Last Drop of Chemicals Before Your Igcse Chemistry Exam

8/9/2019 Last Drop of Chemicals Before Your Igcse Chemistry Exam

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K@]\ LWAX AD MEINFM@K] GIDAWI VAYWFJM]I MEINF]\WV IU@N(\efs gaao fs wrfttic `mmarlfcj ta tei spimfdfm`tfac, sa yau seaukl e`vi ` mapy ad spimfdfm`tfac ta jit gist autputdran tefs gaao)

NL O@NWYK @K@N OE@C, G.]m Eacars fc Meinfstry (]Y]\), N.]m fc Meinfstry (]Y]\), MMC@I (@kk terauje dfrst mk`ss) @ssfst`ct \i`meir ad Mein fstry, \ei ]ykeit Oe`b`cmefg`rf Fctirc`tfac`k ]meaak & Makkij i, MIKK2 8099::8


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Ix`n tfps dran stulicts

Dar lawc-ta-i`rte, e`cls-ac rivfsfac eikp, ri`l teisi tap 08 tfps dran stulicts wea e`vi giic teraujewe`t yauri jafcj terauje caw.

Mri`ti ` rivfsfac tfnit`gki `cl stfmo ta ft!

]meiluki sicsfgki waro skats `cl griòs, nòfcj suri yau e`vi aci wiioicl l`y weic yau lac't larivfsfac ar tefco `gaut ix`ns - yau'kk mani g`mo ta ft ridriseil.

\ikk yaur d`nfky `gaut yaur rivfsfac tfni

Vaur p`ricts wac't e`sski yau fd teiy dfcl yau 'cat warofcj', pravflil yau `ri dakkawfcj yaur `jriiltfnit`gki.

X`ricts acky warry `cl e`sski yau weic teiy'ri cat suri we`t yau'ri lafcj, ar fd yau la cat siin tae`vi ` pk`c.

@so yaur d`nfky dar eikp fd yau ciil ft

Ft n`y eikp nòi tein diik usiduk ta yau!

Arj`cfzi yaur tfni wikk ta eikp dukdfk yaur patictf`k.

Oiip gukkit pafcts ac mrfg m`rls efjekfjetfcj n`fc sugbimt teiarfis `cl usi teisi dar qufmo rivfsfac `cldar ri`lfcj lurfcj 'li`l' tfnis - dar ix`npki, weic yauri w`ftfcj dar ` gus.

Wivfsi fc ` w`y te`t waros dar yau

]ani piapki rivfsi wikk gy kfsticfcj, sa yau maukl try t`kofcj yaur rivfsfac `cl rimarlfcj ft acta yaurfXal ar acta t`pis. Ncinacfms (sume `s fcftf`ks te`t spikk ` warl) m`c eikp yaur ninary.

Vau m`c kfstic ta teisi rimarlfcjs wefki kyfcj fc gil, tr`vikkfcj fc ` m`r, ar w`kofcj ta tei seaps - tòfcjtei jufkt aut ad gifcj aut `cl `gaut r`teir te`c fc dract ad yaur gaaos!

Meimo yaur ix`n lit`fks

Ocaw weiri yaur ix`ns `ri `cl weic teiy st`rt, eaw kacj teiy `ri, we`t iqufpnict yau `ri `kkawil tatòi fc (dar ix`npki m`kmuk`tars) `cl we`t yau `ri cat `kkawil ta tòi fc (nagfkis, catis, itm).


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Xrip`ri ftins ciilil dar tei ix`n tei ivicfcj gidari

Nòi suri yau e`vi tei marrimt iqufpnict ciilil dar yaur ix`n (m`kmuk`tars, rukirs, itm).

Vaur ix`n fcvfjfk`tar seaukl rinfcl yau ad we`t yau `ri `cl `rict `kkawil gidari tei ix`n st`rts.\òfcj ucùtearfzil iqufpnict fc m`c jit yau lfsqu`kfdfil dran tei ix`n.

Winingir ta i`t `cl skiip!

Icsuri yau i`t `cl skiip prapirky. Caw fs cat tei tfni ta lfit ar st`y up `kk cfjet. E`vi `c i`rky cfjet gidari i`me ix`n.

Kaao `dtir yaursikd

Lurfcj tei ix`n pirfal ` jaal rautfci `cl ei`ktey i`tfcj `ri ri`kky fnpart`ct. Gi suri ta mut lawc acyaur wiioicl/ivicfcj bag? nast inpkayirs ocaw te`t yau ciil ta mannft tfni ta tei ix`ns `clrivfsfac, gut adtic try ta jit yau ta la ixtr` eaurs `cyw`y!

Ac tei narcfcj ad tei ix`n

E`vi ` jaal griòd`st, st`y m`kn `cl `kkaw pkicty ad tfni ta jit ta tei ix`n. Winingir te`t yau m`cacky la yaur gist `cl ivic fd yau lac't la `s wikk `s yau'l eapil, yaur p`ricts stfkk kavi yau bust `snume!


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\at`k rik`tfvi n`ss ad axyjic > 6 x 04 (teiri `ri 6 A `tans fc tat`k) > 0 0 n`ss/rik`tfvi darnuk` n`ss.


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M`kmuk`tfacs

Wi mt fc j N `ssis

i.j. Ze`t n`ss ad axyjic fs ciilil ta gurc =.88oj ad prap`ci, M =E 51

N r ad prap`ci > = x 07 + 5 x 0 >


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\ei v`kicmfis ad sani ikinicts fc sani manpaucls `ri jfvic fc tei c`ni fc ran`c cunir`ks, fc gr`moits. Darix`npki2 Frac (FFF) Mekarfli. \ei v`kicmfis ad sani manpaucls `cl ikinicts nust gi ki`rcil2

C`ni Darnuk` T`kicmyEylrajic E 7

+ 0Rfcm Rc 7

Cftr`ti CA = 0Eylraxfli AE 0M`rgac`ti MA = 7]ukpe`ti ]A < 7@nnacfun (darns pasftfvi fac) CE < 0

Lf`tanfm ikinicts `ri eylrajic, cftrajic, axyjic `cl tei e`kajics.

