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Akhlesh LakhtakiaAkhlesh LakhtakiaDepartment of Engineering Science and MechanicsDepartment of Engineering Science and Mechanics
Pennsylvania State UniversityPennsylvania State UniversityAugust 27, 2007August 27, 2007SPIE San DiegoSPIE San Diego
$cience begins with the $ sign.
- Om P. Gandhi
Nanotechnologyfor Researchers
George Smith (Oxford University):George Smith (Oxford University):
Nano Nano ““comes from the verb which meanscomes from the verb which meansto seek research fundingto seek research funding..””
Source: The Economist (Jan 1-5, 2005 issue)Source: The Economist (Jan 1-5, 2005 issue)
2005 Survey:2005 Survey:Literature onLiterature on Perceptions of NanotechnologyPerceptions of Nanotechnology
Nanotech Economy
Total worldwide R&D funding Total worldwide R&D funding = = $ 9.6B in 2005$ 9.6B in 2005
Governments (2005):Governments (2005): $4.6B$4.6BEstablished Corporations (2005):Established Corporations (2005): $4.5B$4.5BVenture Capitalists (2005):Venture Capitalists (2005): $0.5B$0.5B
Source: Source: Lux Lux Research, The Nanotech Report, 4th Ed. (2006.Research, The Nanotech Report, 4th Ed. (2006.
Nanotech Economy: Scope
Source: Meridian Institute, Nanotechnology and the Poor: Opportunities and Risk (2005)Source: Meridian Institute, Nanotechnology and the Poor: Opportunities and Risk (2005)
Nanotech Economy:Available Products
Source: UNESCO, The Ethics and Politics of Nanotechnology (2006)Source: UNESCO, The Ethics and Politics of Nanotechnology (2006)
Perceptions of Nanotechnology
Source: Source: Munshi Munshi et al. (2007)et al. (2007)
Prime Directive for Managers ofNanotechnology
Types of Risks
1.1. Employee HealthEmployee Health2.2. Operational SafetyOperational Safety3.3. Legislated PenaltiesLegislated Penalties4.4. Customer LiabilitiesCustomer Liabilities5.5. Shareholder DissatisfactionShareholder Dissatisfaction6.6. Societal DisharmonySocietal Disharmony7.7. …………....
EssentialRisk-Management
Tool
Five QuestionsFive Questions
Q1: What isQ1: What isnanotechnology?nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology: The term
Norio Norio Tanaguchi Tanaguchi (1974)(1974)::
‘Nano-technology’ mainly consists of theprocessing of separation, consolidation, anddeformation of materials by one atom or onemolecule.
N. Taniguchi, On the Basic Concept of 'Nano-Technology', Proc. Intl. Conf. Prod. Eng. Tokyo, Part II, JapanSociety of Precision Engineering, 1974.
Nanotechnology: The termUS Patents and Trademarks OfficeUS Patents and Trademarks Office(2006)(2006)::“Nanotechnology is related to research and technologydevelopment at the atomic, molecular or macromolecularlevels, in the length of scale of approximately 1-100nanometer range in at least one dimension; that provide afundamental understanding of phenomena and materials atthe nanoscale; and to create and use structures, devices andsystems that have novel properties and functions because oftheir small and/or intermediate size.”
Nanotechnology: The term
Royal Society (2004)Royal Society (2004):: 0.2-100 nm
Christian Joachim (2005)Christian Joachim (2005):: single atom/molecule
Charles Charles Tahan Tahan (2006/7)(2006/7): : < 10 nmat least 2 dims.
NanotechnologyNanotechnologypromises to bepromises to be
•• pervasivepervasive•• ubiquitousubiquitous
A broad and inclusive definition is needed.A broad and inclusive definition is needed.
Q1:Q1:What isWhat is
nanotechnology?nanotechnology?
A1:A1:At least 1 dimensionAt least 1 dimensionhas a length-scalehas a length-scale
between 1 to 100 nm.between 1 to 100 nm.
