«yelioXogy« 94(4)« 397*399.

91

l4OK£lfM0 l « A * 1971

t»th«IMI« F»

âeiuBov, D«

H«slOir« A«H*

HaslOir* A*ft.

nmlom, A«H.

MAtMli. T . ii

If74

1969

X977

1972

1943

19S4

1962

1975

197S

li«yo« t . 1941

lf«Cl«lUiid« O.C. 1961

m9mmf» o«M, 1940

NsOlMkfWB* F»«ir* 1949

SiktiaflAcs and dls»«tisf i«ra tpeoQ whit* «ollAr and blna <M»ll«r «i9ilttyMii. JkNuoal of Appllad myehetogy* S9(l)« 47«7C.

Soiixcsas of satisfoeticm and diaaa* t l s f action mumg aolid wasta iMma-

|BMnt afiq(doyoo« Jouxoal of iM^lad S«ycliG(l09r# S9<2}# 14S»1S6*

jitf joatiuMit of wezk* hpj^mUm Oanttirsr^ Ccofta. £i*Y.

0!i9Malaati(»Bal babanrloiair* MsOxaw-filll, iQiKpinatia iAd.« £<mdo».

TIM woxk |>attecna «Rd satiafoctlori in an l a x t o l i KiblMatst A l i a t of tlinlMvro lijrpotliasia. FBraonnal raychology* 29C3>* 463*493.

A ttiaory of hman motJfiration* l>8y-choloQlcal tmfimt, 370»394,

Motivatioii and parsooality* H.Y,, HasiPKr and new.

fowasda a famonal i ty 9it baiiiQa. îneaton^ cr.J*t Vto Hoatmsd.

MlatloBa bottiawi aapaxviaofy iMtivatiofi and oooaldaiatlion and •tflttotuca aapaeta of aupoiviaoxy toahairior. Jtiiinal of Aiîad 9&pi^l9m» 40(4), 451.4S4.

A OMOa eultuxal attidy of va l id i ty of tlia oxpaotanoy tliaosy of i«i» i»t tvat ioB, Jpitfnal of Afpliad Myolioloiiy, 40(2), 343-248.

9»cial pwdbUmu of an indlvlAial e i r i l l aa t ian* Boatont Hacwaxd imivaxaity.

yht «elii«vin9 aoeiaty, o.Van. noatrand Oo« 1nc*» Pdneatan* M.J*

Tht taynan wiOm of oatojcpriaa, lf*y.,

iKpactoantal payeliology* A Mttmdolo. 9loal avpfoaeh. Pfontlea^Nftll* lf«y.

• 1

Hikes* P . a . 6 NttlirO* C*Xf«

Gaiter^ p.B. &

OBlbOWlti, H.

meter, I«.fi«

fwxmitt N«c.

MywT** U . S .

li««l«y« S«M,

ll|«tlOlMNI« ii.#

OlHMMtt*, H.O.

1906

196i

1909

19«3

1967

1970

19$3

19SS

19»4

1964

197«

19M

:f9nm^l eC A99li«d Psychology* S3(3)* lft4.187.

Us* of importaiice «s tfSighliiQ em^0am»tm of |«I> satIsfaction* Jtoomal of Applied Psychology* S2{9)« 394.S99.

ttis conaaqfooncas of saxvay fOed ttodct thaory and avaluatioo. mtsaaX t>8ycholofilcaX Ravlaw, 1970«

A foread ehoiea RMtaaujEO of aa^loyaa attitodos Ilia aaqployar parfocmancw Zmrantory* Joucnal of Xodiastjtial Psychology* 1(2)* 44.S0.

CoRipacativo laanagarial cole par* oaptioo in ffilitary BO& haslnass hiosarchy. Joocnal of Apitliad Psychology* 51(6)* 6^-452•

tim xalatiooahijp of iraloa isiportanoa to sotiafaction. Organitational Baharior ana TUman t>*rfosRiaaoa. S* 4a9*-493 •

satisfaction in tha whita collar jab. imiY* of Hichigan Pvaaa* Ann

Tha f^Miction and sMianing of wailc and jal». MairieaB aaciological

20, 191-198.

Hho asa your aiotivatad woigkmsmm Haiwaid Boaiaass Aaviaw, 42(1)* 73-9».

Oataia^ning woikar pafionMHieaa «Mng aaqployaa toonafit PKogrwiiiaa. oouinal off Appliad paychology* 49(1 )• 7*12.

liiaaooa ff«ai woidc and job so t i s -faction, ooumal of JNPpliad Psychology* 61(6)* 726*797. Tha sola of financial oonâBaatian in iMduatcial aotivation* Psyehologieal BttllatlA* 66» 94.119.

•s

Otpm, C. 6 # A *

Osbom, R.ii. fit

fatchan, Ft.

lîm»in^« J«f^»

p@8tQiiJ«e* D.fi.

Peiiteiii«tt« D« «<;i

MktAt, 9 . 8 . &

W75

i9« l

1966

i t f o

1979

1969

1974

1971

« li.lC. fit B«»tt« 0«

p0tfS0 t^W.

E*oirt«r» XMM*

1973 Thm i«l«ti¥* contrHmticft of contsat end context factor* to Jol> sotisf«etlGn «ii«titf elouxod factory fmtkma* Journal of BohtfTloral mlmxm, 1(9), 369*366.

Aalatlema botwoon loaiSoralilp • !•« , OZMS «iA>ex6toato aatiafoetioi) In voltuntary oripaiaaticm. Jiounial of Ai^lad Psychology, 60(6)« 73e«73$.

The c^«ic« of wagB comparioora* Pceiitico Hall, K,y«

acientiata in organisation proauctlve el8iB@nt aQ<! davolopRant, wllay, ^.Y.

Hark value syatiMia of «fhlte collar voskora. Hidliîatrativ® soienco (Hartorly, 19(4}« S97»«}6.

OrgUQisatlonal structures azi€l Jc£> attitudes* Miaerva, Calcutta.

Occuifttionel values of imlversity teachers* ]k»aiftn f^y<îological mmimi0 6(1), 23*a5.

Xn handbook of psychologit-al «aid Social zsstrinients* ssMasthli AlMwied«]»gi6« 367»190.

tlinriMrg*s theory of Jcft> Motivationt AS eiBperical api^reisal* Unaian myehelogical Meview, 7# 3. 19«4i*

1972 A study of jcH aotivation of Ikidi«» enseutwes. Xndian JOUIBSI of Xsdiiatrial itolstions, 9(1). 3-16.

1961 Study of perceived need satiafaetioo i s iMattosi and middle sMBMipaiiient joba. Journal of kpplluA Rinrchology, 4$, 1*10.

1963 Job attitudea in nanatenenti 1, l«reeived defisiencias in need fulfilvent as • function of )tfo level . JSMsnal of Applied Fsycbolomr* 4i, 37S-394.

• 4

Mai« A»iC.

iioges, C.

m^«a, ^.w*

:^t»Hm« K* ft

Utift

19«i

i99S

IL942

i t t e

I960

lfS7

i9«9

1964

1947

ssixvsswAVtt ltfto,a.V. I.9t0

8«iv««iMixm il*e«G.v. 1971

iM xmlmtlan to j«t» Attitudliis andi

«4» 3UI«»5*»

ftieliaiSî* &• I f v i n * Inc. , fimm vooA, HZ*

f«od^ctlvit|^ ttOQiai organ;UaticNr}i

T«ristoek«

Wmtan^ tlQ«tfMt;€m« Mi f f l in * Ci?.

SidiirMiittl €B9pd aitu3tiofi«l i r a r l ^ l t s K«latiiiQ to | i ^ sat isfact ion, joaznal of tks^XIÂ Pmy^Ttmlegys $4(1}« W&st 21*

KotiâticKi In wmmmgimemti h mtm&y of fouir nttnagecittl lanrala* iHrntmrnl o£ APPllaS ^yeholofr* ^ i 194*192•

saod aatlafactifm and anployao tiiinu. ovair* ioraKMmal S^ytcliolOfy* 10« itT-isa* jutr inaie iror^ts axtrl j iale orlMita* tJkm ami $db ««tia£«BHfclOB* OCK f*** t ioital PayeliQloiiy* 49(1}« 47*93 •

A9V «cia Imml of J«fe> Mîofaotian* posaamial Payctiology, 17(4) , 42i«4S0.

roetora I n ttia jab a*tla£ao%l«ii in V«Ulf« maiafi tfoenial of guiaaaian •^taeatioo. 9C1<»2)« 49-94.

Datamlaafita of job aotiafaotion la awnaotrial pocaomioli A toot of ninlNiCQ'a Vwe factor Thaory* 2a«3iiatrial Man^gar* 1 (Oet.-Oae.)» 99-43.

jRofe aatiafaetion of i i^ti iatf ial aa^lofoaai h ^pioatiaiuiaiio for Maaaiiriof i t . maitatr ia l 2 (JUly-aap^.h 297-S0».

