laporan praktiku metalurgi.docx

8/17/2019 laporan praktiku metalurgi.docx

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LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM METALURGI FISIK

UJI TARIK, UJI KEKERASAN, UJI IMPAK, UJI STRUKTUR

Disusun Oleh:

1. TIARA PRADINA P. 13353!"

". #OSEP $ID#ANTO 13353!5

3. #USUF MA%ENDRA 13353!&

'. AGUS D$I SUSANTO 13353!(

5. DI)K# KURNIA$AN A. 13353&3

JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN S1SEKOLA% TINGGI TEKNOLOGI RONGGOLA$E

)EPU

"1&


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LEMBAR PENGESAHAN

LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM METALURGI FISIK UJI TARIK, UJI KEKERASAN, UJI IMPAK, UJI STRUKTUR

Disusun Oleh:

1. TIARA PRADINA P. 1!"#$

$. %OSEP &ID%ANTO 1!"#!

. %USUF MAHENDRA 1!"#'

(. AGUS D&I SUSANTO 1!"#)

!. DI*K% KURNIA&AN A. 1!"'

Dise+uui -leh:

Ke+u Ju/usn Te0ni0 Mesin Pe2i2in3

Ali A4h5i ST. MT. I/. S/-n- M.En3

PRAKATA

Den3n en3u460n 6ui s7u0u/ 0eh5i/+ Tuhn %n3 Mh Es, +s li6hn

/h+ 5n 0/uni8N7, sehin33 6en7usun 56+ en7elesi0n L6-/n A0hi/

P/0+i0u Me+lu/3i Fisi0. L6-/n A0hi/ P/0+i0u Me+lu/3i Fisi0 ini 5isusun

un+u0 eenuhi + 0ulih 7n3 +elh 5i2il 65 sees+e/ li.

1


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L6-/n P/0+i0u Me+lu/3i Fisi0 ini 56+ +e/selesi0n +i50 le6s

0/en 2n+un 5n 5u0un3n 5/i 2e/23i 6ih0 7n3 5en3n +ulus 5n s2/

e2e/i0n su2n3n 2i0 2e/u6 i5e, +e/i 6e2hsn 5n u3 2n+un

linn7 7n3 +i50 56+ 5iels0n s+u 6e/s+u. Oleh 0/en i+u 6en7usun in3in

en3u460n +e/i 0sih 0e65:

1. I/. A3us D/9n+- M.T sel0u Ke+u Se0-lh Tin33i Te0n-l-3i

R-n33-l9e *e6u

$. Ali A4h5i ST.MT. sel0u Ke+u Ju/usn Te0ni0 Mesin.

. I/. S/-n- M.En3 sel0u 6e2i2in3 6/0+i0u.

(. I/ Te3uh Rh/5-.MT Sel0u Ke6l L2-/+-/iuM+e/ilMe+ll-/3i.

!. K6us Ins+i+u+ Te0n-l-3i Nsi-nl Mln3.

Penulis en75/i se6enuhn7 2h9 l6-/n 6/0+i0u Me+lu/3i Fisi0

ini sih uh 5/i se6u/n, -leh 0/en i+u 5en3n se3l 0e/en5hn h+i,

6en7usun -h-n 6/ 6e24 5n 6e2i2in3 2e/0enn e2e/i0n s/n +u

0/i+i0 5ei 6e/2i0n L6-/n 2e/i0u+n7. Se-3 0/7 ini 56+ e2e/i0n

su+u n;+ 23i 6e24 5n seu 6ih0 7n3 +e/li2+ 5l 6en7usunn

L6-/n Me+lu/3i Fisi0.

DAFTAR ISI

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN.....................................................................................i

PRAKATAii

DAFTAR ISI...........................................................................................................iii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN.................................................................................1

1.1 L+/ Bel0n3.........................................................................................1

1.$ M0su5 5n Tuun P/0+i0u................................................................$

1.$.1 M0su5 Pen3uin..............................................................................$

1.$.$ Tuun Pen3uin...............................................................................$

BAB II PENGUJIAN TARIK............................................................................!

$


4/55

$.1 Tuun Pen3uin.....................................................................................!

$.$ Te-/i Ds/...............................................................................................'

$.$.1 Hu2un3n Te3n3n 5n Re3n3n...................................................)

$.$.$ Pen3/uh K5/ K/2-n Te/h56 Ke0u+n T/i0...........................#

$.$. Pen3/uh Heat Treatment Te/h56 Ke0u+n T/i0.........................#

$.$.( Di3/ Te3n3n Re3n3n Se2en/n7.......................................1"

Te3n3n se+i 2isn7 5i+ulis:....................................................................1"

$.$.! Me+-5e O;;se+...................................................................................11

$.$.' P/e+e/ Di3/ Te3n3n8Re3n3n.........................................1$

$.$.) B+n3 Ui Dn U0u/n B+n3 Ui T/i0........................................1

$.$.< Pe/sn Pe/hi+u3n D+.............................................................1(

$. P/-se5u/ Pen3uin................................................................................1(

$.( Pen3-lhn D+....................................................................................1!

$.! Anlisis D+..........................................................................................1!

BAB III UJI KETANGGUHAN........................................................................1'

.1 Tuun Pen3uin...................................................................................1'.$ Te-/i Ds/.............................................................................................1'

.$.1 M4 Pe/4-2n I60.................................................................1<

.$.$ M4 K/0+e/is+i0 P+hn..........................................................1#

.$. F0+-/ %n3 Me6en3/uhi Ke0u+n I60.................................$"

.$.( S+n5/issi U0u/n S6esien Ui I60.......................................$1

.$.! Ku/= Te6e/+u/ T/nsisi...............................................................$$

. P/-se5u/ Pen3uin................................................................................$

.( Pen3-lhn D+....................................................................................$(

.! Anlisis D+..........................................................................................$!

BAB I> UJI KEMAMPUKERASAN ?JOMIN%HARDENABILIT%@...........$)

(.1 Tuun Pen3uin...................................................................................$)

(.$ Ds/ Te-/i.............................................................................................$)

(.$.1 Pe/l0un Pns ? Heat Treatment @...................................................$)

(.$.$ Ke6un Pen3e/sn ? Hardenabilty)........................................."


5/55

(.$. Hu2un3n An+/ Hardenability 5n Ke0e/sn.............................

(.$.( Pen3/uh Rapid Cooling 65 si;+ B.........................................

(. P/-se5u/ Pen3uin................................................................................(

(..1 Al+ 5n Bhn.................................................................................(

(.( Ln30h Pen3uin Ke0e/sn...............................................................)

(.! Pen3-lhn D+....................................................................................#

G/;i0 (.1 Ui Ke0e/sn...................................................................................#

(.' Anlisis D+..........................................................................................#

BAB > UJI STRUKTUR.................................................................................(1

!.1 Tuun Pen3uin...................................................................................(1

!.$ Ds/ Te-/i.............................................................................................($

!.$.1 Te-/i Pen36lsn, Pe-lesn, 5n E+s......................................(

!.$.$ B K/2-n.....................................................................................(!

!.$. S+/u0+u/ Mi0/- B.........................................................................('

!. P/-se5u/ Pen3uin................................................................................!1

!.( Anlisis 5+...........................................................................................!$BAB >I PENUTUP...........................................................................................!

'.1 Kesi6uln............................................................................................!

'.$ S/n.......................................................................................................!

(


6/55

BAB I

PENDAHULUAN

I.1 L*+* -el**n/

Sei/in3 6e/0e2n3n +e0n-l-3i 7n3 6es+ 5e9s ini, 0 65

2i5n3 +e0n-l-3i METALURGI u3 en3li hl 7n3 se/u6. Hl ini

+e/5i 3un en3n+isi6si 5n eenuhi 0e2u+uhn 0n 6i/n+i 5n

6e/l+n l-3 7n3 2e/+e0n-l-3i +in33i. L-3 7n3 2e/+e0n-l-3i +in33i

5i56+ 5/i su+u l-3 7n3 su5h 5i0e+hui si;+8si;+n7 se4/ els.

Si;+8si;+ l-3 +e/se2u+ eli6u+i si;+ e0ni0, si;+ ;isi0 5n

se23in7. Si;+ e0ni0 eli6u+i: 0e0u+n, 0e0e/sn, 0eule+n,

0e0u+n i60, 5n 0eli+n. Si;+ ;isi0 l-3 eli6u+i: s+/u0+u/ l-3,

u0u/n, ss enis 5n se23in7. Un+u0 en3e+hui si;+8si;+ l-3

e/se2u+, 0 5il0u0nlh ui 4-2 se6e/+i 7n3 5il0u0n 5i

L2-/+-/iu Me+lu/3i Ins+i+u+ Te0n-l-3i Nsi-nl Mln3. Se+elh

5i0e+hui si;+ 7n3 5iili0i -leh l-3, 0 0n u5h 5i0e+hui

0e3unn 5n 23in l-3 +e/se2u+ 5i-5i;i0si 3/ 56+ 2e/3un

se4/ -6+il.

Ilu l-3 5lh ilu 7n3 e6el/i 2hn82hn 5n si;+8

si;+ l-3. Din ilu l-3 ini 2e/0e2n3 2u0n +s +e-/i s,

elin0n +s 5s/ 6en3+n, 6eneli+in 5n 6en3uin. Ini+is/i 5/i

ilu ini 5lh e6el/i hu2un3n n+/ s+/u0+u/ su+u 65un 5en

si;+8si;+n7 5n 0eu5in 5i0e+hui un+u0 en3u2h si;+ e0nisn7

5i6en3/uhi s+/u0+u/ +e/se2u+ ellui -5i;i0si s+/u0+u/.

Den3n 4/ e-5i;i0si s+/u0+u/ 0n 5i56+ 2hn 5en3n

s+/u0+u/ 7n3 sesui un+u0 eenuhi 0e2u+uhn +e0n-l-3i -5e/n,

0hususn7 5i5uni 7n3 en3li 6e/02n3n 6es+. Un+u0

eenuhi 09li+s su+u l-3 6e/lu 5il0u0n su+u 6en3uin +e/il

?testing material @. Pen3uin e/+ 0i+nn7 5en3n 6eilihn 2hn 7n3

0n 5i3un0n un+u0 enen+u0n 2en/ +u +i50n7 su+u +e-/i 7n3

+elh 5.

1


7/55

Ln30h selnu+n7 5l 6e/en4nn 56+ 5i+en+u0n enis

2hn u6un 5iensi sehin33 62il +i50 sesui 0 0n 5en3n

u5h 5i2e/i su2s+i+usin7 7n3 +e6+ 3un 5n 5is6in3 i+u ;0+-/ 2i7

u3 h/us 5i6e/h+i0n. Un+u0 eenuhi 2h9 6en3uin l-3 5i+i+i0

2e/+0n 65 6en3+n 6e/u2hn si;+ l-3 se+elh heat treatment.

