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Correct dtation: PSMIL (Postgraduate Programme on Environmental Studies). 2015. Proceeding of the International Symposium on Sustainability Sdence: Understanding Climate Change Phenomena for Human Well-Being, 8-9 September 2014, Universitas Padjadjaran, West Java, Indonesia.

Website:www.sss2014.unpad.ac.id E-mail: insys2014@gmail.com

Chair of Organizing Committee: Prof. Oekan S Abdoellah, MA., Ph.D

Conference Reviewers: Prof. Johan Iskandar, M.Sc., Ph.D

Dr. Tb. Benito A. Kurnani, Ir., Dip., EST. Chay Asdak, M.Sc., Ph.D

Budhi Gunawan, M.Sc., Ph.D Prof. Dr. Erri Noviar Megantara

Proceeding Editors: Parikesit, M.Sc., P.hD Sunardi, M.Si., Ph.D

Dr. Susanti Withaningsih, M.Si

Program Committee and Publications: lka Anisya, M.I.L.

Nadia Istlqomah, M.I.L., M.Sc Linda Yustikasari, M.I.L., M.Sc

Miranti Ariyani, M.I.L. Gemilang Lara Utama, M.I.L.

Hafsah, M.I.L. Ghea Sakti Maharani, M.I.L. Rina Febriani, M.I.L., M.Sc. M. Ramdhan Firdaus, S.Si.

PROCEEDING INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SUSTAINABILITV SCIENCE

ISBN : 978-602-72141..0·1

Postgraduate Programme on Environmental Studies Universitas Padjadjaran

2015

Proceeding International Symposium on Sustainability Science ISBN : 978·602-72141·0·1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................................. i

THE CHAIR OF SYMPOSIUM MEMORIAL LECTURE ......... - ....................................................... ii , TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................... iii -vi

KEYNOTE'S ABSTRACT Prof. Dr.'P. K. Ramachandran Nair Prof. Hans Bressers

Prof. Takao Yoshimatsu

Sustainability Science :A New Emerging Field Beyond Environmental Sciences Sustainability Governance In 1\ Glocalized World: Governance Qualities To Meet The Challenges Climate Change and Its Impact on Aquaculture

1 1

2

3

Dr. Osamu Saito Sustainability Science in the Context of Biodiversity and 4 Ecosystem Services : Integrated Ecosystem Assessment In Socio-Ecological Production Landscapes

Parikesit, Ph.D Towards a New Generation of Sustainability :The Needs for 5 Trans-disciplinary Learning Process in Higher Education

Plenary session discussion note 6 - 9

JOURNAL

Scope 1 : Resilience, Adaptation, Mitigation, and Opportunities of Climate Change Efraim S, Saut Sand Elizabeth R joy Clancy

Sabrina H A, Nur K A M, and Husniyah Y. Asni I dan Agung H L

Dodon Y, Saut S, Fernando Sand Wahyu L Praditya A, Saut S, Aplian A P, and Efraim s Engkus Kusnadi

Junia A P and Tri D K P

Merry A, Yuyun Y and Tualar S A B Susanto, Galih S A and Nur IF Kusdianti, lriawati, Diky S D, Gagas P I, Bhargavi P, M

Promoting Sister City Concept for Sustainable and Resilient Cities: Indonesian Cities in the Face of Climate Change Living with A Changing Climate: Vulnerability and Resilience Viewed Through A Gender Lens Education for Sustainable Consumption: An Analysis of the Malaysian Secondary School Curriculum Carbon Stock in Tree Biomass in Forest-Agricultural Land Use in West Java (Case Study: Ci)endil Village, Cianjur) Household Vulnerability to Environmental Change: Examining Adaptive Capacity of Households of Flood Risks in Palembang Green Infrastructure Implementation in Flood Mitigation Context (Case Study: Flood Canals in Semarang)