!amK9m»tm*kf 8«!0«0.V. It73

amxwmmtmxm lt«o,G.v. 1973

sttsveswaxa Rao«G,V. 1971 4 cvnguU* tr.

fit Ganguli, ¥ •

& Qanp«thi atto* V.

sebftff^r, it,H.

set»ia» l .H,

3elM«iAir« ft. &

i . l d » ^ . J * ,

3htrltfoii« J«B, fi

1973

1953

19«9

197S

1963

1943

1940

197S

Itatriaalc «Bd «xtrlofllc fa«tor(i in Job sat i«f action of Mils eterieal

17 <J«n«}« 4Sh»S2.

D«t«xiniii«Rt« o£ job satiafaetion of XotdiMi ongiiitttisai A ta«t of Two factor tliaor^r. Zucsian JeuxnaX of Zii«l«tjci«l Bolations, 3(4), •OS-419*

h mtuay of jpttroairm& oaod aatia* faetim *aui j^qportam^ of M^tly iikillad IM& unalcillad paesonnal* Stidian Jouxnal of Iftaustrial Rtlations, 6« 277-387•

j<^ oatisfaetisMii of highly akilled peraocmolt A teat of ttm gaoerality of TWO fatGtowf ThBoiry. Zn<Si«uB

lottxnal of Asqpiliad iPsychology* 9« 36<*31«

A Study of factors contriXmting to aatisfaotlcm and iaqportance of iadktatcial pocscHinoli A taat of Two factor Tlieory. Indian %foasxmX of mduatrial ftalatiofi, 9(2)« 233*242 •

Jttb aatiafaction in «iork* Psyelio» logical Moiio9ra|>h, «7(14)# ito.344.

Ortpnioatiianal {NiyelioloQy^ lt*T«, FffiaticowiiKll* tialationaliipa botwoon jcb satis* faction and organisational cliMita. OCmnal of Afpllod psychology* •0(3), 31»*329,

Motivational factors anong supar-visers in u t i l i t y Industry. Mirsoonol Psycbolo«y» 14, 4S-93.

Oissatisfsction In work* Journal of Social MyotK}lo«y, 17* 93-97 •

Satisfaetisn in work* JCiamal of Gonsttltiim Psyciiol05nr« 4, 110.

Motivational dotamilnants of jCb pocfesnanea* Mumal of Appliad »syclwl««y« MCI), 119*121.

« i « 9 a i , 3«

aingh* P«H* &

Birns^t tu

aiiitui* p«s. &

SAnhtk, J.K,

iJLoeiiii, J«a,

Mlitht P.C*

wiiuuAts of elMuig» In yol ie* V IUAMS. «Nwiii«;i of AmpJlMd PsfchoiO0y«. 61(3}« 373-279.

i9S6 iieii«-|Nit«iMitric s ta t is t ics for t)Mi attMnrioml aei«ncas» XBtatnatifmaX atttdNmt M i t i o n * ttokyo*

i963 EsnkiQQ of job factojrs by factory voAmtm In XiMlia* IParaonnai fsyw choiogy* 16<i)* 39»33«

1,97$ X»foxm«tiGn totoQZvtion thmtttf, App^ Xl9& to oiqpoetmi |«b Attcaetivmiasa «A<3 sotiofaetion, JOUXQAI of ASîiatit MiychoIogv# 60(S}« 6Z1*€33.

1962 tMlon ottitudaa and jcb aatiafaetioo in i M i a n woskara. Jtaiimal, of Apiaioa Psychology^ 4«(4)« 247-251.

1973 Study of aai f ecttcept, Jfib factoo« ac^ psycholoQicai factors of job sat isfact ion. 9oli«vioxpatrie. 3 (1 ) , 1«4.

1971 *lu»tivation in isaaaoerial loimlsi Milationships of fMMd satisfaetioo to Itib porfoxiMuiea*'• ^miwaml of ASPilod Psychology* 9S(4), 312-316.

19S3 TofOHanror factors as 9m»9mama by U t i t astorvioir* Joonial of Aiiplied Psychology* 37« 311-399•

1967 Vhs (tovolopnant of a wtthod of «aasiirin« j«b sstisfaotioot The Ooraall tftodias in porsonaol and JlBMlttstvial Psyehologir* I d . Pioishnan, • •A. f nwrisad Bditiao* Dorsy Prass, HMO MOod, 343-390.

1969 Vhm sMiasoraiiont of satisfaetian in tfoxk and lotifWBMnt, Chieago and MBlfally.

1966 m «»parieal aaalysia of ai^piloyoas attitadost Vrm Tro laetocy Vbsory Torsos tho Traditional Thoory of Jib satisfaction. Ooetoral fliosis# Oalwitoia iRiiv., S.T.

•7

,yolimm, H*H. It70

S9«4igoff« B.J.

siiiiild»e« R,

sta(por« R.

atascMnrifih, H « H .

i9S9

1971

i9S0

1973

Porter* um.

¥at«« II.w.

flMlindilM, B«Ii»

Vri«i>« lt.x.

Tri«t«t*G.

tlllfll>SOCK« il«S*

V«MH« V.H.

197S

19S6

19tS

19S4

19«i

1934

1994

1941

1940

MBtivfttion«l liyoi«mi Thtery of job •ttitndNis. AB XBNMMitigfttien iNid «n «tt«Hipt to SMMUCIIO both tlM« ono OMS ana ttw t«o foetor thoorios of Mb ottit«id««* oouxfiol of Ap^lofl p«yOlielo«y* 94(9), ^3*441,

job sotiofaction study of tiro floall int«or««iioo4 plaot*, Jtomnaml of Api>li«<i Pnycbelogy* 43CS}« 319.

XRtrloiic ana oxtxinsie j<A» sotio* foetion oB<3 Itibeitr tusEi«ovori h tgmmtlonnAim tttitdy of Aiiotcalian •wuiQsrs, OecttpotioiuUL Payebologsr* 47(1-3h 71-74.

Psifcholoîcal oopoct* of iAduotrial ecRsflictt ZX Kotivaticm. I^xoonnol Psycholo«y. 3* 1-16*

«3fei» factor iaipoctanco for jcb oatia-faetion and diaaatisfaetlon across diffonmt ocxstipatlonal levols . Journal of Applied F«yoholo^« 94(4}« 447.471.

Job charaoteristiea and Job a t t i -titdeai A lailtivasiate study* Journal of A ^ i e d Psycholow* 90(1 h 97-44.

Jtatiatics in Idbcation, NoMillan, ll.Y.

Korkors satisfoetion* Qec!upatioiis« 13« 704.704.

job aatiafaetiOQ and Oecupatienal status•9b|MA»lialied Master's Thisis* Michigan Otato Col 109* •

OcvaniaatioRal O IOI IMI , YwristoCkt

Mtitwdes of 4«430 ooployeas* Jsumal of fleelaX rayebolooy* %, 349-377«

Mork and ooti-vation, miey, M.Y.

fiiduatvlal oooial poyclnôw* iWMiel llvriaw of Fsyoboloor* XSZ, 413-444.

aWIHW^^Pep H H P w9wHp4»«»^^R)B4MW94eMi^^ WiWWo ^^^^jjj^w^rM^Wô

ottitvaes* wmmmmml »sf«bolo«r* i3« 139-140.

mXkmtt C.ft. &

i^flny* A.

yt9kt9t», h*K,

HltMMI, G«

l t73

1»76

3L9S2

1974

1977

1969

1973

1999

1971

A xmri*w ef s»«««x«b «n tlw lii*X9Xclqr tlMioryi Pcoe««dliiae o£ tlM» AMtaiy of Haaagtwiftt^r 514-S20.

mmmVBm tmmamiiSlmtmAM h mwimi of Sftotoxch on noMl tiiofocct^ thBocy. Ov0«ii«otio»«l aohmrier and mrnvn wmgtotmmem, IS, 312-240*

Tlw man on the aoflMMribly l ino.

Xffocts of sooliotic job pfoviowa OD i«l» oceopuneo, Jtib Attitndos «fl^ iliQb auzvivol, Joowal of Apîod Poycholocr, St, 3a7»332*

Ho—moii»nt •nS •MNmlBO of S«t> octiafaetion* 3mnmmX ef Ai f l ioa POfcholocv, SSCa), 9S-1I9.

A exoss ooetioROl tMrt: of aoodi Mocaxehy thaoxy* (^rgaRlaational Balk«viour aod Hmmn paxformmee. 18(1) . 76-97.

Tha u t i l i t y of topoctoneo waiflifea iB pxadictlnQ ovoxoll Job aotiaf«e« t ion and diaaatiafaotioii* Miioa^ t ional Motf roycholofifieal i4a«aoc«ai«nt< 29(2), S19-S22.

r^xtbar oorxolatod analyaia «f ftvo vaxaiono of Vwa Taotox Thaoxy of Jab ootiafoatlon. Vayohelovical

32(394,2), l l l f »1120 .