Inpfrfm`k Darnuk`i\ei inpfrfm`k darnuk` ad ` manpaucl fs tei sfnpkist weaki cungir r`tfa ad `tans fc ` manpaucl.

i.j. 7.55j ad n`jcisfun fs ei`til fc cftrajic, `cl darns 0.07j

Zrfti tei n`ss, ar pirmict`ji gyn`ss, ad i`me ikinict.

Nj

7.55j

C

0.07j

Lfvfli i`me n`ss (ar pirmict`ji) gytei rik`tfvi `tanfm n`ss ad teiikinict, ta macvirt ta nakis.

78.078nak

08.8588nak

]fnpkfdy tefs naki r`tfa gy lfvflfcji`me cungir gy tei sn`kkist.

98.08588.8078.8

88.0

8588.88588.8

Fd tefs lais cat jfvi weaki cungir,nuktfpky i`me gy `c `ppraprf`ti dfjuri fc tefs m`si, tei v`kuis `ri laugkil.

0.98 x 7 > =.88 0.88 x 7 > 7.88

E`vfcj `rrfvil `t ` weaki-cungir r`tfa, st`ti tei r`tfa `s ` darnuk`2

Inpfrfm`k darnuk` > Nj =C7

Nakimuk`r Darnuk`\efs fs tei `mtu`k cungir ad i`me typi ad `tan fc aci nakimuki ad ` nakimuk`r sugst`cmi. \efs nust gi ` weakicungir nuktfpki ad tei inpfrfm`k darnuk`, wefme ni`cs tei rik`tfvi nakimuk`r n`ss nust gi ` weaki cungirnuktfpki ad tei inpfrfm`k darnuk` n`ss.

@ manpaucl e`s tei inpfrfm`k darnuk` ME 7A, `cl ` rik`tfvi nakimuk`r n`ss ad 078. Ze`t fs fts nakimuk`r darnuk`1


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0 07 + 7 x 0 + 04 > =8

078 / =8 >


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M`kmfun e`s kast 7 ikimtracs, sa e`s gimani `7+ fac. \ei mekarfci `tans e`vi j`fcil aciikimtrac i`me, `cl e`vi ` me`rji ad 0-. \eisi`ri caw `ttr`mtil ta i`me ateir, `cl eikltajiteir gy stracj ikimtrast`tfm `ttr`mtfacsgitwiic facs wfte appasfti me`rjis.

Nit`ks facs `kw`ys darn pasftfvi facs.Cac-nit`ks darn cij`tfvi facs - ixmipt dar eylrajic (E +) `cl `nnacfun(CE< +) facs.\ei facs `ri jicir`kky `rr`cjil fc `c facfm k`ttfmi ` jf`ct strumturi, pk`mfcj pasftfvi facs cixt tacij`tfvi, ta n`xfnfsi tei tat`k `ttr`mtfac, sume `s fc tei salfun mekarfli k`ttfmi2

\eiy e`vi efje niktfcj `cl gafkfcj pafcts, gim`usi ad teifr jf`ct strumturi, wfte stracj ikimtrast`tfm `ttr`mtfacsgitwiic pasftfvi `cl cij`tfvi facs teraujeaut tei ictfri strumturi. \eiy `ri `ksa grfttki. Zeic gifcj gict teisfnfk`rky me`rjil facs taume `cl ripik, se`ttirfcj tei agbimt. \ei sfzi ad tei me`rji ac `c fac fs iqu`k ta ftsv`kicmy. N`jcisfun fs fc Jraup FF, sa e`s 7 autir ikimtracs? ft wfkk teiridari kasi teisi weic ft ri`mts, `cl darns` Nj 7+ fac. Axyjic fs fc Jraup TF, `cl e`s 4 autir ikimtracs? ft teiridari ciils ta j`fc 7 ikimtracs ta dfkk teiseikk, `cl wfkk darn `c A 7- fac.\ei sfzi ad tei me`rji ac tei facs `ddimts tei prapirtfis ad tei facfm manpaucl.Dar ix`npki, tei niktfcj pafct ad n`jcisfun axfli, NjA, fs nume efjeir te`c te`t ad salfun mekarfli, C`Mk.NjA macsfsts ad facs wfte twa ucfts ad me`rji Nj 7+ `cl A 7- - wefme teiridari `ttr`mt i`me ateir nume naristracjky te`c tei sfcjky me`rjil C` + `cl Mk - facs fc C`Mk, sa nume nari ei`t icirjy fs riqufril ta sip`r`titein.

Mav`kict Gaclfcj@ mav`kict gacl fs ` se`ril p`fr ad ikimtracs. \ei autir seikks avirk`p `s tei `tans se`ri p`frs ad ikimtracs, sate`t gate `tans m`c `mefivi ` dukk autir seikk. \ei gacl eakls tei `tans tajiteir, gim`usi tei pasftfvikyme`rjil pratacs fc tei cumkif ad tei twa `tans `ri gate ikimtrast`tfm`kky `ttr`mtil ta tei cij`tfviky me`rjilikimtrac p`fr fc tei gacl.

Mav`kict gaclfcj m`c `ksa gi riprisictil gy ` lat-`cl-mrass lf`jr`n

i.j. axyjic

Lr`w marrimt cungir ad ikimtracs ac autir seikk2

C` + fac

Mk- fac


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Axyjic fs fc jraup TF, sa teiri `ri sfxikimtracs fc tei autir seikk ad i`me `tan.

