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Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal
Proposed solar farm
at Morfa Pingett, near Kidwelly
Carmarthenshire
Prepared
by
Mackley Davies Associates Ltd
May 2019
Solar Farm, Morfa Pingett : Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal v1
May 28, 2019
1 | P a g e
Solar Farm
Morfa Pingett
Carmarthenshire
Version v2
May 2019
Approved by: Wyn Davies and Gill Mackley
Position: Directors
Date: 28.05.2019
Prepared by:
Mackley Davies Associates Ltd
Ffynnon yr Eirin
Crickhowell Road
Gilwern
Monmouthshire
NP7 0EH
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INDEX
1.0 BACKGROUND page 4
2.0 METHOD OF ASSESSMENT page 4
3.0 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT page 5
4.0 OVERALL LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL BASELINE page 6
5.0 LANDSCAPE CHARACTER page 10
6.0 PLANNING CONTEXT page 12
7.0 LANDSCAPE CHARACTER IMPACTS page 15
8.0 VISUAL ANALYSIS page 17
9.0 LANDSCAPE MITIGATION MEASURES page 19
10.0 CONCLUSION page 21
APPENDIX 1 : Method of assessment
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LIST OF PLANS
PLAN 1 LOCATION AT 1: 50,000
PLAN 2 LOCATION AT 1:25,000
PLAN 3 AERIAL PHOTO
PLAN 4 HISTORIC CONTEXT
PLAN 5 HERITAGE ASSETS
PLAN 6 LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT
PLAN 7 PLANNING CONTEXT
PLAN 8 EXISTING SITE & PHOTO LOCATIONS
PLAN 9 PROPOSALS
PLAN 10 LANDSCAPE MITIGATION
PHOTO SHEETS 1 - 7
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1.0 BACKGROUND
1.1 This study has been undertaken to assess the potential landscape character and visual
impact effects associated with a full planning application for a small scale solar farm near Pinged,
south of Kidwelly, Carmarthenshire. The report has been prepared by Gill Mackley (CMLI) of Mackley
Davies Associates Ltd, a registered practice of the Landscape Institute.
1.2 ‘The site’ refers to a full planning application for a circa 2.5 ha ground mounted solar panels
and associated work at National Grid Reference SN 41303 04977. The post code is SA16 0JE.
2.0 METHOD OF ASSESSMENT
2.1 The appraisal has been produced in line with the published ‘Guidelines for Landscape and
Visual impact Assessment’ (referred to as GLVIA) produced by the Landscape Institute (2103 3rd
edition).
2.2 The GLVIA publication defines landscape and visual impacts as changes to the fabric,
character and quality of the landscape as a result of development and is based on a mix of desk
based study and field work.
The impact assessment is principally concerned with:
− Direct impacts upon specific landscape elements
− Effects on the overall pattern of components that give rise to landscape character and
regional and local distinctiveness
− Impacts on acknowledged areas of special landscape value such as designated
landscapes, site of conservation interest or sites of cultural interest
− Direct intrusion or obstruction on views within the landscape
− The effect on specific visual receptors
− The overall impact on visual amenity
The GLVIA produces an evaluation of landscape effects and visual effects:
− Landscape effects: consist of the changes in the fabric, character and quality of the
landscape which is predicted would result from the construction and operation of the
proposal.
− Visual effects: the predicted effects on views available from publicly accessible areas,
residential dwellings ie. visual receptors and public general visual amenity, and heritage
assets.
2.3 Assessment of impact
Landscape and visual impacts are a function of sensitivity combined with the magnitude of change.
This is a subjective judgement, but one that is based on robust, transparent and professional
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judgement. The categories for significance used are detailed in Appendix 1 and are used whether the
impact is negative, neutral, beneficial, short or long term.
2.4 Survey work
Following a desk top review of existing maps and documents, a driving and walking tour of the study
area was undertaken mid-February 2019, in reasonable weather conditions.
A selection of photographs on photo sheets 1-7 show views from and towards the site taken from
key points, locations are shown on Plans 2 and 8.
2.5 Limitations
The assessment is based on views from publicly accessible locations but does not necessarily identify
all locations from where the proposals are potentially visible from. Where there is likely to be an
impact on private views this is noted and assessed where possible.
3.0 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT
3.1 The site is located on a portion of the former MOD radar/radio communications station,
locally known as The Pen, Pembrey. The location is shown on Plans 1-3 and layout is shown on Plan
9.
3.2 The site is circa 2.5h of semi-improved pasture with scattered shrubs. Natural Resources
Wales and Carmarthenshire County Council recognise the site as used land.
3.3 The proposed development is classified as major development, although deemed a small
scale Photovoltaic (PV) solar energy generating station being under 5MW.
3.4 The proposal is to erect 152 number ground mounted, pile driven, galvanised steel mounting
systems housing 4256 photovoltaic panels with string inverters fixed to the supporting frames,
generating a maximum 1.6 MWp.
3.5 The panel height will be to a maximum 2.2m, set out in south-facing rows, with 4.2m
between rows. Panels are blue-black non-reflective to the front, light coloured laminate on the back,
set within a grey galvanised steel frame. The panels are tilted to an angle of 20 degrees and set
750mm above ground level.
3.6 The extent of panels has been off-set from the vegetated site boundaries by approximately
10m to facilitate access.
3.7 The panels will be connected by underground cabling to the MV station, continuing
underground along the C2203 verge to an underground grid cable connection point at the western
verge adjacent the C2003-A484 junction.
3.8 The MV station enclosure is located near the site entrance for access purposes. The DNO
cabinet will be green coloured GRP on a concrete base, measuring approximately 3.1m length x 2.2m
width x 2.3m height. Transfomers may be located within the cabinet or alongside. A switchgear
cabinet (to be sized by the Distribution Network Operator will be placed on the same concrete base.
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3.9 Security fencing will enclose the MV station and substation to comply with health and safety
regulations. A 1.2m high stock proof fence will segregate the building complex. No additional fencing
is proposed.