Coxxolatoo of Job oatiafaetloR atnl Jab diaaatiafootien aawin Caiialo olaxiaal tioiiiaxa, ôoiaal of A9»liad foyoholofiy, 93(S), 399.391<

m anpaxieal toat of f l»o voxoiana of tha TM> yaotox' Thaoxy of Jab aaitiafaotioii, Oxvaniaaitiaaal

7(1), lt.24.

1941 Oiaoaitiafaotlon la of iaeial Payohalofiy, 13, 1«3«1M.

•9

mhmr. Max lt4i

mitu, J» & 8iic]ceXs# R.C,

vwfiBliRont, P*F.

19S3

i96e

/•cniiMxit, t'.r.. 1970

.4iyt«« W.F.

VJVUVnHVffî^BB^F 0

19SS

1970

willlMMiOfi, T . i l . & 1970

, K. 1971

il0C£os<l« J,C* 1971

moOm, if.A. 1944

wyatfe, S.« 1917

•%(B©IR# F»6»lt»

tasays in •ooiole«y« Tmislat«d l>7 Qir th, R. and Mi l ls , C.ir.t (hcford miivvrsity 9x»s»t N.T.

Rttlationsbip b«tiM«s Jeb «*tis£«etioii and J«b iAvolvMMMit. fSoumal of Ap^lAd 9sycholo«y« 92(9}* 499*473.

Tim va l id i ty of dizact and iadixact ^ptaationaaiia.in naaaurin^ J i^ aatiafaotiai) , faxaennal lâycbology* 6, 497^494.

Sntrinsie aad aittxinaic factoia in Jab aatiafacti«i« aôotnal of mî0A PaycholoffT, 90(1) , 41-90.

Ccnpafiaen o£ aouffcaa of pasaeiial aatiafaction «id «foc!K. iBOtiratief: • Joucnal of Appliod Paycbatogy* 94(1) , 99*101.

HoiMiy ac^ »otiirati(»}t An emalyais &i inowitivaa l a indua^cy, Haxper« Haw yoxk.

jiQb oaada, Jfib aatiafactioii , and Job Batwnriof of MMMn iîuial noxk^cs. jsousnal of AppliMi iNiyatiol09y# 94(2) , 197*192.

jcA> aatisfaetioQ varialblfBa mmag iatnala o lar iea l ««oidc«ca« Jouinal of JkmîmA Fayehology, 94(3) , 349-349.

ftia ooMMii^ of Jflb aatisfaetiaB tmang woikasa in patt iei i lar in Mioaiian indaatiy. Jtatamatienal Mviaw of Appliad FayelMlOfiy* 20(1) , •7«77,

l tw «Mytiirational baaia of Jab aatiafaetian and J4b pacfomanoa. faraooaal 9ayebalo«y« 24(3)« 901-916.

iRttloyaa attitiadaa and t b a i r xolatiooa to aioxala. Journal of Apfliad Paycholo^y* 29, 299*301.

latifHO aad bosadon in laptit lwo «fOi» . BidilBtiial Maalth, naa. M p . lio. 77, 43*49.

»0

If71

ZitlMaJUc* A«, lfS8 Chri«tMis«B« C.R.6 iio«tliliiibe»g«r* F . j .

tUdttatdaX myclioli»52y* Qkfbsil Onitmsiiity Pssss, I endoii* 19S*

tlHi notivati<m pxoductiYity «fid •at i s faet lon o£ «oi^k«rsi A pVKdieticm stiMly. fKMitoa iHvisloii o£ il*a«Ai6h« Raxvaxd Business

APVyM-^lX 1-A

This is not a psychological test, and i\ou are

not required to reveal qour /dentiti/. This is an

investigation related to one's life and u/ork.

Its success w/ould entirely depend on i our

whole hearted cooperation and frank responses.

Note : ( 1 ) The informations that you have to give, are about your present job.

( 2 ) Please do not write your name or sign this form.

YOG BHARGAYA M M . Research Scholar

Under the Supervision of Dr S Sultan Ai<htar DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY

ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH.

1. Think of a time in the past when you felt specially good or bad about your preient

Job, that is, when you were very happy and satisfied or unhappy and dis-satisfied

with your Job. Can you think of such a high or low point in your feelings about

your Job ?

Please write it below.

( 3 )

2. People like to have msny things in their Job. When they get the desired things in the

job they become satisfied. Their absence leads to dis-satisfaction.

Can you tell us as to what things have made you satisfied with your Job ? You have

to write them below in order of preference. The aspect that has been most satisfying

is to be written first, in this manner you have to write three satisfying aspects.

(A).

(C)

Similarly the aspects of Job that led to your dis-satisfaction have to be written below

in order of preference.

The aspect that has been most dis-satisfying is to be written first. In this manner you

have to write three dis-satisfying aspects.

(A)

(B).

(C)

{ I )

3. (a) Out of the factors given below, you have to indicate those which have been

satisfying to you for most of the time, that is, for most of your worl<ing life and

also those which have been dis-satisfying to you for most of the time.

You are required to put (\/) mark with-in the bracket against the factors that

have been satisfying to you. The factors that have been dis-satisfying against

them such a mark ( x ) is to be put with-in the bracket.

Important Note :—It is possible that the same factor might had been satisfying

and dis-satisfying as well, thus you have to put both the marks ( V X ) with-in

the bracket.

S. No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

, 0

FACTORS

To complete a Job sucsessfully

To be singled out for praise

To like the actual tasks involved in getting the Job done

To gain responsibility for own or other's work in a Job

To change status through promotion

To be happy with ones' earnings

Change in a Job which could lead to further growth

To experience satisfying social interactions with one's subordinates

To obtain social status through Job

To experience satisfying social interactions with one's boss

Response

( 5 )

S, No.

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

FACTORS

To experience satisfying social interactions w i th one's co-worl<ers

To liave competent supervisor

To be in a company wit t i good policies and administrative procedures.

To have good physical surroundings on the Job

To have one's personal life affected for good by occurances on the Job

Objective indications of security (such as Job tenure and company stability)

To have housing fecil it ies

To get transporation facilities.

To get medical fecil it ies.

Health suitable for the Job.

To like leave policies.

To have opportunities for recreations.

Experiencing no feelings of castism on the Job

Possibility of mobil i ty w i th regard to work.

Participation in decision making processes.

Responce

3. (b) Out of the factors given below you have to indicate those which have been

satisfying to you for some of the time, that is for short duration of your

worlcing life, and also the one which have been dis-satisfying to you for some of

the time.

S. No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

FACTORS

To complete a job successfully.

To be singled out for praise.

To like the actual tasks involved in getting the job done.

To gain responsibility for own or other's work in a job.

To change status through promotion.

To be happy with one's earnings.

Change in a job which could lead to further growth.

To experience satisfying social interactions with one's subordinates.

To obtain social status through job.

To experience satisfying social interactions with one's boss.

To experience satisfying social interactions with one's co-worker.

To have competent supervisor.

To be in acompany with good policies and administrative procedures.

Response

( 7 )

S. No.

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

FACTORS Response

To have good physical surroundings on the job.

To have one's personal life affected for good by occurance on the job.

Objective indications of security ( such as job tenure and company stability).

To have housing fecilities.

To get transportation fecilit ies.

To get medical fecilities

Health suitable for the job.

To like leave policies,

To have oppertunities for recreations.

Experiencing no feelings of castism on the job

Possibility of mobil ity w i th regard to work.


( )

4. (a) Now you are required to rank the first three satisfying as well as the first three dis-satisfying factors, which have been satisfying or dis-satisfying to you for most of the time in your worl<ing life.

S, No.

]

2

3

Factors satisfying S. No.

1

2

3

Factors dis-satisfying

(b) Now you are required to rank the first three satisfying as well as the first three dis-satisfying factors, which have been satisfying or dis-satisfying to you for some of your working life.

S. No.

1

o

3


1

2

3


( ^ )

S-D Employees Inventory Dr. D. M. Pestonjee (B. H. U.)

Carefully read the questions given below, against each question you have to respond

either by Yes or No. Please put such a mark (^/) either in 'Yes' or 'No' bracket. Which

ever you think is applicable to you.

Yes No 1 Do you work w i th good tools, material and equipment ?

2 Do the superiors reward good workers ? 3 Do you think that good people are respected in society ?

4 Does the idea of future mishaps make you worried ?

5 Are most of your acquintences reliable ? 6 Do your superiors sympathetically hear about your diff iculties ? 7 Does this job provide good opportunities for promotions ? 8 Do you feel that due to poor health you could not get ahead

in your job.

