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Learning Objectives for Language and Communication Unit
1. Identify key structures of language
2. Identify what focal vocabularies are and why they exist
3. Discriminate between the different forms of non-verbal communication
4. Discriminate between the early ideas of Sapir-Whoft hypothesis and the modern viewpoint.
5. Identify the differences between non-human primate communication & human language.
6. Identify how historical linguistics relates to anthropology.
7. Analyze the impact of colonization as well as globalization on indigenous languages.
Language and the Human Species
Language: ______________________
Importance of language for human life 1. only ___________capable of speech 2. avenue of communication & thought
concerning ___________________, and ___________ persons, places, things, actions, & events
3. _____________________aided by language
Linguistic Anthropology
Focus on language social and cultural context
Generally interested in how language can influence Comparisons Worldview Patterns of thought Multilingualism World economy
Origin of Language
When did language first appear in human evolution?
What evidence can anthropologists use to test hypotheses on the origin of language? _______________ ________________________
FOXP2 and the Evolution of Language FOXP2
Gene _____________________________
Based on genetic research, the FOXP2 gene is believed to have appear around _______________________ ______________________________________
Linguistic & cultural abilities
Sequencing of the __________________shows that this species had FOXP2
Non-Verbal Communication
_________________ ______________________of bodily
movements, facial expressions, and spatial relationships
___________________ can occur, if the understanding is not shared Touching Space usage
Nonverbal Communication
1. Kinesics: _______________________ ____________________________
_______________________ Emotional states Different meanings in different
circumstances
__________________________ Convey feelings and/or messages
via touching another person
Nonverbal Communication
2. Proxemics Study of how people in _____________
_________________________________ ____________________
Meaning conveyed by _________ ____________________
Properties of Language
1. Productivity Speaker’s ability to create
totally ______________________ ______________________________
A language’s ________________________ can be combined into a infinite number of meaningful sentences
Properties of Language
2. Displacement Our ability to talk about objects,
people, things, and events that are __________________________
Due to usage of symbols to transmit meanings
Structure of Language: Terms
Phonology _____________________________
Present & significant in language
Morphology _________________________________
Structure of Language: Terms
Lexicon Dictionary concerning all
________________ Organized around __________________
Lexeme Minimal unit of language
_______________________ ______________________
Structure of Language: Terms
Syntax __________________________________________ ‘Appreciating Anthropology’ page 116
We will talk about this study later in lecture
Semantics ___________________________________ Ethnosemantics: ________________________
Structure of Language: Terms
Phonetics Study of ________________________
What people actually say Phonemics
Study of _________________in a language Phonemes
_________________________________ Phonetic range – ________________
Language, Thought, and Culture
Noam Chomsky Set of rules ______________________________
Human brain contains a limited set of rules for organizing language
All Languages = ______________________
Language, Thought, and Culture
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Idea that different languages produce
________________________________
English & Hopi languages
Language, Thought, and Culture
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, continued Initial ideas centered on ‘all thoughts
being constrained, or determined, by language’ Various studies have disproved this area of
the hypothesis – language does not determine thought
Studies have also shown that language does have an influence on thought
ways in which we see the world may be influenced by the kind of language we use
Focal Vocabulary
Lexicon – influence on perception Focal Vocabulary
_____________________________________
Examples: 1
2
Language and Communication
What is the difference between language and communication? Communication: ___________________
___________________________________
If language is unique to the human species, how do other species communication?
Communication Among Non-Human Primates
Communication can ______________: submission,
reassurance, aggression, etc.
Communication can include: _______________
__________________ ________________
Howler Monkey (male): loudest land animals and the second loudest of all animals
Communication Among Non-Human Primates
Primates don’t ___________
Parts of calls are not ___________ to get new information
Their calls are _____________ Proboscis monkey
calling