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7/24/2019 Lecture 5 HMS Siklus Menstruasi
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Lecture 5:The Menstrual CycleLecture 5:The Menstrual Cycle
The OvaryThe Ovary
The Menstrual CycleThe Menstrual Cycle Follicular phaseFollicular phase Luteal phaseLuteal phase
Menstrual cycle and mateMenstrual cycle and matechoicechoice
Cycle related psychologicalCycle related psychologicalchangeschanges
Cycle relatedCycle relatedphysiological changesphysiological changes
Behavioral Biology of Women 2007
The OvaryThe Ovary The OvaryThe Ovary
Function of the OvaryFunction of the Ovary
Target Organ: Generates mature germ cellsTarget Organ: Generates mature germ cellsin response to hormonal control signalsin response to hormonal control signals
Endocrine Gland: Sends signals of its ownEndocrine Gland: Sends signals of its ownto uterus, the hypothalamus and pituitary.to uterus, the hypothalamus and pituitary.
Ovary with FolliclesOvary with Follicles
Each
immature
egg is
called a
primary
oocyte and
is
contained
in a
follicle.
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Follicular DevelopmentFollicular Development Decline in Oocytes as we AgeDecline in Oocytes as we Age
The Follicular PhaseThe Follicular Phase
Menstrual CycleMenstrual Cycle
(1) LH
and
FSH
low at
start of
cycle
HH--PP--O AxisO AxisHypothalamusHypothalamus--PituitaryPituitary--Ovarian AxisOvarian Axis
HYPOTHALAMUS
GnRH
(Gonadotropin Releasing
Hormone)
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Low FSH(2) Low FSH
stimulates
Hypothalamus
to release GnRH
which signals
anterior pituitary
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HH--PP--O AxisO Axis
(3) Anterior
Pituitary
releases more
FSH and LH
HYPOTHALAMUS
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
OVARY
Follicle
FSH(Follicle Stimulating Hormone) LH (Leutenizing Hormone)
Estrogens
GnRH
(4) FSH
stimulates
follicle to
produce
estrogen
(estradiol)
Follicular DevelopmentFollicular Development Development ofDevelopment of GraffianGraffian FollicleFollicle
GraafianGraafian FollicleFollicle
Granulosa CellsGranulosa Cells --Smaller cells on insideSmaller cells on inside
of follicle. Convertof follicle. Convert
testosterone intotestosterone into
estradiol under influenceestradiol under influence
of FSH.of FSH.
Theca CellsTheca Cells -- Cells onCells onoutside. LH stimulatesoutside. LH stimulates
theca cells to maketheca cells to make
testosterone. Sometestosterone. Some
Estrogen made de novo.Estrogen made de novo.
(5) Cells
differentiate
in the
follicle,
forming The
Graffian
Follicle
(6) Increasing
amounts of
Estrogen are
produced by
Graffian
Follicles, one
becomes
Dominant
Follicle
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HYPOTHALAMUS
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
OVARY
Follicle
FSH LH
Estrogens
GnRH
Negative
Feedback
(7) Increase
in estrogen
sends a
Negative
Feedback
signal to the
Hypothalam
us and
Anterior
Pituitary to
stop
producing
GnRH FSH
HYPOTHALAMUS
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
OVARY
Follicle
FSH LH
Estrogens
GnRH
Negative
Feedback
(7) Increase
in estrogen
sends a
Negative
Feedback
signal to the
Hypothalam
us and
Anterior
Pituitary to
stop
producing
GnRH FSH
HYPOTHALAMUS
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
OVARY
Follicle
FSH LH
GnRH
N
egativeFeedback
PositiveFeedback
Estrogens
(8) At some point increasing
estrogen switches to positive
feedback.
(FSHRH & LhRH
(9) Hypothalamus secretes
more GnRh - particularly
LhRH at this point.