Do your neighbours help you when you are in some diff icult ies ? Do you sometimes think that you donot have those qualities

which others have ? Do you have to work with those persons whom you do not

tike much ? Do you often feel that you are alone in this wide wor ld ? Do you feel satisfied wi th the over-time rules or your organisation. Do your superiors think that most of the people are hard

working ?

Do you some times feel that there is none in whom you can

confide ? Do you often get such ideas at the time of going to bed which

make it diff icult for you to sleep ?

Do your superiors behave well wi th the employees ?

Do you think that the work you are doing is interesting ? 1 9 Do you think that promotions to employees are given impartially ? 20 Do you get upset for a long time when criticised by somebody ?

Do you feel satisfied wi th the conditions of the place where you work ? Do you believe that in case of emergency (such as illness or

marriage) the management would help you ? Do you hesitate in accepting the responsibilities of social

functions ?

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17 18

21

22

23

( 10 )

Yes No 24 Are you frequently worried due to illness of your family members

25 Are most of your neighbours gentle and social ?

26 Do your superiors invite suggestions from you for the betterment of the company ?

27 Do you think that you have selected the right job for yourself ?

28 Do you sometimes think that your family members do not care for you as much as they should ?

29 Do you sometimes think of changing your house due to the neighbours ?

30 Are there such members in your family vvhose presence causes you annoyance ?

31 Do you sometimes think that you could have earn more in some other job ?

32 Do you think that bad people out number the good ones in the society ?

33 Does your job allow you sufficient time for rest and recreation ? 34 Do your superiors respect your abilities and skills ?

35 Do you think that most of the people exploit the weaknesses and short comings of others ?

36 Do triffle things also hurt you ?

37 Do your superiors harshly punish employees for simple mistakes ? 38 Do your fel low workers help you ?

39 Do you think that people get promotions due to personal pulls ? 40 Do your relatives frequently bother or trouble you ?

41 If you are offered elsewhere the same facilities which you are enjoying here, would you like to change your job ?

42 Are the employees dismissed from the job on simple and trivial matters ?

43 Do you feel hasitation in talking to strangers ?

44 Do you often have to leave tasks unfinished ?

45 Do you think that your friends are sincere to you ?

46 If you were an officer, would you have treated your subordinates the same way as your officers do ?

47 Do you think that you are over worked ?

48 Had there been some unpleasent experience in your chi ldhood, which you cannot forget ?

49 Do you believe that most of the social customs and traditions are troublesome ?

50 Do you pass your time pleasantly in your home ?

51 Do you think that your job is hard and difficult ?

{ n )

52 Are most of the people in society selfish ?

53 Is your profession respected by others ?

54 Do your superiors believe that the workers' welfare is their own welfare ?

55 Do people quickly end friendly relations w i th you ?

56 Do the members of your family often act against your wishes ?

57 Do most of your colleagues work under duress and fear ?

58 Would you advise any of your close relatives to accept the job on which you are working ?

59 Do you think that the employees in this company are treated in a proper manner ?

60 Do you sometimes get worried without any apparent cause ?

61 Do you sometimes feel to give up this job and take up some other one ?

62 Do your superiors praise good workers ?

63 Do most of the people misunderstand you 7

64 Do you earn enough money so that you donot have to seek help from others ?

65 Do you face diff iculties due to caste and creed feelings tn the society ?

66 Do your superiors often order you to do a job which is diff icult to carry out ?

67 Do you think that this work provides you opportunities for

displaying your talents and skills ?

68 Do you generally feel tired after doing simple jobs ? 69 Do you think that your fellow workers generally avoid meeting

you ? 70 Do you think that things go wrong without any fault of yours ?

71 Do you think that you need some more training for this job ?

72 Do you feel hesitation in seeking advise from others ? 73 Do you think that, inspite of your lack of interest in this job, you

work because you get good money ? 74 Are you often asked to work at odd hours ?

75 Do you easily make friends wi th new people ?

76 Do the members of your family live cordially ?

77 Do your superiors think that their employees are efficient ? 78 Do you think that your present job is a respectable job for a

person like you. 79 Do you think that you can place your problems before your

superiors wi thout any hasitation ?

80 Are you often worried about the aim or purpose of your life ?

Yes No

( 12 )

6. Please furnish the following informations.

A. Kind af profession.

B. Experience of work.

C. Duration of work.

D. Monthly income.

E. Number of dependents.

F. Union afficiation (write Yes or No)

G. Martial status (strike out which ever is not applicable). Married/un-married/Engaged to be married/Divorced

H. Age.

Printed at : Peekay Printing Press, Kanwariganj, Aligarh:

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(ST) «TT5

APH-IOIX 1-B

This is not a psi^chological test, and i ou are

not required to reveal ijour ldentitL|. This is ar\

investigation related to one's life ond work.

Its success would entirely depend on ijour

whole hearted cooperation and frank responses.

Note : ( 1 ) The informations that you have to give, are about your present job.

( 2 ) Please do not write your name or sign this form.

YOG BHARGAVA • • • i . Research Scholar

Under the Supervision of Dr S Sultan Al<htar DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY

ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH.

1. Think of a time in the past when you felt specially good or bad about your present

Job, that is, when you were very happy and satisfied or unhappy and dis-satisfied

with your Job. Can you think of sucti a high or low point in your feelings about

your Job ?

Please write it below.

( 3 )

2. People like to have many things in their Job. When they get the desired things in the

job they become satisfied Their absence leads to dis-satisfaction.

Can you tell us as to what things have made you satisfied with vour Job ? You have

to write them below in order of preference. The aspect that has been most satisfying

is to be written first. In this manner you have to write three satisfying aspects.

(A). _.

(B)

Similarly the aspects of Job that led to your dis-satisfaction have to be written below

in order of preference.

The aspect that has been most dis-satisfying is to be written first. In this manner you

have to write three dis-satisfying aspects.

(A)

(B).

(C).

( \ )

3. (a) Out of the factors given below, you have to indicate those which have been

satisfying to you for most of the time, that is, for most of your working life and

also those which have been dis-satisfying to you for most of the time.

You have to give your renponces an indicated below : Put (6) v/ithin the bracicet i f you think that the

fpctor had been xrost satisfjanp; to you, r u t (4) V7ithin the bracket i f i t had been satis-^yinf

to you. In th.is manner you xvill put ( l ] v/ithin the bracicet i-* the factor had been l e a s t catiBfyinc to you.

I'leasc be careful in r a t i n e the fac to rs

S. No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

FACTORS

To complete a Job sucsessfully


To like the actual tasks involved in getting the Job done

To gain responsibility for own or other's work in a Job

To change status through promotion

To be happy wi th ones' earnings

Change in a Job which could lead to further growth

To experience satisfying social interactions w i th one's subordinates

To obtain social status through Job

To experience satisfying social interactions w i th one's boss

Response

( ^ )

S. No.

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

FACTORS

To experience satisfying social Ateractions with one's co-workers W

To have competent supervisor . •

To be in a company with good poricies and administrative procedures.

To have good physical surroundings on the Job

To have one's personal life affected for good by occurances on the Job

Objective indications of security (such as Job tenure and company stability)

To have housing fecilities

To get transporation facilities.

To get medical fecilities.

Health suitable for the Job.

To like leave policies.

To have opportunities for recreations.

Experiencing no feelings of castism on the Job

Possibility of mobility with regard to work.


Responce

3. (b) Out of the factors given below y A have to indicate those which have been

satisfying to you for some of t'TF me, that is for short duration of your

working life, and also the one whic lave been dis-satisfying to you for some of

the time.

S. No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

FACTORS

To complete a job successfully.


To like the actual tasks involved in getting the job done.

To gain responsibility for own or other's work in a job.

To change status through promotion.

To be happy w i th one's earnings.

Change in a job which could lead to further growth.

To experience satisfying social interactions w i th one's subordinates.

To obtain social status through job.

To experience satisfying social interactions wi th one's boss.

To experience satisfying social interactions with one's co-worker.

To have competent supervisor.

To be in acompany with good policies and administrative procedures.

Response

{ 7 )

S. No.

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

FACTORS

ir To have good phyE\.al surrounding' j n the job.

To have one's personal life affectf for good by occurence on the job. • ^

Objective indications of securitv '»' such as job tenure and company stabil ity).

To have housing facilities.

To get transportation facil i t ies.

To get medical facilities.

Health suitable for the job.

To like leave policies

To have opportunit ies for recreations.

Experiencing no feelings of castism on the job.

Possibility of mobil i ty wi th regard to work.


Response

( 8 )

(a) Now you are required to rank the first three satisfying as well as the first three

dis-satisfying factors, which have been satisfying or dis-satisfying to you for

most of the time in your worl<ing life.

S. No.

1

2

3


1

2

3


(b) Now you are required to ranl< the first three satisfying as wel l as the first three

dis-satisfying factors, which have been satisfying or dis-satisfying to you for

some of your working life.

