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::"!"" .., "" .., 11'H11'J rru. lJYI 17 \l'U1JYI 2 1J\.111flll 2537
Survey of Seed Oils for use as Diesel fuel
Piyaporn Kalayasiri, Narumon Jeyashoke and Kanit Krisnangkura
School of Bioresorce and Technology, King Mongkut' s Institute of Technology,
Bangkok 10140
Abstract
Sixty four out of 346 plant seeds being sutveyed had fatty acid
content higher than 15% and their methyl esters had cetane indices higher than 50.
Thus these plant seeds have great potential for development for oils for uses as
diesel fuel or diesel fuel extender.
92
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~~~'fl~u1tl1JTu~'lLVl~'fl~ii--11.fl.un11iuLfl~'fluL1'fl1u Ld'fliu~f;l~~f!11iin111.-D 1
t.J' I I l.t I
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~n~i;in11nIU.1JTutlt9Jnflt1iit~n1.utl flfil.1973 i!n~'l!1n1rn~1u1 u1~LV1f'I~~ "I ~ ~ ~ ., 4 ... ~ .l"I "I. fl! !::"'! 'I ., .l"I JI .... q 'I ' t Ji Lf;l1t'lTI'U'U1lJ'UW'lln~uii1rim!t1fl'l1~ Lu'U LU Li;! L'Un11 L'll L1J'UL'l!'fl L'n~~i;!L~~ b'VI~ Vl~'U
JI ti ti ti ti
l.11 L oD LU'UL'l!'fl L'n~~~ L ~ ~ Li;!tl ~N 1.u11ru~iliru ~~t:J~ijtf 'lJ'V11Vl~Vl1~Pl1'ULVlf!Ufl ~ nvr~
11f!111'fl~tl12Juv;'JI ~~~~n~1tl1JTutlt~1L~t1ii 12) tr 'lJ'V11V11~ LVJriuri L'Jiu tl1JTun'l!u1~
'l!ilr;iLdt'lu1ii11.-D'LlluL~'flL-n~~~~Lni;in~ LL~~fll1fu'flu (coke) 1.un1~ut'ln~uii1n"'lu Lfl1'fl~t1uvl~utiJ~1ii11tlVi1~1uH(3i n11LLm11i1CJJvr1n11Ln~nii1.un1~u'fln~u21'fl~ ti ti
U.1irun'l!u1~'l!ilr;ii!u u~1iJ~1~11tlLLm11'Lr;it1~fin11V11~n~ LLl1i~~LLm111~i;iu~fin11
~1~11tl~~ti~u'flnfln.!fl1'n11'fl~n11~i;i1~Lfli;i (Cetane index) "'l1n Lfll1~~11~/'fl~f'f 1 1
• I ?;' .., '"' (4-5) , ., ?;' ., 4 c;; o u 1tn'flu11'fl~u1~u-n'll LL~~ fl1fll'l1l.l1t'lu11t'l~u1~u-n'l! n~1ii 11'1fll1'U'l ru ~1 n
'fl~ f'fiJ 1~n'flu11'fl~tl1JTun'll 1Plt1f.i1~ LLiiuu 1L-iiunu1a.7) ~'lull CJJV11V11~ Pl1u11 fl1
!'., !=I ."f ..J J!11 I! I> • 11 .;j 'i' 11 ~ ..., 4 .l"i 'U'ULu'Uu'lJ'V11Vl LLr I L 11 Li;!fll?l'U111~tJ1n L'U?l~"'l1nLL'U'l 1.'U~'ll'fl~11fl1'U1lJ'U'n'll"'ltLu'U
93
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£Y,u~1~ 1n1tl1 hJ1 ;Jl 'W'fl (;1~1vin 11~'f.l1vi1nL~:;'fl (;1~1vinn~ L'f.l ~L'f.l Lr'li'J r'l'f.l ~ 1~~ n~1n "."f " c!l 0 ~ " ' " ' ~ Ci ... (2)~ "
n11LLnuqJV11'V11-:J~1'W11'°11~-:i'V11 b~'°1'f.l'W'.ll1-:itnn 'f.len-:i b1n(;11~ r'!n.1(;1 b~L~'W'f.lLL'W'J
'V11-:J'f.l'f.l n t~E.1n11~ L9d-J'W1~"Jltl1~u"llil~ 1vi~i L~'f.l Hf LU'WL~'fl L~~-:i~ L'll~ t~EJ L'U~1:;u'Vl r'l'J1~ " " ' u~-:i LU'Wn11~ 11'J~Vl1LLVl~-:J~"JIU1~'W"JIU~1 viaJ1'WU1:; L'Vl ~L 'Vl E.IYl LVI~ 1:;~~ ~:;~ L9d-J'W1 LU'W