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HYPOTHALAMUS
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
OVARY
Follicle
FSH
GnRH
NegativeFeedback
PositiveFeedback
Estrogens
LH
(10) When a threshold amount of LhRH
is reached, the anterior pituitary release
a massive dose of LH.
(11) This
massive
surge in LH
causes the
follicle to
rupture andovulation to
occur.
OvulationOvulation
Fallopian Tube & Corpus Luteum
Mittelschmerz
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The Luteal PhaseThe Luteal Phase (12) Emptyfollicle isnow called
the CorpusLuteum.
HYPOTHALAMUS
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
OVARY
Follicle Corpus Luteum
FSH LH
ProgesteroneEstrogens
GnRH
NegativeFeedback
PositiveFeedback
(13) Corpus Luteum producesEstrogen and Progesterone
HYPOTHALAMUS
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
OVARY
Follicle Corpus Luteum
UTERUS
FSH LH
ProgesteroneEstrogens
GnRH
N
egativeFeedback
PositiveFeedback
Endometrium, Cervix, Vagina
(14) Estrogen and
Progesterone cause
changes in
reproductive organs.
(15) LH and
Progesterone also
involved in
negative
feedback loops.
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What is Estrogen Doing?What is Estrogen Doing?
Stimulates growth of cells in the lining of theStimulates growth of cells in the lining of the
uterus, the cervix and the vaginauterus, the cervix and the vagina
What is Estrogen Doing?What is Estrogen Doing?
Stimulates growth of cells in the lining of theStimulates growth of cells in the lining of the
uterus, the cervix and the vaginauterus, the cervix and the vagina Causes breast to increase progesterone receptorCauses breast to increase progesterone receptor
densitydensity
What is Estrogen Doing?What is Estrogen Doing?
Stimulates growth of cells in the lining of theStimulates growth of cells in the lining of theuterus, the cervix and the vaginauterus, the cervix and the vagina
Causes breast to increase progesterone receptorCauses breast to increase progesterone receptordensitydensity
Initiates proliferative phase in uterusInitiates proliferative phase in uterus
What is Estrogen Doing?What is Estrogen Doing?
Stimulates growth of cells in theStimulates growth of cells in thelining of the uterus, the cervixlining of the uterus, the cervix
and the vaginaand the vagina
Causes breast to increaseCauses breast to increaseprogesterone receptor densityprogesterone receptor density
Initiates proliferative phase inInitiates proliferative phase inuterusuterus
Causes changes in cervicalCauses changes in cervicalmucousmucous
What about Progesterone?What about Progesterone?
Builds up the lining of the uterus forBuilds up the lining of the uterus forfertilizationfertilization
What about Progesterone?What about Progesterone?
Builds up the lining ofBuilds up the lining ofthe uterus for fertilizationthe uterus for fertilization
Increased concentrationIncreased concentrationin breast in luteal phasein breast in luteal phase
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What about Progesterone?What about Progesterone?
Builds up the lining of the uterus for fertilizationBuilds up the lining of the uterus for fertilization
Increased concentration in breast in luteal phaseIncreased concentration in breast in luteal phase Initiates secretory phase in uterusInitiates secretory phase in uterus
What about Progesterone?What about Progesterone?