3.10 No surfaced tracks are proposed. Access will be from the C2203 as existing, with an informal
mown grass track along the east boundary.
3.11 No foundations are required for the panels which are mounted on a steel frame that is
pushed into the soil.
3.12 On completion, the site field will be converted to a neutral grassland flower meadow.
3.13 The construction period is assessed as 6-12 weeks duration.
3.14 The panels will be delivered by HGV’s but any other site traffic will be minimal, and will be
small scale machinery. There is good headroom clearance along the A484 and C2203 south boundary
road.
3.15 A passing point for site traffic on the C2203 verge has been requested by CCC, the precise
location is to be confirmed as the land is in CCC proprietorship but will not affect existing hedges.
This may remain in place post construction for local and tourism use.
3.16 The PV panels will have an expected viable life of around 35 years. The proposal is a
reversible development.
3.17 The panels are static and maintenance activity at the site will be minimal, generating
occasional tradesman vehicles in daylight hours for maintenance, component failure replacement
and cleaning.
3.18 Night sensitive CCTV is proposed to allow surveillance of the south boundary.
3.19 The proprietorship boundary including the site extends to 8.5ha. Beyond the site to the
north, groundcover includes wetland and reeds and has more ecological value which maybe further
enhanced with the requested post construction habitat management plan. Given the limited land
ownership and proposed extent of the scheme there are no viable alternative sites.
4.0 OVERALL LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL BASELINE
4.1 Landscape Setting
Sited within the Gwendraeth Levels, near the boundary with the coastal saltmarsh, Pembrey Airfield
and Pembrey circuit for motor sports.
The coastal town of Kidwelly lies over 1km to the north.
The underlying geology of the site and context is uniformly of the South Wales Coal Measures
Formation, overlain by tidal flat deposits of sand, silt and clay.
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The soil type of the site and context is uniformly loamy and clayey of moderate fertility, typical of
coastal flats with naturally high groundwater. The soil type is found across only 1.3% Wales often
supporting wet brackish coastal flood meadow habitat.
The A484 lies 55m from the west boundary, connecting Kidwelly to Llanelli.
In the same land ownership is:
the intervening land to the west which is classified as reed swamp (NVCS4)
land to the north of the site which is a more extensive reed swamp (NVCS21)
small area of scrub to the south east beyond the site boundary watercourse
Extensive tree and shrub planting has recently been undertaken as part of the Glastir agri-
environment scheme, within the northern reed swamp along the watercourses, and along the site
boundaries. A wide variety of species has been planted.
Views out from the site are available to the north and east, but are closed off to the south and west
by hedges and trees both within and outside the site. Views out are over 1km, to the elevated slopes
of the Gwendraeth Valley: the east edge of Kidwelly, and further east towards Trimsaran.
4.2 The Site
The site is semi-improved pasture, but has not been recently grazed and scrub and ruderal species
are encroaching.
Near the centre of the site is an existing concrete building slab with chimney that until recently
supported a timber framed barracks, this was removed in 2017 due to a damaged asbestos roof in
preparation for replacement. Nearby is an extant pre-fabricated concrete Stanton Shelter, plus other
structures and radio mast foundations. The buildings date from the Second World War and were
constructed to assist Pembrey Airfield.
The site is bounded by an unclassified highway to the south (C2203) which links the A484 to Pinged.
The site lies within the remnant historic hedge lines to the west and north (refer to aerial Plan 3)
although these are difficult to read on the ground due to their gappy nature and recent coppicing of
remnant tall outgrown hedges. The site is bounded to the east by a watercourse.
Generally hedges around the site are species poor, with outgrown sections and significant gaps.
Considerable vegetation clearance and coppicing has occurred.
South boundary
West boundary
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North boundary
9m south of the original hedge line which in 2017 was
replanted along with the intervening strip; occasional
outgrown small trees towards A484
East boundary
Additional streamside hedge planted in 2018
[remnant hedge with occasional outgrown small tree,
lies outside ownership boundary]
The scale of recent tree and shrub planting undertaken as part of the Glastir agri-environment
scheme, in and around the site is shown below. Planting is within rabbit proof shelters and all site
boundaries are protected by sheep proof fencing.
Recent planting
South boundary – looking east
South boundary – looking west
Reedbed beyond north boundary
South-East corner
4.3 Public access network
There is no ‘Open Access’ land or public rights of way shown within 1km radius (refer Plan 1) other
than the Wales Coast Path, which follows the A484 south and turns west to the estuary along the
lane shown below near to the site.
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The site lies over 1km from any of the Kidwelly promoted routes.
The Glan yr Afon Local Nature Reserve (LNR) lies around 2km to the north.
The minor road C2203 along the south boundary is also the route of Sustrans Route 4 which joins the
A484 and heads north to Kidwelly.
4.4 Designated and non-designated heritage
Mapping from Historic Wales (Plan 5) shows there are no designated man-made heritage assets near
the site.
Ordnance Survey mapping (Plan 4) shows the landscape is little changed from 1880 to 1915. This is
unsurprising as the land is wet/marshy, but there is slightly more enclosure shown by 1915. The
buildings at the centre of the site are likely to date from World War II.
There are two designated conservation sites within 2km of the proposed development:
Carmarthen Bay and Estuaries Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and Pembrey Coast Site of
Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)
Gwernydd Pembre SSSI (2km South of the site)
4.5 Site Ecology
Reference is made to the Extended Phase 1 Ecology Survey Report by Aderyn Ecology July 2018.
The ownership boundary includes the following habitats: pasture, swamp, ditches, ponds
and hedgerows, in a landscape that is predominantly pasture.
The site pasture was formerly classified as semi-improved for agriculture (CCW Phase 1
survey 1993).
Habitat changes undertaken as a part of Glastir agri-environmental improvements include
the planting of a small woodland, the restoration of two ponds, the coppicing and gapping-
up of hedgerows and planting of new hedgerows.
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5.0 LANDSCAPE CHARACTER
5.1 In addition to the landscape baseline described in section 4.0, additional information on
broader scale landscape character is drawn from the Natural Resources Wales.
