Lecture 2. Lecture 2. 语音学语音学

语音学：语音性质、语音现象、语音规律 Phonetics 语音学 studies physical property of speech sou

nds in general How they are produced (articulatory phonetics) and percei

ved(acoustic phonetics) Phonology 音位学 studies the specific sounds as employe

d in different language(systematical use of sounds in language with linguistic functions).

How these sounds are arranged to form meaning units and what function each sound performs in the sound system of the language.

Contrastive Phonetics: something in common for CS 1) to pronounce involve the same physical and

physiological property; 2) to make economy in communication, 弱化，同化，连

缀，省音 ： books, dogs, looked, obliged

英语的读音规则性不强 英语字母不是一个字母只表一个音素音，多数字母在不

同的语言环境中读不同的音。有些字母要读几个音，有的不发音：

a: map, father, all, about, date, many o: hot, action, go g: go, gene c: cook, cease w: who, would, wrong ei: sleigh, sleight k: knife, kitten t: bristle ,brittle I: sign, signature, minute, minute

ou: though, thought, thorough, through, cough, bough,, brought

s: island, Islam, isinglass, About 1500, the Great Vowel Shift 长元音短原因变化， /e:/--/i:/--/ai/,/a:/--/ei/,/o:/--/u:/ 打破元音在词中不变的情况，引发 vowel alternations divine, divinity mad—made, strip---stripe, wis—wise, lov--love William, printing technology, 1476 oneley, onely, onley, only Samul John English Dictionary, 1755 meet---meat/meet, see---sea/see downhil---downhill,

希腊语 拉丁语 本族文 偌曼底one unus an eindyo dua twa zwen t/d/ztreis tres thrie dri t/th/dtettares quattuor feower fior f/qpente quinque fif funfhex sex siex sehs h/shepta septem seofon sibun h/sokto octo eahta ahtoennea novem nigon niundeka decem tien zehan c/t/d/z

publik—public, skold--scoldhee—he, on—one, greef—grief, thease---these,swoord---sword, noorse---nurse,

cap=seize captive, deceptivesed=sit sediment, presidentspec=look, see spectacle, conspicuous

Two questions:What’s the significance of the technology of printing

and computers?

Why is the archives more emphasized in China than museums which are highly developed in the West ?

A phone （音素） is a phonetic unit. All these sounds /i:/,/t’/,/t/,/s/ 。语音片段。

pu tong hua 8 个因素，是构成音节的基本单位。 A phoneme( 音位 ) is a phonological unit that is of distincti

ve value. But it is an abstract unit. It is meaningful, or functional.

/p//b/ in bad, pad ， pao 抛 /bao 包 , tao 套 /dao 到 ,kao 考 /gao 搞 A minimal pair( 最 小 对 立 体 )/ki:p//kip/ think/sink,

man/men Phone and phoneme the phoneme /p/ in /pi:k/(voiceless stop),/spi:k/(voiced stop).

/t/ top,stop, cotton

Allophones （音位变体） : the phones representing a phoneme, but don’t make

a new word, or create a new meaning. pao/bao 送气。但英语中 speakdark /l/ or clear/l/ in the context leap,loaf/peel,tell,qu

ilt, aspirated/p/or unaspirated/p/ in the context after /s/ and before vowels are allophones of the phonemes/l/,/p/

Function loads relative importance of a speech sound in a language), 清 / 浊 the phonemes voice(voice/voiceless)in pb,td, kg, fv, sz, t

sdz pig/big, class/glass, ferry/very. 送气 / 不送气 the phoneme Aspiration(aspirated and unaspirat

ed)in stop /speak. key/ski in Chinese the phonemes 送气 / 不送气， such as pb,td,kg,qj,

zc, zh-ch can be functional: ke/ge 科哥 ; pa-ba 怕吧 ; ti-di 替敌 ,kong-gong 空工 , qi-ji 起

鸡 , chi-zhi 吃指 ,ti-di 提堤 buzi---puzi 步子 / 铺子， tongshi-dongshi 同事 / 董事 , tuzi-du

zi 兔子 / 肚子 , ketou-getou 磕头 / 格斗， peitao-beitao 配套 /被套 ， tushu----dushu 图书 / 读书 , qipi---jipi 漆皮 / 鸡皮， daitou---taidou 泰斗 / 带头 , chizhu----zhizhu 吃住 / 支柱