~"llL~1~tin~L~'f.lLsDLU'WJ1~'WL~'f.lL~~-:i~L'l!~i;i'f.lLU d.9
.d Q.I I
1. nr.n~'i(JlJWJVON
i~~1tJv1~~~-cHn11itfl11~l11h~inw l QJ
tlHJ .,
~1Ul1U~ uufintlll1Utl (W 1) UllUtlUt'U~tlU'lWl'lfJlJ 105 tl~ft'WlHH;t'.Jff 'Ul'U I 'j/ I 'j/
18-24 i'11lN U~tlt'.Jn~!flif !g'Ut'U Dessicator i~Ul'HUtll1'1~tlU (W2)
0 o'd o' ,:
fl l'U1W 'Hl!U tl 1 !C)l''U~fl11lJ'lf'U (%ms)
w,-w, %ms= 100 ---
w, O QJ I d j/ d j/
'Ul~1tlt'.Jl~'VltlUUt'l1U~H'l~Wt'.J~~1t'.J mortar & pestel
"> LlQI d ~d
!lJ'Vlt'l!tlff!'Vltl'J'lltl~tl'J~ 'lllJ'U!~'Jt'.JlJ~llJ11i'lltl~ Harrington Ut'I~ Evans
1985(8
) ~~~1tlVl~~tlUUt'l~U~u'1'1~1mfl~tl~~~t'l~!flt'.J~U'J~lJlW 10-20 lJt'l~tlf lJ
1a1'U'Ht'ltl~~mtl~t'.J1 (Screw cap tube) 'll'Ul~ 10 lJt'I~~~-;; t~lJffl'JlJl~'J!l'U l
lJt'l~~~'J(Heptadecanoic acid 0.4 lJt'l~tlflJ/lJt'l~~~'J t'U 1'Vl~fl'U) Ut'l~ffl'J!lJVlt'l!t'I~ ., ~~ 0.5 lJt'I~~~-;; (4% H2S04 I MeOH 1~vu~lJ1~1 ) t'llv1lifi'li'1nu~1v vortex
mixer il~~lttl~t'.J1lifuilu ~uu6iHv1t'Ufll~fl1UfJlJ~W'HfJlJ (water bath)~ 70 I 'JI 'JI I 'JI
tl~f11tC)l'mt;vff itlunt'l1 4 i11lJ~ 111niru'1'1~~1vtl1n'1u 1.5 iJ"'~~~-;; u~tJvn~!1'
lif iwniu u'1'11~-w1fft11tJ{iJiu~~tJvai~~'5u 1 'Vl~flu ciuuu) ci1~ihiint'lrnfft'Vlfl1
94
~..i ., ..i ., 11n'f11 a'n. u'YI 17 \UJU'YI 2 11u11f111 2537
II
a::a1tmg1ri1u11tl'a (vial) .,,Ulfl 3.8 im. l~lJ Na2S04 1.,,u1ua::~~ii~1{d'nfliff11
a::a1m:i:: lff ~ uri1u 1ff 1ri11~a '111tfi1ri11::-H~1uunff 1fl1in1~n11w
3. nn·jmn~H'"'l:wuntrTF11111 T,,wnn
Lfl~'V~Unff 1flnn 1~n11'tfrt1u Simadzu Model 14A ~ij~L'Vlfll~'Vf
uurnrJalJlfl'V'VUlUlcifiU (FID) 9it:JOUfltHi'1J1.r SP 2330 lffUFht]'UUmnunu1u
o.25 llJ ltl'HlJ~l a11 30 LlJfll fft111::n1nii 1tl1t11 lfln11w ~'V .q Qlr/d d ~ .q
fJWM(l1Jflflf11JUfl~VI (lsothennal) VI 180 t:l~ffllcifa!cifUff ~Wlf (liltl\Jfl~
Injection ua:: Detector 220 'V~ffllcifftlt;Uff Jjlu 1~'11nlUtnuunff~1'W1 (carrier gas)
.J "' .., Ii) "" """" "' .., 4 "' _io( 'jJ 4 ti cif~lJt:lfl11fl11 tMtl 4 iJ(l(l(lfll/lflVI fftyty1U'\'110lfl1'6~fl11'11'11Jt1\.Jl,,1lfl1t:l~ 1!:lJ1"1
~ Q,I 4 QI
Na C-R4A Data Processor .,,t1~U11'Vll'1U1flU
"" "' <V "' 4.1. n111mn::Hwnt:tn:1:Jw
n11i1f111::lfrnntrn1'Nfll'1 ltl\Jiruli1 l'1ul.fri1 ~uivalent Chain
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ffllf1UfltJ'1lJU SP 2330 L,,fllV1fltu~1m::uqinn1u11i.i n
4.2. Saponiflcation number (SN)
l1lJ1UO~ihlilflllJE\Jt:l~ KOH ~ 1tlun11li1tlon~Ul'Wfl~OU II . '
~l"lllJU 1 flllJ l~Utll*U'Vfl"U'Ulfl 1lJtafJtll\1~U"Ufl~l"UiJ'U
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MWx