Pen3uin 5il0u0n +e/h56 2en5 +u l-3 7n3 +elh 5i6e/si60n

5l 2en+u0 5n u0u/n 7n3 s+n5/+.

A56un 6en3uin 7n3 5il0u0n n+/ lin:

1. Pen3uin J-in7 ? Jominy Test @

$. Pen3uin I60 ? Impac Test @. Pen3uin T/i0 ?Tensile Test @

(. Pen3un S+/u0+u/

I." M*su0 0*n Tuu*n P*+iu2

I.$.1 M*su0 Pen/ui*n

Mellui 6/0+i0u ini hsis9 5ih/60n 56+:

1. Me2u0+i0n +e-/i8+e-/i 7n3 5i6e/-leh 65 s+ 5i 2n30u

6e/0ulihn.

$. Men2h 6en3ln 5l el0u0n su+u ui 4-2.. Men3enl l+ ui 7n3 5i3un0n un+u0 en3e+hui si;+

l-3.

(. Men3e+hui 4/ 0e/ se+i6 l+ ui.

!. Men3e+hui 6/e+e/86/e+e/ 6en3uin.

'. Melen306i s7/+ + 0ulih 5n s7/+ en3i0u+i

6/0+i0u.

). Men2h 6en3e+hun 5n 0e6un en7usun l6-/n.

I.$.$ Tuu*n Pen/ui*n

Mellui 6en3uin ini 5ih/60n 56+ en3e+hui si;+8si;+

l-3 se6e/+i si;+ e0ni0, si;+ ;isi0 5n lin se23in7. Si;+ e0ni0

5lh 0e6un su+u 2hn un+u0 ene/i 2e2n +u 37 +n6

eni2ul0n 0e/us0n 65 2en5 +e/se2u+. Be2e/6 si;+ e0ni0

n+/ lin:

KEKUATAN ?TREN!TH @Men7+0n 0e6un 2hn un+u0 ene/i +e3n3n +n6

en7e220n 2hn en5i 6+h, 0e0u+n ini +e/5i/i 5/i:

$


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0e0u+n +/i0, 0e0u+n +e0n, 0e0u+n 3ese/, 5n lin

se23in7. KEKERAAN ? HAR"NE @

Men7+0n 0e6un 2hn un+u0 +hn +e/h56 3-/esn,

6en3i0isn ?2/si@. Si;+ ini 2e/0i+n +e/h56 si;+ +hn us

?#ear Resistance@.

KEKEN$A%AN ? E%ATICIT$ @Men7+0n 0e6un 2hn un+u0 ene/i e3n3n +n6

en30i2+0n +e/5in7 6e/u2hn 2en+u0 7n3 6e/nen se+elh

+e3n3n 5ihiln30n. Te+6i 62il +e3n3n el6ui 2+s

0 6e/u2hn 2en+u0 0n +e/5i 9lu6un 0n 2e2n

5ihiln30n.

KEKAKUAN ?TI&NE @Men7+0n 0e6un 2hn un+u0 ene/i +e3n3n +u

2e2n +n6 en30i2+0n +e/5in7 6e/u2hn 2en+u0 +u

5e;le0si.

'%ATIITA ? '%ATICIT$ @

Men7+0n 0e6un 2hn un+u00 en3li seulh

5e;-/si 6ls+is ?7n3 6e/nen@ +n6 en30i2+0n +e/5in7

0e/us0n. Si;+ ini se/in3 5ise2u+ se23i 0eule+n ? "(ctility@.

KETAN!!UHAN ?TU!HNE @Men7+0n 0e6un 2hn un+u0 en7e/6 seulh ene/3i

+n6 en30i2+0n +e/5in7 0e/us0n +u 2n70n7 ene/3i

7n3 5i6e/lu0n un+u0 e+h0n su+u 2hn.

*ERAN!KAK ?CREE' @Me/u60n 0e4en5e/un3n su+u l un+u0 e23li 5e;-/si

6ls+is 7n3 2es/n7 e/u60n ;un3si 90+u 65 s+ ene/i 2e2n 7n3 2es/n7 /el+i; 2es/.

KE%E%AHAN ? &ATI+UE @Me/u60n 0e4en5e/un3n 5/i -3 un+u0 6+h 2il ene/i

+e3n3n se4/ 2e/uln3 7n3 2es/n7 uh 5i29h 2+s

0e0u+n els+isn7.


9/55

BAB II

PENGUJIAN TARIK

II.1 Tuu*n Pen/ui*n

Tuun 6en3uin +/i0 ini 5lh un+u0 en56+0n 32/n

+en+n3 si;+8si;+ 5n 0e5n 5/i su+u l-3, 7i+u:1. Te3n3n luluh ?$ield 'oint @.

$. Te3n3n +/i0 ?Tensile tress@.

. Te3n3n ?tress@.

(. Pen3e4iln 6en6n3.

!. Re5u0si lus.

'. &uu5 5/i 6+hn 2hn.

Den3n 6e/4-2n ini 5ih/60n 0i+ 56+ eneli+i un+u0

en3e+hui nili8nili +e3n3n 5l Tensie trength, sehin33 56+

5i+e/60n 5l 6eneli+in 2hn un+u0 su+u 0-ns+/u0si esin. Selin i+u

u3 en3e+hui 6/insi6 0e/ 5/i esin ui +/i0.

pesi,i-asi

(


10/55

*a-er H(ng

Ta

*odel HT/

0123

erial No 4456

Co(ntry o, original

Tai7an

Capacity 12.222 Kg,

G*2* ".1 Mesin Ui T*i

?Su2e/: Bu0u Pe5-n P/0+i0u Me+lu/3i@

II." Te4i D*s*

Pen3uin +/i0 5il0u0n 5en3n 6en2hn 2e2n se4/

6e/lhn8lhn, 0eu5in 0n +e/5i 6e/+2hn 6nn3 7n3

se2n5in3 37 7n3 2e0e/. Kese2n5in3n ini +e/us 2e/lnu+ hin33

2hn s6i +i+i0 proportionality limit . Se+elh i+u 6e/+2hn 6nn3

7n3 +e/5i se23i 0i2+ 6en2hn 2e2n +i50 l3i 2e/2n5in3 lu/us,

6e/+2hn 2e2n 7n3 s 0n en3hsil0n 6en2hn 6nn3

5n su+u s+ +e/5i 6en2hn 6nn3 +n6 5 6en2hn 2e2n,

+u 5en3n 0+ lin 2+n3 ui 2e/+2h 6nn3 5en3n sen5i/in7.

Hl ini 5i0+0n 2+n3 ui en3li luluh ? yield @. Ke5n ini hn7

2eln3sun3 ses+ 5n se+elh i+u 0n ni0 l3i.

Keni0n 2e2n ini 0n 2e/ln3sun3 s6i en46i

0siu, un+u0 2+n3 7n3 ule+ 2e2n esin +/i0 0n +u/un l3i

s6i 0hi/n7 6u+us. P5 s+ 2e2n en46i 0siu, 2+n3 ui

en3li 6en3e4iln 6en6n3 se+e6+ ?local necting @ 5n

6en2hn 6nn3 +e/5i hn7 5ise0i+/ nec-ing +e/se2u+. P5 2+n3

!


11/55

3e+s +i50 +e/5i ne40in3 5n 2+n30n 6u+us 65 s+ 2e2n

0siu.P5 6en3uin +/i0 nn+in7 0n 5i6e/-leh si;+ e0ni0 5/i

l-3. Be2e/6 si;+ e0ni0 +e/se2u+ 5lh:

A. Sifat Mekanik di daerah Elastis:

Keu*+*n el*s+is: 0e6un 2+n3 un+u0 ene/i

2e2n+e3n3n +n6 2e/0i2+ +e/5in7 de,ormasi ?6e/u2hn

2en+u0 7n3 6e/nen@. Di+unu0n -leh +i+i0 luluh ? yield @.

Ke*u*n stifness6: su+u 2+n3 7n3 eili0i 0e0u+n +in33i

2il en56+ 2e2n ?5l 2+s els+isn7@ 0n en3li

5e;-/si 6ls+is, +e+6i hn7 se5i0i+. Di+unu0n -leh -5ulus

els+isi+s:

(E)= σel/ el ɛ .............................................. (pers. 1)

Resilience: 0e6un 2hn un+u en7e/6 ene/3i +n6

en7e220n +e/5in7 de,ormasi plastis. Din7+0n 5en3n

2es/n7 lusn 5i 29h 3/;i0 5e/h els+i0 8*od(l(s Resilien@.

UR=12

σel.εel=σel2/2 E ........................................... (pers. 2)

B. Sifat Mekanik di daerah Plastis:

Keu*+*n T*i ensil Stren!th6

Ke6un 2+n3 un+u0 ene/i 2e2n+e3n3n +n6

en30i2+0n /us0 +u 6u+us. Ke0u+n +/i0 0siu

5i+unu00n se23i +e3n3n 0siu ?(ltimate stress@ 65

0u/= +e3n3n /e3n3n.

Keule+*n ("#ctilit$6

Ke6un 2hn un+u0 2e/5e;-/si +n6 en5i 6+h. D6+

5iu0u/ 5en3n 2es/n7 +e3n3n 6ls+is 7n3 +e/5i se+elh 2+n3

ui 6u+us. Di+unu00n se23i 3/is els+i0 65 3/;i0 +e3n3n8

/e3n3n.

Ke+*n//uh*n %#!hness6

Ke6un en7e/6 ene/3i +n6 en30i2+0n 6+h, 56+

5iu0u/ 5en3n 2es/n7 ene/3i 7n3 5i6e/lu0n un+u0 e+h0n

2+n3 ui. Ke+n33uhn 5in7+0n 5en3n -5ulus 0e+n33uhn

'


12/55


13/55

G*7i ".1 Ku8* Te/*n/*n9Re/*n/*n

Ke+e/3n 32/:

AO : ",$ +u ",! 5/i OT ?/e3n3n s+ 6+h@

OE : 3/is els+i0

OR : Re3n3n els+i0 ?ɛel @

OS : Te3n3n els+i0 ?9el @

A% : 3/is se/ AO

Ben+u0 0u/= 5i+s enunu00n 65 5e/h els+is, +e3n3n

2e/2n5in3 line/ 5en3n /e3n3n. A62il 2hn el6ui nili 2+s

0e0u+n luluhn7, 0 2en5 en3li 5e;-/si 6ls+is 2/u+-.