5.2 The site lies within Area 45 of the NRW National Landscape Character, NLCA45 ‘Taf, Twyi
and Gwendraeth Estuaries’.
5.3 The more detailed NRW LANDMAP information for Carmarthenshire published by Natural
Resources Wales describes and evaluates five aspects of the landscape, the key aspect for this type
of proposal is the Visual and Sensory aspect.
5.2 The extract below is from the Carmarthenshire LANDMAP for the Visual and Sensory aspect
for the site location – refer to Plan 6. Note that evaluation criteria range from Low, Moderate, High
through to Outstanding and that the descriptions cover a much wider geographic area than the site
and its setting.
Gwendraeth Levels CRMRTVS279 Lowland/Flat Lowland/Levels/Flat Lowland Mosaic – containing
the site
Summary description
Coastal and flood plain levels - low lying and often flooded in the winter months. Largely
agricultural, fields are broken up often by wide tall hedges and drainage ditches. These tall
hedges restrict the openness of the area. Few dwellings, few road, other than the main road,
and where these occur they tend to be straight. A variety of wetland habitats, ponds, fens
etc. Largely un-spoilt, the area remains rural in character.
Evaluation Criteria: Overall Evaluation High (High on account of its integrity, character and rarity.)
Justification of overall evaluation A relatively un-spoilt example of a landscape that is rare in the county (and across Wales)
Evaluation Criteria: Scenic quality Moderate (An open and sometimes exposed landscape of moderate scenic importance, not always appreciated or understood.)
Evaluation Criteria: Integrity High (Little interrupts this rural landscape.)
Evaluation Criteria: Character High (Distinct character with similar elements repeated across this landscape.)
Evaluation Criteria: Rarity High (A relatively large and un-spoilt levels landscape, rare in the county, only small areas now around Llanelli and Carmarthen, and some areas near Pendine.)
Recommendations
Define the key qualities that should be conserved:
Conserve the un-developed rural quality of this area.
Define the key qualities that should be enhanced:
N/A.
Define the key qualities that should be changed:
N/A.
Define the key elements that should be conserved:
Conserve the visual elements that contribute to this landscape - the variety of vegetation, the wetland habitats and the traditional buildings.
Define the key elements that should be enhanced:
Where opportunities arise enhance the landscape alongside the main road where there has been a tendency for development, enhance the
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more natural vegetation in these areas and the traditional buildings.
Define the key elements that should be changed:
If opportunities exist improve any parts of this landscape that have been adversely affected by dumping of materials, and other in-appropriate developments.
Principal management recommendation:
Manage to conserve and enhance the various visual elements associated with this landscape particularly the wetland habitats that add character and diversity to this landscape. Also the traditional buildings and their settings.
Guidelines
Medium Term (Ensure the conservation and enhancement of the visual elements associated with this landscape - habitats and traditional buildings.)
Immediate (Resist agricultural intensification within this area.)
Immediate (Resist inappropriate development within this area that would detract from this distinct rural levels landscape.)
The site lies within Cadws Register of Landscapes of Outstanding Historic Interest in Wales, ‘Taf and
Twyi Estuary’ (HLW D 9). The following is copied from the Historic Aspect of LANDMAP to explain the
interest in more detail.
Pinged Marsh CRMRTHL40188 Rural environment/Non agricultural/Reclaimed
land/Reclaimed Wetland
Evaluation Matrix
Evaluation Criteria: Integrity Outstanding (Outstanding - Landscape is 'complete' with little modern development/intrusion to hinder the visibility of the overall landscape and its patterns.)
Evaluation Criteria: Potential High (High - There is high potential for future study and for interpretation. The recreational amenity value of this area is potentially high.)
Evaluation Criteria: Rarity Outstanding (Outstanding - although this type of landscape is not unique in Carmarthenshire, it is relatively rare and includes elements of national importance.)
Evaluation Criteria: Survival Outstanding (Outstanding - most landscape elements survive.)
Evaluation Criteria: Condition Outstanding (Outstanding - The majority of individual elements survive in very good condition.)
Recommendations
Existing management Unassessed
Existing management remarks: major farm buildings in poor condition
Principal management recommendations
maintenance of drainage ditches and hedges
Guideline Long Term (maintenance of ditch and hedges) Immediate (Do not remove WWII features)
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LANDMAP summary of the aspects at the site:
Aspect Description Evaluation
Visual and Sensory Gwendraeth Levels
CRMRTVS279
Lowland/Flat Lowland/Levels/Flat
Lowland Mosaic
High
Landscape Habitats Gwernydd Penbre
CRMRTLH092
Dry (Relatively) Terrestrial
Habitats/Grassland & Marsh/Mosaic
High
Historic Landscape Pinged Marsh
CRMRTHL40188
Rural environment/Non
agricultural/Reclaimed land/Reclaimed
Wetland
Outstanding
Geological Landscape Pembrey Marsh
CRMRTGL214
Coastal/Estuary
Moderate
Cultural Landscape Rural Carmarthenshire
CRMRTCL061
Influences/Material expressions/Rural
High
In summary, the key characteristics of the area to retain are:
tall hedges
drainage ditches
wetland habitats
rural character
traditional buildings and World War II features
6.0 PLANNING CONTEXT
Refer to Plan 7.
6.1 A number of national policies from the revised Planning Policy Wales (edition 10) are
relevant in addition to Technical Advice Note (TAN) 8 Planning for Renewable Energy.
PPW paragraph 5.9.17 states:
Planning authorities should give significant weight to the Welsh Government’s targets to
increase renewable and low carbon energy generation, as part of our overall approach to
tackling climate change and increasing energy security. In circumstances where protected
landscape, biodiversity and historical designations and buildings are considered in the
decision making process, only the direct irreversible impacts on statutorily protected sites
and buildings and their settings (where appropriate) should be considered. In all cases,
considerable weight should be attached to the need to produce more energy from
renewable and low carbon sources, in order for Wales to meet its carbon and renewable
targets.
