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LCAs & Wood: Environmental Impacts of Wood Throughout its Life Cycle
Maureen Puettmann, PhD
Director of Operations
CORRIM
www.corrim.org
Disclaimer: This presentation was developed by a third party and is not funded by WoodWorks or the Softwood Lumber Board.
● LCA Reporting Framework● Wood Product LCAs● Biogenic Carbon ● Whole Building LCAs● The Future of Wood as a Building Material
OUTLINE
ISO standards14040, 14044, 21930
LCAReport
LCIA
LCI
PCR
EPDProduct/Industry
WELL ESTABLISHED INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK & HIERARCHY
Regional Data Development for Forest Operations and Wood Manufacturing processes
Impact Assessment based on required impacts indicators required under the PCR & ISO
Summarization and Integration of LCI and LCIA consistent with ISO, PCR and EPD requirements
North American Wood PCR (ULE 2019)
Synthesis and aggregation (industry) product data
LCAs FROM WOOD PRODUCT TO WHOLE BUILDING
Databases:USLCI
LCA Commons
EPD:Product or
Industry
Free $$$
Athena IE Tally
EC3 SimaPro
OpenLCA Gabi
One Click LCA
Wood Product
LCA
WBLCA
WOOD USE / VOLUME OF WOOD
0
200
400
600
800
1000
kg fi
ber /
m3
Total wood fiber (kg) in m3 wood product
Lum
ber
Part
icle
boar
d
CLT
I-Joi
st
Plyw
ood
Lam
inat
ed V
enee
r Lu
mbe
r
0
20
40
60
80
100Wood stud/CLT Plywood
WOOD USE PER AREA
Steel stud + PlywoodWood stud + Plywood
CLT
kg o
f woo
d fib
er in
m2
of w
all
Wood fiber (kg) in 1 m2 wall assembly
NET EMBODIED CARBON PER AREA
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
Steel stud + ply Concrete block Wood stud + ply CLT
Kg
CO
2e /
m2
C storageGWP bioGWP fossil
WHOLE BUILDING LCATNC STUDY PHASE I
atelierjones, LLC - Susan Jones, Ian Maples, & Olga AmigudUniversity of Washington - Cindy Chen, Francesca Pierobon, &
Indroneil GangulyUSDA Forest Product Laboratory - Hongmei Gu & Shaobo LiangCORRIM – Maureen PuettmannTNC - Mark Wishnie (BTG), Rachel Pasternack, Guy Lomax (Exeter University), &
Barry Ulrich
Other contributorsWoodWorks - Scott Brenneman, Richard McLain, & Ethan MartinColdstream Consulting – James SalazarUSDA Forest Products Laboratory – Marco Lo Ricco
THE US LCA TEAM – PHASE I
METHODS - BUILDING LOCATIONS
Seattle, Washington
Boston, Massachusetts
Atlanta, Georgia
*
*
*
StoriesBuilding Height
Total Floor Area
meters m2
8 26 9,47612 48 14,21418 71 21,321
Functional Units: 1 m2 Whole building
BUILDING DIFFERENCES
PNW
SE & NE
26 meters9,476 m2
48 meters14,214 m2
71 meters21,321 m2
8 story2:6
12 story4:8
18 story6:12
● LCA is a cradle to gate (A1-A5) analysis of the materials effects of structure, envelope, and interior walls or timber and concrete building designs. ○ A1-resource extraction, ○ A2-transportation of materials to product manufacturing,○ A3-Product manufacturing, ○ A4 -transportation of materials to construction site, and ○ A5-construction energy use○ C1-C4 – DID NOT INCLUDE EOL IN PHASE I
● Functional equivalent buildings: Mass Timber vs. Traditional Concrete Structural Designs
● SimaPro software tool using CORRIM, Datasmart, and Ecoinvent databases
METHODS – LCA SCOPE
PNW MATERIAL CONTRIBUTION TO GWP
Mat
eria
l Con
tribu
tion
to G
WP
33%
MT reduction in GWP43% - 8 story44% - 12 story30% - 18 story
SE MATERIAL CONTRIBUTION TO GWP
59%
Mat
eria
l Con
tribu
tion
to G
WP
MT reduction in GWP40% - 8 story37% - 12 story22% - 18 story
Take-a-ways:• Mass timber GWP influenced by
lumber production
• PNW lumber GWP 61 kg CO2e/m3
• SE lumber GWP 85 kg/CO2e/m3
Take-a-ways:• Gypsum board contributes 4-21%
of the GWP in the Whole Building
• While only representing 3-15% of the mass in MT buildings
NE MATERIAL CONTRIBUTION TO GWP
Mat
eria
l Con
tribu
tion
to G
WP MT reduction in GWP
50% - 8 story47% - 12 story28% - 18 story
PNW – ASSEMBLY CONTRIBUTION: BY MASS AND TO GWP
Mass Timber Concrete
42%
42%
PNW – ASSEMBLY CONTRIBUTION: BY MASS AND TO GWP
Mass Timber Concrete
42%
Mat footing
Take a way:1. Foundation type is significant in material use2. 8 story 23%3. 12 story 42%4. 18 story 11%
PNW – ASSEMBLY CONTRIBUTION: BY MASS AND TO GWP
Mass Timber Concrete
42%
Interior Wall by MassConcrete 65%GWB 30%Other 5%
Take a way:1. Interior wall 42% of building mass (18 story)2. 30% the mass of the IW is gypsum WB3. Type IV-A = 2-3 layers of GWB over 40-100%
SE – ASSEMBLY CONTRIBUTION: BY MASS AND TO GWP
Mass Timber Concrete
47%
Interior Wall by MassConcrete 51%Mass timber 17%GWB 29%Other 4%
Take a way:1. Interior wall 47% of building mass (18 story)2. 29% of IW mass is GWB
PNW – ASSEMBLY CONTRIBUTION: BY MASS AND TO GWP
Mass Timber Concrete
42%
33%
32%
19%
17%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Interior Wall
Other
Rebar
Gypsum WB
Concrete
SE – ASSEMBLY CONTRIBUTION: BY MASS AND TO GWP
42%
29%
31%
17%
16%
6%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Interior Wall
Other
Rebar
CLT
Gypsum WB
Concrete
SE LCIA 8 STORY BUILDINGS
Biomass from lumber production
SE WHOLE BUILDING EMBODIED CARBON
(10,000)
(8,000)
(6,000)
(4,000)
(2,000)
-
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
Embodied Carbon CO2e
GWP, biogenic
GWP, fossil
CO2 stored in building
Net
8-story 12-story 18 -story
● The opportunities for improvement in the use of wood as a building material are endless○ Material choices○ Building designs○ Building codes○ Communication and education
● Wood-use opportunities for reducing global carbon emissions can be achieved by○ Growing more trees & sustainable forest management○ Local wood sources and products to reduce transportation impacts ○ Long service life, reuse, and recycling potential○ Design for deconstruction○ Replacing fossil-based materials with materials made from using renewable fuels
THE FUTURE OF WOOD AS A BUILDING MATERIAL
MAUREEN PUETTMANNDirector of Operations, CORRIM -The Consortium for Research on Renewable Industrial Materials
www.corrim.org