De;-/si ini 2e/si;+ 6e/nen, es0i6un 2e2nn7 5ihiln30n.

Te3n3n 7n3 5i2u+uh0n un+u0 en3hsil0n 5e;-/si 6ls+is 7n3

0-n+in7u 0n +e/us 2e/+2h 2es/ 5en3n 2e/+2hn7 /e3n3n

6ls+is. >-lue 2en5 ui sel 5e;-/si 6ls+is 0n +e+6 0-ns+n 5n

seln 5en3n i+u +e/5i 6e/+2hn 6nn3 2en5 ui, 0 lus

6en6n3 lin+n3 se6nn3 2en5 ui en3li 6enu/unn 7n3

se/3. A0hi/n7 5i46i su+u +i+i0 5in 6en3u/n3n lus

6en6n3 lin+n3 le2ih 2es/ 5/i 6e/+2hn 5e;-/si 2e2n 7n3


14/55

5i0i2+0n -leh 6en3e/sn /e3n3. K/en 6enu/unn lus 6en6n3

lin+n3 le2ih 4e6+, sehin33 0n +e/5i 6+hn.

II.$.$ Pen/*uh K*0* K*4n Teh*0* Keu*+*n T*i

B 5lh 2esi 5en3n unsu/ 0/2-n +n6 +u 5en3n unsu/ lin

5in unsu/ 0/2-n +i50 2-leh le2ih 5/i $. Un+u0 2 5en3n 05/

0/2-n 5i29h 1 4en5e/un3 0e0u+n +/i0n7 enu/un.

II.$. Pen/*uh eat reatent Teh*0* Keu*+*n T*i

Den3n 6e/l0un 6ns 65 2, 0e0u+n +/i0n7 56+

5i+in30+0n. A0n +e+6i 6e/l0un 6ns +i50 2-leh +e/us ene/us

5il0u0n, 0/en se+elh en46i +e6e+u/ +e/+enu , 0e0u+n +/i0n7

0n enu/un 0e2li. P5 uun7 2 0n en3li 6/-ses Heat

Treatment 5en3n 4/ hardening: sehin33 6e/lu tempering un+u0

en3hiln30n +e3n3n 5l.

G*7i "." Te/*n/*n9Re/*n/*n

#


15/55

II.$.( Di*/*2 Te/*n/*n Re/*n/*n Seen*n;*

Ku/= +e3n3n /e3n3 2isn7 +i50 e2e/i0n in5i0+-/

0/0+e/is+i0 5e;-/si l-3 7n3 se+i, 0/en 0u/= +e/se2u+

2e/5s/0n 5iensi 2en5 seul. Diensi 2en5 +e/us 2e/u2h sel

6en3uin 2e/ln3sun3.

Te3n3n se+i 2isn7 5i+ulis:

TS?se+elh +i+i0 ul+i+e@ P1

A1 ......................... (pers. *)

TS?se2elu +i+i0 ul+i+e@ ¿σ (ε+1) .......................... (pers. +)

Re3n3n se+i 2isn7 5i+ulis:

ɛ s ?se+elh +i+i0 ul+ie@ ln Ao

A1 ......................... (pers. ,)

ɛ s ?se2elu +i+i0 ul+ie@ ¿ ln(ε+1) .................... (pers. -)

Te3n3n +/i0 se+i 65 23in 0siu 2e/0i+n 5en3n

0e0u+n +/i0 se+i. Un+u0 0e2n70n 2hn, local nec-ing uli +e/5i

65 2e2n 0siu s6i 65 su+u /e3n3n 5in +e3n3n

se+i s 5en3n 3/5ien 0u/=. Se4/ +e+is 5i+ulis:

ɛu Pmax

Au ................................................................... (pers. )

5en3n: Au lus 6en6n3 local nec-ing.

Te3n3n 6+h se+i 5lh 2e2n 65 90+u 6+h 5i23i lus

6en6n3 6+hn. Re3n3n se+i 5lh /e3n3n 7n3 5i5s/0n

65 lus 6en6n3 seul ?A-@ n lus 6en6n3 se+elh 6+h ?A;@.

Se4/ +e+is 5i+ulis:

εf = Ao

Ai ...........................................................(pers.1)

1"


16/55

Re3n3n 6en7e6i+n se+e6+ se+i ?Tr(e %ocal Nec-ing train@,

se4/ +e+is 5i+ulis:

ɛnln Au

Ai .......................................................... (pers.11)

II.$.! Me+40e O77se+

Ke0u+n els+is 5i+unu0n 5en3n +i+i0 luluh ?%@. Un+u0 l-38

l-3 7n3 ule+ ?d(ctile@ e6e/li+0n +e/5in7 yield ?luluh@ 5en3n

els sehin3 2+s ini u5h 5i+en+u0n. Te+6i un+u0 l-3 7n3 le2ih3e+s 5in yield ?%@ +i50 +60 els 0 yield 56+ 5i+en+u0n

5en3 en33un0n -;;se+ e+h-5. Dl h0 ini 7iel5 5in336 uli

+e/5i 2il +i2ul /e3n3n 6ls+is se2es/ ",$ +u ",! ?+e/3n+un3

0ese60+n@.

Se4/ 3/;is, o,,set yield strength 56+ 5i4/i 5en3n en/i0

se4/ se/ 5en3n 3/is els+i0 5/i +i+i0 /e3n3n se2es/ ",$ +u

",! hin33 e-+-n3 0u/=, +i+i0 6e/6-+-n3n ini enunu00n yield.

II.$.' P**2e+e Di*/*2 Te/*n/*n9Re/*n/*n

*. Ke0u+n T/i0

Ke0u+n +/i0 +u 5l hl ini 0e0u+n +/i0 0siu

5lh 2e2n 0siu 5i23i lus 6en6n3 9l 2en5 ui:

U = Pmax

Ao ................................................ (pers. 12)

2. Keule+n 5lh si;+ 2hn 7n3 u5h 5i+e0u0, 5i+/i0, 5i /e3n3

5n 5i 2en+u0 +u 5i /u2h 2en+u0 n7 se4/ 6e/nen +n6

+e/5i 0e/us0n. */ 7n3 6lin3 lCi 5i 3un0n un+u0

enen+u0n 0eule+n 6e/6nn3n 5n /e5u0si lus.

• Pe/6nn3n

11


17/55

εf Lf − Lo

Lo ............................. (pers. 1&)

Re5u0si lus

Q= Ao− Af

Ao ....................... (pers. 1')

4. M-5ulus els+isi+s

Ge5ien 23in linie/ 0u/= /e3n3n 5lh -5ulus 7-un3 +u

-5ulus els+isi+s 5i /uus0n se23i 2e/i0u+.

E= U

∑ ε=

Pmax/∑ε Ao ............. (pers. 1*)

Den3n:

U 0e0u+n +/i0 0siu

P 2e2n 0siu

A- lus 6en6n3 ul8ul

M-5ulus 2isn7 5iu0u/ 65 suhu +in33i se4/ 5inis.

II.$.) -*+*n/ Ui D*n Uu*n -*+*n/ Ui T*i

Ben5 ui 7n3 5i 3un0n e6un7i 2en+u0 se/3

2e/6en6n3 silin5e/ +u se3i e6+ ? 6l+@ 5en3n uun3 n7 5i2u+le2ih 2es/ 7n3 2e/+uun un+u0 en3hsil0n +e3n3n il 65 2+n3

ui, un+u0 en3hin5/i 6e4hn 7n3 +e/5i 5i uun3 +u 5i 6n30l +n3

ui. U0u/n 5n 6/-se5u/ 6en3uin h/us 5i l0u0n 5en3n 4/ 4/

enu/u+ s+n5/ +e+/+en+u, 2/u 0eu5in 5/i hsil 6en3uin 5i 2il

0esi6uln en3eni si;+ e0ni0 2+n3 ui.

1$


18/55

G*2* "." -en0* Ui un+u Pen/ui*n T*i

Ke+e/n3n:

5 :5ie+e/

/ : /5ius

2 : 9i5+hL- : 3u3e len3+h

L4 : iniun 6/llel len3+h

L+: : iniun +-+l len3+h

II.$.< Pes*2**n Pehi+u/*n D*+*

A- 1

4 ..D-..................................................................... (pers. 1+)

D D-8D; ............................................................................ (pers. 1,)Di D-8?LiL D ).................................................... (pers. 1-)

Ai (. ?Di@$ ......................................................................... (pers. 1)

Den3n:

A- lus 6en6n3 s6esien 9l

D- 5ie+e/ 9l

D; 5ie+e/ se+en3h 6+h

D selisih 2es/ 5ie+e/ 0e+i0 5iui

Di 6e/u2hn 5ie+e/ 0e+i0 5iui

Li 6e/u2hn 6nn3

L 6e/u2hn 6nn3 0silAi 6e/u2hn lusn

II.3 P4se0u Pen/ui*n

• Ben+u0 2+n3 ui 5i2u+ enu/u+ s+n5/.

• U0u/ 0e0e/sn 5/i s6esien +/i0 se2elu 5il0u0n 6en3uin.

• U0u/ 5ie+e/ s6esien ?+e2l, le2/ un+u0 s6esien 2e/2en+u0 6l+@.

1


19/55

• Pe/0i/0n 2e2n +e/+in33i 7n3 56+ 5i2e/i0n se23i +hnn +u

/e0si 5/i 2hn +e/h56 2e2n lu/ ?2e/i0n ;0+-/ 0enn,

5i+en+u0n -leh sis+en".

• Si60n esin +/i0 7n3 0n 5i3un0n.

• *++ s0l 2e2n 65 esin +/i0.

• *++ 0e4e6+n 3/;i0 5n 0e4e6+n 6eni0n.

• Jln0n esin +/i0 5n 4++ 5ie+e/ s6esien +i6 6en2hn

2e2n.

• Se+elh +e/5i 6en3e4iln se+e6+, 4++ 5ie+e/ +e/0e4il s6esien

65 se+i6 6en3/uh 2e2n.

• Se+elh 6e/4-2n, u0u/ 5ie+e/ 65 23in 7n3 6u+us 5n u0u/

6nn3 2en5 ui se+elh 6u+us.

• U0u/ 0e0e/sn 65 23in 7n3 en3li 6en3e4iln 5ie+e/

se/3.

II.' Pen/4l*h*n D*+*

G*7i ".3 Te/*n/*n9Re/*n/*n Seen*n;*

II.5

An*lisis D*+*

Dilih+ 5/i 3/;i0 $. +e3n3n /e3n3n se2en/n7 +e/lih+

2h9 +e3n3n 5n /e3n3n 7n3 +e/5i 65 s+ 6en3uin eil0i

nili 7n3 le2ih 2es/ 5/i65 nili +e3n3n8/e3n3n +e0ni0 +u se4/

+e-/i+is.