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6.2 Relevant landscape policies from the Carmarthenshire County Council Local Development
Plan (adopted 2014) are:
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6.3 Draft Supplementary Planning Guidance ‘Wind and Solar Energy’ section 6.6 Landscape
Sensitivity and Capacity, section 6.7 Landscape and Visual Impacts, section 6.8 Landscape and Visual
Impact Assessment and 6.9 Cumulative Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment were considered
and particular attention given to the referred sections in the design development process.
6.4 The linked document Draft ‘Carmarthenshire Solar PV Development Landscape Sensitivity
and Capacity Study’ section 5 Guidance on Solar Energy Development, and specific guidance for Unit
032 Gwendraeth Levels were also considered and are reviewed in 7.10 below.
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7.0 LANDSCAPE CHARACTER IMPACTS
7.1 This section looks at the ability of the landscape to accommodate development change from
the construction of the proposed PV panels without detriment to the key landscape characteristics
relevant to the site which are:
tall hedges
drainage ditches
wetland habitats
rural character
traditional buildings and World War II features
7.2 The proposed development will introduce a new and distinctively modern feature into the
landscape. There is no directly comparable predecessor to PV Panels other than field-scale use of
farm plastics or glass for example in market gardening of which there are no examples in the
immediate area. The nearest PV farm is at Ffos Las, Trimsaran, 4km to the east and not visible from
the site.
7.3 The development does not necessarily constitute a permanent landscape change as at the
end of the viable life of the panels (cited as 35 years) the land could all be returned to pasture or
other habitat. Light grazing or topping will continue during the operational period.
7.4 The proposal is a small scale solar farm at 2.5ha (as defined in the Draft SPG small scale is
between 1-5ha). The access point from the minor road C2203 will remain. The panels are located to
fit within the field pattern.
7.5 The footprint of the proposals will be sufficiently set back from adjacent hedgerows and
small trees to allow their retention.
7.6 The field pattern made from drainage ditches and tall hedges which are important historic
features will not be affected.
7.7 The proposals will not impact on a designated built heritage or biodiversity site.
7.8 The proposal will not impact on the key physical characteristics of this area of the
Gwendraeth Levels.
7.9 Views are explored in section 8. In summary the site is fully screened from the A484 heading
north and reasonably screened from the A484 heading south by on and off site tree and hedgerow
cover, even in winter months. Views are open from the adjacent C2203 minor road. The very
occasional public views, and views from private dwellings on elevated land to the north and east are
at distance (over 1km) and are partially screened by existing tree and hedgerow cover.
7.10 More difficult characteristics to assess are feelings of remoteness, tranquillity, and
openness. It is accepted that large man-made elements in the landscape will change the landscape
and visual impact character of the area. The magnitude of these changes depends on the scale and
location of the proposals and the sensitivity and capacity of the receiving landscape.
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7.11 The Draft ‘Sensitivity and Capacity Study’ (SCS) has identified Landscape Units of similar
character, the site lies within SCS Landscape Unit 32 : ‘Gwendraeth Levels’. The sensitivity and
capacity for PV development at the site is reviewed below.
SCS aspect SCS detail LVIA response for small scale
PV farm
Landscape Capacity and Guidance Objective is to
Maintain landscape character
Proposals and mitigation measure
aim to achieve this
Susceptible features Sustrans Route 4
Wales Coast Path
Gwendraeth Levels SLA
Taf and Tywi Estuary RHLI
Adjacent Carmarthen Bay and
Estuary SLA
Views from Kidwelly Castle
Refer section 8
Wales Coast Path runs along A484
and site is largely screened in
winter by intervening vegetation
SLA and RHLI physical features are
conserved
Not visible from Estuary SLA or
Kidwelly Castle
Baseline 2016 No solar PV planned or built No cumulative impacts
Indicative capacity Some capacity for small scale
where some enclosure provided by
hedgerows
Meets indicative capacity
Sensitivity Low to medium for a small scale
PV farm
Agreed
Landscape value High value SLA Agreed
Historic value High value RHLI Agreed
Scenic quality and character High susceptibility based on
LANDMAP
Agreed
Remoteness and tranquillity High susceptibility based on
LANDMAP
Agreed
Site is impacted by noise/cars on
A484
Skylines and settings Low susceptibility – flat landscape Agreed
Visibility, key views, vistas Medium susceptibility based on
LANDMAP; views in from elevated
north and east
Agreed
Views in from elevated north and
east are at distance (>1km) and
mainly screened in winter by
intervening vegetation
Intervisibility, associations with
adjacent landscapes
High susceptibility based on
LANDMAP
No inter-visibility with adjacent
SLA
Types of receptors High susceptibility – Sustrans
Route 4, Wales Coast Path,
residential
Agreed
Wales Coast Path runs along A484
and site is largely screened in
winter by intervening vegetation
Views to/from cultural heritage
features
High susceptibility – within SLA
and RHLI
Agreed
Scale Low – large scale landscape Agreed
Landform Low – flat landscape Agreed
Landcover Low – mosaic of pasture fields and
wetland, overgrown hedges and
ditches, A484 along western edge
Agreed
Built environment High – strong sense of place, small
scale, residential, farm buildings,
scattered, generally inappropriate
materials used
Agreed
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7.12 The small scale of the proposals is appropriate for the receiving landscape providing the
mitigation measures outlined in section 9 are followed.
8.0 VISUAL ANALYSIS
8.1 The following outlines the key likely impacts on views and amenity.
8.2 Visual assessment has been undertaken in mid-February when deciduous trees and
hedgerows are not in leaf.
8.3 Photos looking into and out from the site are shown on sheets 1 – 7. The key potential
viewpoints are described in the table below.