Q2: Why willQ2: Why willnanotechnologynanotechnologybe pervasive andbe pervasive and
ubiquitousubiquitous??
Nanoworld: Founding Myths
19591959 FeynmanFeynman’’s talks talk““Plenty of room at the bottomPlenty of room at the bottom””
Nanoworld: Founding Myths
19591959 FeynmanFeynman’’s talks talk““Plenty of room at the bottomPlenty of room at the bottom””
19811981 Binnig & RohrerBinnig & RohrerScanning Tunneling MicroscopyScanning Tunneling Microscopy
Nanoworld: Founding Myths
19591959 FeynmanFeynman’’s talks talk““Plenty of room at the bottomPlenty of room at the bottom””
19811981 Binnig & RohrerBinnig & RohrerScanning Tunneling MicroscopyScanning Tunneling Microscopy
19861986 DrexlerDrexler’’s books bookThe Engines of CreationThe Engines of Creation
Nanoworld: Founding Myths
19591959 FeynmanFeynman’’s talks talk““Plenty of room at the bottomPlenty of room at the bottom””
19811981 Binnig & RohrerBinnig & RohrerScanning Tunneling MicroscopyScanning Tunneling Microscopy
19861986 DrexlerDrexler’’s books bookThe Engines of CreationThe Engines of Creation
ToumeyToumey’’ssAnthropologicalAnthropological
AssessmentAssessment
✖✖
✔✔
✖✖
Source: Chris Source: Chris ToumeyToumey, Engineering and Science, , Engineering and Science, NosNos. 1/2, pp. 16-23 (2005). 1/2, pp. 16-23 (2005)
Nanoworld: Founding Myths
19591959 FeynmanFeynman’’s talks talk““Plenty of room at the bottomPlenty of room at the bottom””
19811981 Binnig & RohrerBinnig & RohrerScanning Tunneling MicroscopyScanning Tunneling Microscopy
19861986 DrexlerDrexler’’s books bookThe Engines of CreationThe Engines of Creation
1913/4 Wolfgang 1913/4 Wolfgang OstwaldOstwald’’s s 5 lectures5 lectures The World of Neglected DimensionsThe World of Neglected Dimensions
Nanoworld: Founding Myths
Nanoworld: Other Initiators
1850s1850s Colored glasses (Colored glasses (nanoparticlesnanoparticles))
1880s1880s Thin filmsThin films
1960s1960s Integrated circuitsIntegrated circuits
1970s1970s Supramolecular Supramolecular chemistrychemistry
Nanotechnology: Classification
• Incremental – nanoparticles, thin films
• Evolutionary – quantum dots, nanotubes
• Radical – molecular manufacturing
Nanotechnology’s Gigantic Scope
Source:Source:
Q2: Why willQ2: Why willnanotechnologynanotechnologybe pervasive andbe pervasive and
ubiquitousubiquitous??
A2:A2:Because of its giganticBecause of its gigantic
scope.scope.
Q3: What is the commonQ3: What is the commonthread in allthread in all
technoscientifictechnoscientificopportunities offered byopportunities offered by
nanotechnologynanotechnology??
A3: A3: NanomaterialsNanomaterials..
Q3: What is the commonQ3: What is the commonthread in allthread in all
technoscientifictechnoscientificopportunities offered byopportunities offered by
nanotechnologynanotechnology??
Q4: What societal issuesQ4: What societal issueswill emerge from thewill emerge from the
spread ofspread ofnanotechnology?nanotechnology?
• Known knowns• Known unknowns• Unknown unknowns
• Known knowns• Known unknowns• Unknown unknowns
“Reports that say that something hasn't happened are always interesting to me, because as we know, there are known knowns; there are things we know we know. We also know there are known unknowns; that is to say we know there are some things we do not know. But there are also unknown unknowns — the ones we don't know we don't know.” - Donald Rumsfeld (12 Feb 2002)
Nanotechnology:Societal Issues
Source:Source: Susanna Priest and Victoria Kramer, University of South Carolina (2007)Susanna Priest and Victoria Kramer, University of South Carolina (2007)
Health ImpactsNanoparticles may be more toxic than larger particles
• High surface area• Enhanced chemical reactivity• Easier penetration of cells
Manufactured amounts are small, but will increase overtime.