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MWx UllfUfl 1lJmfJft (Molecular weight) "Ut1~UJViaLflfflVl't>{flH1 tl11ilw
95
~..I ..., ..I ..., 11'Hfl'i t'fn. uYI 17 ~UUYI 2 1i'U11fl1J 2537
4.3. Iodine value (IV)
l1111Uif~tll11'UtN ltl it:ifl'U~t '111~1IL.u'1tUvl1 tlfin~UlYHl~tlU ''JI ' '
t'lliru ioo nl'11 ,rJufi1fi:;ut:inl::~ur11111iij~119i1m~a'lltNl'lllJ'U
IV 'l.ltl~~Ufl = L IVx (%X)
(126.9 x 2) x 100 x ~lU1UViUtl~'1 Nx=~~~~~~~~~
MWx
'JI
MWx U1l1Utl 111n'lflt'l (Molecular weight) '\ltJ~lilVlt'lltli'ITYltllflHll'\llJ'U
4.4. Cetane index (Cl)
~"lfUCiL'Ylt.1lrlu~1UtltltJflU11l'ftl1l~fll~LiJf!'llt:i~uliJu1u
lfl~tl~tl'Utl~l~t'l tl1 CI rll'U1W l;yfltlflllU1tl1 SN, IV 111U'Yl'Utl1 t'Uff11tl1l-Utl~ (S) .di
Krisanangkura fl tJ
5458 CI = 43.3 + - 0.225 IV
SN I 'JI llJ !JI :QI .Q rt'
4.5. f11f1111J1VU'l/r.Nn1'SAH1 & H1J'l/V~U11JUUE:J:;A1J'Yli:JW rrrnv 'j ' ,, 14,i "" ... 0
fl1fl111llel'U'lltNtl1llFi1 tl111'lltl~l11'Ylt'llfl'i:l'l'Ylell (HF) fll'U1W
1 O I I 61 (7) di
f!Utl1l'U1fll SN, IV 111ll'Yl'Ufl1 t'UfflJtlll'llf.N Krisanangkura flt!
[618000 J SN
HF = - 0.08 IV -430 --. SN 56000
Kcal/kg
I 'JI 14 'JI :.., Ut'l!:fllfl11l.Jlel'U'lltNtl1llFil tl111'\ltN'U111'U (HO)
[ 1896000 J SN
HO - 0.618 IV 1600 SN 168000
Kcal/kg
96
l6
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fftllfl
1. Indutry News, J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 60: 1730(1983 ).
' ' "" "' ..,..... .... <,;11e:t "' e:t 'j) 2. flW~ tl(}ll'LU'lt)';i 'J11U11'Jf)tJllO:t:'tVBIJl1 UOB. ul'I 14 u1JU1'1 l (2534) l1'Ul 34.
3. Baldwin, J.D.C., H. Klimkoski and M.A. Keesey, in "vegetable Oil Fuels:
Proceeding of The International Conference on Plant and Vegetable Oils as Fuels"
American Society of Agriculture Engineers, St. Joseph, Michigan, 1982, pp224.
4. Klopfenstein, W.E., J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 59.'531(1982).
5. Krisnangkura, K., J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 68.'552(1986).
6. Freedman, B. and M.O. Bagby, J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 66:1601(1989).
7. Krisnangkura, K., J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 68:56(1991).
8. Harrington, K.J. and C. D'Arcy-Evans, J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 62:
1009(1985).
9. Miwa, T.K., K.L. Mikolajczak, F.R. Earle and I.A. Wolff, Anal. Chem.
82: 1739( 1960).
98
~"" .. ..I ... 111cr11 nn. un 11 ouun 2 11u11ti11 2537
10. rHii~ nq1aU'1Q1 ua::ut:p.rn ~v 1 'Vfl 111a111lauo:atfJl'U1 at11i. iJ~ 14 QI .J 'jJ
\l1J1JVI 2 (2534) 'tt'U1 70.