Towards Green Economy: The Development of Sustainable Agricultural and Rural Development Planning, The Case on Upper Citarum River Basin West java Province Indonesia Seagrass Community Structure in Tunda Island Gulf of Ban ten Effect of Water Level Management on Yield of Lowland Rice in Sobari System Synthesis of Seaweed nanoparticles : Potential and Application Transcriptom Profiling Of In Vitro Culture Of Banana (Musa acuminoto) Tolerant To Salt Stress

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19- 26

27-31

32 - 37

38- 4.4·

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Proceeding International Symposium on Sustainability Science ISBN : 978-602-72141-0-1

Genaleen D, Nocole Z, John E C, and Sri N B w Lida A, Sri N B, Widiyanto and Taufikurahman Nono C, Quddus AQM, Rangga JW, Anas, Dian! D, M Herman, Ryo Ohsawa, Ayako S, and Hiroshi E

The Growth and Chromium Content of Banana Plant (Musa acuminata) cv. Ambon Lumut in Chromium Stress Condition Evaluation on Invasiveness and Agronomic Traits of Transgenic Tomato with Miraculin Gene

Fitra Y, Sri B K P and Heat Tolerance Identification on Adult Madura Breeds Cow Eten M N According to Rhoad and Benezra Coefficient Scope 1 Seminar session discussion note

Scope 2 : Pla nning, governance a nd m anagem ent cap acities Wabyu W, Fabrice R Mainstreaming of Eco-DRR to Implement Integrated and Karen S Water Resources Management in Indonesia Kamia Handayani Opportunities for Climate Cha nge Mitigation in The

Indonesia's Power Sector Juli Nurdiana, An Analysis From Vlieland Consumer's Perspective: A Suwardhika D, Iqbal Step Forward to be Zero Waste Island M and Natawijaya R

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81-86

87 - 90

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94 95-100

101-107

108-118

NiLuh Widyaningsih, Household Solid Waste Management System Through 119 - 122 Prijono Sustainable Consumption Tjiptoherijanto· Sulistyoweni Widanarko, Francisia SS Ery Sed a

Fernando S, Saut S, Dodon Y,and Ayumas W Akhmad F H, Benny ), and Engkus K W

Linda Y and Luloffs KRD Annisa J A a nd Jon C L JokoT H

Atikah N, lsni N, and lne M

Hertien Koosbandiab Sand Syamsul B

Spatial model of Wetland Use Change and Flood Occurrence in Residential Areas

The Region Development Planning Of Sustainable Agropolitan (Case Study : Poncokusumo Sub District, Malang. East Java) Water Resource Management under Climate Change: Implications for Sustainable Use on Karst Terrain Globalization and Domestic Policy Change: The Case of Mandatory Palm Oil Certification Policy In Indonesia Development Special Allocation Fund for Energy Efficiency in Indonesia Resource Management analysis Of Aquaculture Sustainability (Case Study: Floating Net Cages Reservoir in Cirata) Thematic Map of Cikapundung Catchment Based on Bioindicator Benthos

Yonik MY and Leony Modelling Design and Parameters of Water Quality of L Cikapundung River, Bandung Scope 2 Seminar session discussion note

123-130

131 - 136

137-143

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Proceeding International Symposium on Sustainability Science ISBN : 978-602-72141·0·1

Scope 3 : Indigenous Knowledge, Local Initiatives, and Education related to Climate Change Elisabeth R Community Based Wildfire Management in Indonesia

Ardini Rand Ahyani R Clean and Healthy Living Behavior at Household Setting as an Important Determinant Health in Bandung Urban Area

Jendra S, Prayatni S, Tresna D K, Marisa H Opan S

Napsiah

Dede Tresna W Oot H, Paulus W, Hadi S A, and Setyo M

Important Factors of Open Defecation Controlling Effol't:S in Greater Ban dung Urban Slum Area Climate Change and Plant Times (Studies in Rice Cultivation Strategy Farmers, Case Study: Leuwihideung Village Darmaraja Subdistrict, Sumedang) Action of Local People to The Environment of Slope Merapi Yogyakarta Role of Women in Sustainable Agroforesty Environmental Awareness, Interests, and Motives of Bogar Botanic Gardens Visitors : Implications for Interpretive Practices