Table 1 - Key view points from where the site could be seen
View point Glimpsed/Open/
Oblique views
Distance to
closest point
of the site
Site at
<5mAOD
Potential for mitigation Residual
issues once
mitigation
measures
established
1 South boundary
minor road C2203
also Sustrans Route
4
Refer photo 10, 14,
and 15
Short range viewpoint
Existing open view onto
derelict buildings and
overgrown pasture, with
reed beds beyond, and
rising land further north
View of site will be an
open view to front face of
PV panels
15m
Level with site
Limited in the short term
Existing remnant hedging
and regrowth from coppice
will provide some screening
Views will remain open until
new planting establishes
Views will
remain but
softened by
established
hedges and
small trees
2 A484 heading south
also Sustrans Route
4 and Wales Coast
Path
Refer photo 11
Short range viewpoint
Existing glimpsed view
through intervening tall
hedges and reeds
View of site mainly to the
rear of panels will be
glimpsed at openings in
vegetation cover
100m+
Level with site
Limited in the short term
Existing remnant hedging
will provide some screening
Views will remain glimpsed
until new planting
establishes
Potential for
gaps to be
filled and
views
reduced to
occasional
glimpses
3 A484 heading south
also Sustrans Route
4 and Wales Coast
Path
Refer photo 12
Short range viewpoint
Existing partially screened
view through intervening
tall hedges and reeds
View of site to side of
panels will be seen at
openings in vegetation
cover
55m
Level with site
Limited in the short term
Existing remnant hedging
will provide some screening
Views will remain partially
screened until new planting
establishes
Potential for
gaps to be
filled and
views
reduced to
glimpses
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View point Glimpsed/Open/
Oblique views
Distance to
closest point
of the site
Site at
<5mAOD
Potential for mitigation Residual
issues once
mitigation
measures
established
4 A484 heading north
Refer photo 13
Short range viewpoint
Existing view is fully
screened in winter by
intervening tall hedges
50m
Level with site
Not required None
5 View at gap in
hedgerow on
B4308 linking
Kidwelly to
Trimsaran
Representative of
long range views
from elevated
private dwellings
Refer photo 6
Long range viewpoint
Existing panoramic view
over a pastoral landscape
with very few detractors
View to rear of panels
[non reflective surface]
will be screened in winter
months by intervening
vegetation from public
view
View to rear of panels
[non reflective surface]
will be partially screened
in winter months by
intervening vegetation
from private dwellings at
the edge of Kidwelly and
occasional dwellings
further east but at a
distance of over 1km
1200m
20m AOD
Limited in the short term
Intervening vegetation will
provide some screening
Views may remain glimpsed
until new planting
establishes
Potential for
gaps to be
filled and
views
reduced to
glimpses or
fully
screened
Definitions:
Short range viewpoint up to 0.5km
Mid range viewpoint 0.5-1km
Long range viewpoint >1km
8.4 The main impact will be on users of the minor road C2203, this includes residents, and
Sustrans Route 4 users. Cyclists are more likely to be accepting of this type of development which is
contributing to sustainable energy targets.
8.5 There will be a lesser impact on users of the A484 as views are oblique for drivers and
unlikely to be noticed. Sustrans Route 4 users and Wales Coast Paths users will be travelling slower
and are more likely to notice the change in the view.
8.6 Views from private dwellings are more difficult to assess although these are all at a distance
of over 1km, and as view 5 illustrates there is intervening vegetation which will partially screen views
even in winter months.
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8.7 Summary
− Level of sensitivity: the sensitivity of visual receptors is High given the quality of the
landscape (although not formally designated) and the expectations from those visiting the
area using the Wales Coast Path or Sustrans Route 4, although note that the site is not in a
key location and is not visible from any key cultural assets.
− Size & scale: the scale of development is small but there will be a noticeable change to the
existing view from adjacent view points affecting the site characteristics and qualities.
− Geographic extent: the impacts on views are generally localised, and where longer range
views are possible the site will be a small part of the wider view.
− Magnitude of landscape change is assessed as Medium, a noticeable change but localised in
extent.
Overall the visual effect is assessed as Minor, the development will be a localised visual intrusion but
with good scope for mitigation (given the level ground and the low height of the proposal) by
restoring and strengthening the tall hedges characteristic of this part of the Gwendraeth Levels.
9.0 LANDSCAPE MITIGATION MEASURES
Mitigation measures are derived from the need to: conserve the key qualities of the area identified
in Section 5; meet the policies identified in Section 6; take the opportunity to enhance landscape
and biodiversity interest.
All new planting will be locally native, using species which are appropriate to the local landscape and
are appropriate to the site layout, including the following species identified in the site Ecological
Survey.
Alder Alnus glutinosa
Beech Fagus sylvatica
Blackthorn Prunus spinosa
Common Ivy Hedera helix
Dog-rose Rosa canina
Elder Sambucus nigra
Grey Willow Salix cinerea subsp. cinerea
Hawthorn Crataegus monogyna
The following mitigation measures will be undertaken, for locations refer to Plan 10.
1. South boundary hedge along C2203 (was coppiced and gapped up 2018) – retain
occasional tall hedge trees. Restore historic frontage boundary with mix of hedge
species and small trees in informal groups. Nursery stock sized to provide immediate
impact. Allow to grow on to 3m height in line with hedge opposite as shown below:
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2. West boundary hedge - retain scrub growth. Manage encroachment to retain valuable reed
habitat.
3. West boundary – ensure retention of reed beds as useful screen and valuable habitat.
4. West boundary hedge – remnant hedge line. Gap up historic boundary with mix of hedge
species and small trees in informal groups. Allow to grow on to 3m height.
5. North boundary hedge – (remnant hedge line was coppiced and gapped up 2017). Continue
mangement to ensure establishment. Consider introducing feathered trees in informal
groups. Allow to grow on to 3m height.
6. North boundary – ensure retention of reed beds as useful screen and valuable habitat.
7. East boundary hedge (outside ownership) – already provides a good screen. New hedge
planted 2018 – continue management and allow to grow to 3m height.
8. South-east corner – retain scrub growth and new planting and allow to grow on.
9. South-east corner – plant up gap with tree and shrub species.
10. MV Station and fence surround – plant up to provide screening from road.
11. Retain existing trees and shrubs – manage to ensure they provide a useful screen by allowing
to grow on to 3m.
