Latest Issues

7/29/2019 Latest Issues

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Solar panel

Asias largest solar power field, 600 megawatt solar energy.

The Gujarat Solar Park, Charanka, in North Gujarat

commissioning of its 10 mw solar powerproject

The worlds first canal-top project on Sanand branch canal of the Sardar Sarovar

Nigam Ltd generating one-MW electricity from solar panels atop the Narmada

branch canal was inaugurated by Gujarat Chief MinisterNarendra Modi.

A project that has the potential of generating 2,200 MW electricity from solar panels,

give clean, pollution-free energy, save 11,000 acres of land and also prevent water

in irrigational canals from evaporating, does indeed sound like a DREAM project. But

if the new canal-top project in Narmada is to be followed, that dream might become

Gujarats reality.

To produce solar power and avoid water evaporation, solar panels have been set up

atop the Narmada branch canal.

The 19,000-km-long Narmada canal network in Gujarat is a potential powerhouse

and it is estimated that even if 10 percent of the canal top is used for setting up solar

panels, it could help generate 2,200 MW of power, save large acres of land and

prevent Rs 2,000 crore of precious water from evaporation annually.

Gujarats solar power initiative could help the nation save Rs 500 crore over the next25 years, besides reducing carbon emissions to the tune of 8 lakh tones.

PepsiCo Community CheckDam Project Paithan, Aurangabad

The initiative

PepsiCo conducted a water resource assessment study near its Aurangabad

plant

replenish ground water. PepsiCo India then constructed 13 check-dams and recharged over 100

wells.

Impact

The project created the potential to recharge more than 1 billion liters of

water.

It benefits nearly 12,000 community members through improved access to

water, additional crops, increase in yield of rain-fed crops and the opportunity

for a second cultivation cycle during the Rabi season due to improvedavailability of water
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Replenishing Water Through Community Water Harvesting Project,

Neelamangala

The initiative

In Neelamangala, Bangalore Rural, PepsiCo

creation of water harvesting structures by introducing artificial recharge

systems within water bodies. installation of a roof-top rainwater harvesting structure in the T. Begur village.

The goal of the project is to improve water resources in the community,

recharge wells and increase the production of rainfed crops.

Impact

The project has created the potential to recharge 908 million liters of water per

year.

This benefits 4000 people through improved water resources in the

community, recharging wells and also improved water availability for rainfedcrops.

Water Harvesting Project, Panipat

The initiative

The project focuses on the rejuvenation and creation of water recharge

structures aimed to improve the water availability for the neighboring

community.

enhance ground water recharge, with the potential to recharge 175 million

liters of water.

Impact

The project benefits nearly 10,000 people in and around Panipat.

global warming is related to anthropogenic Green House Gases (GHGs). GHGs

include, the common gases namely , carbon dioxide and water vapor, and rarer

gases such as nitrous oxide, methane and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) whose

properties relate to the transmission or reflection of different types of solar radiations.

The increase in such gases in the atmosphere is a result of the burning of fossil

fuels, emission of pollutants into the atmosphere by power plants and vehicle

engines, etc. Of all human activities, driving motor vehicles produces the most

intensive CO2 emissions and other toxic gases per capita.

CNG


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Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons mainly methane (CH4) and is produced

either from gas wells or in conjunction with crude oil production. Natural Gas offers a

significant potential for reducing harmful emissions from vehicles, especially those of

fine particulates, compared to conventional fuel. It stands substantially better than

conventional fuels both in life cycle emissions and vehicle exhaust emissions.

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)

LPG is a by-product of natural gas processing or a product that comes from crude oil

refining and is composed primarily of propane and butane with smaller amounts of

propylene and butylenes. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) consists mainly of propane,

propylene, butane, and butylene in various mixtures. Lower carbon-to-hydrogen

ratio, higher octane rating and its ability to form a homogeneous mixture inside the

combustion chamber enable it to produce lesser emissions.