11. Pyde, E.H., in "vegetable Oil Fuels: Proceeding of The International
Conference on Plant and Vegetable Oils as Fuels" American Society of Agriculture
Engineers, St. Joseph, Michigan, 1982, pp 101. . 12. 'Vim1v rnu1fi,,i'.hyty1Qa nnwrnf ttt:ntl~1uuvl ua:: 'C{nvt11 11unqa
.... ' .,. 'jJ 'Jl1ifl1'Jfllllffliffl1 'W(}ff~Oltl'U 2524 'tt'U1 820.
99
r
"' '° <N
;:<: G: ,.... ('""
)~ c-1
"1li= )§ Cl r-
"1S: r.:i .,; ~ .,.. ~ .,.. ,.... ('""
fllflfi'W1fl
' "' lil ..., d "'I ''~"" ~ ~ .., ~ ~ mrn;im SN, IV. CI. HF.HO w:i::;eHr11h:::rnrnm'fl 1'lllJU'll1'.N11rn'fl'l't'tf11111h:uirum:uw:uirrimwJMlfl'lf
"" • A ~ .,.. 4 .,.. \ilTO ti 1 :J/'lftl T)'Jtllfflff 91'i /'If fl 1-:Jff
L m::;l];i (Alcxandrion laurel)
Calophyllum inopliyllum (Guttiferae)
2. m:::'Un
lrvingia malayana (lxonanthaceat')
" 3. m:::illtJ1Jl.lflt1J (Okra)
Abelmosclws <'sculenrus (Malvaceac}
" 4. m::;1~0U1l'fl'1
Hibicus sabdariffa (Malvaceae)
5. m::;11J51~vn (Cauliflower)
Brassica fmrryris (Cruciferae)
6. 1101 (Orange
Murraya paniculara (Rutaceae)
7. fiu 'hi (Garden celery)
Apium graveolens (Umbellifeme)
8. 1~1::; (Rambutan)
Neplidium Iappaceum (Sapindaceae)
w " 9. \lllll'Hllff (Nutmeg tree)
Myriscica fragrans (Myristicaceae) CV t(Q ,/
10. 'lfl.J'l:l'l'tll1illl'ltl
Tabebuia rosea (Bignoniaceae)
l L l'lft:ll°'i (Cherry)
Malpighia glabra (Malpighiaceae)
(%) (%)
40.5 K6
57.0 4.1
28.8 12.0
22.0 9.4
22.9 4.9
65.0 12.0
17.6 5.9
15.0 33.0
27.7 8.4
17.9 3.7
38.8 1.2
SN IV n Heat of combustion
HF HO
190.1 76.3 54.8 9.55 9.42
248.0 4. 65.4 9.13 8.92
193.4 90.2 51.2 9.52 9.37
189.6 87.7 52.4 9.58 9.46
167.7 101.6 5:rn 9.72 9.62
192.l 80.6 53.6 9.53 9.39
182.4 86.0 53.9 9.61 9.49
179.0 42.9 64.I 9.64 9.55
222.3 5.5 66.6 9.32 9.16
188. l 66.1 57.4 9.57 9.44
194.3 83.2 51.6 9.52 9.37
Fatty acid composition (% Area)
16:0 18:0 18:1 18:2 18:.,(Ul
12.6 19.8 45.2 2<U 0.1
33 0.2 l .') 0.4
32.4 3.6 19.8 41.9 0. I
25.0 4.0 31.5 34.8
5.8 0.8 10.5 13.2 11.8
18.7 I LO 42.3 12.1 6.2
9.0 1.8 67.0 14.5 0.7
6.3 7.6 38.3 2.1
6.6 0.4 5.5 0.4
13.4 7.7 66.6 3.6 0.5
21.8 9.6 38.2 28.2 0.5
d ~)'\.j 'l
16:1=0.2%. y1s:3=0.7'k
20:0=0.3'Ji,
10:0=3.4%. l 2:0=53.8%
14:0=36.7'l:, 16:1=0.3%
14:0=0.3%, 16:1=0.4%
20:0=0.4%, 22:0=0.2%
14:0=0.2%. 16:1=0.6%
20:0=2.1%
16:1=0.3%, 20:0=0.5'}!1
20:1=4.5%, 22:1=48.7%
16:1=7.3%, 20:0=Ll'l1c
22:0=0.4%
16:1=0.6'7i1. 20:0=0.4%
20: l=0.7%, 22: 1=0.9%
16:1=0.8%, 20:0=33.1%
20:1=7.2%, 22:0=2.7%
12:0=0.4%. 14:0=84.9%
20:0=2.4%, 20:1=1.8%
22:0=3.0%
16:1=0.4%, 20:0=0.9%
20:1=0.4%
0 0 .....