Scope 3 Seminar session discussion note

Scope 4 : Applicable Innovation Technology to Encounter Climate Change Safrinal S, P Purwanto and B Riyanto Nurrobman Wijaya

Annisa J A, Chay A, Oekan SA, Jon C. L Miranti A, Cbay A, and TotokH Saptarining W, Haryoto K, Jatna S, H.M.H. Bintoro D Bob A, Titin S, Nia R and Kartini K Hafsah, Chay A, and Parikesit Mocbamad R F, lin S N, and Sunardi Dewi S, Sandra A A, Sudarsono, Atra R, Aline S H, and Erick R

---7 Sandra A A, Dewi S, Tuba gus K K A, Eka MDR Yayan S and Suhara

Devianti, Nurpilihan Bafdal, Chay Asdak, Edy Suryadi

Potential For C02 Emmision In Transpostation Sector and Reduction Strategies Analysis Related to Greenhouse Gas in Semarang Current Practice and Performance of Climate Change Adaptation Measures in the Coastal City ofSemarang, Indonesia The Development Of Local Ecological Criteria For Sustainable Oil Palm Plantation in Belitung Island Grey Water Footprint Analysis of Rice-Straw Pulp : Toward an Adaptive Strategy to Climate Change Assessment Of Agriculture Commodities: Sago Palm, Oil Palm, and Paddy on Peatland in Effort to Mitigation of Climate Change Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Fungi and Sustainability of Artisanal Gold Mining Waste Disposal Site Revegetation Comparasion Of Consumptive Water On Conventional and Semi Organic Method Potato Cultivation Productivity of Spirulinafusiformis, (Vorinichin) in Plastic Photobioreactor with Sunlight Filtering Breeding, Clonal Propagation and Application of Molecular Marker Analysis of Phalaenopsis

Indonesian Phalaenopsis amabilis Poliploidization using Colchicine

Diversity and Abundance of Collembola in UP! Botanical Garden Pattern of Land Cover Change Towards Total Erosion in Cimanuk Upstream Sub Watershed

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Scope 4 Seminar session discussion note 274-277

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PLENARY SESSION DISCUSSION NOTE

Date: 8th September, 2014 Keynote Speaker : Prof. Dr. P.K. Ramachandran Nair (University of Florida, USA) Title : Sustainability Science: Beyond Environmental Sciences Time of presentation: 10.30-11.00 WIB

Question and Answer

Titi (Social Department) Q: Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Actually, what standards we use to define those needs? Because each country has different standards, how do we define equality oflife or standard of living?

A: One size is not fit to all. That is hard for us to equalize living standards across the country. There are many standards, but equality is not the concept or goal of sustainable development The important point is how to keep the quality oflife is maintained.

Gunawan (Universitas Padjadjaran) Q: Agroforestry is a traditional way in managing natural resources. In Indonesia, the management of technology often fail. Sometimes local knowledge become good solutions. Why technology and local knowledge is never in sync? In context of sustainable development, what exactly is the traditional solution? To change the use of technology or for conservation efforts?

A: There is confusion about the concept of technology. Technology is the application of science to improve the livelihood income. An example Is the mobile phone. A technology usually created based on the suitability of human needs. The key to sustainable development is the concept of basic human needs and limitations that can be supported with technology.

Dede Tresna (Anthropology lecturer, Universitas Padjadjaran) Q: How is your opinion of women role in meeting the needs of the household?

A: Women play an important role in various aspects, including in agroforestry. Sustainable land use systems, often played by women. Dependence and the role of women in the use of forest resources is greater than men. It is characterized by the increasing women workload around the forest, both in domestic work and management of forest resources.