Builds up the lining of the uterus forBuilds up the lining of the uterus forfertilizationfertilization
Increased concentration in breast in lutealIncreased concentration in breast in lutealphasephase
Initiates secretory phase ofInitiates secretory phase of endometriumendometrium Signals the pituitary to stop producing LHSignals the pituitary to stop producing LH
Inside the UterusInside the Uterus
ProliferativeProliferativePhasePhase Estrogen initiates aEstrogen initiates a
proliferative phaseproliferative phase
when glands ofwhen glands of
uterine lining thickenuterine lining thicken
and grow and bloodand grow and blood
supply proliferatessupply proliferates
Inside the UterusInside the Uterus
SecretorySecretoryPhasePhase
Progesterone causesProgesterone causesthe uterus to enter athe uterus to enter a
secretory phasesecretory phase
when it secreteswhen it secretesembryoembryo--nourishingnourishing
substancessubstances
(16)
Progesterone
initiates
Secretory
Phase in
uterus
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Secretory Phase of UterusSecretory Phase of Uterus
TheThe endometriumendometriumis now heavilyis now heavily
vascularizedvascularized
There is activeThere is activeSecretion ofSecretion of
nutrientnutrient --richrich
medium formedium for
embryonicembryonic
growthgrowth
Embryo can onlyEmbryo can onlyimplant in aimplant in a
secretorysecretory lininglining
(17) If no
fertilization
occurs, CorpusLuteum dies
and
endometrium
sloughs off
Changes in Cervical Mucous
Normally forms amaze of tangled
fibers
Under influence ofestrogen fibers line
up permitting sperm
to get through
Changes in Cervix
Closes soon afterovulation
Changes in Vagina
Vagina becomesdrier with increasing
progesterone
Changes in the BreastsChanges in the Breasts
Estrogen causes breastEstrogen causes breastcells to start to dividecells to start to divide
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Changes in the BreastsChanges in the Breasts
Estrogen causes breastEstrogen causes breast
cells to start to dividecells to start to divide
Estrogen increasesEstrogen increasesprogesterone receptorsprogesterone receptors
= increased= increased
progesterone levelsprogesterone levels
Changes in the BreastsChanges in the Breasts
Estrogen causes breastEstrogen causes breast
cells to start to dividecells to start to divide
Increased receptivity toIncreased receptivity toprogesteroneprogesterone
increased progesteroneincreased progesterone
levelslevels
Increased tendernessIncreased tenderness
Changes in the BreastsChanges in the Breasts
Estrogen causes breastEstrogen causes breastcells to start to dividecells to start to divide
Estrogen increasesEstrogen increasesprogesterone receptorsprogesterone receptors
= increased= increased
progesterone levelsprogesterone levels
Increased tendernessIncreased tenderness
Increased nippleIncreased nipplesensitivitysensitivity
What Triggers Menstruation?What Triggers Menstruation?
No fertilizationNo fertilization Corpus LuteumCorpus Luteum
regresses after aboutregresses after about
12 days12 days
What Triggers Menstruation?What Triggers Menstruation?
No fertilizationNo fertilization Corpus LuteumCorpus Luteum
regresses after aboutregresses after about12 days12 days
ProgesteroneProgesterone
production drops offproduction drops off
sharplysharply
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What Triggers Menstruation?What Triggers Menstruation?
No fertilizationNo fertilization Corpus LuteumCorpus Luteumregresses after aboutregresses after about
12 days12 days
ProgesteroneProgesterone
products drops offproducts drops off
sharplysharply
EndometriumEndometrium
sloughs offsloughs off
The Menstrual Cycle andThe Menstrual Cycle and
differences indifferences in
Mate ChoiceMate Choice
Mood (including PMS)Mood (including PMS)
CognitionCognition
Sensation and PerceptionSensation and Perception
The Menstrual Cycle & Mate ChoiceThe Menstrual Cycle & Mate Choice
Women preferred males withWomen preferred males with
more feminized faces.more feminized faces.
BUT
Preference for Feminized FacesPreference for Feminized Faces
Cycle PhaseCycle Phase
0
2
4
6
8
1012
14
16
18
20
Japanese Men Caucasian Men
Low Conception RiskHigh Conception
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Preference for Feminized FacesPreference for Feminized Faces
RelationshipsRelationships
0
2
4
6
8
1012
14
Short Term
Context
Long Term
Context
Low Conception RiskHigh Conception
The Menstrual Cycle &The Menstrual Cycle &
Male Scent AttractivenessMale Scent Attractiveness
Women preferredWomen preferredscent of morescent of moresymmetrical men atsymmetrical men at
midcyclemidcycle
Gangestad & Thornhill1998
No difference when atNo difference when atlow fertility risklow fertility risk
The Menstrual Cycle &The Menstrual Cycle &
Male Scent AttractivenessMale Scent Attractiveness
WhatWhats happening here?s happening here?