S. No.

1

2

3


1

2

3


( "^ )

S-D Employees Inventory

Dr. D. M. Pestonjee (B. H. U.)

Carefully read the questions given below, against each question you have to respond either by Yes or No. Please put such a mark ( \ ' ) either in 'Yes' or 'No' bracket. Which

ever you think is applicable to you.

1 Do you work wi th good tools, material and equipment ?

2 Do the superiors reward good workers ? 3 Do you think that good people are respected in society ?

4 Does the idea of future mishaps make you worried ?

5 Are most of your acquintences reliable ? 6 Do your superiors sympathetically hear about your diff iculties ?

7 Does this job provide good opportunities for promotions ?

8 Do you feel that due to poor health you could not get ahead in your job.

9 Do your neighbours help you when you are in some diff icult ies 7 10 Do you sometimes think that you donot have those qualities

which others have ?

11 Do you have to work with those persons whom you do not like much ?

12 Do you often feel that you are alone in this wide world ?

13 Do you feel satisfied w i th the over-time rules or your organisation.

14 Do your superiors think that most of the people are hard working ?

15 Do you some times feel that there is none in whom you can confide ?

16 Do you often get such ideas at the time of going to bed which make it difficult for you to sleep ?

17 Do your superiors behave well w i th the employees ? 18 Do you think that the work you are doing is interesting ? 1 9 Do you think that promotions to employees are given impartially ?

20 Do you get upset for a long time when criticised by somebody ? 21 Do you feel satisfied wi th the conditions of the place where

you work ?

22 Do you believe that in case of emergency (such as illness or marriage) the management would help you ?

23 Do you hesitate in accepting the responsibilities of social functions ?

Yes No

( lu )

Yes No 24 Are you frequently worried due to illness of your family members

25 Are most of your neighbours gentle and social ?

26 Do your superiors invite suggestions from you for the betterment of the company ?

27 Do you think that you have selected the right job for yourself ?

28 Do you sometimes think that your family members do not care for you as much as they should ?

29 Do you sometimes think of changing your house due to the neighbours ?

30 Are there such members in your family whose presence causes you annoyance ?

31 Do you sometimes think that you could have earn more in some other job ?

32 Do you think that bad people out number the good ones in the society ?

33 Does your job allow you sufficient time for rest and recreation ? 34 Do your superiors respect your abilities and skills ?

35 Do you think that most of the people exploit the weaknesses and short comings of others ?

36 Do triffle things also hurt you ?

37 Do your superiors harshly punish employees for simple mistakes ? 38 Do your fellow workers help you ?

39 Do you think that people get promotions due to personal pulls ? 40 Do your relatives frequently bother or trouble you ?

41 If you are offered elsewhere the same facilities which you are enjoying here, would you like to change your job ?

42 Are the employees dismissed from the job on simple and trivial matters ?

43 Do you feel hesitation in talking to strangers ? 44 Do you often have to leave tasks unfinished ?

45 Do you think that your friends are sincere to you 7

46 If you were an officer, wou ld you have treated your subordinates the same way as your officers do ?

47 Do you think that you are over worked ?

48 Had there been some unpleasent experience in your childhood, which you cannot forget ?

49 Do you believe that most of the social customs and traditions are troublesome ?

50 Do you pass your time pleasantly in your home ?

51 Do you think that your job is hard and difficult ?

( n )

52 Are most of the people in society selfish ?

53 Is your profession respected by others ?

54 Do'your superiors believe that the workers' welfare is their own welfare ?

55 Do people quickly end friendly relations w i th you ?

56 Do the members of your family often act against your wishes ?

57 Do most of your colleagues work under duress and fear ?

58 Would you advise any of your close relatives to accept the job on which you are working ?

59 Do you think that the employees in this company are treated in a proper manner ?

60 Do you sometimes get worried without any apparent cause ?

61 Do you sometimes feel to give up this job and take up some other one ?

62 Do your superiors praise good workers ?

63 Do most of the people misunderstand you ? 64 Do you earn enough money so that you donot have to seek help

from others ?

65 Do you face difficulties due to caste and creed feelings tn the society ?

66 Do your superiors often order you to do a job which is diff icult to carry out ?

67 Do you think that this work provides you opportunities for

displaying your talents and skills ?

68 Do you generally feel tired after doing simple jobs ? 69 Do you think that your fellow workers generally avoid meeting

you ? 70 Do you think that things go wrong without any fault of yburs ? 71 Do you think that you need some more training for this job ?

72 Do you feel hesitation in seeking advise from others ? 73 Do you think that, inspite of your lack of interest in this job, you

work because you get good money ?

74 Are you often asked to work at odd hours ?

75 Do you easily make friends wi th new people ?

76 Do the members of your family live cordially ?

77 Do your superiors think that their employees are efficient ? 78 Do you think that your present job is a respectable job for a

person like you. 79 Do you think that you can place your problems before your

superiors without any hasitation ?

80 Are you often worried about the aim or purpose of your life ?

Yes No

( 12 )

6. Please furnish the following informations.

A. Kind af profession.

B Experience of work.

C. Duration of worlc.

D. IVlonthly income.

E. Number of dependents.

F. Union afficiation (write Yes or No)

G. iViartial status (stril<e out which ever is not applicable). Married/un-married/Engaged to be married/Divorced

H. Age.

Printed at : Peekay Printing Press, Kanwariganj, Aligarh;

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APEEHDIX 2

N M N

CV CV

se

A.636 0 .8171

17.6252

2.963 1.55<i6

>2.A566

3.036 1.2499

41 .1652

3.336 ? .3569

40.6725

2.500 1.4381

57.5246

1.854 1.2709

68.5293

3.863 1,1239

29.0900

3.936 1.0726

27 .2467

3.854 1.3673

35.4747

2.900 1.1981

41.3139

4 , 2 6 3 0*6eO€

20««603

4« te9

110

110

110

no

no

110

no

110

110

no

no

no

4.688 0 .6261

13.3545

3 .377 1.4343

42.4635

3.168 1.5194

47.6486

3.633 1.2688

34.9226

3.044 1.5046

49.4306

3.688 1.3386

36.2898

3.333 1.4063

42.1900

2 .77? 1 .323i

47.6319

4 .322 1.0201

23.60X4

2.488 1.0774

43.2920

3.388 1.3139

38 .7731

3.417 i . 2 4 9 a

S 9 , f l t l

90

90

90

9C

90

90

90

90

90

90

9C

90

4 .512 0 .9419

20 .4225-

3.062 1.S759

51.4593

3 .687 1.3747

37.2804

2.962 1.4700

49.6224

•2.762 1.3806

49.9769

3.112 1.5571

50.0302

3.362 1.4425

42 .9025

2.950 1.4044

47 .6087

4.00O 1.3674

34 .6860

2.662 1.1174

41.9682

3.137 1.2221

38.9522

3.475 1.2142

24 .9421

80

80

80

8C

80

80

80

80

80

80

80

80

4 .316 0.8658

20.0586

3.C16 1.4547

48.2247

3.466 1.2578

36.2845

3.283 i . 3 7 9 5

42.0156

2 .433 1.3337

54.8116

3.166 1.5723

49.6525

3.650 1.3641

37.3732

3.333 i . 2 7 3 6

38.2099

3.900 1 . 4 2 2 i

36.4728

2 .283 1.2123

53.0943

3.516 1.3843

39.3650

2*150 1.3859

8C . f97e

60 C.8129

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

1.5114

1.3566

1.3661

1.4251

1.4155

1.3229

1.2593

1.3001

1.1510

1.1822

1.1963

2.S72 l,UB2

49 .2942

2 .690 1.2339

^ 5 . 8 5 6 ^ ,

46 .7309

3.C63 1.3092

A2 .1^5 l

2 .409 1.3901

57.7062

2 .772 l . If591

40 .0013

2.A81 \ . l 5 7 e

A6.6526

3.800 I . 1 1 0 2

^9 .2179

1.827 I .C519

57.S67S

2 .072 1.1258

5<..3151

^ .790 1.3079

46 .8659

2 .727 1.1434

41 ,9258

2 .272

l ie

110

\

no

no

110

110

no

no

no

no

no

no

no

2 .177 1.2344

56 .6854

Z.5Q0 1.3270

53 .0827

3.1Q0 1.2476

40 .2472

2 .322 1.2367

53 .2564

- . 186 1.3975

43 .8263

2 .599 1.1234

43 .2110

2 .733 1.0?2fl

39 .2523

3 .322 1.1433

34 .4156

2 .355 1.1672

49 .5530

2 .711 1.3101

40 .3259

? .088 1.3551

64 .8761

2 .766 1.2387

44 .7732

1.722 0 .9778

90 2.650 80 2.250 60 1.3433

90 3.362 80 2.733 60 1.2927

90 2.900 80 3.133 60 1.2312

90 2.787 80 3.716 60 l.r'968

90 2.975 80 2.050 60 1.3753

90 2.2C0 8C 2.400 60 1.1273

9C 3.187 .80 2.400 60 1.1319

2.650 1.5256

57.5703

3.362 X.2965

38.5597

2.900 2.30CO

44.8275

2.787 1.3756

49.3497

2.975 1.3872

46 .6291

2.2C0 1.1113

50.5138

3.187 1.1629

36.4932

3.237 1.0982

33.9219

?.062 1.1218

54.3937

2.362 1.2771

54.0589

2 .675 1.2527

46.8316

2.325 1.0219

43.9546

2.475 1.274S

51.4953

80

80

80

80

80

8C

.80

80

80

80

80

80

80

m^mmmm'm.m*^t>t-^mm>m<m

2.250 1.3738

61.0605

2.733 1.3399

49.0237

3.133 1,3349

42.6063

3.716 1.2528

33.7C99

2.050 1.2964

63.2424

2.400 1.1860

49.4179

2.400 l . i 2 8 4

47.0175

3.450 0.9385

27.2036

3 « 333 1.2C64

36.1^39

3.233 1.1455

35.4285

2.500 1.2583

50.3322

2.550 1.2573

49.3063

2.250 1.3859

e i . 5 9 7 3 « « " • • « • • ! . • ( «•"•"•"