"'" C'l It)
~
;:i c;: <"' r );; ~
,$: )s c;t
"'" ..... ,$: f;J .. ~ "" ~ "" <"' r
~l'.il'lll I (~tl) Qi.I • A. <)I, f1' d f1'
~ 1rl t'Jl~/'lftJTl1tllfllfffl'.i /'lHl 1'll'f
12. l'lltif~i-mJl:IJ
Malpighia sp. (Malpighiaceae)
u. ~i1m:~rn1
Cosmos sulplmreus (Compositae)
14. il'l:::ilnlil.:i (Cucumber tree)
Averr/ma bilimbi (Averrhoaceae)
15. il'l:::uunum:::
Tabebuia pa/Iida (Bignoniaceae)
16. ill:::1n
Dwspyros mafabarica (Ebenaceuc)
17. ~1flm.n1 (Cow pea)
Vigna sinensis (Papilionaccae)
18. OTlJ (Winged bean)
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus
(Papilionaceae)
19. ti1ui..11~1 (Pea)
Pisum sativum (Papilionaceae)
" 20. 'lllt'Jl!Ul (Sour sop)
Annona muricata (Annonaceae)
21. '!\'t1 (Peach)
Pnmus persica (Rosaceae) .. 22. lTIV'U~mmu
Herac/eum gracil/ius (Umbelliferae)
ilil~ SN IV
(%) (r?'o)
28.4 5.3 180.9 43.4
26.2 9.2 191.8 83.3
48.4 10.6 193.l 74.1
22.0 6.3 186.3 67.3
45.9 5.6 191.2 84.8
37.9 24.3 188.3 I 86.4
15.8 10.0 176.8 I 83.6
14.8 6.8 180.0 I 96.l
21.2 20.0 186.3 I 75.3
37.56 7.3 177.9 I 80.l
20.7 7.0 175.0 84.2
Cl Heat of combustion
HF HO
63.7 9.63 9.53
53.0 9.56 9.42
54.9 9.54 9.35
57.5 9.58 9.46
52.8 9.54 9.40
52.9 9.56 9.43
55.4 9.66 9.55
52.0 9.65 9.54
55.5 9.59 9.47
56.0 9.64 9.53
55.6 9.67 9.56
----
Fatty acid composition (% Area)
16:0 18:0 18:1 18:2 18:3(U)
30.1 16.5 35.8 6.1
32.J 8.3 13.4 40.7 0.3
25.4 6.2 46.4 18.9 0.4
13.8 21.0 38.4 19.9
10.7 22.6 35.6 29.9
13.8 4.4 59.7 19.l 0.2
10.7 4.4 30.6 30.8 1.0
18.6 2.4 30.7 37.7 1.7
26.5 5.0 38.3 21.8 0.7
8.3 2.0 66.9 11.7 0.2
5.8 1.1 70.7 12.4 0.6
.. m.J 'l
16:1=2.2%, 20:0=1.4%
22:0=0.6%
14:0=0.5%, 16:1=0.1%
20:0=1.2%. 20:1=0.7%
14:0=0.9%. 20:0=0.7%
20:1=0.6%
14:0=0.4%. 20:0c:-A.0%
y18:3=0.8%
16:1=0.6%. Yl!!:3=0.8%
20:0=0.5%. 20:1=0.3%
20:0=1. l %.20:1=1.9%,
22:0= 12.2%.24:0=2.3%
14:0=1.2%. 16:1=0.2%
20:0=0.2%
14:0=0.3%, 16:1=1.7%
20:0=0.6%. 20:1=0.7%
12:0=1.1%. 16:1=1.1%
20:0=0.3%, 20: I= l.l %
14:0=0.2%, 16:1=0.5%
20:0=0.3%, 20:1=0.1%
...... 0 ......
""' C':t L(')
c-1
~ ct: r r );; c-1
,s:: )§ " ""' ......