Nurrohman (lnstitut Teknologi Bandung) Q: How the implementation of agroforestry to sustainable development?

A: Agroforestry has close connection with climate change as it relates to economic, social and many other aspects. The most important thing is agroforestry produce agricultural products that can improve the quality of human life.

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Proceeding International Symposium on Sustainability Science ISBN : 978·602·72141..0·1

Keynote Speaker : Prof. Hans Dressers (Twente University, the Netherland) Title : Sustainability Governance in a Glocalized World: Governance Qualities

to meet the challenges Time of presentation: 11.00·11.30 WID

Question and Answer

Hertu (Ministry of Law and Human Rights) Q: How we can use sustainable energy for transportation sector?

A: Energy which can be used for transportation is renewable energy. Nevertheless, it should be identified on the part of energy which are suitable for transportation.

Dede Tresna (Anthropology lecturer, Universitas Padjadjaran) Q: How we can open their eyes about the effects when they cut down trees?

A: It is too naive if we blame them for cutting the trees. So we must thinking about issue of equality, we need to think about alternatives behavior, change their livelihood to support them and their families. The alternative plan is to meet the solution through the power of institutions, funding, policy and sustainable alternative. It is our collective responsibility to maintain the sustainablllty of forests.

Dara Manuruk (Universitas Indonesia) Q: Base on your presentation about collaborative strategic, when it can be applicate?

A: The collaborative strategic can be applied in mitigation or prevention policies. Collaborative strategy is adaptation and prevention policies that can generate action or collaborative action.

Adela (Universitas Padjdjaran) Q: What should we do if we want to do bottom-up or top down approach to people who are not educated such as farmer??

A: You can do the combination of It, so the local farmer not as an individual but groups that representing the local authorities. The important is to create not just policy document but also policy act as a complete of them.

Keynote Speaker : Prof. Takao Yoshimatsu (MIE University, Japan)

Title : Climate Change and Its Impact on Aquaculture

Time of presentation: 13.30-14.00 WIB

Question and Answer

A B Susanto (Universitas Diponegoro) Q: Which one is the important issue? Aquaculture in Terrestrial or Seawater?

A: Both are Important For instance, a big storm coming In from the outside of the ocean can be caused by ocean acidification. ·

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Proceeding International Symposium on Sustainablllty Science ISBN: 978·602·72141..0·1

Juli (Universitas Padjadjaran) Q: How the concept of aquaculture can avoid environmental degradation and extinction of several marine organisms?

A: Currently aquaculture research and development are very limited. Therefore, it is need more research and scientific reports.

Anwar Syarif Q: Climate change can have a negative impact on aquaculture. What should we do besides reducing COz?

A: COz is not a major problem. Climate change is a natural phenomenon that has lasted long time and the increasing of COz caused by human activity. Therefore we need change the people to environment-friendly behavior.

Zahra Q: Which is more important, the development of freshwater or marine aquaculture?

A: Both of them are important and need scientific report to conduct more detail.

Kamia Handayani (PT. PLN) Q: Which one is more danger? Temperature rice or acidification?

A: Both are equally dangerous.

Date: 9th September, 2014 Keynote Speaker : Dr. Osamu Saito (United Nations University, Japan) Title : Sustainability Science in the Context of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Time of presentation : 09.00-09.20 WIB

lndra (Universitas Padjadjaran) Q: What do you think about pekarangan which planted in monoculture?

A: Not good due to lack of diversity. It is better to have more different plants.

Elisabeth (RDI) Q: Can Saotomi and Satoyama adapt to urban/city society?

A: Yes. It is a part of international agenda. .

Yeri(Universitas Padjadjaran) Q: Which one is better, village sustainability or city sustainability?

A: Both were good. It necessary to evaluate dependency between town and country, because both are affect to each other.

