Lamps

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Honda Insight - 65

Toyota Pyrius – 48

GMC Sierra – 12 Jeep Cherokee – 24

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Miles/gallon

SOURCE LUMEN EFFICACY

(lumens/watts)Candle (equivalent) 0.01Oil Lamp (equivalent) 0.03Edison lamp          (1879) 1.4Carbonized bamboo    (1879 2.0Carbonized cellulose (1891) 3.0Metalized (Gem)      (1905) 4.0Drawn Tungsten       (1911) 10.060W Tungsten C.C.    (1968) 14.7Filament Lamp        (1970) 10 - 18Tungsten Halogen     (1980) 17 - 22Stage/Studio Lamps   (1980) 20 - 40Cooper-Hewitt Lamp   (1901) 13.0Mercury Lamp (modern) 55 - 60Fluorescent Lamp     (1938) 65 -100Metal Halide Lamp 85 -120HPS Lamp 80 -140LPS Lamp 120 -200

Efficacy

Lumens per watt of a light source

The higher the lumen efficacy, the more efficient the source is at producing light

Color RenderingIndex (CRI)

The Color Rendering Index (CRI) is a relative measure of the shift in surface color of an object when lit by a particular lamp, compared with how the object would appear under a reference light source of similar color temperature. The higher the CRI of the light source, the "truer" it renders color

Lamp Life

A statistical probability Based on:

A representative sample of lights Typical conditions

Rated in hours Time elapsed when 50% remain burning Example

If a lamp had a rating of 1000 hours: After 1000 hours half of the sample of lamps have

burned out while the other half remains operational

Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD)

Light output declines with timeThis loss of light is called Lumen Depreciation

Factors that affect Lamp Operation

StrikeAmbient TemperaturesVoltage InterruptionsWattage/Voltage Changes Dimming Increased Watts or Volts

Burning Position

Incandescent

Components Tungsten filament

Acts as a resistor In parallel changes amps by impedance

inductive reactance and conductor resistance Glass Globe w/ inert gasses

Argon or krypton w/ small amounts of nitrogen

Add bromine or iodine with a quartz covering – Tungsten Halogen lamp

Lamp base

Types of Incandescent

General Service or Extend LifeProjector (PAR) Parabolic reflectors

Reflectors (R)Elliptical Reflectors (ER)Tungsten Halogen

Common Shapes w/ Designations

Common Bases

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Performance• Not affected by temperatures

• Voltage sensitive

• Strike sensitive - Dimming

• Excellent color rendering (CRI)

• Lumen depreciation

- on average, lamps retain 87% of their lumens after 70% rated life

•Low Rated Life

•Efficacy 10 – 30 Lumens per watt

GMC Sierra – 12

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Fluorescent Components Mercury arc discharge

Cathodes Argon gas w/ mercury

Phosphor coating on tube Ultraviolet light created by the mercury

arc excites the phosphor coating and creates visible light

Mixtures of different phosphors give varying colors

Requires a ballast limit and regulate current flow

Ballast

Ballast

Ballast Starter

Ballast

BallastThe basic ballast is nothing more than a current limiting device. For 50 and 60 Hz applications, the most common current limiting device is an inductor Magnetic Electronic

Types of FluorescentsShapes Tubular (T) U – Shaped (U) Circline (C)

Types Preheat

Few second delay - Bi pin base Instant Start

Single pin base Rapid Start

Slight delay – bi pin High and Very High Output (increased arc) (HO, VHO)

Recessed base – 800 mA to 1500 mA – more light, less efficacy

Note:

•Residential – 120V

•Commercial – 277V

GenericDesignations

F20 = fluorescent 20 watts (U, C) F42 = Fluorescent 42” long (instant start slimline)

T8 = tubular 8/8” = 1inch diameter, RS = Rapid StartWW = warm white (cw, wwx, etc.)

Warning: Be sure to check w/ manufacturer

GenericDesignations

The "T" in lamp nomenclature designates that the lamp is tubular shaped. The number following the "T" usually represents the diameter of the lamp in eighths of an inch.

New DOE Standards Effective July 14, 2012:

Lamp Type Watts Color Temperature Min. Lumens/Watt

4-foot (T5) miniature bi-pin

>26W <4500K>4500K and <7000K

86.081.0

Prior to July 14, 2012 DOE Standards

Lamp Type Watts Min. CRI Min. Lumens/Watt

4-foot medium bi-pin

>35W 69 45

75.0 75.0

Performance•Temperature sensitive

•Strike sensitive (3hrs)

•Poor color rendering

•Long rated life (up to 24,000)

•Lumen depreciation

- on average, lamps retain 87% of their lumens after 40% rated life; eventually get dimmer & dimmer

•Good Efficacy 60 – 100 lumens per watt

•Poor beam control

•Dimming expensive

Residential Usage

                                     

Remember strike and ambient temperatures!

High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps

Three distinct categories Mercury Metal Halide High Pressure Sodium

Characteristics High Efficacy Long Life High Lamp Lumen Depreciation Require ballasts Low CRI

Mercury HIDMercury arcsStarting time 3-5 minutes

Green-blue lightConsiderable lamp decay Eventually dim out After 24,000 – 50% Long Life

Burning position – anyLandscaping uses

Metal Halide HID

Mixtures Mercury, sodium,

thallium, scandium, etc.

Starting time The greatest up to 5 minutes

Bright greenish whiteDecay of metals Decline of lumens very gradual

Burning position is criticalSports lighting, commercial

Do you every feel small

High/Low Pressure Sodium HID

Sodium arcStarting time 3-5 minutes

Yellow – golden white Very low CRI

Very high efficacy Up to 140 lumens/watt for HP Up to 200 lumens/watt for LP

Burning position – anySport lighting, garages

         

Honda Insight - 65

Sodium HID

Diagram of a high pressure sodium lamp

Lamp Comparison - Color

Lamp Comparisons – Life/Cost

Lamp Comparison

Lamp Life

Efficacy

ef·fi·ca·cythe power to produce an effect

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