,i= r.:i
""' ~ ... ii .,.. r r
'1115Hll l (ifHl) ~ , A a ,. .ii ,. q -- ----- .K '111tlV1~/'lftl1'fltnffH'l''11Ulf01~ff i:lU'fl fl11lJ'lfU SN IV CI Heat of combustion Fatty acid composition (% Area)
('Yo) (%) HF HO 16:0 18:0 HU 18:2 18:3(Cl) ~'U 1
23. 'UlJlllJ1 22.2 19.5 180.7 93.5 52.5 9.63 9.51 10.4 8.8 41.3 31.7 LO 14:0=0.1%, 16:1=0.4%
RauwenhotJia siamensis (Annonaceae) 20:0=0.8%, 20:1=0.5% . ' • ., '"'iJ 24. '\.!11illlt1J ,'\.! (Calabush tree) 51.2 9.7 190.l 77.5 54.6 9.55 9.42 16.0 11.9 48.9 18.8 1.2 14:0=0.4%, 20:0=1.3%
(_'fescentia cujete (Bignoniaceae) 22:0=0.5%
25. ii'\.! (White silk cotton tree) 21.2 6.2 183.7 72.4 56.7 9.60 9.48 34.4 4.1 23.9 29.2 - 16:1=1.2%, 20:0=0.7%
Ceiba pentandra (Bombacaceae) 22:0=0.4%
" . 26. WJV'HUl (Sugar apple) 35.7 16.6 188.6 87.8 52.5 9.56 9.42 13.5 8.4 50.5 24.2 LO 20:0=0.7%
Annona squamosa Annonaceae
27. u1rn11nm.1 (Angled gourd) 16.3 5.1 177.0 30.6 67.3 9.66 9.57 43.4 17.2 17.5 7.1 0.5 14:0=0.4%. 16:1=2.3%
Lutfa ac11tang11la. (Cucurbitaceae) 20:0=0.9%
28. 1J1'\.!~U 23.0 12.5 188.7 85.4 53.0 9.56 9.42 19.3 21.2 10.6 43.9 16:1=0.3%·. 20:0=2.6%
Zinnia elegans (Compositae) 20:1=0.8, 22:0=0.3%
29. u1v 35.5 14.4 189.6 s9.5 52.0 9.56 9.42 10.2 1.2 50.2 35.o 0.2 10:1=0.4%. 20:0=0.3%
Prunus sp. (Rosaceae) 20:1=0.2%
30. tln:til~fl11V 26.8 5.9 179.7 82.8 55.0 9.63 9.51 5.9 1.6 52.6 7.4 4.0 16:1=0.6%, 20:0=5.6%
Sapindus emaginatus (Sapindaceae) 20:1=17.2%, 22:0=1.0%
31. fi'nn5:::(tiu (Chinese cabbage) 40.4 6.7 168.l 91.6 55.2 9.72 9.63 2.7 l.3 16.2 10.7 7.1 20:0=~.1%, 20:1=8.2%
Brassica parachinensis (Cruciferae) 22:0=1.0%. 22:1=47.9%
32. finmi,;ii11 (Radish) 16.7 4.0 167.9 82.4 57.3 9.72 9.63 9.4 2.3 18.6 9.1 6.3 16:1:::1.1%. 20:0=1.2%
Raphanus sativus (Cruciferae) 20:1=10.1%, 22:0=1.1%
33. fi'nmi,;i1~v1tl'ii (Chinese mustard) 33.1 5.1 171.4 103.3 51.9 9.69 9.58 3.9 1.4 10.3 13.6 11.6 20:0=0.9%,20:1=6.8%,
Brassica juncea Cruciferae 22:0=1.1%,22:1=48.8
<N 0 .....
.... "' '° (:<I
;:i c .... ("'
)~ (:<I
"IS:: )s "' .... ...
"IS:: f;::I
"" ~ ,,.. ~ ,,.. .... ("'
lllT:rnn 1 (l'iil)
""' • ~ '!'!l o>A "' Ill 1V tJ 1'l/'llil1VIU1 f1T!l' lll'l /'11il 1 'lf1
~ ., 34. flOfl:::'IJl (Collard)
Brassica alboglabra (Cruciferae)
35. H'n:V (Coriander)
Coriandrum sativum (Umbelliferae)
36. ~ 10 (Cotton)
Gossypium herbaceum (Malvaceae)
37. Tt1·UflJ
38. Tt1'1!U~1
Clematis subpeltata (Ranunculaceae)
39. Tftll (Crepe jasmine)
Ervatamia coronaria (Apocynaceae)
40. l'Jl'ln (Indian jujube)
Zizyphus mauritiana (Rhamnaceae)
41. l!Yl'llih
Zizyphus mauritiana (Rhamnaceae)
42. WQil (Bullet wood)