1(


20/55

P5 +e3n3n /e3n3n se2en/n7 en46i +i+i0 6un40

?(ltimate@ 65 +i+i0 #,( K3; 65 +i+i0 /e3n3n ",1 m

'an?ang %engan 'end(l(m 2:65> m

G*2* 3.1 0niersal pact ester

?su2e/: L2. M+e/il ITN Mln3@

1!


21/55


22/55

P5 5s/n7 l-37n3 ule+ 0n e6u7i i60 7n3

+in33i se5n30n 7n3 3e+s h/3n7 /en5h. Si;+ ule+ ini +e/5i 65

suhu /en5nh se5n30n si;+ 3e+s 65 suhu +in33i.

G*2* 3." G*2* Me* Mesin Ui I2*


23/55

Sis+e 6en3uin e+-5e 4h/67:

Den3n 6en3uin ini s6esien 5ile+00n se4/ s+2il, 0e5u

uun3n7 5isn33 5n +i50 5ie6i+. %n3 h/us 5i6e/h+i0n 5lh 2e2n

5in+/ 6en7n33 s+u 5en3n 6en7n33 linn7. Dis6in3 i+,

6e2e2nn 7n3 0n 5il0u0n h/us 2e/+-l0 2el0n3 5en3n 23in

7n3 0n 5i+0i0.

Selin i+u, 7n3 h/us 5i6e/h+i0n 5lh:

. A/h 6e2e2nn

2. Pus+ 6e2e2nn 7n3 0n 5il0u0n

4. P-sisi s6esien h/us +e6+ 5i+en3h

5. P-sisi /u 6enunu0

G*2* 3.3 Me+40e Pen/ui*n )h*; =9N4+


24/55

G*2* 3.' -en+u Pe2u**n P*+*h*n Sesi2en Pen/ui*n I2*

III.$. F*+4 #*n/ Me2en/*uhi Keu*+*n I2*

F0+-/ ene/3i 7n3 e6en3/uhi 2e2n +e/h56 6en7e/6n

ene/3i, 7i+u:

1. Pen3/uh +e6e/+u/

U/u+n 6+hn 0eule+n 5lh ene/3i 7n3 5i6e/lu0n un+u0 e+h0n s6esien. Ke6+hn l-3 65 +e6e/+u/ /en5h

e/u60n 0e6+hn 2en5 3e+s 6en3/h +e6e/+u/ +e/h56

ene/3i 56+ 5ilih+ 5l 5+ 6en3uin.

$. Pen3/uh K5/ K/2-n

K5/ 0/2-n 2e/6en3/uh 65 se0in +in33i 0n se0in

/6uh 5n se0in /en5h 05/ 0/2-nn7 0n se0in li+.

. Pen3/uh T0i0n

Den3n 5n7 +0i0, s6esien 0n u5h 6+h. F0+-/ +0i0 ini

eli6u+i enis 0e5ln +0i0 5n 2es/n7 +0i0. K/en ;0+-/

ini sn3+ 2e/6en3/uh, 0 5l ui i60 5i2u+uh0n s+n5/

+0i0. Ben+u0 +0i0 5i2e50n +s 2en+u0 U 5n >.

5. Pen3/uh Heat Treatment

A56un 6en3/uh 5/i

− Anealling

− Hardening

− Tempering

− Normali@ing

1. F0+-/ Ben+u0

1#


25/55

Pen3/uh 2en+u0 5lh 0e+e3n3n +e/6us+, ini ene220n 57

+hn +e/il +e/h56 i60 se0in 0e4il.6. F0+-/ Pe2e2nn

>. Den3n 5n7 6e2e2nn, 2e/+ s6esien +u/un, hl ini

en7e220n 0e+hnn +e/il +e/h56 2e2n i60 en5i

+e/6en3/uh.

III.$.( S+*n0*is*si Uu*n Sesi2en Ui I2*

G*2* 3.5 Uu*n Sesi2en Ui I2*

III.$.! Ku8* Te2e*+u T*nsisi

$"


26/55

G*2* 3.& Ku8* Te2e*+u T*nsisi

Be2e/6 enis 2, se23in hln7 l-3 BB* eili0i su+u

+e6e/+u/ +/nsisi, 5in 65 +e6e/+u/ +e/se2u+ ene/3i 2e/;lu0+usi

0/en 5isini e/u60n 5e/h 6e/u2hn si;+ n+/ si;+ 3e+s ?brittle@

5n ule+ ?d(ctile@. Ku/= +ee6e/+u/ +/nsisi 5i32/0n se23i ;un3si

impact strength +e/h56 +e6e/+u/.

P5 3/is se6nn3 A8B si;+ 5/i l-3 ?2@ en3li

+/nsisi 5/i 3e+s en5i ule+. %i+u 5e/h 7n3 e2e50n n+/

si;+ 3e+s 5n ule+ 5/i +e/il 5in 65 5e/ ini +e/5i 6enin30+ni64+ s+/en3+h se4/ si3ni;i0n. A62il +e6e/+u/ -6e/si 5/i su+u

6e/l+n 2e/5 5i29h +e6e/+u/ +/nsisi 0 0eun30inn +e/5i

crac- 65 +e/il 5n 0eusn 6e/l+n le2ih 2es/. Se5n30n 62il

+e6e/+u/ -6e/si +e/en5h sih 5i+s +e6e/+u/ +/nsisi +e/il ,

0 brittle ,ract(re +i50 0n en5i slh.

U0u/n 0/is+l 7n3 0s/, s+/in h/5enin3 5n eleen8eleen

+e/+en+u 4en5e/un3 56+ eni00n +e6e/+u/ +/nsisi 5/i 2.

Se5n30n u0u/n 0/is+l 0e4il 5en3n unsu/ Mn 5n Ni 56+

enu/un0n +e6e/+u/ +/nsisi 5/i l-3 7n3 2e/sn30u+n.

Ke0u+n i60 ?impact strength@ 5/i 2hn 5i5e;inisi0n se23i

ene/3i 7n3 5i3un0n un+u0 e+h0n 2hn u 5i23i lus

6en6n3 65 5e/h +0i0n ?nocth@. Ene/3i +e/se2u+ 5ihi+un3

2e/5s/0n 2e/ 7unn 2n5ul se2elu 5n sesu5h i60.

α

(cos

β )−(cos

¿)[ ! oule] E=W . R¿ ..................................................... (pers. 2+)

!oule /cm2

H = E

A ¿ .......................................................................... (pers. 2,)

III.3 P4se0u Pen/ui*n

1. Men3e/0n s6esien 5en3n u0u/n:

$1


27/55

G*2* 3.( Sesi2en

". Mens0n 2en5 0e/

s6i +e6e/+u/ 7n3

5i+en+u0n.

3. Men7e+el 6-sisi 2n5ul 65 su5u+ #"".

'. Mele+00n s6esien 65 +u6unn7 5en3n /h +0i0 2e/l9nn

5en3n 7unn.

!. Mele6s 6enhn 2n5ul.

'. Mel0u0n 6en3e/en s+elh 2n5ul en3hn+ s6esien.

). Melih+ 2es/ su5u+ 7n3 +e/2en+u0.


28/55

G*7i 3." Pe*n0in/*n Ene/i Teh*0* Te2e*+u

G*7i 3.3 %uun/*n %*/* I2* Den/*n Ene/i

III.5 An*lisis D*+*

Dilih+ 5/i 3/;i0 G/;i0 .1 Pe/2n5in3n HI Te/h56

Te6e/+u/ +e/lih+ 2h9 65 +e6e/+u/ !" 5e/+ 2en5 ui eili0i

h/3 i60 se2es/ ",$! J-ule 5n en3li 0eni0n 65 suhu

)! 5e/+ 5en3n h/3 i60 se2es/ ",!


29/55

5n +e/5i 6enin30+n +e6e/+u/ 0n en3li 0eni0n h/3

i60, 0n +e+6i 62il +e6e/+u/ +e/us en3li 6enin30+n 0

2en5 ui 0n en3li 6enu/unn h/3 i60, hl +e/se2u+ +e/2u0+i

0/en 65 s+ 2en5 ui 5en3n +e6e/+u/ 1"" 5e/+ en3li

6enu/unn h/3 i60 se2es/ ",(.

Te6e/+u/ u3 e6en3/uhi nili su+u ene/3i 5n 2e/2n5in3

lu/us 5en3n h/3 i60. Hl +e/se2u+ +e/lih+ 65 G/;i0 .$

Pe/2n5in3n Ene/3i Te/h56 Te6e/+u/ 7n3 eili0i 6-l 7n3 s

5en3n G/;i0 .1 Pe/2n5in3n HI Te/h56 Te6e/+u/.

P5 3/;i0 . enunu00n hu2un3n n+/ h/3 i60 5en3n

ene/3i 7n3 56+ 5isi6ul0n 2h9 h/3 ene/3i 2e/2n5in3 lu/us

5en3n h/3 i60. Den3n 0+ lin 62il su+u ene/3i ni0, 0

h/3 i60 su+u l-3 u3 0n ni0.

$(


30/55

BAB I>

UJI KEMAMPUKERASAN?JOMIN%HARDENABILIT%@

I=.1 Tuu*n Pen/ui*n

Pen3uin J-ini 5il0u0n un+u0 en3e+hui 0e6u0e/sn

?hardenability@ 5/i +e/il 2 se+elh 5il0u0 6en3e/sn +he/l

?Thermal Hardening @. Ke6u0e/sn 5i/+i0n 0e6u0e/sn 2

un+u0 5i0e/s0n s6i 0e5ln +e/+en+u 5i29h 6e/u0n 7n3

5i5in3in0n 4e6+ 5/i +e6e/+u/ u+ensi+.

Pen3uin ini 5il0u0n 5en3n ens0n +e/il 5i5l

56u/ u;;le s6i +e6e/+u/ se0i+/ #""" * 5n 5ih-l5in3 sel "

eni+ 0eu5in ln3sun3 5i5in3in0n 4e6+ ?+(ench@ 5en3n 4/

5ise6/-+0n 65 slh s+u sisin7. Selnu+n7 2hn ui 7n3 +elh 5i

(enching 5il0u0n 6en3uin 0e0e/sn.

P/-;il 0e0e/sn +e/il 5i6e/-leh sesui /0 l-0si +e/il

7n3 5i6ns0n, 7i+u 5/i uun3 2hn ui 7n3 ene/i se6/-+n

s6i 0e/0 +e/+en+u. M0in uh 5/i l-0si se6/-+n nili 0e0e/sn

0in /en5h 0/en +e/5i 6e/2e5n lu/ 6en5in3inn 65 l-0si 7n3

5e0+ 5n uh 5/i l-0si se6/-+n.