12. Recent planting – continue to manage new planting to ensure establishment.
13. Lighting – minimise to reduce light pollution in a rural area.
14. CCTV – locate to minimise visual impact while maintaining functionality.
Mitigation measures during the Construction Phase:
1. Keep the construction period to a minimum.
2. Keep ground disturbance area to a minimum.
3. Provide an adequate construction exclusion zone to ensure existing hedges and trees are
adequately protected in line with BS5837: 2012.
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4. Ensure none or minimal hedge disturbance for installation of underground cabling to the
grid connection point.
Mitigation measures during the Operational Phase:
1. Undertake planting and seeding in the first planting season following construction.
2. Maintain, replace any failures/failing areas the following season for a period of 5 years.
3. Management of the grassland within the solar panel area – grazing or mowing at a low
intensity with no added fertiliser may result in a flower-rich hay meadow. To specifically
benefit pollinators, grazing should not take place between mid-April and August to allow
flowering species to reach maturity.
10.0 CONCLUSION
10.1 The proposals are for circa 2.5 ha of ground mounted photovoltaic panels, classified as a
‘small’ solar farm as defined in the Draft Supplementary Planning Guidance ‘Wind and Solar Energy’.
10.2 The site is a field parcel of semi-improved pasture with scattered scrub and derelict
buildings, with existing access to public highway, a minor road (C2203) to Pinged.
10.3 The site lies within the Gwendraeth Levels Special Landscape Area and within Cadws
Register of Landscapes of Outstanding Historic Interest in Wales, ‘Taf and Twyi Estuary’ (HLW D 9).
10.4 The proposals have been offset from the historic boundaries. No boundary trees, hedges or
ditches will be removed under the proposals.
10.5 The overall landscape effect has been assessed by reviewing the Carmarthenshire ‘Solar PV
Development Landscape Sensitivity and Capacity Study’. The site lies within Landscape Unit 32 :
‘Gwendraeth Levels’, which has ‘some capacity for small scale PV development where some
enclosure provided by hedgerows’.
10.6 The small scale of the proposals is concluded as appropriate for the receiving landscape
providing the mitigation measures outlined in section 9 are followed.
10.7 A range of viewpoints have been analysed. The site is not in a key location and is not visible
from any key cultural assets. Overall the visual effect is assessed as Minor, the development will be
a localised visual intrusion, with some intrusion possible from long distance private views, but there
is good scope for mitigation given the level ground and the low height of the proposal.
10.8 Mitigation measures will include restoration of tall hedges, a characteristic of this area of the
Gwendraeth Levels, management of new establishing planting through Glastir, and management of
two types of reed bed which are an important habitat.
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APPENDIX 1: METHOD OF ASSESSMENT
The generic method is set out below but has been adapted for this LVIA to incorporate the
Carmarthenshire Solar PV Development Landscape Sensitivity and Capacity Study.
1.0 Establishing the landscape baseline:
To be able to assess the effects of a proposed development or change, the landscape baseline must
be established. This informs the identification of landscape receptors and the effects of the
proposed changes on the receptors can be assessed. The following aspects are considered within
this landscape baseline study:
• Landscape fabric – the physical landscape elements including landform, land cover
boundaries, trees & woodland.
• Landscape character – the distinct pattern of elements occurring consistently in a particular
landscape type, reflecting geology, landform, soils, vegetation and land use together with
the aesthetic and perceptual qualities.
• Landscape designation – used to enable judgements when assessing effects within
particularly valued sites.
Sensitivity: The sensitivity of landscape receptors to the type and scale of the proposed
development is determined by consideration of the susceptibility and value of the receptor
which informs the professional judgement.
• Susceptibility:
− High – undue negative consequences are expected
− Medium - undue negative consequences may arise
− Low - undue negative consequences are unlikely
• Value:
− High – landscapes with national or international designations
− Medium - landscapes with local value subject to additional protection
− Low - landscapes not subject to designation but valued at the community or
local level
− Minimal - landscapes that are degraded with little/no community or local value
Judgements made on susceptibility & value are combined to inform the level of sensitivity which
are:
• Very High sensitivity – a landscape of international importance that might be affected by the
proposal, ‘Outstanding’ evaluation in LANDMAP for characteristics that may be affected by
the development, a landscape vulnerable to disturbance or deterioration in character due to
the proposals, no / little potential for substitution or replacement.
• High sensitivity – a landscape of national importance that might be affected by the proposal,
‘High’ evaluation in LANDMAP for characteristics that may be affected by the development,
many landscape elements sensitive to disturbance or deterioration in character due to the
proposals, no / limited potential for substitution or replacement.
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• Medium sensitivity – a landscape of regional importance that might be affected by the
proposal, ‘Moderate’ evaluation in LANDMAP for characteristics that may be affected by the
development, some features sensitive to disturbance or deterioration in character due to
the proposals, potential for substitution or replacement.
• Low sensitivity – a landscape of local importance that might be affected by the proposal,
‘Low’ evaluation in LANDMAP for characteristics that may be affected by the development,
few features sensitive to disturbance or deterioration in character due to the proposals,
good potential for substitution or replacement.
It is considered sufficient to describe the ‘level of sensitivity’ only; with susceptibility & value not
always recorded in the assessment.
Other general observations regarding the condition and quality of the landscape are used to support
the overall narrative and judgement of the sensitivity (including distinctiveness, management,
detractors, unity, structure, function, aesthetic value and sense of place).
Magnitude: The effects on landscape receptors are assessed in terms of ‘magnitude of change’
based on a combination of size, scale, geographic extent of influence, duration and reversibility of
the impact.
• Size & scale:
− Large – major change to the existing landscape including key elements,
characteristics and qualities.
− Medium – partial or noticeable change to the existing landscape including key
elements, characteristics and qualities.
− Small – some discernible but minor change to the existing landscape including
key elements, characteristics and qualities.
− Negligible – very minor, virtually imperceptible change to the existing landscape
including key elements, characteristics and qualities.