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Proceeding International Symposium on Sustainability Science ISBN: 978·602·72141·0·1

Keynote Speaker : Parikesit Ph.D (Deprtment Biology & Graduate Programme on Environmental Studies, Universitas Padjadjaran)

Title : Towards a New Generation of Sustainability: The Needs for Trans­disdpllnary Learning Process in. Higher Education

Time of presentation : 09.20-09.55 WIB

Indra (Universitas Padjadjaran) Q: How should education about sustainability science be taught? Teach it separately or integrated with existing studies?

A: Depending on the circumstances. In Unpad, incorporate with relevant discipline.

Muhammad (Universitas Padjadjaran) Q: Do we have to distinguish between a generation and start sustainability science education on the next generation? Or we can start now?

A: Sustainability science should be taught in formal and informal education. Sustainability science should be part of our daily live.

Souphaline (Intitut Teknologi Ban dung) Q: Are organic farming and GMO was solution for sustainable agriculture?

A: Integrated sustainable agriculture in agricultural science is the key.

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Proceeding International Symposium on Sustalnablllty Science ISBN: 978-602-72141.0·1

INDONESIAN Phalaenopsis amabilis POLIPLOIDIZATION USING COLCIDCINE

Sandra Arifin Aziz1, Dewi Sukma1

, Tubagus Kiki Kawakibi Azmi1and Eka Martha Della Rahayu2

1 Bogor AP.fcultural University, Bogor, Indonesia. UP/, Bogor Botanical Gardens.

sandraaz1s@yahoo.com

Abstract -The potted or cut Phalaenopsls sp. bas high economic value. The size, stalk length and Rower number, colour, sbelfUfe and pest resistant determined the plant quality. For Indonesia new varieties development Is Important, since moat of the Plullamopsls hybrids In the market were Introduced. On the other band orchid Is suffering from uncertain future through over exploltadoo, habitat lou through human activities and Impact or c:Umate change. In nature endopolyploidy oc:c:un to cope with environment changes, such as Increasing temperature. drought and bigb radiation caused by global warming. Tbls reaearc:h was aimed to lind new varieties or Indonesian PhaiiUllopsls amaiJUls from poUploldlzatlon using c:olchldne. Tbe first experiment used Dower, bud, and spike with 0, 50, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg r' In c:olcbldne for 3 and 5 days arranged In Randomized Complete Block Design. Tbe second experiments were In vitro experiments In half strength of Murashlg~koog (112 MS) Uquld media, using: (a) protoc:orms lmmened with 0, 05, 5, 25, SO, and 75 mg r• c:olchidne arranged In Randomized Complete Block Deslgo, (b) plant!ets lmmened with 0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 mg 1'1 colchldne arranged In Randomized Complete Block Design. Both experiments produced polyploid plants.

Keywords -Colchicine, global warming, Indonesia, Phalaenopsls amabills, varie.(y.

I. INTRODUCTION

The potted or cut Phalaenopsls sp. has high economic wlue. The size, stalk length and flower number, colour, shelf life and pest resistant determined the plant quality. For Indonesia new varieties development is important, since most of the Phalaenopsls hybrids in the market were introduced. Orchid is suffering from uncertain future through over exploitation, habitat loss through human activities and impact of climate change. Climate change as abiotic factor affected most plant, and especially Pha/aenopsls sp. as one of orchid species through increased global temperature. In Asia, climate change occours rapidly due to compound pressures on natural resources and the environment associated with rapid urbanization, industrialization and economic development (Barman and Nevadas, 2013). Plant responses to water stress is becoming increasingly important. On global basis, drought in soil and/or atmospheric water deficit, in conjunction with coincident high temperature and radiation, poses as the most important environmental constrains to plant survival and crop productivity. The importance of time in shaping may change dramatically according to genotypes and environment. Long time responses to low humidity, high temperature, and high light were shoot growth inhibition, reduce transpiration area, gene responses, metabolic acclimatization in the shoot region, and turgor maintenance, sustained root growth, increased root/shoot, and increase absobtion area in the root region. In the ease of rapid dehydration, plants reacts by minimising water loss or exhibiting metabolic protection (induced or constitutive) against the damaging effect of dehydration or co-developing oxidative stress. Other the plastic adaptation of photosynthesis to drought occurs in inducible CAM plants (Chaves et al. 2003).