Gangestad & Thornhill1998
AndrostenolAndrostenol levels?levels? Type of bacteria?Type of bacteria? Fatty acids?Fatty acids? HLA Gene type?HLA Gene type?
Jealousy and Menstrual PhaseJealousy and Menstrual Phase
Krug et al. (l996) found that women hadKrug et al. (l996) found that women hadstronger physiological responses tostronger physiological responses to
imagining loss of investment from theirimagining loss of investment from their
romantic partner when they were in theromantic partner when they were in the
ovulatoryovulatoryphase of the menstrual cyclephase of the menstrual cycle
Mood and PMSMood and PMS
Many, many studies. MostMany, many studies. Mostshow that mood is highest midshow that mood is highest mid--
cycle, lowestcycle, lowestperimenstruallyperimenstrually..
Percentages of Women who Report PMSPercentages of Women who Report PMS
25%25%5%5%DizzinessDizziness
69%69%34%34%SkinSkin
BlemishesBlemishes
70%70%30%30%AnxietyAnxiety
76%76%43%43%SadnessSadness
77%77%24%24%BackachesBackaches
77%77%36%36%SwellingSwelling
83%83%34%34%Weight GainWeight Gain
84%84%35%35%Breast PainBreast Pain
PremenstrualPremenstrual
AssessmentAssessment
FormForm
MenstrualMenstrual
DistressDistress
QuestionnaireQuestionnaire
SymptomSymptom
(from Nelson, 2000)
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PMS and reproductive hormonesPMS and reproductive hormones
No physiologicalNo physiologicalabnormalities haveabnormalities have
been consistentlybeen consistently
linked with steroidlinked with steroid
hormonehormone
concentrations inconcentrations in
women with PMSwomen with PMS
PMS and reproductive hormonesPMS and reproductive hormones
No physiologicalNo physiologicalabnormalities have beenabnormalities have been
consistently linked withconsistently linked withsteroid hormonesteroid hormoneconcentrations in womenconcentrations in womenwith PMSwith PMS
PreventingPreventing luteallutealphase withphase withmifepristonemifepristone (progesterone(progesteroneantagonist) did not preventantagonist) did not preventsymptoms (Schmidt et al.,symptoms (Schmidt et al.,1991)1991)
PMS and reproductive hormonesPMS and reproductive hormones
No physiological abnormalitiesNo physiological abnormalitieshave been consistently linkedhave been consistently linkedwith steroid hormonewith steroid hormoneconcentrations in women withconcentrations in women withPMSPMS
PreventingPreventing luteallutealphase withphase withmifepristonemifepristone (progesterone(progesteroneantagonist) did not preventantagonist) did not preventsymptoms (Schmidt et al.,symptoms (Schmidt et al.,1991)1991)
But completely shutting downBut completely shutting downthe cycle withthe cycle with GnRHGnRH antagonistantagonistdid (Brown et al., 1993)did (Brown et al., 1993)
Do WesternDo Western Women seem to experience PMS moreWomen seem to experience PMS more
because have many more menstrual cycles?because have many more menstrual cycles?
Age of menarcheAge of menarche (17 v. 12)(17 v. 12) Age of first pregnancyAge of first pregnancy (18 v. 26)(18 v. 26) Number of pregnanciesNumber of pregnancies (6 v. 2)(6 v. 2) Amount of time spent inAmount of time spent in lactationallactational amenorrheaamenorrhea
(10 years v. 3 months)(10 years v. 3 months)
Number of menstrual cycles experienced by HGNumber of menstrual cycles experienced by HGwomen?women? 1010--2020 (Dennis, 1992)(Dennis, 1992)
Number of menstrual cycles experienced byNumber of menstrual cycles experienced byModern Western women not on hormonalModern Western women not on hormonalcontraceptives?contraceptives? 300300
Compare hunterCompare hunter--gathering societies to Modern Western:gathering societies to Modern Western:
CognitionCognition
When asked on a questionnaire if they haveWhen asked on a questionnaire if they havemenstruation related cognitive changesmenstruation related cognitive changes
20% of women say20% of women say yes.yes.