$!


31/55

I=." D*s* Te4i

I>.$.1 Pel*u*n P*n*s eat reatent 6

Pe/l0un 6ns heat treatment +e/h56 2 5lh 6/-ses

6en3u2hn s+/u0+u/ 2 5en3n 4/ 6ensn s6i +e6e/+u/

+e/+en+u, selnu+n7 5ih-l5in3 65 +e6e/+u/ +e/se2u+ 2e2e/6 s+

0eu5in 5i5in3in0n ?Cooling @.

Dl 6/-ses 6en3uin J-ini +i50 le6s 5/i 6/-ses Heat

Treatment: 7i+u:

• He+in3 7i+u 6/-ses 6ensn l-3 s6i +e6e/+u/ +e/+en+u

5en3n 0su5 e2e/i 0ese6+n 3e +e/5i 6e/u2hn

s+/u0+u/ 2/u 65 l-3 +e/se2u+.

• H-l5in3 7i+u 6/-ses 6enhnn 65 +e6e/+u/ +e/+en+u 7n3

2e/+uun 3/ s+/u0+u/8s+/u0+u/ 7n3 +e/2en+u0 +e/se2u+ se4/

e/+ se2elu 6/-ses 6en5in3inn 5il0u0n.

• *--lin3 7i+u 6/-ses 6en5in3inn 5en3n 0e4e6+n +e/+en+u 3un

en56+0n s+/u0+u/ 7n3 5iin3in0n.

G*2* '.1

Di*/*2

Te2e*+u $*+u

Ke+e/n3n 32/:

A8B : Heating

B8* : Holding

*8D : Cooling

*1 : Pen5in3inn Den3n Me5i Ai/ G/ ?N*L@

*$ : Pen5in3inn 5en3n e5i i/

* : Pen5in3inn 5en3n e5i u5/

*( : 6en5in3inn 5en3n e5i in70

*! : 6en5in3inn 5l +un30u ? ,(rnace@

$'


32/55

Pe/l0un 6ns +e/5i/i 5/i 6/-ses 6ensn, 6enhnn, 5n

6en5in3inn 7n3 +e/0-n+/-l +e/h56 su+u l-3 5n 65unn7.

M484 6e/l0un 6ns ? Heat Treatment @:

a. ardenin!

Be/+uun un+u0 e2e/i0n 0e0e/sn 0siu 65 2.

A9ln7 5il0u0n 6/-ses heating , 0eu5in 5il0u0n holding , llu

6en5in3inn 4e6+ 5l i/, -li, 5n lin8lin sesui 5en3n 7n3

5i0ehen50i. Ke4e6+n 6en5in3inn 7n3 sesui 0n en56+0n

+/ns;-/si 7n3 se6u/n 5/i a(stenit en5i martensit , pearlit , bainit ,5n lin8lin ?65 5i3/ TTT@.

3. eperin!

Be/+uun un+u0 en3u/n3i +e3n3n 5l, enu/un0n

0e0e/sn 2 7n3 +elh 5i hardening 5n enin30+0n 0eule+n.

M484 +e6e/in3:

• Aus+e6e/ : en3hsil0n s+/u0+u/ 2ini+, 2e/+uun /n3u/n3i

5is+-/si 5n enin30+0n 0e0u+n i60 5n 5u4+ili+s.

• M/+e6e/in3 : 5i3un0n un+u0 en4e3h s+/u0+u/ 5is+-/si 5n

/e+0 ?crac-ing @ sel 6en5in3inn 7n3 4e6+.c. 4%rali5in!

Be/+uun un+u0 en3u/n3i s+/u0+u/ 2 7n3 en3li

6ensn 2e/le2ihn ?Ber Heating @, en3hiln30n internal stress,

enin30+0n machinabilty 5n 0e0u+n 2hn.

d. Aneallin!

Be/+uun un+u0 en3u/n3i 0e0e/sn, en3hiln30n internal

stress, e6e/2i0i s/u0+u/ 5n enin30+0n 4hin2il+7.

P/-sesn7 5lh 5en3n 6ensn, h-l5in3 2e2e/6 s+ 5n

6en5in3inn se4/ 6e/lhn8lhn 5l 56u/ 6ens +u e5i 7n3

+e/is-lsi.

Se+elh ellui 6/-ses l0u 6ns?heat treatment @ 2en5 ui

5ih-l5in3 sel ! eni+, llu 5i5in3in0n ellui e5i 6en5in3in

2e/6en3/uh 65 0e4e6+n 6en5in3n ? Rapid Cooling @. Hl ini

5i6en3/uhi -leh ;0+-/8;0+-/ 7n3 5 5l e5i 6en5in3in i+u

sen5i/i, n+/ lin:

=is4si+*s

$)


33/55

M0in +in33i =si0-si+sn7, 0 0e6un un+u0

en7e/6 6ns se0in 2e/0u/n3 sehin33 hardenability n7

0n se0in 2e/0u/n3 se22 ee/lu0n 90+u 7n3 l

un+u0 en5i 5in3in.

Inisi*l Te2e*+u )*i*n Pen0in/in

Se0in /en5h +e6e/+u/ 4i/n 6en5in3in, 0

se0in 2es/ lu 6en5in3inn hin33 hardenabilitas n7

enin30+.

Dei+ Flui0* Pen0in/in

De2i+ ini 0n e6en3/uhi 06si+s 0l-/ 7n3

5i6in5h0n 5/i s6esienn7. Se0in +in33i 5e2i+ ;lui5n7

0in 4e6+ 0l-/ 7n3 5i+/ns;e/, 0/en lus 2i5n3 0-n+0n7

se0in 2es/ 6ul, 5n hardenabilitas n7 enin30+ 6ul.

I.3.3 Ke2*2u*n Pen/e*s*n ardena3ilt$)

Ke4e6+n 6en5in3inn e6en3/uhi 0e0e/sn 5n h/5en2il+7.

Hl ini 5ise220n 0e4e6+n 6en5in3inn 7n3 +in33i. Bhn +i50

eil0i 0ese6+n un+u0 0e2li 0e s+/u0+u/ seul, se0in 4e6+

6en5in3inn 2hn +e/se2u+ 56+ en7e220n +e/2en+u0ns7 si;+ 7n

0e/s +n6 ellui +h6n8+h6n ,errite: pearlite, 7n3 n +h6n

i+u e6en3/uhi hsil 0hi/ 0hi/ 5/i 0e0e/sn su+u 2hn.

Pen5in3inn 5i6en3/uhi -leh en ;0+-/, n+/ lin:

. K-6-sisi 2

Meli6u+i 0n5un3n 0/2-n 5n unsu/ 65un, 0/2-n 5i3un0n

un+u0 enin30+0n 0e0e/sn 2. Pen2hn unsu/ 65un u3

56+ nenin30+0n 0e6u0e/sn su+u 2. 2. U0u/n 2u+i/

Den3n +e6e/+u/ us+eni+ le2ih +in33i ??1#$'"F@ 0n

en3hsil0n 2u+i/n 7n3 le2ih 0s/ 5i2n5in30n 5en3n

5i6ns0n 65 +e6e/+u/ us+eni+ ?1!"""F@. Den3n 5ei0in si;+

0e6u0e/sn 2 en5i le2ih enin30+.

4. H--3eni+s 2hn

Su+u l-3 7n3 e6un7i s+/u0+u/ h--3en 0n e6un7i

h/5en2il+7 le2ih +in33i 5/i65 s+/u0+u/ 7n3 +i50 h--3en.

5. Diensi 2

$


34/55

Lu 6en5in3inn 65 2en5 ui 7n3 2es/ le2ih l2+ 5/i

2en5 0e/ 5en3n u0u/n 0e4il. Su+u 2 5i2u+ 5en3n u0u/n

0e4il 56+ en46i 0e0e/sn 7n3 le2ih +in33i s6i 23in

+en3hn7. J5i 65 2hn 5en3n 5iensi 7n3 0e4il 0e4e6+n

6en5in3innn7 le2ih 4e6+ sehin33 65 h/5en2ili+7 0n le2ih

2es/.

e. K-n5u0++i=i+s +he/l 2hn

K-n5u0+i=i+ 7n3 e6e/l2+ lu 6en5in3inn, sehin33

h/5en2ili+7 2 u3 0n 0e4il. Oleh 0/en i+u 5i6e/lu0n su+u

e5i un+u0 e6e/4e6+ lu 6en5in3inn.;. Ke4e6+n 6en5in3inn

Se0in 4e6+ 6en5in3inn 5il0u0n 0 0e0e/sn 2hn 0n

enin30+.

Pen3uin -ini e/u60n slh s+u 6en3uin un+u0

ene+u0n si;+ 6u 0e/s su+u 2hn. P5 ui -ini 0i+ u3 56+

elih+ +e/2en+u0n7 0e0e/sn 65 s6esien 2en5 0e/ 5en3n

5i3/ TTT 2e/i0u+.

$#


35/55

G*2* '." Di*/*2 TTT

Be/5s/0n 5i3/ +/ns;-/si TTT 5i+s, 56+ 5iels0n 2h9

65:

De/h A: Din +e/5i 6en5in3inn se4/ 4e6+ 5n en56+0n

se6/-+n i/ se4/ ln3sun3, s+/u0+u/ us+eni+ +i50 se6+

en3li 6e/u2hn en5i pearlite u6un ,errite,

6e5in3inn 4e6+ en30i2+0n us+eni+ 2e/u2h en5i

/+ensi+ 7n3 2e/si;+ 0e/s 5n 3e+s.

De/h B: Din us+eni+ en3li 6e/u2hn en5i bainite 7n3

e/u60n s+/u0+u/ +/nsisi n+/ martensite 5n ,errite 7n3

2e/si;+ lun0 5n 3e+s.

"


36/55

De/h *: Ben+u0 s+/u0+u/ ,errite 7n3 2e/si;+ lun0 5n ule+, se5n3

0e0e/snn7 enu/un 5i2n5in30n 5i5e/h A, hl ini

5ise220n 65 5e/h ini s+/u0+u/ a(stenite se6+

en3li 6e/u2hn s+/u0+u/ +-n7 se2elu en3li

6en5in3inn.

De/h D: S+/u0+u/ us+eni+e en3li 6e/u2hn en5i pearlite,

7n3 e/u60n +/nsisi n+/ ;e//i+e 5n cementite 7n3

4en5e/un3 2e/si;+ ule+ 5n lun0, +e/3n+un3 0-6-sisi

,errite 5n sementite se/+ 0n5un3n 0/2-nn7.