CNG

direction by the Honble Supreme Court to Delhi transport Cooperation to convert at

least 1/5th of its bus fleet every year to CNG and to purchase henceforth only new

buses that use CNG as fuel and if licenses are issued to private buses those should

be issued only for buses running on CNG or on batteries in Delhi;

Due to its low energy density for use as a vehicular fuel, it is compressed to a

pressure of 200 - 250 bars to facilitate storage in cylinders mounted in vehicle and so

it is called compressed natural gas (CNG).

By November of 2002, all diesel busses and non-CNG two-stroke three-wheelers of

the city were removed from the streets of Delhi. The city today has the worlds

largest CNG vehicle fleet.

Diesel Alcohol Blends

The alcohol may be blended with diesel fuel to produce dies-ohol, (or) the alcohol

may be added to the air intake of the diesel engine. But, control of the quantity of

alcohol added to the air intake may be difficult and could cause erratic engineoperation and/or failure if a large quantity of alcohol was added to the air intake.

Methyl alcohol, because of its highly polar nature, does not mix with diesel fuel.

Ethanol can be mixed with diesel fuel provided there is little water in the ethanol.

Another problem with adding ethanol to diesel fuel is that the cetane number (ignition

characteristic) may decrease below the level recommended by the engine

manufacturer. Butyl alcohol can be mixed with diesel fuel in virtually any

concentration.

A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction

with oxygen or another oxidizing agent.[1]

Hydrogenis the most common fuel, but hydrocarbons such as natural
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gas and alcohols likemethanolare sometimes used. Fuel cells are different frombatteriesin that they require a

constant source of fuel and oxygen to run, but they can produce electricity continually for as long as these inputs

are supplied

.

Topologies can be parallel hybrid, series hybrid , power-split hybrid (as per power-

train)

Full hybrid, mild hybrid (degree of hybridization)

Examples: Toyota prius (full hybrid)
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Hybrid electric vehicles can be classified according to the way in which power is supplied to the drivetrain:

Inparallel hybrids, the ICE and theelectric motorare both connected to the mechanicaltransmissionand

can simultaneously transmit power to drive the wheels, usually through a conventional transmission.

Honda's Integrated Motor Assist (IMA) system as found in theInsight,Civic,Accord, as well as the GM

Belted Alternator/Starter(BAS Hybrid) system found in theChevrolet Malibuhybrids are examples of

production parallel hybrids.[17]

Current, commercialized parallel hybrids use a single, small (


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braking.General Motorshas also used its mildBAS Hybridtechnology in other models such as

theSaturn Vue Green Line, theSaturn Aura Greenlineand theMailbu Hybrid.[23]

Plug-in hybrids (PHEVs)

TheChevrolet Voltis aplug-in hybridable to run inall-electric modeup to 35 miles.

Aplug-in hybrid electric vehicle(PHEV), also known as a plug-in hybrid, is a hybrid electric vehicle

withrechargeable batteriesthat can be restored to full charge by connecting a plug to an externalelectric

powersource. A PHEV shares the characteristics of both a conventional hybrid electric vehicle, having

anelectric motorand aninternal combustion engine; and of anall-electric vehicle, also having aplugto

connect to theelectrical grid. PHEVs have a much largerall-electric rangeas compared to conventional

gasoline-electric hybrids, and also eliminate the "range anxiety" associated with all-electric vehicles,

because the combustion engine works as a backup when the batteries are depleted .[22][24][25]

Chinese battery manufacturer and automakerBYD Autoreleased theF3DMPHEV-62 (PHEV-

100 km)hatchbackto the Chinese fleet market on December 15, 2008, for 149,800yuan(US

$22,000).[26][27]

General Motorslaunched the 2011Chevrolet Voltseries plug-in in December 2010.[28][29]

TheVolt displaced theToyota Priusas the mostfuel-efficient carsold in the United States.