CognitionCognition
When asked on a questionnaire if they haveWhen asked on a questionnaire if they havemenstruation related cognitive changesmenstruation related cognitive changes20% of women say20% of women say yes.yes.
No differences in learning and memoryNo differences in learning and memoryacross menstrual cycle in most of theacross menstrual cycle in most of thedozens of studies.dozens of studies.
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CognitionCognition
When asked on a questionnaire if they haveWhen asked on a questionnaire if they havemenstruation related cognitive changesmenstruation related cognitive changes20% of women say20% of women say yes.yes.
No differences in learning and memoryNo differences in learning and memoryacross menstrual cycle in most of theacross menstrual cycle in most of thedozens of studies.dozens of studies.
Academic performance does not seem to beAcademic performance does not seem to besignificantly affected by menstrual cyclesignificantly affected by menstrual cyclephase.phase.
Kimura et al. (l988)Kimura et al. (l988)
Women performed better with verbal skillWomen performed better with verbal skill(repeating tongue twisters) and muscular(repeating tongue twisters) and muscularcoordination (finger tapping) when estrogencoordination (finger tapping) when estrogen
was high (was high (midlutealmidlutealphase).phase).
Kimura et al. (l988)Kimura et al. (l988)
Women performed better with verbal skillWomen performed better with verbal skill(repeating tongue twisters) and muscular(repeating tongue twisters) and muscularcoordination (finger tapping) when estrogencoordination (finger tapping) when estrogenwas high (was high (midlutealmidlutealphase).phase).
Women performed better on a measure ofWomen performed better on a measure ofspatialspatial--perceptual skill (Rod and Frame test)perceptual skill (Rod and Frame test)during menstruation (early follicular)during menstruation (early follicular)
Kimura et al. (l988)Kimura et al. (l988)
Women performed better with verbal skillWomen performed better with verbal skill(repeating tongue twisters) and muscular(repeating tongue twisters) and muscularcoordination (finger tapping) when estrogen wascoordination (finger tapping) when estrogen washigh (high (midlutealmidlutealphase).phase).
Women performed better on a measure of spatialWomen performed better on a measure of spatial--perceptual skill (Rod and Frame test) duringperceptual skill (Rod and Frame test) duringmenstruation (early follicular)menstruation (early follicular)
Postmenopausal women on estrogen replacementPostmenopausal women on estrogen replacementperformed better at verbal and motor function thanperformed better at verbal and motor function than
other post menopausal women not on Hormonalother post menopausal women not on HormonalReplacement TherapyReplacement Therapy
Spatial Ability & Cycle Phase
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Menstrual Midluteal
Z-ScoreU
nits
Math Speed/Accuracy&
Cycle Phase
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
Females Males
Pre-Ovulatory
Mid-Luteal
Z-ScoreU
nits
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Cycle related physiological changesCycle related physiological changes
Body temperatureBody temperature
Food intake and carbohydrate metabolismFood intake and carbohydrate metabolism
WeightWeight Alcohol metabolismAlcohol metabolism SensitivitySensitivity SpeechSpeech Clinical ailmentsClinical ailments
Body TemperatureBody Temperature
Basal body temperature (temp whenBasal body temperature (temp whensomeone wakes up) is low during follicularsomeone wakes up) is low during follicular
phase, dips at ovulation and then risesphase, dips at ovulation and then risesnoticeably just after ovulation (~0.4noticeably just after ovulation (~0.4
degrees) and then continues to rise for thedegrees) and then continues to rise for the
rest of the cycle.rest of the cycle.