I>.$. %uun/*n An+** ardena3ilit$ 0*n Kee*s*n

Hardenability 5lh 0e6un un+u0 en3e/s s6i

0e0e/sn +e/+en+u 65 su+u 2hn. Bil 2hn +e/se2u+ 5i0en0n su+u

6e/l0un 6ns. Se5n30n 0e0e/sn 5lh 0e6un 2hn un+u0

enhn 6ene+/si 5/i lu/.

Bes/n7 0e0e/sn 5i6en3/uhi 2e2e/6 ;0+-/:

1. Kn5un3n K/2-n

Se0in 2es/ 0n5un3n 0/2-n 0 se0in +in33i0e0e/snn7, sehin33 en5 2hn 7n3 3e+s.

$. J/0 Pen5in3inn

J/0 6en5in3inn 65 s6esien se+elh en3li

6e/l0un 6ns 65 +i6 +i+i0 0n 2e/2e582e5, se0in uh

/0 6en5in3inn 0 0e0e/snn7 0n se0in 0e4il.

.$.( Pen/*uh Rapid 6%%lin! *0* si7*+ -**

Ke4e6+n 6en5in3inn e6en3/uhi 0e0e/sn 5n

h/5en2ili+7. Hl ini 5ise220n 0e4e6+n 6en5in3inn 7n3 +in33i.

Bhn +i50 eili0i 0ese6+n un+u0 0e2li 0e s+/u0+u/ seul,

se0in 4e6+ 6en5in3inn 2hn +e/se2u+ 56+ en7e220n

1


37/55

+e/2en+u0n7 s+/u0+u/ 7n3 2e/si;+ 0e/s +n6 ellui +h6n8+h6n

,errite, pearlite 7n3 n +h6n i+u e6en3/uhi hsil 0hi/ 5/i

0e0e/sn su+u 2hn.

F0+-/ 7n3 e6en3/uhi 6en5in3inn n+/ lin:

1. K-n5u0+i;i+s

K-n5u0+i;i+s 2hn l-3 2e/6en3/uh 65 0e4e6+n

6en5in3inn 5i0/en0n 0-n5u0+i;i+s 7n3 2es/, 0

0ese6+n 6en5in3inn u3 2es/.

$. U0u/n 5n DiensiDiensi 2en5 ui 2e/6en3/uh 65 0e4e6+n

6en5in3inn, 5in un+u0 5iensi 2hn ui 7n3 2es/ 0n

5i2u+uh0n 90+u 6en5in3inn 7n3 l un+u0 en56+0n

6en5in3inn 7n3 e/+. Se2li0n7 se0in 0e4il u0u/n 2hn,

0 se0in 4e6+ 90+u 6en5in3inn.

. Me5i Pen5in3in

Me5i 6en5in3in, se6e/+i: -li, u5/, i/ 5n i/ 3/

eili0i 0e4e6+n 6en5in3inn 7n3 2e/2e5 2il 5i3un0n 65

2hn se/+ 65 90+u 6en5in3inn 7n3 s.

I=.3 P4se0u Pen/ui*n

I>..1 Al*+ 0*n -*h*n

. Bhn :B ST '"

Diensi

D : $<

5 : $!

L : 1""

G*2* '.3 Sesi2en Ui J42ini

2. Al+

4. &(rnace Nabertherm

$


38/55


39/55

G*2* '.' R%ck8ell S#per 7acial ardness ester

?Su2e/: L2. M+e/il ITN Mln3@

. Ben Pen5in3in

Al+ ini 5i3un0n un+u0

en5in3in0n s6esien2hn ui 7n3 5ilen306i 2e/u6

slu/n i/ 5en3n 6en6n3uun3 7n3 en3e4il 3/

i/ 56+

en7e6/-+ 5en3n 0u+.

G*2* '.5 -e*n* Pen0in/in

?su2e/: L2. M+e/il ITN Mln3@

(. Jn30 S-/-n3

Di3un0n un+u0 en3u0u/ s6esien2hn ui

5l hl ini s+un 7n3 5i3un0n 5lh ilie+e/

?@.

!. Ki0i/

(


40/55

Di3un0n un+u0 e6e/hlus 2hn ui +u

s6esien 3/ s+ 5l 6en3uin 0n 5i56+0n hsil

7n3 0u/+ 5n 5i3un0n e2e/sih0n 0/2-n 7n3

0elu/ 0i2+ 6/-ses Heat Treatment.

I=.' L*n/*h Pen/ui*n Kee*s*n

Pen3uin 0e0e/sn 5enn e+-5e Roc-7ell eili0i 5u enis

i5en+-/ 7i+ "iamond 5n teel all: sesui 2es/ 6e2e2nnn7 5n

+e/il 7n3 0n 5iui. T2el (.1 enunu00n 2es/n7 2e2n n3

5i3un0n ? Applied %oad @ un+u0 sin38sin3 +e/il 7n3 2e/2e5.

Ln30h 6en3uin 0e0e/sn se23i 2e/i0u+:

• Se2elu 5il0u0n 6en3uin +e/h56 l-3, +e/le2ih 5hulu

5il0u0n 6/-ses 6e/l0un 6ns 5en3n +e6e/+u/ 5n 90+u

6enhnn ?holding @ 5i+en+u0n 5en3n l+ &(rnace Nabertherm

se23i +un30u 6ens.

• Se+elh l/ 65 +un30u 6ens 2e/hen+i, 0 s6esien

5i0elu/0n 5n 5il0u0n 6/-ses 6en5in3inn 65 2en

6en5in3in.

• Peilihn e+-5e 6en3uin 0e0e/sn 7n3 5i60i 5i5s/0n

+s 0e6e/lun.

• Ki0i/ 5n 2e/sih0n 23in s6esien se2elu 5iui 0e0e/snn7.

• U0u/ 0e0e/snn7 65 se+i6 6-sisi ?/0 +i6 +i+i0 : ( @

5en3n i5en+-/ 11' in4hi, 2e2n 1"" K3 5n i0u+i ln30h 2e/i0u+:

− P-sisi hn5le 65 l+ Roc-7ell 5lh =e/+i0l+e30.

− Pu+/ hn5le ln5sn ?/h ln5sn 0e+s@ s2il

e6e/h+i0n /u 6en5e0 65 5il enunu00n +i+i0

e/h, se5n30n /u6nn3 65 6-sisi ".

• Pe/hi+un3n nili 0e0e/sn.

Ln30h 6en33unn &(rnace Nabertherm ?Tun30u Pens@

5lh se23i 2e/i0u+:

• Hi5u60n s0l/ on=o,, .

• Se+ +e6e/+u/ 0e 1 65 suhu 7n3 5i0ehen50i.

• A+u/ 90+u 5/i 6ensn ?5iuli " eni+ s5 1$" eni+@.

• Selnu+n7 +u/ holding time l/.

• A+u/ 90+u 5/i +e6e/+u/ le2ih 5/i 1, i0u+i ln30h 5i+s.

!


41/55

• Se+elh 6en3+u/n +e6e/+u/ selesi, +e0n EN" llu ENTER

selnu+n7 +e0n RUN .

I=.5 Pen/4l*h*n D*+*

G*7i '.1 Ui Kee*s*n

I=.& An*lisis D*+*

P5 ui 0e6u0e/sn +u 5ise2u+ ui -ini 65 +e6e/+u/

6ensn )!"- 5n h-l5in3 sel " eni+ 5en3n e5i 6en5in3in i/,

+e/lih+ 5/i 3/;i0 (.1 2h9 +i+i0 7n3 6lin3 0e/s 7i+u 65 +i+i0 (

5en3n nili 0e0e/sn


42/55

$ 5en3n nili 0e0e/sn )1 HRB. P5 +i+i0 ' +e/5i

6enu/unn 0e0e/sn 7i+u se2es/ '' HRB 5n 0e2li ni0 65 +i+i0 ("

5en3n nili 0e0e/sn ) HRB.

Se4/ +e-/i hl +e/se2u+ +e/0esn n33l 0/en +e/5i ni0 +u/un

nili 0e0e/sn 65 +i+i0 +e/+en+u, 0/en se4/ +e-/i seh/usn7 se0in

uh +i+i0 5/i +e6+ 6en5in3inn 0 nili 0e0e/sn 0n enu/un.

A0n +e+6i 65 6/0+i0n7 hl +e/se2u+ sn3+lh se/in3 5ili

5i0/en0n 2e2e/6 ;0+-/, 7i+u:

• P5 +i+i0 +e/uh 5/i e5i 6en5in3in +u +i+i0 7n3 +i50 +e/0en

e5i 6en5in3in se4/ ln3sun3 +i50 hn7 en3li

6en5in3inn 5en3n e5i i/ s, 7i+u en3li 6en5in3inn

5en3n u5/.

• Ku/n3 2e/sihn7 2hn ui s6esien 5/i 0/2-n 7n3 un4ul

s+ 5il0u0n 6en5in3inn.

BAB >

UJI STRUKTUR

=.1 Tuu*n Pen/ui*n

Pen3+n 0/- 7i+u 2e/+uun un+u0 e6el/i

0/-s+/u0+u/ +e/il 5en3n 2n+un i0/-s0-6 -6+i4 0/-

?6e2es/n 0siu !"@.

)


43/55

Khusus un+u0 s+e/e- 0/-s+/u0+u/ 0i+ 56+ en33un0nn7

un+u0 en3+i +-6-3/;i 5/i 6e/u0n 6+h 65 nlis 0e33ln,

5is6in3 lu/ 5e;-/si hsil 0e33ln +e6. Un+u0 el0u0n

6en3uin e+l-3/;i, 6en3+n 0/-s+/u0+u/ 5il0u0n +h6

6en3uin, 7i+u:

• Pen3+n

• Pe-+/e+n

S+/u0+u/ i0/- 5l su+u 2 sn3+ e6en3/uhi si;+8si;+

2 +e/se2u+. Mellui 6en3+n s+/u0+u/ i0/- 0i+ 56+ en3e+hui

su+u susunn 7n3 e2en+u0 2 se+elh 5i0en0n 6e/l0un 6ns

? Heat Treatment @ 5n e2n5in30n 5en3n s+/u0+u/ 2 7n3 2elu

5i0en0n 6e/l0un 6ns.

G*2* 5.1 F4+4

M*4

=." D*s* Te4i

Pen3e+hun e+l-3/;i 65 5s/n7 e6el/i 0/0+e/is+i0

s+/u0+u/l 5n susunn 5i su+u l-3. Bisn7 +i50 ellui su+u

0eselu/uhn 6-+-n3n 5ise220n -eh 6e29n h75/-3en ++u l-3.