In Phalaenopsls amabl/13 var. Formosa young leaves or leaves from small juvenile plants had higher day time C02 fixation compared to mature leaves or large plants, suggesting

that leaves progressed from C3-CAM to CAM during the course of maturation (Guo and Lee 2006). CAM plant has developed strategy to fix carbon dioxide for sugar production with minimum lou of water, with some of the characteristics are stomata are opened in the night, growth impaired and plants reduce their foliar area to limit evaporation, and has spongy tissues acting as reservoirs (Xoconostle-Cazares et al. 2011).

In nature endopolyploidy occurs to cope with environment changes, such as increasing temperature, drought and high radiation caused by global warming. Endopolyploidy could boost plant metabolism, with the result that improve yield and plant quality (Comai 2005), accelerate growth and encourage physiological function (Barow 2006). Endopolyploidy reported on some orchid species and hybrids, such as Dendroblum spp. (Iones and Kuehnle 1998), Phalaenopsls spp. (Lin et al. 2001). On Phalaenopsls equestrls different level of nucleus polyploidy found on many tissue, such as in flower, leaf and root (Tang and Chen 2007). Chen et al. (2011) also reported endopolyploidy mostly found on mature tissue than younger tissue, in greenhouse plants than in in vitro culture, and in diploid plants than the tetraploid ones. Tetraploids on Phal. amabills found in 1930 (Vaughn and Vaughn 1973). Many efforts performed to find new polyploid orchids, some researchers used colchicines. Griesbach (1985) reported polyploid induction on orchid PLB using O.S mg 1'1 on MS medium put in dark condition for I 0 days. Burun and Emiroglou (2008) found 29.7% polyploid from tobacco anther culture immersed in 0.4% colchicines for 6 hours, and 6()0.4 polyploid from embryoids immersed in 0.2% colchicines for 3 hours.tn this research, new Pha/aenopsls hybrids being made to be able to cope with this global warming challenges and has big flower from polyploidization. The purpose of this research is to find new varieties of Indonesian Phalaenopsls amaiJIIIs from poliploidization using colchicines.

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Proceeding International Symposium on Sustalnablllty Science ISBN: 978-602·72141·0·1

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Figure I. %polyploid of colchicine treated flower, bud, PLB, and planlet compared to without colchicine

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The first experiment used flower, bud, and spike with 0, SO, SOO, 1000 and 2000 mg 1"1 treated with colchicine for 3 and S days arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design. Pod produced genninated in Knudson C media. Setting and crossing with untreated flower performed on flower from bud treated with colchicine. The second experiments were in vitro experiments in half strength of Murashige-Skoog (1/2 MS) liquid media, using: (a) protoconn like bodies (PLB) immersed with 0, 0.5, S, 25, SO, and 75 mg 1"1 colchicine arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design, (b) plantlets immersed with 0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 mg 1'1 colchicine arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design. Cytological chromosome counting observed at the end of each experiment, except for bud using % probable polyploidy based on shortened and thickened root observed.

% probable polyploid bud treated with colchicine = number of probable polyploid plantletl25 x IOQ11At

III. REsULTS

Both experiments produced polyploid plants. Only flower and bud treated with colchicine produced polyploid plants in the first experiment Percentage of pod fonned from flower treated with colchicine was 71.42-20.0Q11At (3 days treatment) and 85.71-0% (S days treatment). Number of pod fanned decline with higher colchicine concentration. Flower treated with colchicine 500 mg 1"1 for 3 days, 1000, and 2000 mg 1'1

produced pod with seeds that not germinated (Figure I). Spike treated with colchicine produced new lateral spike with Oowers, but not in the treated ones.