Human Health Impacts
Risk to workers and consumers
• Inhalation (Workers and consumers)
• Penetration of skin (Workers and consumers)
• Combustible nanoparticles may causeexplosions (Workers)
Human Health Impacts
Life-cycle auditing of nanomaterials is essential.
US Federal funding of Environment Health & Safety ResearchUS Federal funding of Environment Health & Safety Researchon on Nanomaterials Nanomaterials is growing.is growing.
Nanodivides• Who controls the uses of
nanotechnologies?
• Who benefits from the uses ofnanotechnologies?
• Nanodivides- Rich and poor in the same country- Rich and poor countries
Convergence of Nano, Bio, and Information Technologies& Cognition Science
• New forms of surveillance and sensing- Invasion of privacy- Regulation of governmental and
private data-collection agencies
• Radical human enhancement
Privacy Issues
Convergence of Nano, Bio, and Information Technologies& Cognition Science
• New forms of surveillance and sensing- Invasion of privacy- Regulation of governmental and
private data-collection agencies
• Radical human enhancement
Privacy Issues
Brave New World, Brave New World, GattacaGattaca, The Manchurian Candidate, The Manchurian Candidate
A4: Many, someA4: Many, someforeseen but othersforeseen but others
unforeseen.unforeseen.
Q4: What societal issuesQ4: What societal issueswill emerge from thewill emerge from the
spread ofspread ofnanotechnology?nanotechnology?
Q5: What must the publicQ5: What must the publicdo to cope withdo to cope with andand
celebratecelebratenanotechnology?nanotechnology?
A5: Educate ourA5: Educate ourchildrenchildren
appropriately.appropriately.
Q5: What must the publicQ5: What must the publicdo to cope withdo to cope with andand
celebratecelebratenanotechnology?nanotechnology?
Essential Curricular Features
• Integration across technology and sciences
• Integration with humanities-------------------------------------------------------• Flexibility to adapt to changing needs
• Modularity to mimic real-life situations
• Incorporation of diversity of skills and interests
Current Educational Practices
Supplementary Approach
Current Educational Practices
• to identify intersecting disciplines• to acquire necessary knowledge base• to synthesize an acceptable accomplishment• to assess needs for further progress• to contextualize the accomplishment
Students must learnStudents must learn
End-of-semesterEnd-of-yearEnd-of-school
EXPERIENCESEXPERIENCES
(JITE)(JITE)
JITE Experience• Spans > 1 science/math disciplines• Single-member• Team-based• Apportionment of tasks• Deadlines• Oral/written reports
• 4 Crucial elements
• Crucial Element No. 1Not all information be supplied to students
Students will• search school books• search extracurricular books• search the web• interview practitioners• undertake site visits
• Crucial Element No. 2Introspection and reflection by students
Students will• keep a journal of activities and ideas• prepare a statement of personal growth
• Crucial Element No. 3Socioethical contextualization
Students will reflect on relevance of projects to• their political unit and culture• the world• ecology, sustainability & diversity
• Crucial Element No. 4Dispersal of acquired knowledge
Students will• create project websites• write for newspapers and magazines• participate in local, provincial and national conferences
Teaching staffs’ responsibilities:1. Form interdisciplinary teams to guide
JITE experiences2. Mathematics and sciences staffs must
learn about humanities and social sciences
3. Humanities & social sciences staffs mustlearn about mathematics and sciences
4. Become lifelong learners
Chandra S. Chandra S. VikramVikram
31 Oct 1950 31 Oct 1950 –– 17 Aug 2007 17 Aug 2007
Fellow, SPIEFellow, SPIEFellow, OSAFellow, OSA
Gabor Gabor Award for HolographyAward for HolographyDistinguished Alumnus, IIT DelhiDistinguished Alumnus, IIT Delhi