Lr`w ` lf`jr`n ad tei nakimuki riprisictfcj i`me gacl `s `kfci gitwiic tei `tans. Aci kfci riprisicts aci mav`kict

gacl (` p`fr ad ikimtracs). Fc tei lat-`cl-mrass lf`jr`n, tefs fsriprisictil `s aci lat `cl aci mrass2

Eylrajic E E

Mekarfci Mk Mk

Cftrajic C C

Eylrajicmekarfli E Mk

M`rgac lfaxfli A M A

@nnacf`CE

E

E


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Z`tir E A E

Iteici M M

E

E

E

E

Nite`ci M

E

EE

E

Ite`ci ME M

E

E

E

E

E

Nast mav`kictky gaclil manpaucls e`vi ` sfnpki nakimuk`r strumturi, ni`cfcj teiy e`vi kaw niktfcj `clgafkfcj pafcts lui ta tei wi`o fctirnakimuk`r darmis wefme `ri i`sfky graoic. \ei mav`kict gacls `ri cat graoicweic ft nikts ar gafks.

]ani darn jf`ct strumturis, fc wefme i`me `tan fs mav`kictky gaclil ta sivir`k ateirs, wfte tefs p`ttircripi`tfcj fclidfcftiky ta darn ` sfcjki, jf`ct n`mranakimuki, ad uckfnftil sfzi.\efs typi ad sugst`cmi fs gistfkkustr`til usfcj twa `kkatrapis ad m`rgac. @kkatrapis `ri lfddirict strumtur`k darns ad tei s`ni ikinict.

Lf`nacl Jr`pefti


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Jf`ct k`ttfmi, wfte i`me m`rgac `tan darnfcj daurstracj mav`kict gacls ta daur ateir m`rgac `tans.

K`yir k`ttfmi, wfte i`me m`rgac `tan darnfcj teriimav`kict gacls ta terii ateir m`rgac `tans, jfvfcjeix`jac`k k`yirs ad `tans.

Efje sugkfn`tfac tinpir`turi stracj mav`kictgacls ciil ta gi graoic, eicmi nari icirjy fs

riqufril. \ei risukt fs sfcjki m`rgac `tans wfte cagacls, gitwiic tein, ni`cfcj ft fs sugkfn`til.

Efje sugkfn`tfac tinpir`turi stracj mav`kictgacls ciil ta gi graoic, eicmi nari icirjy fs

riqufril. \ei risukt fs sfcjki m`rgac `tans wfte cagacls, gitwiic tein, ni`cfcj ft fs sugkfn`til.

Ysis 2 ma`tfcj s`w gk`lis `cl lrfkk gfts fts ixtrinie`rlciss `kkaws ft ta mut terauje `cy sugst`cmi.

Ysis 2 fc kugrfm`tfcj afks, `cl `s picmfk ki`l teiwi`o k`yirs `kkaw ft ta skfli `cl gi tr`csdirril taftins sume `s p`pir.

Facfm manpaucls e`vi efjeir niktfcj pafcts te`c mav`kict manpaucls `s tei facs `ri eikl tajiteir fc ` jf`ctstrumturi gy stracj ikimtrast`tfm darmis. Mav`kict manpaucls e`vi ` sfnpki nakimuk`r strumturi `kteauje tei

mav`kict gacls eaklfcj tei eylrajic `cl axyjic `tans tajiteir `ri viry stracj, teisi `ri cat graoic acniktfcj, acky tei wi`o fctirnakimuk`r darmis `ri graoic.

Nit`kkfm Gaclfcj\efs fs daucl fc nit`ks `cl `kkays. I`me nit`k `tan kasis fts autir seikk ikimtracs, gimanfcj ` pasftfvi fac. \eisipasftfvi nit`k facs `ri mkasiky-p`moil fc ` k`ttfmi. \ei autir seikk ikimtracs `ri likam`kfsil `cl teiy `ri drii tanavi teraujeaut tei ictfri nit`k. Ft fs tei ikimtrast`tfm `ttr`mtfac gitwiic tei pasftfvi nit`k facs fc teik`ttfmi, `cl tei mkaul ad likam`kfsil cij`tfvi ikimtracs wefme eakls tei nit`k tajiteir.

Wijuk`r k`ttfmi ad pasftfvi nit`k facs.

Likam`kfsil mkaul ad ikimtracs, drii tanavi gitwiic tei facs.

i -i -

i -

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Xrapirty Ixpk`c`tfac

Efje niktfcj `cl gafkfcj pafct,efje ticsfki stricjte

Facfm manpaucls e`vi ` jf`ct strumturi, wfte stracj ikimtrast`tfm `ttr`mtfacgitwiic pasftfvi nit`k facs `cl likam`kfsil ikimtracs, riqufrfcj k`rji`naucts ad icirjy ta avirmani ft.

N`kki`gki\ei k`yirs ad nit`k facs m`c skfli i`sfky avir i`me ateir. \efs m`c e`ppicwfteaut lfsruptfcj tei nit`kkfm gaclfcj.

Ikimtrfm`k maclumtars \eiri fs ` si` ad likam`kfsil ikimtracs, drii ta m`rry tei murrict.


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\ypi Ad

]ugst`cmi

Darnil

Dran]trumturi Gaclfcj Lismrfptfac Xrapirtfis Ix`npkis

Nit`kkfm Nit`ks Jf`ct Nit`kkfmK`ttfmi ad pasftfvi nit`k facs eikl fc `mkaul ad likam`kfsil ikimtracs.

Efje niktfcj `clgafkfcj pafcts?ikimtrfm`k maclumtars

Jakl, mappir,stiik, sfkvir

FacfmNit`ks `cl

cac-nit`ks.

Jf`ct FacfmK`ttfmi ad `ktirc`tfcjky me`rjil facs,

eikl gy ikimtrast`tfm darmi.

Efje niktfcj `cl

gafkfcj pafcts

]alfun mekarfli,

n`jcisfun axfli

`kk s`kts.

Mav`kict

Nakimuk`rCac-nit`ks ]fnpki Mav`kict

Eikp tajiteir gy ` se`ril p`fr adikimtracs, wfte wi`o fctirnakimuk`r

gacls.

Kaw niktfcj `cl

gafkfcj pafcts

Z`tir, `nnacf`,lf`tanfm

ikinicts.

