Lab Activity 1

Body Organization and Terminology

Portland Community CollegeBI 231

Organs and Organ Systems

• Regional anatomy is the study of particular areas of the body, such as head or leg

• An organ system is a collection of organs that works as a team to complete an objective

• Although organ systems are studied separately, there is intimate connections between the systems

2

3

Reproductive System

• Structures:• Gonads: testes and ovaries• Accessory organs: uterus, vagina, penis, and

seminal vesicles, play a part in the transport of the sex cells and the development of the fetus

• Functions:• Making Babies

4

Urinary System

• Structures:• Kidneys (serve as filters), ureters (connect kidneys

to bladder), urinary bladder (storage),

urethra (exit tube from the body)

• Functions:• Removal of nitrogenous wastes• Adjusts the chemical balance of body fluids and

maintaining blood volume

5

Nervous System

• Structures: Brain, Spinal cord,

peripheral nerves and sense organs.

• Function:• Fast-acting control system of the body• Coordinates body regions, interprets environmental

cues, and integrates information

6

Muscular System

• Structures: The 600+ muscles of the body and associated tendons

• Function: • Moves and strengthen joints• Provides protection and support for other tissues• Thermogenesis (generation of heat) and maintains

body temperature

7

Respiratory System

• Structures:• Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,

lungs

• Functions:• Constantly supply the blood with O2, and remove

CO2

• Regulate blood pH• Produces sound for communication

8

Skeletal System

• Structure: each bone is considered an organ, with blood vessels and nerves found in each, cartilages, ligaments, bone marrow

• Function:• Protects and supports body organs

• Provides a framework that muscles can use to create movement

• Hematopoiesis (synthesis of blood cells)

• Mineral storage

• Bone contains 99% of the body’s store of calcium

9

Lymphatic/Immune System

• Structures:• Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Spleen, Thymus,

Red bone marrow, tonsils

• Functions:• Returning “leaked” fluid back to the bloodstream• Disposal of debris• Attacking and resisting foreign invaders (pathogens

i.e., disease-causing organisms)• Absorption of fat from the digestive tract

10

Integumentary System

• Structures: Skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands

• Function:• Forms external body covering• Protects deeper tissues from injury• Involved in vitamin D synthesis• Site of pain and pressure receptors• Helps regulate body temperature

11

Digestive System

• Structures:• Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine,

large intestine, rectum, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

• Functions:• Ingestion and subsequent breakdown of food into

absorbable units that will enter the blood for distribution to the body’s cells

12

Endocrine System

• Structures: Hormone Secreting Glands• Pituitary, Thyroid, Thymus, Pineal,

Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Small Intestine, Stomach, Testes, Ovaries, Kidneys, Heart

• Functions:• Long-term control system of the body• Regulates growth, reproduction, and nutrient

use among other things.

13

Cardiovascular System

• Structures: • Heart, Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries)

and blood

• Functions:• The heart pumps blood thru the blood vessels.• Blood provides the transport medium for nutrients

(glucose, amino acids, lipids), gases (O2, CO2), wastes (urea, creatinine), signaling molecules (hormones), and heat.

14

Anatomical Position

• Anytime you describe structures relative to one another, you must assume this standard position:

• Body erect• Feet slightly apart• Palms facing forward• Thumbs point away from body

15

Body Orientationand Direction

• These are relative positions• Proximal/distal

• Proximal is closer to the trunk

• Distal is farther from the trunk

• Medial/lateral• Medial is closer to the midline

• Farther away from the midline

Intermediate is between medial and lateral

16

Body Orientation and Direction

• Dorsal: Back• Ventral: Front• Superior or cranial is

toward the head• Inferior or Caudal is

toward the feet• Anterior: most forward• Posterior: toward the

backside

Relationships and comparisons

• Ipsilateral- on the same side of the body

• Contralateral- on the opposite side of the body

17

18

Planes of the Body

19

• Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system

• Contains Brain and Spinal Cord

Dorsal Body Cavity

20

Cavities

• Thoracic Cavity• Heart & Lungs

• Subdivided into the mediastinum and pleural cavities

• Lower border is the diaphragm• Abdominal Cavity

• Stomach, Liver, Intestines• Pelvic Cavity

• Reproductive organs Bladder, Rectum

21

Serous Membranes

• Serous Membranes have two layers

1. Parietal serosa lines internal body walls

1. Visceral serosa covers the internal organs

• Serous fluid separates the serosae

22

Serous Membranes

23

Serous Membranes of the Heart

24

Anterior Landmarks

25

PosteriorLandmarks

26

Anatomical Locations

• Abdominal: abdominal region• Acromial: the point of the shoulder• Antebrachial: forearm• Antecubital: anterior surface of the elbow• Axillary: armpit• Brachial: upper arm• Buccal: cheek of the face• Calcaneal: heel of the foot• Carpal: wrist• Cephalic: head

27

Anatomical Locations

• Cervical: neck• Deltoid: round part of the shoulder• Digital: fingers and toes• Dorsum: back • Femoral: thigh• Frontal: forehead• Gluteal: buttocks• Hallux: big toe• Inguinal: groin• Lumbar: lower back• Mammary: breast

28

Anatomical Locations

• Mental: chin• Nasal: Nose• Occipital: base of the skull

• Olecranal: elbow• Oral: mouth• Orbital: bony eye socket• Otic: ear• Palmar: palm of hand• Patellar: Kneecap• Pedal: Foot

29

Anatomical Locations

• Pelvic: pelvis region• Perineal: area between anus and external

genitals• Plantar: sole of foot• Pollex: thumb• Popliteal: behind the knee• Pubic: genital region• Sacral: lower back between the hips• Scapular: shoulder blade• Tarsal: ankle• Thoracic: chest• Vertebral: spine

30

Abdominopelvic Regions

31

Quadrants

• RUQ• Liver

• LUQ• Spleen

• RLQ• Appendix

• LLQ• Sigmoid colon

Muscles to know

• Sternocleidomastoid

• Deltoid

• Pectoralis major

• External abdominal oblique

• Rectus abdominis

• Biceps brachii

• Sartorius

• Rectus femoris

• Tibialis anterior

32

Muscles continued

• Trapezius• Triceps brachii• Latissimus dorsi• Gluteus maximus• Semitendinosus• Biceps femoris• gastrocnemius

33

Lab Activity 2

The Microscope

35

36

Care of the Microscope

1. When transporting microscope, hold in upright position with one hand on the arm and the other supporting the base 

2. Only use lens paper to clean the lens. NEVER USE KIMWIPES.

3. Always begin the focusing process with the lowest-power objective and change to higher-power lenses as necessary. 

• Use fine focus only for adjustment4. Use coarse adjustment knob only with the lowest

power objective lens5. Always use a coverslip with temporary preparations

37

Putting Microscope Away

1. Remove slides from stage and place in appropriate place

2. Rotate the lowest-power objective lens into position

3. Move stage to the lowest position4. Turn down light brightness5. Turn off power6. Wipe microscope (not the lens) with

Kimwipes or alcohol wipe if needed7. Wrap the cord neatly around the base8. Lock the cabinet

38

The End