PLBs and plantlets treated with colchicine produced polypoid plants. Percentage of polyploid from colchicine treated Oower, bud, PLB, and planlet compared to without

colchicine can be seen in Figure I. Reduction of life percentage, number of roots, leaf and shoot, shortened and thickened root, and smaller plantlet height were observed in polyploid plants (Table 1).

Table l. Reduction of Mcnpbological Cbanlcteristics

Reduction Ia Pro iiHiiles Treated with Colcbldae PLB Plaatfet Flower Bud

Ufc percentallc (%) 0-13 7-80 0-57.14 0-28.8 Root number 1.67- 0.82-2.12 - -

2.06 Leaf number 1.67- 0.43-1.6 - -

2.03 Shoot number 0-4.41 0.16-2.47 - -Rootlenath (em) - - 0.93-1.12 -Root width Cmml - - -f0.07-0.37) -

Not observed

IV. DISCUSSION

Many plant physiologists and morphologists found the inseparable relationship between fonn and function (Kaplan 2001). Morphological changes observed in two experiments in all parumeters. The thickening and shortening of plantlets caused by colchicine application brought on some questions of plant mechanism to overcome higher temperature and drought In Catt/eya walkerlana and Oncidlum • Aloha' water availability modulated CAM expression in organ-compartmented manner (Rodrigues et al. 2013). The photosynthetic characteristic of tropical On:hidaceae with leaf thickness < I mm typically perfonn C3 fixation, while those with thicker leaves usually perfonn crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) (Neals and Hew 1975). Phalaenopsls that has thick leaves with large vacuole in the parenchyma cells is expected to exlu'bit CAM photosynthesis (Hew and Young 2004, Silvera et al. 2005) as observed in several hybrids (Ota et al. 1991). The

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photosynthetic specialization of CAM has evolved many times in response to selective pressures imposed by water limitation (Borland et al. 20 II).

Endopolyploidy caused by colchicine application, produced thickened and shortened plantlets, also probable CAM plantlets that has ability overcome global warming. Further study need to be established to prove that polyploids Phalaenopsis produced in this research is CAM plants.

V. CONCLUSION

Both experiments produced polyploid plants that produced thickened and shortened plantlets.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research funded by Leading University Research 2013-2014, Ministry of Education Indonesia.

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Bannan D, Nevadu R (2013) Climate change on on:hid population and conservation strategies: a review. J. Crop and Weed 9(2):1-12.

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Borland AM, Zambrano VAB, Ceusten J, Shorrock K (2011) The photosynthetic plasticity of crassulacean acid metabolism: an cvolutioruuy innovation for SUS1ainable productivity in changing world.

BUND B, Emiroglou U (2008) A comparative study on colchicine upplication methods In obtaining doubled haploids of tobacco (NicotitJIIIl urbacum L.). Turk. J. Bioi. 32:105-111.

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Comai L (2005) The advantages of being polyploid. Nature Rev. Oenet. 6:836-846.

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Ouo WJ, Lee N (2006) Effect of leaf and plant age, and day/night temperature on net C02 uptake In Pluz/aenopsis amt~bllu var. Formosa. J Amer. Soc. non. Sci. 131(3):320-326.

Hew CS. Young JWH (2004) The physiology of tropical on:hids in relation to the industry. Seconded, World Scientific Publ., Singapore

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Lin S, Lee HC, Chen WH (2001) Nuclear contents of Pluz/aenopsu sp. andDorltfspulcherrlmt~. J. Amer. Soc. Hon. Sci. 126:195-199.

Kaplan DR (2001) The science of plant morphology: definition, history, and role In modem biology. Amcr. J. Bot. 88(10):1711-1741.

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