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

60

Mi<«(4M»4l"

90 3.237 80 3.450 60 1.0881

90 ?.062 80 3.333 60 1.1276

90 2.362 80 3.233 60 1.2164

90 2.675 80 2.500 60 1.2993

90 2.325 80 2.550 60 1.1635

90 2.475 80 2.250 60 1.1259

' 4tir^^l 5#.t1tf

APPENDIX 3 •

WITHOUT SATISFACTION DIMENSION

T0T4L NOS.

M5&N

S.U-

C.V,

110

22.6090

3.3523

1< .8273

90

22.9888

3.4205

14.8789

80

22.9250

3.4956

15.2480

6C

22.4166

2.7159

12.1157

3.-. » 1.1409(C0NTFNT FACTORS)

MtAN

S.O.

C.V.

52.3818

3.4640

6.6130

52.0111

3.2506

6.2498

>2.0625

3.6821

7.0726

52.7000

2.9171

5.5354

S.fi. B l.2254(C0NT6XT FACTORS)

AP2E1JDIX 4

WITH SATISFACTION OIMENTION

TOTAL NOS. 37 ^7 66 11 63 10 t*W 12

MCAN 23.1351 22,^691 22.5303 23.9090 23.2698 21.8000 22.70 5 22.9166

S.O. 3.0682 3.0463 3.4563 3.2320 3.4142 3.3105 3.1303 ^.9568

C.V. 13.2623 13.4502 15.3406 13.5181 14.6725 15.1861 13,7873 ^2.9026

S.t. = 0.5913(C/NTENT FACTORS*

MEAN 51.9459 52.2456 52.4090 50.7272 51.8730 53.2000 52.^409 51.9166

S.D. 3.3364 4.0707 3.4552 4.4331 3.4156 3.5999 3.8960 3.9042

C.V. 6.4230 7.7916 6.5928 8.7392 6.5845 6.7669 7.4436 7.5201

S.E. * 0.7808(CONTEXT FACTORS)

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M 2.135 37 1.701. 57 3.787 66 2.636 11 3.238 63 4.100 10 3.522 44 3.916 12 1.3317 SD1.4916 1.0916 1.3201 1.3666 1.4333 1,0440 1.4692 0.9537 CV69.8614 64.1498 34.8528 51.8389 44.2644 25.4641 41.7065 24.3521

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M 3.729 37 3.964 57 2.833 66 2.454 11 2.920 63 2.800 10 3.363 44 2.916 12 1.2889 SOI.2444 0.9726 1.3880 0.9875 1.4175 1.6613 1.2264 1.5523 CV33.3648 24.5325 48 9910 40.2325 48.5372 59.3330 36.4614 53.2226

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M 2.432 37 2.456 57 3.318 66 2.818 11 2.873 63 2.900 10 2.045 44 1.833 12 1.3473 Sni.3057 1.4026 1.3045 i.465B i.3742 1.3747 1.3973 0.8975 CV53-6794.57.1071 39.3145 52.0145 47.8339 47.4059 68.3130 48.9560

M 2,378 37 3.017 57 2.712 66 2.363 11 2.190 63 2.400 10 2.318 44 2.750 12 1.1130 SDi.0743 1.0511 1.1383 1.0679 1.1248 0.9165 1.2390 1.C103 CV45.1695 34.8352 41.9738 45.1820 51.3522 38.1881 53.4471 36.7404

M 2.486 37 2.473 57 2.848 66 2.272 11 3.095 63 3.000 10 2.159 44 3.083 12 1.0929 SD1.1536 1.1713 1.0334 1.0523 1.0942 0.8944 1.0647 1.1149 CV46.3966 47.3533 36.2795 46.3033 35.3511 29.8142 49.3166 36.1596

M 3./-16 37 4.157 57 3.318 66 3.272 11 3.174 63 3.300 10 3.318 44 3.833 12 1.090<t SOI.1421 0.9874 1.1954 1.3545 1.0621 1.3453 0.9717 0.7993 CV35.5135 23.7489 36.0267 41.3879 33.4589 40.7685 29.2843 20.8514

M 2.324 37 l.:61 57 2.242 66 3.090 11 2.031 63 2.100 10 3.454 44 3.250 12 1.1032 SD1.1867 0.8789 1.1685 1.0833 1.0978 1.1357 1.0965 1.4215 CV51.D569 56.2920 52.1103 35.0481 54.0363 54.0848 31.7429 43.7403

M 2.135 37 1.947 57 2.651 66 3.545 11 2.317 63 '.500 10 2.545 44 2.166 12 1.1994 SD1.1891 0.9256 1.3199 1.0756 1.2826 1.1180 1.3220 0.8975 CV55.6962 47.5347 49.7799 30.3388 55.3482 44.7213 51.9394 41.4243

M 2.918 37 2.807 57 2.181 66 2.000 11 2.539 63 3.100 10 2.545 44 2.166 12 1.3020 SDl.4214 1.2486 1.3696 1.2792 1.2576 1.3000 1.3220 0.8975 CV48.6970 44.4648 62.7771 63.9602 49.5211 41.9354 51.9394 41.4243

M 2.270 37 2.982 57 2.712 66 2.636 II 2.238 63 2.500 10 2,454 *th 3.083 12 1.1344 SOI.2001 1.0343 1.2030 1.2984 1.0033 0.9219 1.2694 1.1149 CV52.8657 34.6809 44.3597 49.2512 44.8325 36.8781 51.7194 36.1596

M 1.864 37 2.561 57 1.742 66 1.818 11 2.507 63 2.500 10 2.500 44 3.SSI 12 1.1026 SD1.0695 0.8380 0.9894 0.8331 1.3198 1.1180 1.2880 1.1149 CV57.3517 32.7193 56.7886 45.8257 52.6268 44.7213 51.5222 36.1596

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APPENDIX

FACTORS

I

2

' . ^

\ X

^

5

GROUPS CGMPAR6C BY DUNCAN SATISFIED

GROUPS COMPARED

UL 'CT(C) -T£ / IC (e ) 0 0 C T ( C ) - 1 £ / I C { S ) D O C K O - A O V T C O ) 0GCT(C>-POLC(0) D C C T t O - O O C K b ) D C C T ( C ) - A D V T ( ^ ) LiOCT(C)-POLC(S»

PCLCfS)-OGCT(C> PCLC(S) -PGLC(D) PCLC(SJ-TE/»C(0> PCLC(S ) -TE / iC (S ) P01CIS )~ADVT(S) PCLC(S) -DOCT( i , ) PCLC(S)-AOVT<C) A C V K O - D C C K C ) ACVT{C»-PQLC(C) ADVT{D)-TEAC<D) ACVTCO-TEACCSI ADVT(D)-AOVT(S» ACVT(C)~DCCT(SI

A D V T ( 0 ) - P C L C ( D ) A C V K C J - A C V K S ) ACVT<C)-PCLC(SI ACVT{C)-DOCT(C» ^ i ' D V K O - T E A C C D l AC* (T { C ) -TEAC(S ) ACVl-s^C)-OCCT(S)

ACVT(C) ' ,DOCT(S> / iCVT(C)- [ : r .ncT(C) ACVT(C>-TE\f lC{C) A0VT(CJ-TEA,C(S) A O V T ( C H P C L ( r j S ) AOVT(C)-POLC«<,D) A0VT(0 )~ACVT(3 ; )

A D V T ( S ) - O a C T { 0 » ^ A 0 V T ( S ) - T 6 A C { S ) \ A O V T ( S ) - A C V T ( 0 ) AOVT{S) -POLC(C) ACVT(S)- 'PQLC(S> A C V T t S H T E A C l O ) ACVTtS)-OQC"r(S>