Jf`ct Mav`kict Cac-nit`ks Jf`ct Mav`kict

Jf`ct terii-lfnicsfac`k titr`eilr`kstrumturi wfte ca drii ikimtracs..

]ugkfnis `t viry efjetinpir`turis? e`rl2

ikimtrfm`k fcsuk`tar

Lf`nacl

K`yiril eix`jac`k strumturi wftesani drii ikimtracs.

]ugkfnis `t viry efjetinpir`turis? sadt?ikimtrfm`k maclumtar

Jr`pefti


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Ikimtrakysfs

Maclumtfvfty\eiri `ri twa typis ad ikimtrfm maclumtars2 nit`kkfm maclumtars `cl ikimtrakytis. Fc nit`kkfmmaclumtars, tei ikimtracs `ri likam`kfsil, `cl m`rry tei me`rji. \eisi `ri sakfl nit`ks, kfqufl nit`ks,`cl jr`pefti. Ikimtrakytis maclumt ikimtrfmfty gimùsi ad drii navfcj facs. Fd `c facfm sugst`cmi niktsar fs lfssakvil, ft fs `c ikimtrakyti. Mav`kictky gaclil `mfls wefme `ri lfssakvil fc w`tir `ri `ksaikimtrakytis, lui ta tei lfs`ssamf`til facs. Ikimtrakytis e`vi ` efjeir risfst`cmi te`c nit`kkfmmaclumtars, `cl ikimtrakytis `ri limanpasil gy tei p`ss`ji ad `c ikimtrfm murrict. \efslimanpasftfac fs m`kkil ikimtrakysfs.

Facs\eiri `ri twa facs prisict fc tei ikimtrakyti, `cfacs (pasftfvi) `cl m`tfacs (cij`tfvi.) \ei `cfac fs`ttr`mtil ta tei `cali (cij`tfvi ikimtrali) `cl tei m`tfac fs `ttr`mtil ta tei m`teali (pasftfviikimtrali). \eiri `ri terii n`fc rukis usil ta dfcl tei me`rji ad `c fac2 nit`k facs, eylrajic facs,`cl `nnacfun facs `ri @KZ@V] pasftfvi. Cac-nit`k facs `ri `kw`ys cij`tfvi. \ei sfzi ad teime`rji fs iqu`k ta tei v`kicmy ad tei ikinict.

Xralumts ad Ikimtrakysfs\ei sfnpkist ix`npkis ad ikimtrakysfs fcvakvi ` naktic gfc`ry facfm sugst`cmi. Zeic tefs fsikimtrakysil, ft griòs lawc fcta tei twa ikimtracs dran wefme ft fs n`li. \ei nit`k (m`tfac) wfkkdarn `t tei m`teali, `cl tei cac-nit`k (`cfac) wfkk darn `t tei `cali.

Fd tei manpaucl fs `quiaus, tei E + `cl AE - facs manpkfm`ti tefcjs. \eisi n`y gi lfsme`rjil `seylrajic `cl axyjic. Zeic teiri `ri twa facs ad tei s`ni typi fcvakvil fc ikimtrakysfs, teifrri`mtfvfty fs tei n`fc d`mtar. \ei kiss ri`mtfvi ikinict wfkk gi lfsme`rjil, `s fts manpaucl fs kissst`gki.

\ei risukts ad ikimtrakysfcj `c facfm manpaucl fc `quiaus sakutfac m`c gi prilfmtil gy usfcj teirukis gikaw2

Eylrajic wfkk gi lfsme`rjil `t tei m`teali uckiss mappir, sfkvir ar jakl facs `ri prisict fcwefme m`si teiy wfkk gi lfsme`rjil.

Axyjic wfkk gi lfsme`rjil `t tei `cali uckiss mekarfci, granfci ar falfci `ri prisict (fcefje macmictr`tfacs), fc wefme m`si teiy wfkk gi lfsme`rjil `s tei e`kajic.

\ei ikimtralis `ri usu`kky n`li dran pk`tfcun ar jr`pefti, `s teiy `ri ucri`mtfvi.

Ikimtrakysfs cl Wilax@kk ikimtrakysfs ri`mtfacs `ri rilax ri`mtfacs. Axfl`tfac fs tei kass ad ikimtracs, rilumtfac fs tei j`fc

ad ikimtracs (AFKWFJ). Wilumtfac wfkk tòi pk`mi `t tei m`teali, axfl`tfac `t tei cali. \ei rilaxri`mtfacs m`c gi riprisictil gy twa e`kd iqu`tfacs, wefme seaw ikimtracs gifcj kast ar j`fcil,riprisictil wfte tei syngak i -. Zeic tei twa e`kd iqu`tfacs `ri mangfcil, tei ikimtracs nustm`cmik aut, jfvfcj `c arlfc`ry iqu`tfac dar tei weaki ri`mtfac. ]ani ix`npkis2

Nakt ic Rfc m Mekar f li@s ft fs naktic, tei zfcm mekarfli fs spkft fcta naktic zfcm `cl mekarfci j`s. \ei pasftfvi Rc7+ facs `ri`ttr`mtil ta tei m`teali, weiri teiy j`fc twa ikimtracs, `cl `ri rilumil ta zfcm nit`k2


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Lfku ti ]ukpe ur fm @mfl\ei ikimtrakysfs ad `cy `mfl pralumis eylrajic `cl axyjic. Ikimtrakysfs ad manpaucls wefmepralumi j`sis fs laci gy ` Eaddn`c vakt`nitir, wefme makkimts tei j`sis. \ei ikimtrakysfs ammurs `t

pk`tfcun ikimtralis, `cl tei j`s guggkis up fcta fcvirtil gurittis. \ei vakuni ad eylrajic fslaugki tei `nauct ad axyjic, `s tei darnuk` E 7A sujjists. \ei w`tir fs ikimtrakysil, tei `mfl fs bustusil `s `c ikimtrakyti. \ei eylrajic facs ja ta tei m`teali `cl `ri rilumil, `cl teic p`fr up `slf`tanfm nakimukis2

Macmictr `til @quiaus ]alfu n Mek arf li\eiri `ri ca mappir, sfkvir, ar jakl facs, sa eylrajic wfkk gi pralumil `t tei m`teali. \ei efjemacmictr`tfac ad mekarfli facs ni`c mekarfci wfkk gi pralumil `s tei `cali `cl lfsme`rjil `smekarfci j`s.

