Lecture 022 Classification of Life

Are they related?

Taxonomy

• The science of classifying organisms.

• Tells us about the degree of relation between different organisms

Taxonomy

• Developed by Swedish biologist Carolus Linnaeus (1707 — 1778). • Binomial naming system

Biological Kingdoms

2 Kingdoms

Traditional view

plants animals

Systematics- studies diversity of life

• Study and classification of organisms with the goal of reconstructing their evolutionary history

Biological Kingdoms

5 Kingdoms

Whittaker, 1969

Plantae Fungi Animalia

Protista

Monera

Five kingdom system:

Monera Protista FungiPlantae Animalia

Six kingdom system:

Eu-bacteria

Protista FungiPlantae AnimaliaArchae-bacteria

Three domain system:

Eu-bacteria

Archae-bacteria

E U K A R Y A

Eight kingdom system:

Eu-bacteria

Arc

hez

oa

FungiPlantae AnimaliaArchae-bacteria

Ch

rom

ista

Pro

tist

a

Biological Kingdoms

Six kingdom system:

Eu-bacteria

Protista FungiPlantae AnimaliaArchae-bacteria

Monera

Classification: Six kingdom system:

Eubacteria

Protista

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia

Archaebacteria

E. coli Cyanobacteria

Paramecium Diatom Slime mold

Plantae Fungi Animalia

Protista

Monera (Eubacteria & Archaebacteria)

Primary Grouping Criterion

Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic

Cellular complexity

Other Grouping Criteria

Single-celled vs. multicellular

Mode of nutrition

absorption

photosynthesis

ingestion

Plantae Fungi Animalia

Protista

Monera

Note: Criteria can overlapNote: Criteria can overlap

Other Grouping CriteriaMode of Reproduction

sexual

asexual

Respiratory System

gas exchange across skin

lungs

gills

Other Grouping Criteria

Skeleton

internal/external

bone/cartilage/chitin…

Circulatory System

none

open/closed

Phylogentic Relationships of Animals

Ancestral Protist

segmentation

true tissue

radial symmetry

bilateral symmetry

Deuterostomes:eucoelom

Protostome: schizocoelem

pseudocoelom

Porifera

Cnideria

Platyhelminthes

Nematoda

Mollusca

AnnelidaEchinodermata

ChordataArthropoda

no true tissues

acoelom

Keep PlatesCleanOrFamilyGetsSick

KingdomPhylum

ClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies

Animalia ChordataActinopterygiiPerciformesPomocentridaeAmphirprionocellaris

Tiger ClassificationTiger Classification

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Family Felidae Genus Panthera Species tigris

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Family Felidae Genus Panthera Species tigris

Biological Nomenclature

A species is both defined by its genus name and specific name.

Ex. Panthera tigris

Panthera- genus name

tigris- species name

Lion, Leopard & TigerLion, Leopard & Tiger

Panthera leo Panthera pardus Panthera tigris

Biological Species

Organisms that are genetically similar, and have ability to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring

SubspeciesMight interbreed if a barrier or other challenge was removed (such as distance).

Hawaiian endemic snails (kahuli)

Table 1. Known Hawaiian endemic land snail diversity (*part)

Family Unit Species # subspecies varieties

Prosobranchia Hydrocenidae 1 Helicinidae 16 43Pulmonata Orthurethra Achatinellidae

Tornatellininae 106 11Achatinellinae 103 106 6

AmastridaeLeptachatininae 129 113Amastrinae 202 94

Offspring is sterile

Panthera leo

Panthera tigris

tigon

mule

donkey

zebroid

horse

Polar bear: Ursus maritimus Grizzly bear: Ursus arctos

Pizzly or Grolar bear

Wholphin- sealife park

False killer whale and dolphinPseudorca crassidens Tursiops truncatus

Common names

Confusing

Ambiguous

Scientific names

Agreed upon system

Names

• Portuguese Man-of-War

• Bluebottle

• Physalia physalis

Names

Language

Latin or Latinized

Giving names

A highly technical process

Name is author’s choice

Commemorate People

Gardenia jasminoides (Dr. Alexander Garden)Camellia japonica (Joseph Kamel)Strelitzia reginae (Queen Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz)Siegesbeckia orientalis (Dr. Siegesbeck)

Descriptive

Cardinalis cardinalis (red)Railus aquaticus (watery)Passer domesticus (house)

Geographic Location

• Kuhlia sandwicensis (Hawaii)• Periplanata americana

(American cockroach)• Zosterops japonica

(Japanese white-eye)

Pronunciation

Divide into syllables

Choose where to place emphasis

Mon/a/chus schau/in/slan/di

Hawaiian Monk Seal

Monachus schauinslandi

Humor in naming

Agra vation by Terry Erwin

a tropical beetle that was apparently very difficult to collect.

(Agra cadabra, Agra katewinslettae, Agra memnon, Agra sasquatch)

Heerz lukenatcha.

http://www.curioustaxonomy.net/puns/puns.html

Canis lupus familiarisDomestic dog

Canis lupus lanigerTibetan wolf

Canis rufusRed wolf

Which two are most closely related?

Canis lupus familiarisDomestic dog

Canis lupus lanigerTibetan wolf

Canis rufusRed wolf

Which two are most closely related?

Elephas maximus Loxodonta africanaLoxodonta africana

family Elephantidae order Proboscidea.

Elephas maximus Loxodonta africanaLoxodonta africana

family Elephantidae order Proboscidea.

traits inherited from a common ancestor

Homology

(convergent evolution)

Analogy

Which of the following is most closely related to the tamuanda?

tamuanda

pangolian aardvark sloth echidna