RANGE TEST AND D ISSATISF IED PROFESSIONAL GROUPS

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HEANS

€ . 6 3 4 0 . 4 3 7 0 . 3 4 6 0 . 2 5 7 0 . 1 3 4 C-088 0 . 0 1 7

1 .764 1 .338 1.2G1 O . e C i 0 . 6 2 2 . 0 . 5 4 7

• 0 . 2 2 8 1 .536 l . U O 1 .053 C .477 C . 3 9 4 C .314

0 . 9 4 5 0 . 9 0 9

. 0 . 7 2 0 C.6C9 0 . 4 9 3 0 . 3 6 4 0 . 0 3 6

1 .166 0 . 9 9 0 0 . 9 2 4 0 . 7 7 2 0 . 7 1 2 € . 6 5 2 0 . 5 3 0

€ . 9 0 6 0 . 8 1 1 0 . 6 5 2 0 . 6 5 0

^ 0 . 5 3 9 C . 5 2 3

^ 0 . 3 2 3

VALIE OF RP

C .97 0 . 9 7 0 . 9 7 0 . 7 5 0 . 7 3 0 . 7 1 0 . 7 1

1 . 4 9 0 . 8 7 1 .35 C.89 0 . 8 0 0 , 7 9 1 .26

i.eo 1.34 1 .67 1 .32 1 .25 1 .20

1 .27 1 .24 1 .29 1 .62 1 . 5 1 1 .19 l . l l

1 . 3 1 1 .73 1 . 6 3 1 .29 1 . 2 9 1 . 2 1 1 .14

1 . 3 7 0 . 7 7 1 . 2 8 0 . 7 0 0 . 7 8 1 . 1 6 0 . 6 2

REMARKS AT THE VALUE CFl LEV. OF S I G .

I N S I G N I F I ANT I N S I G N I F I ANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT

SIGNIFICANTLY D I F F . SICNIFICANTLY D I F F . INSIGNIF ICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIF ICANT INSIGNIF ICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIF ICANT INSIGNIF ICANT INSIGNIF ICANT INSIGNIF ICANT

INSIGMf=ICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIF ICANT INSIGNIF ICANT INSIGNIF ICANT INSIGNIF ICANT INSIGNIF ICANT

INSIGNIF ICANT INSIGNIF ICANT INSIGNIF ICANT INSIGNIFICJINT I N S l O N I F I C l N t I N S I S N I F I £ 4 N T INSIGNIFICAWT

INSIGNIF ICANT INSIGNIF ICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIF ICANT INSIGNIF ICANT I N S l G N i F I C A W l INSIGNIF ICANT

OOCTICHPOlO^dl 0OCT(i>-.pSlC«S> OQCTtO>*AOVT(0»

WCtm i - t 8«C«S)

'IP

\ 1 . 2 9 9 ^ . 9 « 5 | . 4 € 4 0«i€2 0*!lt8 fîia ©tl<4 %^^^

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1 .33 1 .37 1 .66 1 .27 1 . 2 8 1 . 2 1 1 . 4 6 1«4«S

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INSISNlPtC umwm

CIFF. G l f f .

f'

imk ACVTt AOVTi AOVf ( AOVTt T6AC( TeCR( TECf5( TgCRt UOCT{ DOCT( OOCT( ACVT( ADVT(

flHADVKS) 5HPQLCIC) SHPOLC(S) S)-I*DVT(C) S>-DOCT(S) S)-TEAC1S) S)-POLG(O) S)-POLC(S> S>-ADVT{C) S»-OOCT(S> S)-PCt.C(0) S)-PGLC(S) S)-ADV7(0) C)-PQLC(C) D)-PCLC(S) 0 . 5 € 1

Q«6@ 0.7« 1.19 0 .62 C.66 0 ,75 0 .81 1.20 0 .67 0 .67 0 .74 1 .11 1.17 1.17

msim imun SIGNiP S!G«IF INSIGN

INSIGN SICNIF SIGNIF INSIGN INSIGN SIGNIF SIGNIF INSIGN INSIGN INSIGN

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IFtCIMI

ic/tt^tiiv

IPICANI IPlCANt ICANliY iCANltV IFICANT IFICUNT IFICAMT

CIFP. DIPF.

CIFF. DIFF,

CIFF. CIFF.

POtC(C)' POCJO-POC(C)-POLCtC)' POLC{C>' PCLC(C)-POLC(C)" TECFi(C)-TECfi<C)-TECR(C)' TECR(C)' TeCR(C)' TECR(C>-

'ADVT(S) DGCTCS) PGLC(.S> •TEAC(S) •*CVT(C) •DCCT«D> •TEAC<C) •ACVT(S) •DOCKS ) •PCLC(S) •TEAC(S) •ACVTCO) •DGCT(D)

9^1 935 671 635 612 357 241 750

0.6*34 C.430 d.3S4 C.371 0.116

0.68 0.68 0.77 0.72 1.17 1.18 1.05 1.17 1.16 1.20 1.15 2.44 1.42

SIGNIF SIGNIF INSIGN INSIGN INSIGN INSIGN INSIGN INSIGN INSIGN INSIGN INSIGN INSIGN INSIGN

ICANIIY ICi^NtlY IFIC4INT IFICANT IFICANT IFKANT IFICANT IFICANT IFICANT IFICANT IFICANT IFICANT IFICANT

OIFF DIFF

PCLC(C)-PCLCIC)' POLCCO-PGLC(C)' POLCtC)-POLCrO-PGLCtCl-PCLCCS)' PCLC(S)-POLC(S)-POtC(S)" PCLC(S)-PCLCtSh

ACVT(O) •OCCT(D) ADVTIS) TEACtCI DOCT(S) TEACtS) 'PCLC(S) •ACVT(C» •OOCKCI ADVT(S) TEAC(D) OGCKS) TEAC(S>

1 . 5 1 0 1 . 1 6 4 1 . 1 3 1 1 . 0 4 a 1.044 0 . 6 0 1 0..135 1.275 0 .929 0.896 0 .813 0 .809 0 .366

1.23 1.26 0.66 1.14 0.64 0.69 0.69 1.27 1.30 0.73 1.17 0.71 C.73

SIGNIFICANTLY INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANr INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT

DIFF,

TECPIO-TECRICJ-TECR(C)-TECRICI-TECR(C)-TECR(C)-TECR(C)-

DQCT(C» PCLCIDi TEAC(S) DOCTIS) PCLC(S) ACVTIC) ACVT(S)

1.233 0 .825 0 .6S2 0 .191 0 .144 0 .061 0 .030

1.61 1.18 1.20 1.14 1.18 1.44 1.04

INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT

10 POLC(S)-PCLC(S)-PCLCCSh PCLC(S)-POLCIS)-PCtC(S»-POiC(S)-OOCT(S)-OOCT(S»-OOCT(S)-DQCT(S)«

TECRIC) TECRIS) CGCT(O) ADVT(C) POLCtD) ADVTCS) CCCTIS) TEACIO) TSCRtSI DQCTID) ACVTIOI

1.462 1.060 0.978 0.924 0.887 0.848 0.617 0.845 0.443 0.361 0.3G7

1 . 0 7 0 . 7 1 1 . 1 3 1 . 0 7 0 . 6 4 0 . 6 1 0 . 5 1 1 . 0 1 C.62 1.Q6 1 . 0 0

SIGNIFICANTLY OIFF, INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFIC'AWT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT iNSIGNIFlGANI INSIGN IFlCA»lrt INSIGNIFlCAllr INSIGNIFICAI^ INSIGNIFlCJi$ .