M`teali @cali


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7=

@quiau s Mapp ir (F F ) ]uk pe `t i Jr `pe ft i Ikimt r alis\ei Mu 7+ facs `ri prisict fc tei sakutfac, sa teiy `ri `ttr`mtil ta tei m`teali `cl `ri rilumil taMappir `tans. @ s`knac pfco ma`tfcj darns ac tei jr`pefti m`teali. Ca e`kfli facs `ri prisict, saaxyjic fs pralumil `t tei `cali, `s tei AE - facs `ri axflfsil.

Ikimtrakysfs m`kmuk`tfacsFt fs passfgki ta m`kmuk`ti tei `nauct ad ` sugst`cmi pralumil fc ikimtrakysfs. \ei qu`ctftfis lipiclac tei tat`k cungir ad ikimtracs suppkfil ta tei facs, `cl tei me`rji ad tei facs. \ei me`rji ac acinaki ad ikimtracs fs aci d`r`l`y, `cl fs iqu`k ta 64,988 Maukangs.

0 nak i- 0 D > 64988 M

Nakis ad ikimtracs > me`rji (M) / 64988

\ei me`rji wefme e`s p`ssil terauje ` mfrmuft m`c gi daucl usfcj2

P > F x t

Zeiri P > me rji (Maukangs)? F > murrict (@nps)? t > tfni (simacls)i.j. @ murrict ad 8.9@ fs p`ssil terauje `c `quiaus sakutfac ad mappir(FF) sukpe ti dar 7

eaurs. Ze`t n`ss ad mappir nit`k fs lipasftil ac tei m`teali1

P > F x t > 8.9@ x :788s > =488M

Nakis ad ikimtracs > me`rji / 64988 > 8.8=:= nak i-

Mu7+(`q) + 7i -- Mu(s)

7 nakis ad ikimtracs jfvis 0 naki ad Mu

nakis ad Mu > nakis ad ikimtracs / 7 > 8.8=:= / 7 > 8.805: nak Mu

N`ss > nakis x nak`r n`ss > 8.805: x 4=.9 > 0.06j

N`ss ad mappir > 0.06 j

i.j. Dar eaw kacj nust ` murrict ad 8.0@ gi p`ssil terauje lfkuti sukpeurfm `mfl fc arlirta pralumi 7 vakuni / 7 7 8.8 nakis ad i - x 64988 > 8.8 =548 M


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7 P / F > =548 / 8.0 > =5488 s

tfni > 4


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79

dkaw fs dran `cali m`teali. ]ani salfun mekarfli rin`fcs fc tei sakutfac, sa tei sakutfacfs ei`til tfkk tei salfun mekarfli mryst`kkfsis aut, sa ft m`c gi rinavil.

]alfun eylraxfli fs usil2

\a purfdy gùxfti ta nòi `kunfc`, sa `kunfcfun m`c gi ixtr`mtil.

\a nòi sa`p \a griò lawc waal weic nòfcj p`pir \a n`cud`mturi meinfm`ks

Mekarfci fs usil ta nòi gki`me, eylramekarfm `mfl, XTM, `cl ta stirfkfsi w`tir.

Eylrajic fs usil ta n`cud`mturi `nnacf` `cl n rj`rfci, `cl `s `c `ktirc`tfvi pawirsaurmi.


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74

]imtfac 72 Meinfstry ad tei Ikinicts

\ei Xirfalfm \`gki \ei ikinicts fc tei Xirfalfm \`gki `ri `rr`cjil fc arlir ad fcmri`sfcj `tanfm cungir.\ei cungirad seikks fs jfvic gy tei Xirfal ad `c ikinict. \ei cungir ad ikimtracs fc tei autir seikk fs jfvic gytei Jraup.\ei ikinicts fc Jraup 8 `kk e`vi dukk autir seikks. \ei ikinicts m`c gi mk`ssfdfil `s ifteirnit`ks ar cac-nit`ks k`rjiky ac tei g`sfs ad teifr ikimtrfm`k maclumtfvfty. Nit`ks maclumt ikimtrfmftywikk, weiri`s cac-nit`ks (ixmipt jr`pefti) `ri fcsuk`tars.

\ei v`st n`barfty ad ikinicts `ri nit`ks. \ei nit`ks `ri daucl ta tei kidt ad tei Xirfalfm \`gki, `cltei cac-nit`ks taw`rls tei rfjet. ]ani ikinicts mkasi ta tei kfci, ix`npki2 sfkfmac, lfspk`yprapirtfis gitwiic teasi ad nit`ks `cl cac-nit`ks, `ri mk`ssil `s sinf-nit`ks. \ei nit`ks ticl tadarn pasftfvi facs, `s teiy kasi teifr autir seikk ikimtracs. \ei cac-nit`ks jicir`kky j`fc ikimtracs,`cl darn cij`tfvi facs, ar gacl mav`kictky wfte ateir cac-nit`ks.

@ durteir lfstfcmtfac gitwiic tei nit`ks `cl cac-nit`ks fs fc tei meinfm`k gie`vfaur ad teifraxflis. Nit`k axflis `ri g`sfm teiy wfkk ri`mt wfte `mfls ta darn s`kts, `cl sani ad tein lfssakvi fcw`tir ta jfvi `ko`kfci sakutfacs2

Cac-nit`k axflis `ri `mflfm teiy ri`mt wfte `ko`kfs ta darn s`kts, `cl lfssakvi fc w`tir ta jfvi `mflfmsakutfac. Fnpart`ct ix`npkis `ri m`rgac lfaxfli, wefme fs lfssakvil uclir prissuri fc dfzzy lrfcos,`cl sukpeur lfaxfli, wefme lfssakvis fc r`fcw`tir ta n`oi sukpeurfm `mfl, m`usfcj `mfl r`fc.