Segmental phonemes ( vowel and consonants)English has about 47 phonemes 音位 , with 20 vowe

ls and 27 consonants. Chinese has 10 vowels and 22 consonants. Togethe

r 32 phonemes. 按声母（音节开头部分， 21 个） p,t, h, m,c, zh,

ch, sh, r, f, h, x, sh, s, 韵母（音节声母后部分， 39 个）单元音： a, o, e, e, i,u,u,复元音 :ai, ei, ao, ou, ai, ie, ua, uo, ue, iao, iou, uai,

an, en, in, ain, uan, uen, ang, eng, ing, ong, iang, uang, ueng, iong,

声韵母组合： jiao huai xue sheng bing bu rong yi,

Tone & intonation.Tone language 字 / 声调 vs. intonation langu

age 语调 . tone language yi 衣移椅义jia 家夹假价ma 妈麻马骂mai 买卖埋，jiao 交胶郊娇 tan zhi 毯子瘫子坛子探子shi ye 失业实业始业事业

It can not only distinguish meaning, but part of speech. ban 扳 / 板 , kong 空 / 控

ding 钉， shu 数， liang 量 , zhong 种， dan 担But English only has intonation, The difference is

tone to words, and intonation to sentences, the former is compulsory and can be functional, but the latter is optional and affect no meaning , only the emotion or attitude.

Good afternoonCertainlyHow do you doThank you Beautiful weather

1.      fall in pitch, 2.      rise in pitch, 3. slight rise in pitch, 4. fall in pitch followed be a rise, 5. rise in pitch followed by a fall. But some say there are 11 patterns That’s not the book he wants. (fact, information

seeking) She doesn't speak to anybody\(she speaks to no one) She doesn't speak to anybody/(She speaks only to some

people.) Question: Why do Chinese students can’t speak like native

speakers?

5extra high, 4 high, 3mid, 2 low, 1 extra low高升调、低升调、高降调、低降调、高降升调低降升调、高升降调、低升降调、高平调、低

平调。汉语调值：平调 55 、升调 35 、曲折调214 、降调 51 （ 54321--- 高中低）

5 4321

阴平 ( 第一声 )55 高平阳平 ( 第二声 )35 高升上声 ( 第三声 )214 低降升去声 ( 第四声 )51 高降Problems: 调幅不大英语调值：低降 31 、高降 41 、低升 13 、高升

24 、降升 413 、升降 241 、中平 3 。 11 patterns平调 55--- 中平 33 （ exited ）低平 11升调 35--- 低升 13 、高升 24曲折调 214--- 降升 413 、升降 241 ， 升降升 351

3降调 51----- 低降 31 、高降 41

1. the intonation is quite flat, .That thing is bad, this thing is good.那个东西 (rising tone) 坏 , 那个东西 (falling tone)

好 He likes singing, but you love playing.他爱 唱 (rising tone), 你爱 玩 (falling tone) 。 2.tend to read in high level tone.3. Tend to end a sentence with falling tone.Two syllable words tend to end with 上声、去声。

But English, not only has far more syllables, but words contains more than two syllables

a. mono-syllable: we, see, you,come,go b.di-syllable ： country, affair, inside, bedtime.c.three-syllable: liberty, condition,

telephone,magazined.four-syllable:population,comfortable,unfortunate e.five-syllable:consideration,satisfactory,

interdependence f.six-syllable:inferiority, indistinguishable,

personification

To reduce the ambiguity in communication created by homonyms, one way is to adopt 方块字。

补偿音节不足，用声调。 Chinese has tone( 声调 ) Chinese has about 1300 syllables, English has about 10000 syllables English has stress( 重音 ) 如 abstract 摘要 , abstract 提炼。

So few homonyms son-sun, sea-see, week-weak, bare-bear, rain-reign, faint-

feint, flea-flee, not-knot, tail-tale, sight-site, steal-steel, fir-fur, tail-tale, week-weak, waist-waste, right-rite, I-eye, hear-here, male-mail, piece-peace, air-heir, rain-reign,

英语词没有声调。英语以音节的轻重和元音的长短来区别 意 义 的 。 如 hit/heat, shot/short, minute/minute, refuse/refuse ， abstract/abstract

音节构成：A Chinese syllable is composed of a vowel and one

or tow consonants. A consonant is followed by a vowel( p-o 坡 , b-o 玻 , m-o 磨 , f-o 佛 , d-e 得 , t-e 特 , l-e 勒 , g-e 格 ,k-e 克 , h-e 喝 , j-I 机 , q-I 其 , x-I西 ).it can have no C, but must have a V. 啊、鹅、袄、偶。

nu li ying zao gui fan de yu yan wen zi huan jing

Chinese syllable

1)At least has one vowel, and has four phones at most.

2) There is no consonant group such as /sk/,/fl/

3) Vowel is dominant: there is vowel group and most syllable end with a vowel

4) Chinese has about 1300 syllables

English syllable

1) At least one vowel and has 8 phones at most

2)The way to combine phones are quite free, and there are more types of syllables.