S3ieti«*i»ii.€fti 0 6 € 1 I S I - ' J a V t l S >

WIM « iaM Mt 4i> iMNM « • i M * < - « « l al i lM W <«*>WI<^<« Ml • • ( « < « • awai « • • » < •

11 P « l C ( f l l * T i C R t C ) POlC lUt -OOCI f f i ) PGLCICi-OCCTlSJ POlCICI-i lCVTCS*

potc(c»-Aovteo» POl,CCe)-TECRfS> PQLC(0)-POIC(S) POLC(S)-TECR(0» POLC(S)-0OCT(0) patc(S)«oocT( ) POLC(S)-AEVT(S) POLC(S)-AOVT{D) PGtC(S)-TECR(S)

12 P01C(C»-TECR(0> PCtC(C)-TECR(S) PGlC(CJ-OGCT(C) POtC(G>-ADVT{S> PGLC(C)-DCCTtS) P01C{C)-P0LC(S) POLC(C»-AQVT(D» AOVT(D>-TECR(C) AOVT(CI-TfcCP(S) ADVT<C>-DOCT(0) AOVT(C)-ADVT(SJ flCVT(C)-OQCT{S) ACVT(C)-PCLC(S> PCLC<S)-TeCR{C) PCLC(SHTECfi(S) POl.C(S)-DCCTtC> PGLC{S)-ADVT(S) PCLC{S)-DCCT(S) DOCT(S)-TECR(C) DGCT{S)-TECR{S) DOCT{S»-OGCT<0) nCCKSJ-ADVTtS) ADVT{S)-T£CRtDJ ACVT(S)-TECRIS) ADVT<S)-CCCT{D) DOCT{C)-T6CR(0) OCCT(C)-TECR(S)

13 DCCTCO-TECRCC) OCCT(C)-ACVT(C) DCCT{C»-ACVT(S) 0CCT(C)-T6CR(S} O G C K O - P O L C t O OCCT(C)-POLC(S) DCCT(C>-OCCT(S)

14 DCCTJO-ACVTtS) DCCT(C)-PCLC(C) OOCT(D)-PCLC(S) DOCT(C)-TECR(0» DCCT(C)-TECRtS) OCCTlO-OQCTtS) OQCT{C)-AOVT(CI

15 TgCR(C)-POtCCC» TgCR(D)-AGVT(D» TiCRlCI-PQLCCS) T€Cfi{D»-QOCT(0) t g C R ( C ) - 0 § C I ( S )

@<tti 0.211

m mom tmmtm'mmf-mim mi m»i

1.508 1.408 1.33A i . l 4 5 0.9«3 0 .6^5 0 .611 0.837 0.737 Q.662 0 .474 0.292 0.224

1.167 1.424 1.133 0.909 0.857 G.820 0.6'97 1.470 C.727 0.436 0.212 1.160 0.123 1.347 G.604 0 .313 0.08*3 0.Q37 1.310 0 .567 0.276 0.0*52 1.258 0.515 0.224 1.034 0 .291

1.484 1.300 • 1.088 0 .962 0.879 0.733 0.713

1.031 0.869 0.825 0.750 0.637 C.135 0.046

1.614 1.394 0 . 9 9 1 0 .766 0 .746

^6*54 <3«§0

mmi'mmummmtmmtmmmtm'mimmmmimi

1.06 1.14 0 .60 0 .58 1.Q4 0 .62 0.62 1.10 1.17 0 .67 0.65 1.06 0 .66

1.07 0 .67 1.13 0 .59 0 .58 0 .65 C.98 1.40 1.11 1.42 1.04 1.01 1.02 i . l Q C.72 1.14 0.64 0 . 6 1 1.02 0.62 1.06 C.61 1.06 0 .69 1.06 1.33 1.04

1.69 1.70 i . 3 0 1.33 1.27 1.29 1.18

1.25 i . 2 4 1.28 1.51 1.21 1.15 1.41

1.10 1.43 1.12 1.43 i.ea

tnum^m mnmtnWM

»MM « i «K tiM «« «4 iM «W « t « Mi I M W M iaillM iM « t iM a^

siQm^Kmtvi SIGNIPICJ|«11.V SI<3NIFICA^tiY SlCNIFICAWtlY iNSIGNIFICANt INSIGNIFICINT 1NSIGNIPICAN1 inSlGHlflCMm INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIPICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT

SIGNIFICANTLY SIGNIFlCANTtY SIGNlFICANtiY SIGNIFICANTLY SIGNIFICANTLY SKNIFICANTLY INSIGNIFICANT SIGNIFICANTLY INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIPICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT SIGNIFICANTLY INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT SIGNIFICANTLY INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT SIGNIFICANTLY INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT

INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT

INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNlFIGANt INSIGNIFICANT

SIGNIFIC4*(I4¥ INSIGNIFIC4NI IN SIGN I f f CAM l N S I 0 N l P l € « * i I N S l G l ^ l l ^ l f i | »

GIPF. O IPF . OIFF. C I F F .

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D IFF .

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P O l C t C ) - a p C t ( S )

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T E C R ( S ) - P Q L C { 0 ) T€CR{S) -COCT(S ) TECR(S>-DCCT(D> T g C R ( S ) - A C V T ( S ) TECR<S)-POLC(S) T e C R ( S ) - A C V T ( C ) TECR(S) -TFCR(CJ T6CR(C) - ^PL IC(D) TgCR(C} -OCCT(SJ TECR(C) -DCCT(C) TeCRtC) - />CVT(^ ) T e C R ( C } - P C L C ( S l T g C R ( C ) - A C V T ( D ) ACVT(C) -PCLCIC) AOVT{C) -CGCT(S) ACVT(CJ-OOCTID) A O V K O - A C V K S ) A C V T ( D H P C L C ( S ) POLCtS) -PCLC{C) PQLC(S)-CtJCT(S) POLC(SHDCCT(C) P C t C ( S ) - A C V T ( S ) A O V T ( S i - P C L C ( C ) ACVT(S) -DCCT(S) AOVT(S) -DaCT{D) DOCT(n ) -PCLC(C) OOCT{C)-OCCT(S)

ADVT(C) -PCLC(C) A D V T ( £ ) - P O L C ( S ) A O V T ( C H T E C f i ( C ) AOVT(C)-OCCT{S» munO'-QGCfio) At3^t«)«TECfl<S) ACV1lBt"AC\^HS) ACVTCSJ-F-aLCtO) AB^t<SHPCrtCfS> A0VtlSHTgCI?(O) A©VtlS>-fiQ6i4SJ ICVt lSHCf lCTfO i» ivt (S)- tgCR{SJ

0 1 ^ '

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1 .863 1 .423 1 .354 1 .212 1 .130 C .364 C.2C4

• 1 . 6 8 9 1 .219 I . I S O 1 .008 0 . 9 2 6 C .160 i . :>2g 1 .059 0 .99O 0 . 8 * 8 0 . 7 6 6 0 . 7 6 3 C .293 0 . 2 2 4 0 . 0 8 2 0 . 6 8 1 0 . 2 1 1 0 . 1 4 2 0 . 5 3 9 0 . 0 6 9

1 .598 1.41C 1 .379 l . 2 2 « 1 .045 1 .000 0 . 8 9 4 0 . 7 0 4 G^BU 0.419 o.a^4 o.tsi e»M6

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1 .14 i 1 .18 1 .47 1 .09 1 . 4 3 1 . 0 7 0 . 9 9 0 . 6 2 0 . 6 9 1 .09 0 . 5 7

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SIGNIFICANTLY SIGNIFICANTLY JIGNIFCCANTLY SIGNIFICANTLY SIGNIFICANTLY INSIGNIF ICZNT I N S I G M F I C Z N T SIGNIFICANTLY SIGNIFICANTLY INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT SIGNIFICANTLY SIGNIFICANTLY INSIGNIFIC**NT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT SIGNIFICANTLY INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT SIGNIFICANTLY INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT

S I G N I F i C A N l l Y SIGNIFICANTLY INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT

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O I F F . O I F F .

D I F F . O I F F . O I F F . D I F F . O I F F .

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C I F F . D I F F .

D I F F .

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16

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J .485 1.265 Q.886 0.862 0 .500 0 .445 0.518 i . 0 6 7 0.846 0.A68 C.444 0.082 0 .027

0.827 0 .699 0 .654 0.649 0 .617 0.305 0 .267 0.560 0.432 0 .387 0 .372 tJ.350 0.O38

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1.23 0.75 0.78 0.68 1.20 0.63 1.11 1.65 1.34 i . 3 4 1.26 i . 5 7 1.17

C.59 0.64 1.04 0.65 1.05 0.54 0 .93 1.01 1.03 1.30 1.01 1.27 0.89

0 .62 1.03 0 .56

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SIGNIFICANTLY C I F F . SIGNIFICANTLY C I F F . S IGNIFICANTLY O I F F . INSIGNIF ICANT INS IGNIF ICANT INSIGNIF ICANT INSIGNIF ICANT INSIGNIF ICANT INSIGNIF ICANT INSIGNIF ICANT INSIGNIF ICANT INSIGNIF ICANT ' INSIGNIF ICANT

SIGNIFICANTLY O I F F . SIGNIFICANTLY O I F F . SIGNIFICANTLY C I F F . SIGNIFICANTLY O I F F . INSIGNIF ICANT INS IGNIF ICANT INS IGNIF ICANT INS IGNIF ICANT INS IGNIF ICANT f-NSIGNIFICANT INS IGNIF ICANT f-NSIGNIFICANT HNSIGNIFICANT

SIGNIFICANTLY O I F F . SIGNIFICANTLY O I F F . INSIGNIF ICANT INSIGNIF ICANT INSIGNIF ICANT INSIGNIF ICANT INSIGNIF ICANT INSIGNIF ICANT INSIGNIF ICANT INSIGNIF ICANT INS IGNIF ICANT INSIGNIF ICANT INSIGNIF ICANT

S I G N l F i C A N l l ^ B I F F . INSIGfllPICAIf msimwiim

23

24

75

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