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7:


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75

Jraup F (\ei @ko`kf Nit`ks)

Xrapirtfis\eiy e`vi ` kaw licsfty `cl kftefun, pat`ssfun `cl salfun dka`t. \eiy `ri sefcy weic driseky mut,gut r`pflky t`rcfse. \eiy `ri sadt `cl e`vi kaw niktfcj pafcts. \eiy `ri sfkviry ixmipt dar Mìsfunwefme fs p`ki jakl, `cl teiy `ri viry ri`mtfvi `cl `ri staril uclir afk ar fc `rjac.

\r iclsAc lismiclfcj tei jraup, tei `ko`kf nit`ks gimani nari ri`mtfvi, sadtir, `cl licsir. \ei autirikimtracs gimani durteir dran tei cumkius, ni`cfcj tei `ttr`mtfac gimanis wiòir, nòfcj fti`sfir ta rinavi tei autir ikimtracs, nòfcj ft nari ri`mtfvi.

Wi`mtfacsZfte axyjic, ta darn axflis2


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76

\r iclsAc lismiclfcj tei jraup, teiy gimani l`roir, `cl e`vi ` efjeir niktfcj/gafkfcj pafct. \eiygimani kiss ri`mtfvi `s tei lfst`cmi ad tei autir seikk dran tei cumkius fcmri`sis, n`ofcj ft e`rlirta `ttr`mt ` ciw ikimtrac.

Wi`mtfacs

\ei e`kajics gurc vfjarausky weic ei`til wfte tei `ko`kf nit`ks, ta darn wefti mryst`kkfci e`kflis`kts. \eisi `ri facfm manpaucls.

7C` (s) + Mk7(j) 7C`Mk(s)

@cy e`kajic m`c gi lfspk`mil dran fts manpaucl (e`kfli) gy usfcj ` nari ri`mtfvi e`kajic. ]umeri`mtfacs `ri laci fc `quiaus sakutfac.

0. Mekarfci + salfun granfli

Zarl iqu`tfac2 Mekarfci + salfun granfli salfun mekarfli + granfci

Darnuk` iqu`tfac2 Mk7(`q) + 7C`Gr(`q) 7C`Mk(`q) + Gr7(`q)

\ei makaurkiss mekarfci w`tir ri`mts wfte tei makaurkiss salfun granfli sakutfac, pralumfcj `sakutfac wefme fs ar`cji lui ta tei darn`tfac ad `quiaus granfci.

7. Mekarfci + salfun falfli

Zarl iqu`tfac2 Mekarfci + salfun falfli salfun mekarfli + falfci

Darnuk` iqu`tfac2 Mk7(`q) + 7C`F(`q) 7C`Mk(`q) + F7(`q)

\ei makaurkiss mekarfci w`tir ri`mts wfte tei makaurkiss salfun falfli sakutfac, pralumfcj ` sakutfacwefme fs grawc lui ta tei darn`tfac ad `quiaus falfci.

=. Granfci + salfun falfli

Zarl iqu`tfac2 Granfci + salfun falfli salfun granfli + falfci

Darnuk` iqu`tfac2 Gr7(`q) + 7C`F(`q) 7C`Gr(`q) + F7(`q)

\ei ar`cji granfci w`tir ri`mts wfte tei makaurkiss salfun falfli sakutfac, pralumfcj ` sakutfacwefme fs grawc lui ta tei darn`tfac ad `quiaus falfci.

Jraup 8 \ei Cagki J`sis\ei j`sis ad jraup 8 (eikfun, ciac, `rjac, oryptac, xicac, r`lac) `ri `kk makaurkiss j`sis, `cl `riixtriniky ucri`mtfvi teiy la cat darn manpaucls wfte ateir ikinicts `cl sa `ri st`gki.


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=8

Axyjic @cl AxflisAxyjic fs tei simacl-nast `gucl`ct j`sis fc tei `tnaspeiri2

J@] @GYCL@CMI

Cftrajic :5%

Axyjic 70%

@rjac 8.6%

M`rgac lfaxfli 8.8


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=0

Darn `t fac Ad AxflisN`jcisfun gurcs vfjarausky fc `fr, wfte ` grfkkf`ct wefti dk`ni, ta darn n`jcisfun axfli, ` weftipawlir. N`jcisfun axfli fs ` nit`k axfli, `cl sa fs g`sfm. Ft fs skfjetky sakugki fc w`tir, jfvfcj `skfjetky `ko`kfci sakutfac ad n`jcisfun eylraxfli (pE 08). Ft wfkk ri`mt wfte `mfls, ta darn ` s`kt `clw`tir2

7Nj (s) + A7(j) 7NjA(s)

NjA (s) + E7A(k) Nj(AE)

7(`q)

NjA (s) + 7EMk(`q) NjMk7(`q) + E

7A(k)

M`rgac gurcs sti`lfky fd ei`til fc `fr, ta darn makaurkiss m`rgac lfaxfli j`s. Fd tei suppky ad axyjicfs kfnftil, sani taxfm m`rgac nacaxfli fs `ksa pralumil. M`rgac lfaxfli fs ` cac-nit`k axfli, `cl safs `mflfm. Ft fs skfjetky sakugki fc w`tir, jfvfcj ` wi`oky `mflfm sakutfac ad m`rgacfm `mfl (pE 4).

M(s) + A7(j) MA

7(j)

MA7(j) + E

7A(k) E

7MA

=(`q)

]ukpeur fs ` yikkaw sakfl, wefme gurcs fc `fr wfte ` grfjet gkui dk`ni, ta darn wefti dunis ad sukpeurlfaxfli. Ft lfssakvis ri`lfky fc w`tir ta darn `c `mflfm sakutfac ad sukpeuraus `mfl, E 7]A =.