Mimusops elengi (Sapotaceae)
43. WOl'l'tH (Pumpkin)
Cucurbita moschata (Cucurbitaceae)
: "' 44. lJ:::Oil0\.11 (ll.H'ltll)
Elaeocarpus hygrophilus (Elaeocarpaceae)
~il;i m1114ti SN IV Cl
(%) (%)
23.3 5.3 164.2 95.0 55.2
36.7 15.2 183.7 91.6 52.4
29.9 5.6 187.0 87.l 52.9
43.5 35.4 192.l 81.4 53.4
~,6.4 7.7 184.7 82.7 54.2
25.0 7.9 192.7 72.4 55.3
29.3 32.5 187.5 78.7 54.7
31.4 6.7 189.0 85.9 52.8
26.9 37.8 181.2 74.5 59.7
36.4 22.2 192.3 89.2 51.6
30.7 65.0 191.3 68.6 56.4
Heat of combustion
HF HO
9.75 9.66
9.60 9.47
9.57 9.44
9.53 9.39
9.63 9.51
9.53 9.39
9.57 9.44
9.56 9.43
9.60 9.46
9.53 9.39
9.54 9.41
Fatty acid composition (% Area)
18:2 l 8:3(a) A
16:0 18:0 18:1 tlt! "l
3.3 0.9 14.5 13.1 7.9 20:0=0.5%. 20:1=4.3%,
22:0=0.4%,22: 1=49.3%
3.5 0.9 77.6 14.l 0.1 16:1=0.3%. 20:0=0.1%
31.8 3.1 16.7 41.4 - 14:0=1.0%, 16:1=1.1%
20:0=0.2%
18.7 4.9 53.5 19.7 0.3 16:1=0.4%, 20:0=1.1%
20:1=0.6%. 22:0=0.7%
11.0 6.5 57.8 18.7 0.2 16:1=0.3%. 20:0=1.3%
20:1=0.4%, 22:0=0.9%
24.4 7.2 50.5 15.8 0.6 16:1=0.2%. 20:0=0.7%
20:1=0.2%. 22:0:::::0.2%
10.4 5.5 62.8 12.4 - 14:0=0.5%. 20:0=1.8%
20:1=2.6%, 22:0=1.2%
10.2 6.6 51.9 22.5 0.2 20:0=2.5%. 20:1=3.3%
22:0=2.8%
13.4 10.8 54.5 14.0 0.3 16:1:::::0.2%, 20:0=1.2%
20:1=0.6%
22.0 7.3 35.9 33.6 0.1 20:0=0.3%
31.1 5.7 38.0 19.8 0.4 14:0=1.5%, 16:1=0.9%
20:0=0.3%. 20:1=0.4%
·-
M 0 ....
""' <':I 10 CN
;;i (;: .!""
i~ CN
"1S: is " ""'
"1S: r.;l .. ; ....
' ~ I""
'11':iHn 1 (~O) Q.f ' • <IQ. .. .. ..
'11VtJ1'3/'1101't'W11'11n''1':i /"llfJ 1.;ft
45. 11:'1.111Jmft (Madras's thorn)
Pithccellobium dulce (Mimosaceae)
. .. " 46. 11:111.;'11lJTt1\.!'1 (Mango)
Anacardium occidenrale (Anacardiaceae)
47. ll:lll (Horse radish tree)
Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae)
48. 1.1:m::m1 (Papaya)
Carica papaya (Caricaceae)
48. 11:1JitH (Carabola)
Averrhoa caramboia (Averrhoaceae)
49. 11:1ri
Baccaurea sapida (Euphorbiaceae) 4;:,, ..
50. 111lfl!ll1fr
Ochna kerkii (Ochnaceae)
51. ii-cat}" (Mangosteen)
Garcinia mangostana (Guttiferae)
52. ii'tmm (Yam bean)
Pachyrhizus em.~us (Papilionaceae)
53. ':il'lftfl
Brucea javanica (Simaroufaceae)
54. i11Tttl (Trumpet flower)
Thevetia peruviana (Apocynaceae)
7 aUf! · lm1lJ'lfU
(%) (%)
17.0 25.6
42.4 8.8
22.3 8.8
48.0 7.5
40.6 29.6
21.3 57.3
38.3 32.l
30.5 30.2
25.8 8.4
32.1 9.2
39.0 75.9
SN
179.l
189.0
184.7
185.2
188.2
184.5
198.7
188.5
192.0
181.7
193.5
IV Cl Heat of combustion
HF HO
78.4 56.l 9.64 9.53
84.5 53.2 9.56 9.42
69.3 57.2 9.59 9.47
70.5 56.9 9.61 9.50
83.7 53.6 9.57 9.44
90.6 52.6 9.59 9.47
50.9 59.3 9.49 9.35
