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Leaded Gasoline Phase-out in BiH
Current Status in Countries in the Region
Sarajevo, 6th November 2006Ruslan Zhechkov, REC
This project is financed by UNEP
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Background
• Project funded by the UNEP • BiH roundtable ollow up to a regional project 2005-
2006• Components: - country research; - regional conference and workshop; - identification of follow up measures and needs on a
country and regional level• Building upon SILAQ – Sofia Initiative on Local Air
Quality – launched in 1995 at Environment for Europe Conference
• Covered countries – Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia
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Basic data
Country Total consumption of crude oil (in barrels)
Energy consumption by transport (tones of oil equivalent)
Albania 2,735,500 N/A
Bulgaria 44,134,9240 2,281,000
BiH 7,342,974 N/A
Croatia 32,000,000 1,790,000
Macedonia 8,938,260
Romania 82,448,400 3,541,000 (2000)
SCG 24,255,000 1,588,000
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Legislation: Air Quality and Fuel Quality
• Air Quality: no transposition yet except Bulgaria and Romania – full transposition of EU Air Quality Framework Directive 96/62/EC and Daughter Directives; Emissions into Air: - 94/63/EC (VOCs from petrol); 1999/13/EC (VOCs from solvents); 1999/32/EC (Sulfur content in liquid fuels)
• Fuel Quality: no transposition yet except BG, RO and Croatia which transposed: Council regulation 2964/95 on registration of crude oil imports and deliveries; EC Dir. 98/70/EC on quality of petrol and diesel fuels; EC Dir. 2003/17/EC amending 98/70/EC. Fuel standards for BG, RO, HR are harmonised with 98/70/EC.
_________________________________________________________• Main Fuel Quality Problems: - insufficient control activities;- few or no independent authorized laboratories;- lack of testing equipment, personnel in labs, financial
resources;- database of fuel stations missing in many countries;- illegal practices in the chain between refinery and car tank.
Source: Michael Walsh
Why Are Fuels Why Are Fuels Important?Important?
Fuel Constituents Fuel Constituents Directly AffectDirectly Affect EmissionsEmissions
Fuel Changes Can Fuel Changes Can Immediately Immediately ImpactImpact on Emissions/Air Quality on Emissions/Air Quality
Fuel Composition Can Fuel Composition Can Enable/DisableEnable/Disable Pollution Control Pollution Control TechnologyTechnology
ÖL
Source: Michael Walsh
Motivation For ImprovedMotivation For Improved Fuels Qualities Fuels Qualities
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Hydrocarbons (HC)
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
Particulate matter (PM)
Sulfur (SO2)
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
Greenhouse Gases
ImprovedImprovedfuel qualitiesfuel qualities
ImprovedImprovedair qualityair quality
Environmental Environmental benefitsbenefits
ReducedReducedemissionsemissions
Gasoline – Lead/Sulfur
Diesel –Sulfur
Other Parameters
Improved human health
Reduced corrosion
Improved crop yield
Less acidification, eutrophication and forest damage
Climate Change
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Fuel Quality StandardsCountries Standards
Albania In the phase of the preparation of the new standards according to 98/70/EC.
Bulgaria EU standards applied. Petrol: SR EN 228:2004; Diesel SR EN 590:2004.
Croatia 98/70/EC has been transposed as of 05/2006.
Macedonia Partially harmonized with EU Dir. 98/70/EC. Entered into force in 12/2004. Proposal for new standards for unleaded petrol 98+ and EKO diesel.
Romania EU standards applied. Petrol: SR EN 228:2004; Diesel SR EN 590:2004
SCG For unleaded gasoline from 01.01.2006 the quality is according to standard EN 228.
Turkey Regulation TS 228, based on EN 228 of 98/70/EC completely ban the use of leaded gasoline in 2006.
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Lead content in petrol – current status.
Countries
Status
Albania Ban in 2005. 80% of cars - diesel. Problem with PM. 1 refinery (20% market). Other – imported.
Bulgaria Leaded petrol banned in 01/2004. Privatisation Neftochim by Lukoil. Fuel requirements included in the contract. 1 refinery – 100% market.
BiH Ban planned for 2010. 1 refinery still to be privatized (6%). Import – Croatia (64%), Hungary (18%) and Serbia (11%)
Croatia Lead banned since 1/2006. 2 refineries.
Macedonia 12/2004 decrease of lead content (leaded petrol) from 0.6 g/l to 0.15 g/l and from 0.02 g/l to 0.013 g/l in unleaded. Ban planned for 2006. Deadline will not be kept. Legislation not ready. Refinery needs more time.
Romania Lead banned since 12/2004. 8 refineries. MTBE used and other oxygenates.
SCG 60% leaded fuel on the market. 2 refineries in process of privatization. No date for lead phase-out. Use of MMT.
Turkey Lead banned in 1/2006. Problem with sulphur. 350ppm diesel – 75%. MMT and potassium used.
CEE Banned between 1995 (Slovakia and Slovenia) and 2003 (Poland). Fuel quality compliant with EU legislation.
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Sulphur and lead content in petrol and diesel –
national specificationsCountry Nat.
specif. (max) (mg/kg) – S in petrol
Nat. specif. (max) (mg/kg) – S in diesel
Nat. specif. (max) (g/l) – Pb in petrol
Albania 150 500 0.005
Bulgaria 150 (50 after 2007)
350 (50 after 1/1/2007)
0.005
BiH 50 50 0.005
Croatia 50 50 0.005
Macedonia
150 350 0.013
Romania 150 (50 after 2007)
350 (50 after 2007)
0.005
SCG 2,000 10,000 0.020
• Direction of quality improvement in EU:
- gasoline: 150→50
- diesel 350→50
• Leading oil companies <10(compulsory after 2009)
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Croatia• Regulation on petrol fuel quality adopted in May - transposition of
98/70/EC and amendments relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels, and 1999/32/EC and amendments relating to a reduction in the sulphur content in fuels.