• Geographic extent:
− Wide – influencing several landscape types / areas (>5km)
− Medium – generally within the local character area (1-5km)
− Local – the site & immediate surrounds (up to 1km)
− Site – within 750m of the site
• Duration:
− Long term (>10 years)
− Medium term (2 – 10 years)
− Short term (<2 years)
Judgements made on the scale of magnitude of landscape change (a product of size/scale, extent &
duration) which are:
− Large – notable long term change or loss of landscape components or characteristics
over an extensive area or a very intensive, long term change over a more limited area.
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− Medium – moderate short term change or loss of landscape components or
characteristics over a large area or moderate long term change in a localised area.
− Small – minor long term or moderate short term change or loss of landscape
components or characteristics.
− Negligible – no discernible loss of landscape components or characteristics.
It is considered sufficient to describe the ‘magnitude of change’ only; with the size, scale and extent
not always recorded in the assessment.
2.0 Establishing the visual baseline:
Visual effects relate to how the development may affect the available views to ‘receptors’ (ie. people
who experience the view) and the impact on visual amenity. Visual receptors are identified through
desk & field studies and the type, relative numbers and activities of potential receptors are
documented together with the nature, composition and characteristics of the existing views.
Sensitivity: The sensitivity of visual receptors is assessed by the susceptibility of the receptor
and value of the view.
• Receptor activities – (leisure & sporting activities, dog walking, working, at home).
• Movement / Duration – (stationary or moving).
• Orientation – (position of receptors in relation to the development).
• Purpose / expectation of receptors
• Context – (quality of the landscape)
• Importance of view / location
The level of sensitivity is assessed as a combination of susceptibility & value which is:
• Very high sensitivity – a view from residential/community properties experienced by
many viewers (especially open/direct views). Daily/prolonged or sustained views
over a long period, where view of the landscape is an important attractant, or where
the development is an important element of the view. A view from a valued
landscape, or an internationally important recreation facility.
• High sensitivity – an oblique / interrupted view from residential/community
properties experienced by many viewers. Frequent open views where view of the
landscape is an important attractant, or where the development is an important
element of the view. A view from a valued landscape, or a nationally important
recreation facility, or a promoted long distance route.
• Medium sensitivity – a view from moderate numbers of residential/community
properties experienced by moderate numbers of viewers, or where the
development is not an important element of the view. Open views available
intermittently and the view of the landscape is an attractant. A view from a valued
landscape, or a regionally important recreation facility (especially open/direct
views).
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• Low sensitivity - a view from a small number of residential/community properties
experienced by few numbers of viewers. Occasional open views available, viewers
pursuing activities such as outdoor sports/work, glimpsed/passing views to vehicles.
A view from a low valued landscape, or a locally important recreation facility, or
where the view of the landscape is not the reason for visiting.
Magnitude: The effects on the visual receptors are assessed in terms of ‘magnitude of change’ based
on a combination of size, scale, geographic extent of influence, duration and reversibility of the
impact.
The size and scale impacts on the relative change in the elements, features, qualities and
characteristics that make up the view.
• Size & scale:
− Large – major change to the existing view including key elements, characteristics
and qualities.
− Medium – partial or noticeable change to the existing view including key
elements, characteristics and qualities.
− Small – some discernible but minor change to the existing view including key
elements, characteristics and qualities.
− Negligible – very minor, virtually imperceptible change to the existing view
including key elements, characteristics and qualities.
• Geographic extent:
− Wide – influencing most of a view or receptor (>50%)
− Medium – generally between 25-50% of a view or receptor
− Small – generally <25% of a view or receptor
− Site – generally affecting only a small part of the receptor
• Duration:
− Long term (>10 years)
− Medium term (2 – 10 years)
− Short term (<2 years)
Judgements made on the scale of magnitude of visual change (a product of size/scale, extent &
duration) which are:
− Large – the majority of viewers are affected, great change in view or loss of the view.
− Medium – many viewers affected, noticeable change in the view.
− Small – few viewers affected, discernible change in the view if looked for.
− Negligible – barely perceptible change.
It is considered sufficient to describe the ‘magnitude of change’ only; with the size and scale not
always recorded in the assessment.
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3.0 Assessment of Landscape & Visual Effects:
In order to determine the scale of effects, the sensitivity and magnitude of change are assessed for
the both the landscape or visual receptor. The scale of effects can be classified as beneficial, neutral
or adverse (see indicative criteria tables below).
Landscape Receptors:
• Adverse landscape effects: Adverse effects occur when features or key landscape
characteristics are lost, or where new development is out of scale or character.
• Neutral landscape effects: when there is no discernible improvement or deterioration to the
landscape intrinsic landscape character of the area.
• Beneficial landscape effects: when repair, replacement or maintenance occurs to derelict
buildings / poorly maintained landscape features
Indicative criteria for assessing Landscape Effects:
Landscape
Effect:
Indicative Criteria:
Great: Landscape character completely degraded; important components or characteristics lost
(especially in highly sensitive landscape); little/no scope for mitigation.
Great improvement – sufficient to upgrade overall landscape character
Major: Large or medium adverse change to the components or characteristics, or overall
character; large change to a high or medium sensitivity landscape; limited scope for
mitigation.
Large improvement to the landscape, or improvement over a wide area sufficient to alter
perceptions; larger changes in a landscape of lower sensitivity, smaller changes in a very
highly sensitive landscape.
Moderate: Medium adverse change to components or characteristics, or overall character of
medium-high sensitivity landscape; scope for mitigation; discernible improvements to
landscape character.
Larger changes in a landscape of lower sensitivity, smaller changes in a landscape of higher
sensitivity.
Minor: Localised or small adverse change to the existing components or characteristics or overall
character; considerable scope for mitigation.
Localised improvement to the existing landscape, or to components or characteristics of
the landscape.
Negligible/None: Little or no perceived change to the existing landscape character.
The change is difficult to discern.
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Visual Receptors:
• Adverse visual effects: when the proposed development introduces new non-characteristic,
discordant or intrusive elements into views.
