Land Use and Water Quality in Land Use and Water Quality in Hawaiian Streams:Hawaiian Streams:

Findings from the USGS National Findings from the USGS National Water Quality Assessment ProgramWater Quality Assessment Program

Anne BrasherAnne BrasherU.S. Geological SurveyU.S. Geological Survey

NAWQA Study Design

Ground Water Surface Water

EcologyWater Column Sediment and Tissue

PesticidesNutrients/Sediment

InvertebratesFish/Crustaceans

Metals and TEs Organics

Land Use in Hawaii

Water Column Studies

URBANAGRICULTUREFORESTED

Manoa Stream

Waikele Stream

Waihee Stream

Pesticides in Manoa Stream

INSECTICIDES HERBICIDE

# of samples 26

Flow and Pesticides in Manoa Stream

0

20

40

60

80

100

Dieldrin Diazinon Carbaryl Malathion Prometon

Freq

uenc

y of

Det

ectio

n

LOW TO MODERATE FLOW

MODERATE TO HIGH FLOW

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

1 10 100 1000Instantaneous Discharge (cfs)

Die

ldrin

Con

cent

ratio

n (u

g/L)

Dieldrin and Flow in Manoa Stream

EPA Chronic Water-Quality Criteria Aquatic Life

Pesticides in Waikele Stream

INSECTICIDESHERBICIDES

# of samples 20

0

20

40

60

80

100

Bromacil Atrazine Desethyl Diazinon Carbarylatrazine

Flow vs. Pesticides in Waikele Stream

LOW TO MODERATE FLOW

MODERATE TO HIGH FLOW

Freq

uenc

y of

Det

ectio

n

Dissolved Phosphorus in Waikele Stream

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

Dec. 6 Jan. 10 Feb. 14 May 9

Phos

phor

us (

mg/

L as

P)

UPPER SITE

LOWER SITE

HIGH FLOW

Streambed Sediment and Fish Tissue

FORESTAGRICULTUREURBAN

Sampling locations

WATERSHEDSAMPLING SITE

Total chlordane in fish

AG FOREST MIX URBAN

0

1000

2000

Con

cent

ratio

n (p

pb)

(n=18)(n=3) (n=8)(n=8)

NY State guideline for protection of birds that eat fish

Dieldrin in fish

AG FOREST MIX URBAN

300

800

1300

1800

Con

cent

ratio

n (p

pb)

(n=18)(n=3) (n=8)(n=8)

Total DDT in fish

AG FOREST MIX URBAN

50

200

350

Con

cent

ratio

n (p

pb)

(n=18)(n=3) (n=8)(n=8)

Comparison to National NAWQA data

TOTAL CHLORDANE DIELDRIN TOTAL DDT

Con

cent

ratio

n (p

pb)

ND ND

1,000

100

10

1

10,000

1,000

100

10

1

URBAN URBANALL AGAG URBAN URBANALL AGAG URBAN URBANALL AGAG

OAHUNATIONAL OAHUNATIONAL OAHUNATIONAL

PAHs PCBs

OCs

HIGHEST

MIDDLE

LOWEST

Manoa Stream, Fish Tissue

Dieldrin

0

1500

3000

4500

6000

7500

9000

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

Sampling dateTotal Chlordane

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

Sampling dateTotal DDT

0

500

1000

1500

2000

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

Sampling date

Conc

entr

atio

n, u

g/kg

1

10

100

As Ba Cd Pb Sn ZnELEMENT

ENR

ICHM

ENT

FAC

TOR

(Al-n

orm

aliz

ed) Urban

MixedAgriculture

Streambed Sediment

Habitat Measurements

a

b

c'

d

e

cc

f

g

URBAN

FORESTED

Habitat Characterization

162024283236

162024283236

162024283236

URBAN

MIXED

FOREST

TEM

PERAT

URE

c o

MAXMEAN

MIN

4/99

10/0

0

6/99

8/99

10/9

9

12/9

9

2/00

4/00

6/00

8/00

Benthic Invertebrates as Indicators of Benthic Invertebrates as Indicators of Stream QualityStream Quality

Sampling sites

FORESTAGRICULTUREURBAN

Invertebrate Sampling

Invertebrate Abundance

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

ABU

ND

ANCE

FOREST URBAN

Benthic invertebrates and land use

URBAN

FORESTED

CRUSTACEA

MOLLUSCA

ANNELIDA

OTHER (Turbellaria)

INSECTA

ATYOIDAProcambarus clarkii

Neocaridina denticulata

Macrobrachium lar

Atyoida bisulcata

Crustaceans

OPAE

PRAWNCRAYFISH

SHRIMP

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

MANO

KANE

WKEL

WKAK

WKEA

KALU

WHEEWHOL

PUNB

PUNA

Rel

ativ

e ab

unda

nce

log(

x+1)

Atyoida bisulcataNeocaridina denticulata Macrobrachium larProcambarus clarkii

Crustaceans vs. Land Use

URBAN MIXED FOREST

Corbicula fluminea

MOLLUSCS

Ferrissia sharpiThiaridae

Neritina granosa Theodoxus vespertinus

Molluscs vs. Land Use

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7M

ANO

KANE

WKE

L

WKA

K

WKE

A

KALU

WHE

E

WHO

L

PUNB

PUNA

Rel

ativ

e ab

unda

nce

[log

(x+1

)]

Corbicula flumineaFerrissia sharpiThiaridae

URBAN MIXED FOREST

RATIO OF DIPTERA TO TRICHOPTERA

DIPTERA

TRICHOPTERA

Ratio of Diptera to Trichoptera

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

PUNAPUNBW

HOLW

HEEW

KEAKANEMANOW

KAKW

KEL

Inse

ct a

bund

ance

Hydroptila

Cheumatopsyche

Limonia

Hemerodromia

Eukiefferiella

Ephydridae

Cricotopus

Ceratopogonidae

Chironomidae

TRICHOPTERA

DIPTERA

HIGH LOWPercent Forest

WaiakeaWaiau

Onomea

Umauma Kolekole

HAWAII

OAHU

Kipapa

Waikakalaua

Waikele

ManoaNuuanu

KaluanuiPunaluu

Waihole

Waihee

Kaneohe

KAUAI

Native species in Hawaiian streams

Atyoida bisulcataOPAE

Sicyopterus stimpsoniNOPILI

Lentipes concolorALAMOO

Awaous guamensisNAKEA

Mosquito control

Poecilia sphenopsMOLLY

Gambusia affinisMOSQUITO FISH

Xiphohorus helleriGREEN SWORDTAIL

Aquarium releases

Hemichromis elongatusJEWEL CICHLID

Hypostumus sp.LORICARID CATFISH

Melanochromis johanniMBUNA

Food fishes

Sarotherodon melanotheronBLACKCHIN TILAPIA

Ictalurus punctatusCHANNEL CATFISH

Micropterus dolomieuSMALLMOUTH BASS

Fish Abundance

FOREST URBAN/AG

INTRODUCED

NATIVE