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Lean Six Sigma for Hospitals Toc

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Page 1: Lean Six Sigma for Hospitals Toc
Page 2: Lean Six Sigma for Hospitals Toc

Contents

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Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xi

C H A P T E R 1

Simple Steps to a Faster Hospital . . . . . . . . . . .1

Goal: Accelerate the Patient’s Experience of Healthcare . . . .1A Faster Emergency Department in Five Days . . . . . . . . . . . .3Faster Door-to-Balloon (D2B or DTB) Time in Five Days . . . .6A Faster Operating Room in Five Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7Faster Medical Imaging in Five Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8A Faster Lab in Five Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9A Faster Nursing Unit in Five Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13The Problem Isn’t Where You Think It Is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13Take the Domino’s Challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15How to Get a Faster Hospital in Five Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

C H A P T E R 2

Lean for Accelerated Patient Flow . . . . . . . . . .19

Mind the Gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20Value-Stream Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20If They Can Do It in Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

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The Fast Eat the Slow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23Core Score . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24Speed Saves Lives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25You Already Understand Lean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28The Power Laws of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29Economies of Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30The Toyota Production System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30Core Ideas of Lean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31The Lean Mindset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33The Seven Speed Bumps of Lean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34The Five S’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36Value-Stream Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37Pull versus Push . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38Redesign for One-Piece Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38Lean Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41Walking Is Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45Lean Principle—Load Leveling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48Lean Principle—Minimize Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48Theory of Constraints (TOC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49Get the Idea? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

C H A P T E R 3

Simple Steps to a Better Hospital . . . . . . . . . .53

A Better Emergency Department (ED) in Five Days . . . . . . .54A Better Clinical Staff in Five Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54A Better Operating Room (OR) in Five Days . . . . . . . . . . . . .55A Better Pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63Better Order Accuracy in Five Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64Better Medical Imaging in Five Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68A Better Lab in Five Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68A Better Nursing Unit in Five Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70Better Diagnoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72A Better Intensive-Care Unit (ICU) in Five Days . . . . . . . . . .72

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Misuse of Antibiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74Bar Codes Bust Medication Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75The Problem Isn’t Where You Think It Is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75I Pledge Allegiance to Science and Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . .77Simple Steps to a Better Hospital in Five Days . . . . . . . . . . .79

C H A P T E R 4

Reducing Defects with Six Sigma . . . . . . . . . .81

Invisible Low-Hanging Fruit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82Six Sigma’s Problem-Solving Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83Getting to Lean Six Sigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84Key Tools for Defect Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84Problem-Solving Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85The 4-50 Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104Six Sigma Tar Pits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104Become a Lean Six Sigma Detective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108Mistakes, Defects, and Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111Measurement Simplicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113Accidents Don’t Just Happen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115Analysis Is Easy . . . If You Know What to Look For . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115

C H A P T E R 5

Simple Steps to a Cheaper (More Profitable) Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117

Faster + Better = Cheaper and More Profitable! . . . . . . . . . .117Reducing Denied Claims in Five Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120Reducing Rejected Claims in Five Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122Reducing Appealed Claims in Five Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127How to Get a Cheaper (More Profitable) Hospital in Five Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131Insights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133

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C H A P T E R 6

Six Sigma for Hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135

Double Your Profits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135Manufacturing and Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137Tricks of the Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138The Faster, Better, Cheaper Toolkit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140Every Business Has Two Sources of Cash Flow . . . . . . . . . .141Every Business Process Has Three Big Leaks . . . . . . . . . . . .142Every Business Has Two Improvement Focuses . . . . . . . . .143The Universal Improvement Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148Lean Six Sigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152

C H A P T E R 7

Excel Power Tools for Lean Six Sigma . . . . .155

The QI Macros for Excel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156The QI Macros Are Easy to Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156QI Macros Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157Power Tools for Lean Six Sigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168Analyzing Customer Service Data Hidden in Trouble-Reporting Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169Setting Up Your Data in Excel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172Data Collection and Measurement for Six Sigma . . . . . . . .175Mistake-Proof Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178Troubleshooting Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185Technical Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186Chartjunk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186Get the Idea? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188

C H A P T E R 8

Is There an Improvement Project in My Data? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189

Data Mining with Excel and the QI Macros PivotTable Wizard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189

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Word Count . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195PivotTable Wizard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196Get the Idea? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202

C H A P T E R 9

Sustaining Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205

Process Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206Control Charts for Sustaining the Improvement . . . . . . . . .208Control Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219

C H A P T E R 1 0

Laser-Focused Process Innovation . . . . . . . .221

Focusing the Improvement Effort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221Critical-to-Quality Indicators (CTQs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228SIPOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228Balanced Scorecard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230Quality Management Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232

C H A P T E R 1 1

Statistical Tools for Lean Six Sigma . . . . . . . .235

Hypothesis Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235Hypothesis Testing for Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236Hypothesis Testing for Means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239Analysis of Variance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249Are Your Data Normal? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251Tests of Proportion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256Chi-Square Tests in Excel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257Determining Sample Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267

C H A P T E R 1 2

Implementing Lean Six Sigma in Hospitals . .269

Excuses, Excuses, Excuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270

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Decisive Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271Crisis Junkies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273Minor in Major Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274Getting the Right People Involved with Lean Six Sigma . .275The Improvement Mindset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275Talent versus Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279New CEOs Can Kill Lean Six Sigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280Be a Money Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281Our Reward Systems Are Broken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282Barriers to Lean Six Sigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283Here’s My Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284Management by Quality (MBQ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285Why Do Six Sigma Teams Fail? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288“Bridezilla” Meets Lean Six Sigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292Here’s My Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293Making Lean Six Sigma Successful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293What’s Wrong with Most Lean Six Sigma Training? . . . . . .300Are You a Lean Six Sigma Salmon? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304Risk-Free Way to Implement Lean Six Sigma . . . . . . . . . . . .310Can Lean Six Sigma Kill Your Hospital? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319Assets and Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320Innovation Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323Religion of Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325Conflicting Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326Honor Your Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .328The Hard Work Is Soft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329Lean Six Sigma Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329Get a Faster, Better, Cheaper Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .330

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337

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