De9s ini +e/56+ 2e/23i enis 2hn 7n3 5i3un0n 65 su+u

6e-ses nu;0+u/. Nun, se2elu 5i0e+hui +u 5i3un0n 5l

in5us+/i +u 23in823in 7n3 lin, 0/0+e/is+i0 s+/u0+u/l +u susunn

5/i l-3 +u 65unn7 7n3 0n 5i60i +u 5i+9/0n 65

in5us+/i un+u0 0e6e/lun linn7. D/i hl inilh -/n3 uli en4-2

un+u0 el0u0n ui e+l-3/;i 65 su+u +e/il. Sehin33 5en3n

<

pesi,i-asi alat

*a-er Union

*odel Type

*C*/4 8ConBentional


44/55

4/ ini 56+ 5i6e/-leh 2hn 5en3n si;+8si;+ 7n3 sesui 5en3n +uun

+e/+en+u un+u0 eenuhi +e0n-l-3i 0e2u+uhn -5e/n 7n3 enin30+.

Un+u0 i+u, 6en3uin e+l-3/;i sn3+ 2e/3un 5l 2e/23i 5uni

in5us+/i, +e/u+ 65 in5us+/i l-3 5n -+--+i;. K/en 0e2u+uhn

0n l-3 ini 0n se0in enin30+, 0 2n70 in5us+/i

nu;0+u/ en7u6li 2hn l-3 7n3 5 5i 6s/n 5n +elh ellui

2e/23i 6/-ses 6en3uin 2hn.

Pen3uin e+l-3/;i 65 5s/n7 2e/+uun un+u0 e6el/i

s+/u0+u/ l-3 +u 65unn7 5l hu2un3nn7 5en3n si;+ ;isi0 5n

e0ni0. P5 e+l-3/;i 7n3 5i6e/-leh 5en3n su+u nlis 0ii 5n

e+l-3/;i l-3 +u 65unn7 5n 6-+-n3nn7 5ise220n -leh

6e29n he+e/-3en 5/i l-3 +e/se2u+ 6e29n 0e+i50 h--3enn

5l su+u l-3 le2ih 5i+en+u0n 5en3n macroetching 5n

6ens/nn7 56+ 5il0u0n 5en3n en33un0n lus 6-9e/

i0/-s0-6is, ini 5in-+si0n -leh enis e+l-3/;i 5+ 7n3 5i6e/lu0n.

Pen3+n i4/-e+4hin3 56+ e2e/i0n 32/n 0-n5isi 5l

e+l 7n3 2e/hu2un3n 5en3n s+u /h le2ih un+u0 hl8hl se23i

2e/i0u+:

. */7s+lin He+e/-3en4i+7, h5i/ 5n elus 7n3 +e/3n+un3 65

lnn7 s-li5i;i0si 0n +u2uhn7 0/7s+lin 5/i l-3 +u

65unn7.

2. *hei4lin He+e/-3en4i+7, 5ise220n -leh +i50 2e/isin7 l-3

+u 65unn7 5n l-0si 6eishn 5/i susunn 0ii +e/+en+u.

Peishn se/u6 56+ 5en3n sen3 ?0/2-n 5l 6e/u0n

2 sel 6/-ses 0/2u/si@.

4. Me4hni4l He+e/-3en4i+7, +i2ul 5/i *-l59-/0in3 +u se+i6

6/-ses 7n3 eni2ul0n +e3n3n8+e3n3n 6e/nen 5l

l-3 7n3 5i+un3i. Sel 6/-ses 0/- su+u l-3 +u

65unn7 +e/5i/i 5/i +i3 ln30h:

1. Men56+0n s6le l-3 7n3 ses+ un+u0 +uun

6ee/i0sn.

#


45/55


46/55

e+4hin3 e+l-3/;i s6esien +e/5i/i 5/i -/3ni0 5n n-/3ni0 4i5 se/+

l0-lis. D/i 2e2e/6 si;+ 5n 9uu5 7n3 0-6le0s 5l l/u+n

5en3n 2e2e/6 2hn 6el/u+ se6e/+i i/, l0-h-l, 3lise/in, +u 46u/n

6el/u+ lin. A0+i=i+s 5n 6e/il0u uu 5/i e+s e+l-3/;i

e6un7i hu2un3n 5en3n slh s+u 0/0+e/is+i0 se23i 2e/i0u+:

1. Hi5/-3en I-n 4-n4en+/+i-n

$. Hi5/-4i5 I-n 4-n4en+/+i-n

. Ke6un si;+ e5i 7n3 5i+e/i slh s+u +u le2ih

0e6un s+/u0+u/l.

E+s 2isn7 5il0u0n 65 6e/u0n s6esien 7n3 +elh 5isi60n

5en3n 4/ 6en4elu6n +u 5i2shi. &lu e+s su+u s6esien 5lh

6en+in3 5l 6enen+un 6ilihn e+s 7n3 5i3un0n. Re3n e+s 7n3

2is 5i60i 5in+/n7:

1. As Ni+/+

K-6-sisin7 : As Ni+/+ $ l, Al0-h-l ?#!@ #< l

Pe0inn7 : Un+u0 2 0/2-n, 2 65un /en5h 5n

se5n3

&0+u en3e+s : 2e2e/6 5e+i0 s6i s+u eni+

$. As Pi0/l

K-6-sisin7 : As Pi0/l ( 3/, l0-h-l ?#!@ #' l

Pe0inn7 : Un+u0 2 0/2-n 5l 0e5n n-/l,

5ilun00n, 5i0e/s0n ?5ise6uh@ +u 5is+e6e/.

. NOH H$O$

>.$.$ -** K*4n

B 0/2-n e/u60n slh s+u enis 2 65un 7n3 +e/5i/i

+s unsu/ 2esi ?Fe@ 5n 0/2-n ?*@. Din 2esi e/u60n unsu/ 5s/

5n 0/2-n se23i unsu/ 65un u+n7. Dl 6/-ses 6e2u+n 2

0n 5i+eu0n 6ul 6en2hn 0n5un3n unsu/ 0ii lin se6e/+i

sul;u/ ?S@, ;-s;-/ ?P@, sli0-n ?Si@, n3n ?Mn@ 5n unsu/ 0ii linn7

sesui 5en3n si;+ 2 7n3 5iin3in0n. B 0/2-n eili0i 0n5un3n

unsu/ 0/2-n 5l 2esi se2es/ ",$ hin33 $,1(, 5in 0n5un3n

0/2-n +e/se2u+ 2e/;un3si se23i unsu/ 6en3e/s 5l s+/u0+u/ 2.

Dl 6en36li0sinn7 2 0/2-n se/in3 5i3un0n se23i 2hn

20u un+u0 6e2u+n l+8l+ 6e/00s, 0-6-nen esin, s+/u0+u/

(1


47/55

2n3unn, 5n lin se23in7. Menu/u+ 6en5e;enisin ASM hn52--0

=-l.1:1(< ?1##@, 2 0/2-n 56+ 5i0lsi;i0si0n 2e/5s/0n ulh

6e/sen+se 0-6-sisi 0ii 0/2-n 5l 2 70ni se23i 2e/i0u+:

1. B K/2-n Ren5h ? %o7 Carbon teel @

B 0/2-n /en5h e/u60n 2 5en3n 0n5un3n unsu/

0/2-n 5l s+u/0+u/ 2 0u/n3 5/i ", *. B 0/2-n

/en5h ini eili0i 0e+n33uhn 5n 0eule+n +in33i 0n +e+6i

eili0i si;+ 0e0e/sn 5n 0e+hnn us 7n3 /en5h. P5

uun7 2 enis ini 5i3un0n se23i 2hn 20u un+u0 6e2u+n 0-6-nen s+/u0+u/ 2n3unn, 6i6 3e5un3, e2+n,

2-5i -2il, 5n lin8lin7.

". B K/2-n Se5n3 ? *edi(m Carbon teel @

B 0/2-n se5n3 e/u60n 2 0/2-n 5en3n 6e/sen+se

0n5un3n 0/2-n 65 2esi se2es/ ", * ",!# *. B

0/2-n ini eili0i 0ele2ihn 2il 5i2n5in30n 5en3n 2

0/2-n /en5h, 2 0/2-n se5n3 eili0i si;+ e0nis 7n3

le2ih 0u+ 5en3n +in30+ 0e0e/sn 7n3 le2ih +in33i 5/i 65

2 0/2-n /en5h. Bes/n7 0n5un3n 0/2-n 7n3 +e/56+

5l 2esi eun30in0n 2 un+u0 56+ 5i0e/s0n 5en3n

e2e/i0n 6e/l0un 6ns ?he+ +/e+en+@ 7n3 sesui. B

0/2-n se5n3 2isn7 5i3un0n un+u0 6e2u+n 6-/-s, /el

0e/e+ 6i, /-5 3i3i, 2u+, 6e3s, 5n 0-6-nen esin linn7.

3. B K/2-n Tin33i ? High Carbon teel @B 0/2-n +in33i 5lh 2 0/2-n 7n3 eili0i 0n5un3n

0/2-n se2es/ ",' * 1,( *. B 0/2-n +in33i eili0i si;+

+hn 6ns, 0e0e/sn se/+ 0e0u+n +/i0 7n3 sn3+ +in33i 0n

+e+6i eili0i 0eule+n 7n3 le2ih /en5h sehin33 2 0/2-n

ini en5i le2ih 3e+s. B 0/2-n +in33i ini suli+ 5i2e/i

6e/l0un 6ns un+u0 enin30+0n si;+ 0e0e/snn7, hl ini

5i0/en0n 2 0/2-n +in33i eili0i ulh /+ensi+ 7n3

4u0u6 +in33i sehin33 +i50 0n e2e/i0n hsil 7n3 -6+il

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65 s+ 5il0u0n 6/-ses 6en3e/sn 6e/u0n. Dl

6en36li0sinn7 2 0/2-n +in33i 2n70 5i3un0n 5l

6e2u+n l+8l+ 6e/00s se6e/+i 6lu, 3e/3i, 6e2u+n 0i0i/,

6isu 4u0u/, 5n se23in7.

>.$. S+u+u Mi4 -**

*. Di*/*2 F*s* Fe9)

Di3/ ;s 5lh 5i3/ 7n3 en6il0n hu2un3n n+/

+e6e/+u/ 5en3n 05/ 0/2-n, 5in +e/5i 6e/u2hn ;s sel

6/-ses 6en5in3inn 5n 6ensn $#. Di3/ ;s Fe8* e/u60n

5i3/ 7n3 en5i 6/e+e/ un+u0 en3e+hui se3l enis ;s 7n3

+e/5i 5i5l 2, se/+ un+u0 en3e+hui ;0+-/8;0+-/ 6 s 7n3

+e/5i 5i 5l 2 65un 5en3n 2e/23i enis 6e/l0un.