3) Consonant is dominant: a consonant can combine with other Cs to form consonant group.

23Cs can begin a syllable except /ng/: s- has 6types, -w 7types, -r 9types,.21 syllables with consonants as the end

4) English has about 10000 syllables,.

Consonant clusters (group),vccc:asks, cvccc:next, ccvccc:prompt, ccvcccc:glim

psed, cccvccc: strength, cccvcccc:scrambles. must, tempt, texts, thousands.

CC(s+p,t,k,f,m,n,l,j.w ): spit, smell, suitCCC(s+p.t.k+l.r.w.j ): splash, square, strike-CC (bank, stand ) -CCC (jumped, banks,ninths, grasped),-CCCC ( twelfth, prompts, sixths, thousandths) Problem: /k -'lin/ please /p-li;s/: /g -la:s/, next /nek-

st/, between the consonants there is a vowel inserted.Chinese cant end with C except[n], so add:That_, bed_, book_

Patterns English Chinese V(v) Ah, I 阿，爱 Cv(v) Tea, my 替，买 V(v)c An, oil 安，完 Cvc Tongue 通 V(v)cc East old Vccc Asks Cvcc Meets Cvccc Next Ccv(v) Free, play Ccvc Fresh Ccvcc Threads Ccvccc Prompt Ccvcccc Glimpsed Ccc(v)v Straw, spray Cccvc Screen Cccvcc Strict Cccvccc Strengths Cccvcccc Scramles

Stress

word stress 1 ） (no) correspondence between the numbers of

characters and syllables : magazine, 杂志 2 ） the location of stress is free/fixed (Chinese, French,

English) 3) a word has one stressed syllable/more stressed

syllables 4 ） stressed syllable is functional and nonfunctional

Among 2115 words which is frequently used, 1066 words are two syllable words or above. And among them 66.3% the stress falls on the first syllables.

2-syllablewords

P Wcountry

W PAffair

P Pinside

P Sbedtime

3-syllablewords

P W WmagazineW P Stomato

W P WLibertyP P WUnequal

P W Scondition

S W Pcivilize

S P WUncertain

4-syllablewords

W P W Wformality

S W P Wpopulation

P W W Wcomfortable

S W W Pmisrepresent

S P W WUnfortunate

5-syllablewords

W S W P Wconsideration

S W P W Wsatisfactory

S W P W Srehabilitate

W P W W Wempiricism

S W W P WInterdependence

6-syllablewords

W S W W PWInferiority

S W W P WWvariability

S W P W WWIndistinguishable

S W W W PWnationalization

W S W W PWPersonification

E C PW enter/river/table PW 石头 / 聪明 / 葡萄 / 半斤 WP below/report/support PS bedtime/window SP Chinese/idea/thirteen SP 老陈 / 喝茶 / 看戏 / 语言

PWW family/hospital WPW eleven, important PWS telephone/beautify SWP refuge/interfere SWP 糊涂虫 / 爆米化 SPW uncertain/re-enter SPW 老头子 / 补鞋的 WPS potato/tomorrow SSP 周恩来 / 哈尔滨

E C WPWW impossible/intelligence PWSW educated/helicopter SWPW universal/insufficient PWWW criticism/relatively WPWS participate/articulate PWWS capitalize/regularize SWWP overfulfil/misunderstand SPWW unfortunate/postgraduate SWSP 清清楚楚 / 为所欲为 SPSP 北京大学 / 惊天动地 SWPWW satisfactory PWSWPW indiscrimination

T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s t r e s s e ds y l l a b l e sF i r s ts y l l .

S e c . s y l l . T h i r ds y l l .

F o u r t hs y l l .

2 - s y l l a b l e .Wo r d s ( 7 3 9 / 6 9. 3 % )

5 4 2( 5 0 . 8 % )

1 9 7( 1 8 . 5 % )

3 - s y l l a b l ew o r d s ( 2 6 5 / 2 4 .9 % )

1 5 1( 1 4 . 2 % )

1 0 5( 9 . 8 % )

9( 0 . 8 % )

4 - s y l l a b l ew o r d s ( 4 7 / 4 . 4% )

1 4( 1 . 3 % )

9( 0 . 8 % )

2 4( 2 . 3 % ) )

5 - s y l l a b l ew o r d s ( 1 5 / 1 . 4% )

1( 0 . 0 9 % )

1 0( 0 . 9 % )

4( 0 . 4 % )

T o t a l :1 0 6 6 ( 1 0 0 % ) l

7 0 7( 6 6 . 3 % )

3 1 2( 2 9 . 2 % )

4 3( 4 % )