• The national specification on content of Pb and S in fuel - same as those in EU.
• Only lead-free fuel is marketing in Croatia from 01. January 2006.• Limit value of S content in fuels:- petrol up to 50 mg/kg of fuel- diesel up to 50 mg/kg of fuel- gas oils and marine gas oils up to 0,2 % m/m- marine diesel oils up to 1,5 % m/m- heavy fuel oils up to 1,0 % m/m• The investment process in refineries started and it will be finished till the
end of 2011. year. KTI is building Claus unit in Refinery Sisak and first stage of modern. of Refinery Rijeka is in preparation. Plans are to invest 340 mil. euro in Sisak and 404 mil euro in Rijeka.
• Under preparation:- Regulation on the technical standards for environmental protection of
VOC emissions resulting from the storage and distribution of petrol” harmonized with Directive 94/63/EC for adoption. (final phase)
- Regulation dealing with emissions in the air from large stationary sources, harmonized with LCP-Directive 2001/80/EC.
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Light-duty Vehicles Legislation
Directive 98/69/EC, since 1 January 2000
Source: P. Good, Commission DG Industry, Hart’s World Fuels & Refining Conference, Brussels 2005
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Vehicle emissions
• Diesel passenger cars 10%-30%. BiH (>50%), SCG (>30%)• LDV, HDV, buses – mostly diesel• No info on converters - BiH (57%), SCG (30%)• Old fleet – mostly 11-20 years, few new ones – BG (36%, >20 years)• Own production – Romania and SCG• Limitations on import (age cap BiH, MK, SCG)• Domestic vehicle production – Romania, SCG
Country Number of vehicles
Albania 274,652
Bulgaria 3,165,279
BiH 731,000
Croatia 1,461,000
Macedonia 444,000
Romania 3,318,208
SCG 1,801,000
Turkey 7,806,000
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Proximity To Truck Traffic Linked To Lung Function in Children
1 860
1 920
1 980
2 040
2 100
7500 12500 17500 22500
Truck Traffic Density
Lun
g Fu
nctio
n in
lite
r
FEV1
Source: Brunekreef, Epidemiology; 8: 298-303
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Promotion of environment friendly vehicles
Countries Measures
Bulgaria Differentiation of customs fees acc. to age.
BiH Age limit for import.
Croatia EURO III engine installed for new cars and EURO II - for used cars; Fee structure favours newer cars; Cars with converters pay ½ registration fee.
Macedonia Age limit for import.
Romania Only EURO III motor vehicles. Scrappage programme.
SCG Age limit for import.
Turkey State subsidy for banning cars older than 30 years.
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Joint Conclusion from Conference (1)
Lead phase-out should involve:
• lead removal from gasoline as soon as feasible;• instituting national regulations to ban leaded gasoline, with official dates;• improved monitoring/control of fuel quality;• information campaigns for better understanding of lead phase-out (public, fuel stations, possible blood level lead monitoring) and applicability of unleaded gasoline;• launching of vehicle renewal programmes (e.g. scrappage);• improved vehicle import regulations (to include age limits and catalytic converters); and• improved interaction on all levels of governance.
Reducing sulphur should involve:
• public awareness on the benefits of cleaner fuels (including NGOs) and awareness for decision makers• highlighting the importance of fuel taxes to the economy (check with government inspectors and policy);• ISO accredited labs that are independent from producers (country specific);• for poor quality refineries, designation of fuel for non-transport use, for industrial boilers, and marine, domestic heating (temporary measure);• availability of mobile testing labs for testing fuel quality (at least for sulphur and colour marking);• modernising the equipment of state-owned labs;• training personnel on fuel quality control;• higher tax for dirty fuels compared to cleaner fuels;• sliding scale for penalties (starting with lower); and • implementation of national plans for step-by-step sulphur reduction.
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Joint Conclusion from Conference (2)
Promoting cleaner vehicles should involve:
• public awareness raising;• training for policy makers;• improving access to information;• introduction of fiscal incentives;• launching a discussion on how to harmonise the second-hand car market
(standardisation);• introduction of differentiated environmental taxes; • work with other stakeholders and the private sector; and • retrofitting for older vehicles.________________________________________________________________________The participants concluded that:
• There is a need for coordinated national and regional action for improvement of vehicle fuel quality and reduction of vehicle emissions.
• Fuels and vehicle quality and public transport issues need to be integrated in national and local environmental and sustainable development plans.
• There should be increased participation in the PCFV from CEE and Turkey. All participants from this event are invited to join the PCFV.
• A regional network of experts and practitioners is established to support the above actions. In close cooperation with the PCFV, the REC will facilitate the network operation.
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Other Recommendations• Exchange of experiences with other countries; • Needs assessment for the development and use of non-lead
lubricating additives; • Research into the feasibility of using unleaded gasoline in cars
with soft exhaust valve seats; • Ensuring access to the necessary financial support for refinery
modernization; • Technological development of refineries; • Requirements for lead phase-out in the privatization of refineries;• Introduction and enforcement of vehicle emissions and gasoline
standards; • Modernization of the control system for periodic technical
inspection of vehicles; • Fitting of cars with catalytic converters and other pollution
control devices; • Development of the production and distribution systems to
improve the supply of unleaded gasoline and lubricating additives; • Implementation of policy incentives to increase the market share
of unleaded gasoline and speed up the complete phase-out of leaded gasoline.
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• Consult the Central and Eastern Europe Clean Fuels and Vehicles website - http://www.rec.org/rec/programs/pcfv/
• Join the CEE fuels and vehicles experts mailing list!