• Neutral visual effects: where the change proposed results in no discernible improvement or
deterioration to views or visual amenity.
• Beneficial visual effects: when the proposed development would enhance the quality of the
receptors view.
Indicative criteria for assessing Visual Effects:
Visual Effect: Indicative Criteria:
Great: Large change or visual intrusion experienced by highly/very highly sensitive viewers or
from highly/very highly sensitive public view points; many viewers affected. The
development would cause a large deterioration in the existing view; little or no scope for
mitigation.
Large improvement in the view, sufficient to upgrade overall visual amenity.
Major: Large or medium change or visual intrusion experienced by highly sensitive viewers or
from highly sensitive public viewpoints; relatively many viewers affected. The
development would cause considerable deterioration in the existing view; limited scope
for mitigation.
Appreciable improvement in the existing view; lesser degree of change for very highly
sensitive viewers, greater for less sensitive viewers.
Moderate: Medium change or noticeable visual intrusion experienced by moderately sensitive
viewers or from moderately sensitive public viewpoints; relatively few viewers affected.
The development would cause a noticeable change in the existing view; scope for
mitigation.
Lesser degree of change for more highly sensitive viewers, greater for less sensitive
viewers.
Minor: Small or localised visual intrusion in the existing view; relatively few viewers affected, good
scope for mitigation.
Localised reduction in visual intrusion or improvement in the view
Negligible/None: The change in the view is imperceptible or difficult to discern
Mackley Davies Associates Ltd landscape architecture . environmental planning pensaerniaeth tirwedd . cynllunio amgylcheddol
OS licence no. 100043966 1:50000 series
Morfa Pingett
Location Plan 01
1km radius
Mackley Davies Associates Ltd landscape architecture . environmental planning pensaerniaeth tirwedd . cynllunio amgylcheddol
OS licence no. 100043966 1:25000 series
Refer Plan 8 for other photo locations
Photo Locations(see photo sheets)7 Morfa Pingett
Location Plan 02
0.5km radius
Sustrans Route 4
Gwendraeth Fawr
B4308Kidwelly6
Mackley Davies Associates Ltd landscape architecture . environmental planning pensaerniaeth tirwedd . cynllunio amgylcheddol
Morfa Pingett
Aerial Plan 03
A484
Mackley Davies Associates Ltd landscape architecture . environmental planning pensaerniaeth tirwedd . cynllunio amgylcheddol
Morfa Pingett
Historic Context Plan 04
1915
1880
Mackley Davies Associates Ltd landscape architecture . environmental planning pensaerniaeth tirwedd . cynllunio amgylcheddol
Source: Historic Wales
Cadw Listed buildings
Cadw Scheduled Ancient Monuments
OS licence no. 100043966
Source: Magic.gov designated nature conservation sites
Morfa Pingett
Heritage Assets Plan 05
SAC Carmarthen Bay & Estuaries
Morfa PingettLANDMAP aspect layers Plan 06
Mackley Davies Associates Ltd landscape architecture . environmental planning pensaerniaeth tirwedd . cynllunio amgylcheddol OS licence no. 100043966
Visual Sensory layer Landscape Habitats layer
Historic Landscape layer Cultural Landscape layer Geological Landscape layer
CRMRTVS279Gwendraeth LevelsFlat lowland mosaicOverall evaluation: high
CRMRTCL061Rural CarmarthenshireOverall evaluation: high
CRMRTHL40188Pinged MarshReclaimed wetlandOverall evaluation: outstanding
CRMRTGL214Pembrey MarshOverall evaluation: moderate
CRMRTLH092Gwernydd PenbreMosaicOverall evaluation: high
Mackley Davies Associates Ltd landscape architecture . environmental planning pensaerniaeth tirwedd . cynllunio amgylcheddol
Extract from Carmarthenshire County Council Local Development Plan [adopted 2014]
OS licence no. 100043966
Morfa Pingett
Planning Context Plan 07
Application site
Morfa Pingett
Existing site & photo locations 08
Mackley Davies Associates Ltd landscape architecture . environmental planning pensaerniaeth tirwedd . cynllunio amgylcheddol
OS licence no. 100043966
Refer Plan 2 for wider photo locations
Photo Locations
(see photo sheets)7
A484
2
1
3
4 5
78
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Mackley Davies Associates Ltd landscape architecture . environmental planning pensaerniaeth tirwedd . cynllunio amgylcheddol
Morfa Pingett
Proposals Plan 9
Solar panels
Informal grass access track
Existing sheep net fencing
MV Station
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Morfa Pingett
Mitigation Plan 10
7. East boundary hedgeOutside ownership. Already provides a good screen.New hedge planted 2018, continue management and allow to grow to 3m.
5. North boundary hedgeRemnant hedge line. Coppiced and gapped up in 2017. Continue management to ensure establishment. Consider introducingfeathered tree groups. Allow to grow on to 3m height.
4. West boundary hedgeRemnant hedge line. Gap up historic boundary with mix of hedge speciesand small trees in informal groups. Allow to grow on to 3m height.
2. West boundary including hedgeManage mosaic of scrub and reed forscreening and biodiversity.
8. South east corner Retain scrub growth & new planting. Allow to grow on. 10. MV Station
Plant up to provide screeningfrom road.
11. Retain existing trees and hedgesManage to ensure they provide a useful screen
12. Recent planting Continue to manage new planting to ensureestablishment.
13. Lighting Minimise to reduce light pollution in a rural area.
14. CCTVLocate to minimise visual impact while maintainingfunctionality.
3. West boundary Ensure retention of reed bedsas useful screen and valuable habitat.
6. North boundary Ensure retention of reed bedsas useful screen and valuable habitat.
1. South boundary hedgeRetain occasional tall hedge trees. Restore historic frontage boundary with mix of hedge species and small trees in informal groups. Nursery stock sized to provide immediate impact. Allow to grow on to 3m height.
9. South east corner Plant up gap with tree & shrub species.
2. West boundary including hedgeManage mosaic of scrub and reed forscreening and biodiversity.