[30][31]

In 1900, while employed at Lohner Coach Factory,Ferdinand Porschedeveloped theMixte,[2][32]

a 4WD series-

hybrid version of "System Lohner-Porsche" electric carriage previously appeared in1900 Paris World Fair. The

Mixte included a pair of generators driven by 2.5-hp Daimler IC engines to extend operating range and it could

travel nearly 65 km on battery alone. It was presented in the Paris Auto Showin 1901.[2][33][34]

The Mixte broke

several Austrian speed records, and also won theExelberg Rallyin 1901 with Porsche himself driving. The Mixte

used agasoline enginepowering agenerator, which in turn powered electrichub motors, with a small battery

pack for reliability. It had a top speed of 50 km/h and a power of 5.22 kW during 20 minutes.

George Fischer sold hybrid buses to England in 1901

Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation, mostly from carbohydrates produced

in sugarorstarch crops such as corn orsugarcane. Cellulosic biomass, derived from

non-food sources such as trees and grasses, is also being developed as a feedstock

for ethanol production. Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, butit is usually used as a gasoline additive to increase octane and improve vehicle

emissions. Bioethanol is widely used in the USA and in Brazil. Current plant design

does not provide for converting the lignine portion of plant raw materials to fuel

components by fermentation.

Ethanol fuel is the most common biofuel worldwide, particularly in Brazil. Alcohol

fuels are produced by fermentation of sugars derived from wheat, corn, sugar beets,

sugar cane, molasses and any sugar or starch that alcoholic beverages can be

made from (like potato and fruit waste, etc.).
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che_Mixte_Hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle#cite_note-HybridCarHist-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle#cite_note-HybridCarHist-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle#cite_note-HybridCarHist-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1900)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1900)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1900)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Auto_Showhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Auto_Showhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Auto_Showhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle#cite_note-HybridCarHist-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle#cite_note-HybridCarHist-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exelberg_Rally&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exelberg_Rally&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exelberg_Rally&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hub_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hub_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hub_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fermentationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedstockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_additivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel_in_Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel_in_Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_beethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_canehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molasseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beveragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potatohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potatohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beveragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molasseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_canehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_beethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel_in_Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel_in_Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_additivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedstockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fermentationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hub_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exelberg_Rally&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle#cite_note-HybridCarHist-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle#cite_note-HybridCarHist-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Auto_Showhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1900)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle#cite_note-HybridCarHist-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle#cite_note-HybridCarHist-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohner-Porsche_Mixte_Hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porschehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle#cite_note-Reuters112410-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle#cite_note-Reuters112410-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Priushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle#cite_note-FirstRetailDelivery-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle#cite_note-FirstRetailDelivery-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Volthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle#cite_note-F3DM-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle#cite_note-F3DM-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_yuanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatchbackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYD_F3DMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYD_Autohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle#cite_note-HotFlat-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle#cite_note-Boschert06-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle#cite_note-Boschert06-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_anxietyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-electric_rangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_gridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power_plugs_and_socketshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechargeable_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-electric_modehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Volthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle#cite_note-GreenMild-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Malibu#Malibu_Hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Aura_Hybrid#Aura_Green_Linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Vue#Green_Linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAS_Hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors


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Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils and animal fats. Biodiesel can be used as a

fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a diesel additive to reduce

levels of particulates, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons from diesel-powered

vehicles. Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterification and is the

most common biofuel in Europe

Second generation biofuels are biofuels produced from sustainable feedstock.

Sustainability of a feedstock is defined among others by availability of the feedstock,

impact on GHG emissions and impact on biodiversity and land use.[28]Many second

generation biofuels are under development such as Cellulosic ethanol, Algae fuel[29].,

biohydrogen, biomethanol, DMF, BioDME, Fischer-Tropsch diesel, biohydrogen

diesel, mixed alcohols and wood diesel.

Cellulosic ethanol production uses non-food crops or inedible waste products and

does not divert food away from the animal or human food chain. Lignocellulose is the

"woody" structural material of plants. This feedstock is abundant and diverse, and insome cases (like citrus peels or sawdust) it is in itself a significant disposal problem.
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