46.8 61.7 9.57 9.45
81.7 53.3 9.56 9.43
77.0 56.0 9.62 9.50
80.0 53.5 9.52 9.38
Fatty acid composition (% Area)
16:0 18:0 18:1 18:2 18:3(U)
18.5 3.8 30.8 27.3 l.8
14.3 4.6 59.5 18.8 0.2
5.8 4.2 75.6 0.7 0.2
14.8 4.2 71.0 4.0 0.9
21.4 6.2 42.0 26.0 0.2
24.4 8.3 22.9 30.6 6.7
52.5 l.6 32.5 12.4 0.5
4.9 58.2 18.8 16.9 0.1
32.5 4.0 24.5 33.7 1.0
11.9 8.0 56.5 15.5 0.1
30.9 6.3 29.4 29.6 0.2
4 Oll 'l
16:1=0.2%, 20:0=2.6%
22:0=9.5%
16:1=0.5%, 20:0=0.5%
20:1=0.2%, 22:0=0.1%
14:0=0.2%, 16:1=1.l %
20:0=2.6%, 20:1=2.2%
20:0=1.l %, 20:1=0.7%
14:0=0.4%, 16:1:0.2%
20:0=0.5%, 20:1=0.3%
16:1=0.3%, 20:0=1.0%
20:1=0.2%. 22:0=0.3%
16:1=0.4%
20:0=0.5%
14:0=0.3%, 20:0=0.5%
20:1=0.3%, 22:0=1.2%
16:1=0.4%, 20:0=1.2%
20:1=1.1%
14:0=0.3%, 20:0=1.l %
22:0=0.5%, 24:0=0.5%
'Id" 0 .-4
""' C".l .n CN
;::z IC ,.... r"
~~ CN
-.:;;;
)~ ""'
-.s;: r.;::l
... ... (C;
"" ~ "" ,... C""
fll'H~ll l ('fiti)
IV' .A~ ,,.,A ,1'
\1111BV 1'1/'l!V 1YIV1fflff \111l /'llfJ 1'1ff
55. n:::J.4fl (Sapodilla plum)
Manillcara achras (Sapotaceae)
56. n'lJBTiiflll (Beleric myrobalan)
Terrninalia bellerica (Combretaccae)
57. mm '!riv (Myrabolan wood)
Tecminalia chebula (Combretaceae)
58. n'!::\1110
Parlcia speciosa (Mimosaceae)
59. ff:.:1'11111u (Nccm tree)
Azadiracllta i11dica (Maliaceae)
60. KlJ (Orange)
Citrus aurantium (Rutaceac)
'JI ~ 8 61. n'l.1'111 I tl
Citrus reticulata (Rutaceac)
62. ~lJ 1 tl ( Pummelo)
Citrus maxima (Rutaceac)
63. 'tlll11:J (Tropical almond)
Terminalia catappa (Combretaccae)
"" .. 64. rov::u1v
Myri.:a esculenta (Myritaceae)
iii.lc;i A' fnllJ"lfll SN IV
(%) (%)
25.3 46.9 183.1 62.5
16.8 10.2 184.5 87.0
34.8 8.5 189.5 84.4
23.7 55.9 186.4 93.6
43.6 23.7 187.0 62.7
29.0 32.2 181.4 60.5
43.l 40.4 188.9 93.7
44.8 29.9 184.0 66.9
39.7 8.1 193.7 74.6
44.5 8.5 175.0 83.0
CI Heat of combustion
BF HO
59.0 9.61 9.48
53.3 9.59 9.46
53.1 9.55 9.42
51.5 9.58 9.45
58.4 9.57 9.44
62.0 9.63 9.53
51.1 9.56 9.42
57.9 9.60 9.48
54.7 9.52 9.38
55.8 9.67 9.56
Fatty acid composition (% Area)
16:0 18:0 18:1 18:2 18:3(U) ... BU "]
21.8 8.l 55.4 8.2 0.2 20:0=0.5%. 20:1=0.6%
22:0=0.2%
17.l 12.0 29.6 35.4 0.2 20:0= 1.2'/f;, 22:0=0.4%
16.3 5.0 53.5 21.5 0.4 20:0=0.9%, 20:1=0.3%
22:0=0.7%
22.0 4.7 14.0 47.0 . 20:0=1.4%. 20: 1=0.6%
22:0=8.0%
21.4 20.6 35.1 17.7 0.6 20:0= 1.1 % . 20: 1=0.6%
37.5 6.5 21.9 20.0 1.8 14:0=0.7%, 16:1=2.0%
20:0=0.7%, 20:1=0.7%
25.9 6.4 23.0 37.5 3.3 16:1=0.5%. 20:0=0.4%
35.,1 7.5 23.8 21.8 3.0 14:0=0.5%. 16:1=1.2%
20:0=05%
35.0 5.0 30.3 27.9 16:1=0.3,%, 20:0=0.4%
14.0 4.2 39.8 27.l 0.1 16:1=2.0%, 20:0=0.2%
20:1=0.7%
I.{)
0 .....