] (s) + A7(j) ]A

7(j)

]A7(j) + E

7A(k) E

7]A

=(`q)

axyjicj`s

giiefviseikd

eylrajicpiraxfli

n`cj`cisilfaxfli


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33/56

==

Wi`mtfvfty ]irfis@ nari ri`mtfvi nit`k wfkk lfspk`mi ` kiss ri`mtfvi nit`k dran ` manpaucl, `cl tefs usu`kky ammurs fcsakutfac, gut m`c ammur fc sakfls, fd tei nit`k fs ei`til.

Mappir nit`k + n`jcisfun mekarfli sakutfac2 ca ri`mtfac mappir fs kiss ri`mtfvi te`c n`jcisfun.

N`jcisfun nit`k + mappir sukpe`ti sakutfac2 N`jcisfun fs nari ri`mtfvi te`c mappir, sa m`clfspk`mi ft. @ pfco ma`tfcj ad mappir darns ac tei surd`mi ad tei n`jcisfun, `cl tei gkui mappirsukpe`ti sakutfac skawky turcs makaurkiss, `s ft fs macvirtil ta n`jcisfun sukpe`ti2

Nj (s) + Mu]A n`ss ad w`tir (jr`ns), m> spimfdfm ei`t m`p`mftyad w`tir ( tei me`cji fc tinpir`turi ad tei w`tir ( M). ]fcmi `c fcmri`si fc teitinpir`turi ad tei w`tir ni`cs ` limri`si fc tei icirjy ad tei meinfm`ks, ta dfcl tei icte`kpyme`cji ad tei ri`mtfac, usi2

E - n m \


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65.=8 6:.5: > 8. n`ss / nak`r n`ss > 8. 8.889 nak

Icirjy suppkfil ta w`tir> n m \

> 088j x 08678 B]a Icte`kpy me`cji > - n m \ > -08678 B

Icte`kpy me`cji pir nak > -08678B / 8.889 nak > -705 -705< oB/nak

M`kmuk`tfcj Icte`kpy Me`cjisN`ofcj gacls riki`sis icirjy `cl gri`ofcj tein riqufris icirjy.


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-465 oB/nak

\ei cij`tfvi v`kui seaws te`t tei ri`mtfac fs ixateirnfm.

Fc sani m`sis, tei `mtu`k me`cji fs lfddirict ta tei teiaritfm`k aci, `cl fd tei agt`fcil v`kuifs kawir, teiri fs ifteir sani ei`t kass, ar fcmanpkiti mangustfac.


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]imtfac 9 Meinfstry fc ]amfity

Ixtr`mtfac ad nit`ksNit`ks `ri ixtr`mtil dran aris. Aris `ri ramos wefme mact`fc ` suddfmfict `nauct ad ` pimukf`rnit`k.

\ei ixtr`mtfac ad nit`k m`c gi lfvflil fcta terii m`tijarfis2

Ki`st ri`mtfvi n`y gi daucl ucri`mtil. \eiy stfkk ciil ta gi rinavil dran teifr aris, gutcat meinfm`kky graoic lawc. \efs fcmkulis jakl `cl pk`tfcun.

Nalir`tiky ri`mtfvi nit`ks teiy `ri gikaw m`rgac fc tei ri`mtfvfty sirfis. Ixtr`mtil fc `lfspk`minict ri`mtfac wfte m`rgac. \efs fcmkulis ki`l, mappir `cl frac.

Nit`ks wefme `ri nari ri`mtfvi te`c m`rgac ciil ta gi ixtr`mtil gy ikimtrakysfs. \efsfcmkulis `kunfcfun.

\ei Gk`st Durc`mi\erii tefcjs `ri `llil ta tei tap ad tei gk`st durc`mi2

Frac ari adtic eìn`tfti, Di 7A=Maoi n`fcky macsfsts ad m`rgac. N`li gy purfdyfcj ma`k.Kfnistaci m`kmfun m`rgac`ti, M`MA=

Eat `fr fs dil terauje tei gattan. \ei maoi gurcs fc tefs `fr2

\efs ri`mtfac fs ixateirnfm, `cl ei`ts up tei durc`mi. \ei m`rgaclfaxfli teic ri`mts wfte nari maoi ta darn m`rgac nacaxfli2

\ei m`rgac nacaxfli ri`mts wfte tei eìn`tfti, ta darn naktic frac `cl m`rgac lfaxfli.

\ei m`kmfun m`rgac`ti teirn`kky limanpasis ta darn m`kmfun axfli`cl m`rgac lfaxfli2

\ei M`kmfun axfli ri`mts wfte tei sfkfmac axfli (`c fnpurfty fceìn`tfti) ta nòi m`kmfun sfkfm`ti, wefme darns sk`j, dka`tfcj

`gavi tei naktic frac. ]k`j fs usil dar ra`l surd`mfcj `cl nòfcjminict2

Fc tei pramiss, tei frac axfli fs rilumil, `cl tei m`rgac nacaxfli fs axflfsil.


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@kunfcfun Ixtr`mtfac\ei n`fc ari ad `kunfcfun fs g`uxfti, wefme macsfsts ad `kunfc` (`kunfcfun axfli). @kunfcfun fs`gavi M`rgac fc tei ri`mtfvfty sirfis, sa ft nust gi lfspk`mil wfte ikimtrakysfs.

@kunfcfun Axfli e`s ` efje niktfcj pafct, `cl fs fcsakugki fc w`tir, `cl sa fs lfssakvil fc nakticmryakfti, sa ft m`c gi ikimtrakysil. \ei mryakfti fs `t 688 lijriis, weiri`s naktic `kunfcfun axfliwaukl gi `t 7888 lijriis. \efs ni`cs usfcj mryakfti fs mei`pir `cl i`sfir. \ei m`teali fs tei kfcfcjad tei mikk, `cl tei `calis `ri tei k`rji gkamos lfppil fc tei ikimtrakyti. \ei ikimtralis `ri n`li adjr`pefti. \ei naktic `kunfcfun, `dtir darnfcj ac tei m`teali, sfcos ta tei gattan, `cl fs t`ppiladd. \ei eat axyjic ri`mts wfte tei ikimtralis, darnfcj m`rgac lfaxfli, `cl sa teiy adtic ciilripk`mfcj. \efs pramiss fs ixpicsfvi lui ta tei ikimtrfmfty ciilil.