4( 0 . 4 % )

one stressed syllable VS. more stressed syllables: philanthropist, particularize, uncharitableness, centralization, administration 人类学，共产主义，巧克力．

below, billowim ’port v.----‘import n. in’crease v-----‘increase n.,

in’sult v.----‘insult n. conflict, contest, progress.‘refuse n.垃圾 ---refuse v. abstract, present‘commune n公社 .---com’mune谈心 ‘ minute

（分钟） ----mi’nute(精细 ), ‘desert n.沙漠 ----de’sert n.功过 , ’undertaker(殡仪员 )----under’taker（承办人）

greenhouse/green’house a ‘blackbird----- / a black ‘bird ‘glasscase （眼镜盒） --- glass’case 玻璃盒， ’English teacher( 英语教师 )----English "teacher( 英籍教师 ) short ‘hand(钟表的时针 )-----shorthand( 速记 ) tall ‘boy---tallboy( 高脚柜 ) four ‘ways----fourways( 交叉路口 ) ‘steel con’tainer （钢制容器） ------‘steel container （盛钢的容器）

‘plastic ‘bag(塑料袋 )----‘plastic factory （塑料制品厂） ‘metal ‘box----‘metal company （金属制造公司） ‘fish ‘pie----‘fish shop They are ‘cooking apples----someone are cooking apples They are cooking ‘apples---They are apples for cooking.

.

But stress in Chinese is not functional, nearly every word is stressed, because of the tone, weak form is impossible. according to the habit. 文化 , 爸爸 ，葡萄 , 聪明

助词 （了、的、吗），词尾（子、儿、们），方位词（中、里，上）

unstressed form in the second syllable, may be functional: 大意 (主要意思 )/ 大 . 意 (疏忽 ), 下场 (退场 )/下 .场 (结局 ),

地方（中央） / 地方（空间） ,运气（气功） /运气（好运） 实在（不虚假） / 实在（扎实）照应（配合） /照 .应（照料）反正（投诚） /反正（态度） 东西 ( 方向 / 东 . 西 (things), 自然（自然界） /自然（态度）夫妻 /夫 .妻 (夫妇 ) ，运气（气功 /时运），开发（开拓 /

支付），对头（正确） / 对头（仇人）管家（管理家务）管 . 家（仆人） But only 3.2% sylllables

To identify the stressed syllable. host-ess, dish-es, , match-es, read-ing, larg-er, use-ful, a-sle

ep ,en-slave, mis-lead, ill-natured In Chinese,most are S stress, W stress 3.2%in 1332 stresses. 子 ---旗子，桌子 头 ---苦头，甜头。们 ----我们，他们，的 ---新鲜的， 先进的，地 ---迅速地，努力地。

One character one stress, each read aloud and clearly with nearly equal time. One reason is tone, another is that nearly 14000 words in 20000 two-syllable words have the stress on the last syllable( 徐世荣， 1982) ，冯隆（ 1985 ） the second syllable pronounced time118ms, while the first 104ms, 13% shorter. But most two-syllable English nouns and adj. with the first stressed syllable. Tajima(1997) ‘s experiment. Chinese students pronounce “market””briefest””mountain”, the first syllable lasts 13ms longer than the second, even equal, but the native speakers it is 90ms longer.one way is to pronounce vowels fully,

syllable-timed language and stress-timed language Foot-timing. One foot is composed of at least two stresses.

One is weak, another strong. It is called binary branching

foot foot S W W S Different types of footing. sw, sww, swww, wsww, swwpw Each foot has equal time to pronounce it whether the foot

has two or three or five syllables.That is, the stressed syllable pronounced aloud, and weak syllables quickly. That is the quality of vowels is affected by stress

Famous----infamous, potent----impotent Ignore----ignorant, story---history, refer---reference National----nationality conscious-----control

/Not /everybody is in the /shop / /evribdizi,n/ ./She ‘said /‘nothing /when I ‘asked her/ if she is ‘going On ‘that oc’casion there was ‘noting to be ‘done. This is the ‘ house that ‘Jack ‘built The man’s here/The manager’s here Break, break, break,(3 syllables) On the cold grey stones, O sea(7syllables) I think he wants to go (6 syllables) I think it was an excellent affair. (10 syllables) Ted has been to the hotel recently. ( 10 syllables ) The ‘boy is ‘interested in en’larging his vo’cabulary.(16syllables) ’Great ‘progress is ‘made ‘daily. (7syllable) .

这个男孩很想扩大他的词汇量 ./每天进步很大 .

野火烧不尽 /春风吹又生 平仄音节白日依山尽，黄河入海流，欲穷千里目，更上一层楼。公共汽车：字正腔圆，铿锵有力，吐字

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