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G2/ !.$ Di3/ Fs Fe8*

Be/5s/0n 32/ 5i3/ ;s Fe8* $.1 56+ +e/lih+ 2h9 65

+e6e/+u/ )$) * +e/5i +/ns;-/si ;s us+eni+e en5i ;s 6e/li+.T/ns;-/si ;s ini 5i0enl se23i /e0si eu+e4+-i5, 5in ;se ini

e/u60n ;se 5s/ 5/i 6/-ses 6e/l0un 6ns 65 2. Keu5in

65 +e6e/+u/ #1$ * hin33 1#( * e/u60n 5e/h 2esi 3

?8Fe@ +u us+eni+e, 65 0-n5isi ini 2isn7 us+eni+e eili0i s+/u0+u/

0/is+l F** ?F4e *en+e/e5 *u2i4@ 2e/si;+ s+2il, lun0, ule+, 5n u5h

5i2en+u0. Besi 3 ini 56+ el/u+0n unsu/ 0/2-n 0siu

hin33 en46i $,1( * 65 +e6e/+u/ 11() *. Un+u0 +e6e/+u/

5i29h )$) * 2esi u/ni 2e/5 65 ;se ;e/i+ ?8Fe@ 5en3n s+/u0+u/

0/is+l B** ?B-57 *en+e/e5 *u2i4@, 2esi u/ni B** 6u el/u+0n

0/2-n 0siu se0i+/ ","$ * 65 +e6e/+u/ )$) *. Se5n30n

2esi 5el+ ?Q8Fe@ +e/2en+u0 5/i 2esi 3 7n3 en3li 6e/u2hn

s+/u0+u/ 5/i F** 0e s+/u0+u/ B** 0i2+ 6enin30+n +e6e/+u/ 5/i

+e6e/+u/ 1#( * s6i 1!< *, 65 ;se ini 2esi 5el+ hn7 6u

en7e/6 0/2-n se2es/ ","!*.

. Peu*h*n F*s* Fe9)Dl 5i3/ ;s Fe8* +e/5i 2e2e/6 6e/u2hn ;s 7i+u

6e/u2hn ;s ;e/i+ ?8Fe@, us+eni+e ?8Fe@, seen+i+, 6e/li+, 5n

/e+nsi+.

1. Fe//i+e +u Besi Al6h ?8Fe@

Fe/i+ e/u60n su+u l/u+n 65+ 0/2-n 5l s+/u0+u/ 2esi

u/ni 7n3 eili0i s+/u0+u/ B** 5en3n si;+ lun0 5n ule+.

Fs ;e/i+ uli +e/2en+u0 65 +e6e/+u/ n+/ "" * hin33

en46i +e6e/+u/ )$) *. Kel/u+n 0/2-n 65 ;s ini /el+i;

0e4il 5i2n5in30n 5en3n 0el/u+n 65 ;s l/u+n 65+

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linn7. S+ ;s ;e/i+ +e/2en+u0, 0el/u+n 0/2-n 5l 2esi

l6h hn7lh se0i+/ ","$ *.

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$. Aus+eni+ +u Besi G ?8Fe@

Fse us+eni+e e/u60n l/u+n 65+ in+e/+isi n+/ 0/2-n 5n

2esi 7n3 eili0i s+/u0+u/ F**. Fs us+eni+e +e/2en+u0 n+/

+e6e/+u/ #1$ * s6i 5en3n +e6e/+u/ 1#( *. Kel/u+n

0/2-n 65 s+ 2e/5 65 ;s us+eni+e le2ih 2es/ hin33

en46i 0el/u+n 0/2-n se0i+/ $,1( *

G2/

!.( S+/u0+u/ i0/-

2 +u 2esi 65 ;s us+eni+e

. Besi K/2i5 +u Seen+i+

K/2i5 2esi 5lh 65un 2esi 0/2-n 5in 65 0-n5isi ini

0/2-n ele2ihi 2+s l/u+n sehin33 e2en+u0 ;s 0e5u +u

0/2i5 2esi 7n3 eili0i 0-6-sisi Fe* 5n eili0i s+/u0+u/

0/is+l B*T. K/2i5 65 ;e/i+ 0n enin30+0n 0e0e/sn 65

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2, hl ini 5i0/en0n seen+i+ eili0i si;+ 5s/ 7n3 sn3+

0e/s. Di;s ini 0el/u+n 0/2-n 2is en46i ',)" * 65

+e6e/+u/ 5i29h 1(""" *, 0n +e+6i 2 ini 2e/si;+ 3e+s.

G2/

!.!

S+/u0+u/

i0/- 2 +u 2esi 65 ;s seen+i+

(. Pe/li+

Pe/li+ e/u60n 46u/n n+/ ;e/i+ 5n seen+i+ 7n3

2e/2en+u0 se6e/+i 6el+86el+ 7n3 5isusun se4/ 2e/3n+in n+/

seen+i+ 5n ;e/i+. Fse 6e/li+ ini +e/2en+u0 65 s+ 0n5un3n

0/2-n en46i ",)' *, 2esi 65 ;se 6e/li+ 0n eili0i si;+

7n3 0e/s, ule+ 5n 0u+.

G2/ !.' S+/u0+u/ i0/- 2esi 65 ;s 6e/li+

!. M/+ensi+

M+ensi+ 5lh su+u ;s 7n3 +e/5i 0/en 6e5in3inn 7n3

sn3+ 4e6+ se0li. Jenis ;s /+ensi+ +e/3-l-n3 0e5l 2en+u0

s+/u0+u/ 0/is+l B*T. P5 ;se ini +i50 +e/5i 6/-ses 5i;usi hl ini

5i0/en0n +e/5in7 6e/3e/0n +- se4/ se/en+0 5l

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90+u 7n3 sn3+ 4e6+ sehin33 +- 7n3 +e/+in33l 65 s+

+e/5i 6e/3ese/n 0n +e+6 2e/5 65 l/u+n 65+. Besi 7n3

2e/5 65 ;se /+ensi+ 0n eili0i si;+ 7n3 0u+ 5n 0e/s,

0n +e+6i 2esi ini u3 2esi;+ 3e+s 5n /6uh.

G2/ !.) S+/u0+u/ i0/- 2esi 65 ;s /+ensi+

=.3 P4se0u Pen/ui*n

Dl 6en3uin s+/u0+u/ i0/-, se2elu el0u0n 6en3+n

en33un0n i0/-s0-6 +u ;-+- 0/- +e/le2ih 5hulu el0u0n

ln30h8ln30h 2e/i0u+:

1. Si60n s6esien un+u0 ui s+/u0+u/.

$. Mel0u0n heat treatment en33un0n +un30u ? &(rnace

Nabertherm@ 65 suhu 7n3 +elh 5i+en+u0n.

. A2il s6esien +u 2en5 ui 5/i 5l +un30u.

(. Din3in0n 5en3n e5i 7n3 +elh 5i+en+u0n, 5l hl ini

5lh i/.

!. A6ls s6esien 5ilnu+0n 5en3n 6e-lesn s6i

6e/u0n +e/lih+ en30il+ 3/ s+ el0u0n 6en3+n

s+/u0+u/ 56+ +e/lih+.

'. Mel0u0n e+s 65 6e/u0n 7n3 +elh 5i6ls 7n3

2e/+uun un+u0 e2e/sih0n 5/i 0-+-/n.

). L0u0n 6en3+n.

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=.' An*lisis 0*+*

Se2elu 5i2e/i 6e/l0un 6ns 65 2 ST8() s+/u0+u/ 7n3

5iili0i 5lh 2 65 ;s ;e//i+ 7n3 56+ 5ilih+ 5/i hsil ;-+-

5en3n 2u+i/n 9/n 6u+ih le2ih en5-insi. Se+elh 5i 2e/i 6e/l0un

6ns 65 +e6e/+u/ )!"" 5en3n e5i 6en5in3in i/ en3hsil0n 2

65 ;s seen+i+ 0/en 2u+i/n 9/n 6u+ih 5n hi+ sei2n3. B

65 ;s ini eili0i si;+ 0e/s 5n 3e+s.

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BAB >I

PENUTUP

=I.1 Kesi2ul*n

P5 6/0+i0u e+lu/3i ;isi0 se6e/+i ui +/i0, ui i60, ui

0e0e/sn 5n ui s+/u0+u/ 56+ 5i2il 2e2e/6 0esi6uln, 7i+u:

1. Pe/l0un 6ns ?heat treatmen+@ sn3+ e6en3/uhi si;+ su+u

+e/il ?2@.

$. Se0in +in33i suhu 7n3 5i0en0n 65 su+u +e/il 2elu

+en+u su+u +e/il eili0i si;+ 7n3 se0in 2i0 +u6un

se2li0n7.

. K5/ 0/2-n su+u +e/il e6en3/uhi +in30+ 0eule+n su+u

+e/il.

(. Me5i 6en5in3in sn3+ e6en3/uhi su+u si;+ +e/il.

=I." S**n

Dl 6/0+i0u e+lu/3i ;isi0 7n3 5il0sn0 5i Ins+i+u+

Te0n-l-3i Nsi-nl Mln3 +e/56+ 2e2e/6 0elehn +u

0e0u/n3n, 3/ 0e 5e6n 6/0+i0u e+lu/3i ;isi0 56+ 5il0sn0n

5en3n 2i0 0 5isini 0i se5i0i+ e2e/i0n s/n, n+/ lin 7i+u

1. Pen3u0u/n s6esien h/us 5il0u0n inil 0li 3/ hsil

7n3 5i56+0n le2ih 6/esisi.

$. Mehi +uun 60+i0u, 3/ s+ 6/0+i0u 5il0sn0n

hsis9 56+ en3i0u+i 5en3n sun33uh8sun33uh.. Mehi +e/i 6/0+i0u, 3/ s+ en3-lh 5+ 7n3

5i6e/-leh s+ 6/0+i0u sesui 5en3n +e-/i 7n3 +elh 5i56+0n

sel 5i 2n30u 6e/0ulihn.

(. Se-3 Se0-lh Tin33i Te0n-l-3i R-n33-l9e *e6u se3e/

eili0i l+ 6/0+i0u sen5i/i. A3/ s+ 6/0+i0 5il0sn0n

0-n5isi hsis9 5l 0e5n ;i+ 5n seh+.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

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Pe5-n 6/0+i0u Me+lu/3i Fisi0.

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