\ei `kunfcfun axfli macsfsts ad `kunfcfun facs (@k =+) `cl axfli facs (A 7-). \ei `kunfcfun facs(m`tfacs) `ri `ttr`mtil ta tei m`teali, weiri teiy `ri rilumil ta kunfcfun tans2

@k=+ + =i -- @k

\ei axfli facs (`cfacs) `ri `ttr`mtil ta tei `calis, weiri teiy `ri axflfsil ta axyjic j`s2

7A 7-- A 7 +


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90

Nfkl stiik mact`fcs 8.79% frac, `cl fs stracjir `cl e`rlir. \efs fs usil fc m`r galfis, jfrlirs`cl sefps.

Xuri frac, `ksa m`kkil wraujet frac, fs usil `s limar`tfvi r`fkfcjs, `s ft fs sadt `cl n`kki`gki. Fd tei frac fs `kkayil wfte meranfun `cl cfmoik, st`fckiss stiik fs darnil. \efs pratimts tei

frac dran rust `cl marrasfac. Ft fs usil fc mutkiry, oftmeic sfcos, `cl fc j`rlicfcj taaks.

Ysis ad @kunfcfun@kunfcfun fs cat viry stracj, `cl fs usil `s `c `kkay, lui ta fts kaw licsfty, marrasfac risfst`cmi `cl`s ft fs ` jaal maclumtar. Ft fs usil fc `frmr`dt (kaw licsfty, marrasfac risfst`cmi, stricjte weic`kkayil), sùmip`cs (kaw licsfty, marrasfac risfst`cmi, efje teirn`k maclumtfvfty)? efje-vakt`jipawir m`gkis (kaw licsfty? marrasfac risfst`cmi? efje ikimtrfm`k maclumtfvfty tei m`gkis e`vi ` stiikmari ta fcmri`si stricjte).

Mruli Afk

Mruli Afk XramissfcjMruli Afk fs ` nfxturi ad eylram`rgacs. \eisi `ri sfnpki mav`kictky gaclil nakimukis, wfte wiò

fctirnakimuk`r darmis.

Dr`mtfac`k lfstfkk`tfac fs usil ta sip`r`ti mruli afk fcta usiduk manpacicts (dr`mtfacs). \ei narim`rgac `tans tei nakimuki mact`fcs, tei stracjir tei fctirnakimuk`r darmis `cl tei efjeir ftsgafkfcj pafct.

\ei mruli afk fs ei`til ta `raucl =98M fc ` durc`mi, `cl tei manpaucls fc tei afk ictir tei gattanad tei dr`mtfac`k lfstfkk`tfac tawir `s ` nfxturi ad j`sis. \eiy rfsi up tei tawir, `cl `s teiy la sa,teiy maak lawc. Zeic ` nakimuki ri`meis ` tinpir`turi gikaw fts gafkfcj pafct, ft maclicsis, turcsta ` kfqufl `cl d`kks lawc tei tawir, ta gi makkimtil fc ` sirfis ad tr`ys. \ei manpaucls wfte `sfnfk`r gafkfcj pafct maclicsi fc tei s`ni `ri`, `cl `ri rinavil `s p`rt ad tei s`ni dr`mtfac. \ei

manpaucls wfte tei kawist gafkfcj pafcts ri`me tei tap ad tei tawir wfteaut maclicsfcj, `cl `ririnavil `s p`rt ad tei ridfciry j`sis simtfac.

\eiri `ri n`cy typis ad eylram`rgac str`fjet me`fc, gr`cmeil me`fc, `cl rfcj nakimukis gut teim`rgac `kw`ys darns daur gacls, `cl tei eylrajic aci. Mruli afk macsfsts ad nastky `ko`cis.

Mr`mofcjFd `ko`ci v`paur fs p`ssil avir ` ei`til m`t`kyst, ft teirn`kky limanpasis. \ei `ko`ci fs graoiclawc fcta twa sn`kkir nakimukis, `c `ko`ci `cl `c `koici, ar `c `koici `cl eylrajic. Fd `c `ko`ci`cl `c `koici `ri pralumil, tei `koici fs usu`kky sn`kkir. \ei eylrajic m`c gi gurcil `s ` duik tapawir tei ridfciry. \ei m`t`kyst fs ` nfxturi ad sfkfmac lfaxfli `cl `kunfcfun axfli, `cl tefs fs laci

`s 988 lijriis mictfjr`li. Mr`mofcj fs viry usiduk, `s ft griòs lawc tei kacjir, kiss usiduk `ko`cisdaucl fc mruli afk sume `s lfisik `cl c`pte` fcta seartir `ko`cis kfoi pitrak, wefme fs fc efje lin`cl,`cl fcta `koicis, wefme `ri nari ri`mtfvi te`c `ko`cis, `cl `ri m`c gi usil ta nòi pk`stfms.

M5E 05m`t`kyst

EI@\ M4E 0< + M7E M gacl fs earfzact`k, `cl `kk tei ateir jraups`ri virtfm`k. \eic griò tei M>M laugki gacl, `cl lr`w tei ciw gacls `t tei sfli, teic `ll teigr`moits.

E =M

M M

ME=

ME=

rilr`w M M

ME=

E

ME=

ME=

M M

ME=ME=

E ME =

pakynirfsi

7-niteykgut-7-ici paky(7-niteykgut-7-ici)

E

\a dfcl tei nacanir dran wefme ` pakynir fs n`li, fsak`ti twa `lb`mict m`rgac `tans, `cl teicripk`mi tei M>M laugki gacl.


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Last Drop of Chemicals Before Your Igcse Chemistry Exam