Body TemperatureBody Temperature
Basal body temperature (temp when someone wakesBasal body temperature (temp when someone wakesup) is low during follicular phase, dips at ovulationup) is low during follicular phase, dips at ovulation
and then rises noticeably just after ovulation (~0.4and then rises noticeably just after ovulation (~0.4
degrees) and then continues to rise for the rest of thedegrees) and then continues to rise for the rest of the
cycle.cycle.
Temperature shift is used in research and naturalTemperature shift is used in research and naturalfamily planning to detect ovulationfamily planning to detect ovulation
Basal Body TemperatureBasal Body Temperature
Food Intake and CarbohydrateFood Intake and Carbohydrate
MetabolismMetabolism
Food intake (andFood intake (andbasal metabolicbasal metabolic
rate) arerate) areconsistently higherconsistently higher
duringduring luteallutealphase.phase.
Food Intake and CarbohydrateFood Intake and Carbohydrate
MetabolismMetabolism
Food intake (and basalFood intake (and basalmetabolic rate) are consistentlymetabolic rate) are consistently
higher duringhigher during luteallutealphase.phase. Increase in food intake isIncrease in food intake is
primarily due to increasedprimarily due to increased
carbohydrate consumption.carbohydrate consumption.
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Food Intake and CarbohydrateFood Intake and Carbohydrate
MetabolismMetabolism
Food intake (and basal metabolic rate)Food intake (and basal metabolic rate)are consistently higher duringare consistently higher during lutealluteal
phase.phase. Increase in food intake is primarilyIncrease in food intake is primarily
due to increased carbohydratedue to increased carbohydrateconsumption.consumption.
Women with PMS show a moreWomen with PMS show a moresignificant increase in appetite andsignificant increase in appetite andcarbohydrate craving than womencarbohydrate craving than womenwithout PMS.without PMS.
WeightWeight
Approximately one third of women report aApproximately one third of women report achange in body weight (1change in body weight (1--5 pounds) with5 pounds) with
menstrual phase, usuallymenstrual phase, usuallypremenstruallypremenstrually ororperimenstruallyperimenstrually depending on study.depending on study.
WeightWeight
Approximately one third of women report aApproximately one third of women report achange in body weight (1change in body weight (1--5 pounds) with5 pounds) with
menstrual phase, usuallymenstrual phase, usuallypremenstruallypremenstrually oror
perimenstruallyperimenstrually depending on study.depending on study.
When estrogens are given experimentally toWhen estrogens are given experimentally toboth rats and humans, there are increases inboth rats and humans, there are increases in
sodium and chloride which cause fluidsodium and chloride which cause fluid
retention.retention.
WeightWeight Approximately one third of womenApproximately one third of women
report a change in body weight (1report a change in body weight (1--55pounds) with menstrual phase, usuallypounds) with menstrual phase, usuallypremenstruallypremenstrually ororperimenstruallyperimenstruallydepending on study.depending on study.
When estrogens are givenWhen estrogens are givenexperimentally to both rats andexperimentally to both rats andhumans, there are increases in sodiumhumans, there are increases in sodiumand chloride which cause fluidand chloride which cause fluidretention.retention.
Fluid retention and increased foodFluid retention and increased foodconsumption may together account forconsumption may together account forcycle related weight fluctuations.cycle related weight fluctuations.
Alcohol MetabolismAlcohol Metabolism
In study whereIn study wheremen and womenmen and womenwere given thewere given thesame amount ofsame amount ofalcohol (notalcohol (notcontrolling forcontrolling for
body weight),body weight),women gotwomen gotmoremoreintoxicated andintoxicated andhad a higherhad a higher
blood alcoholblood alcohollevel than men.level than men.
Alcohol MetabolismAlcohol Metabolism
Unclear whyUnclear whymore affectedmore affectedin latein late luteallutealphase.phase.
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SensesSenses
Almost all of theAlmost all of thesenses (visual,senses (visual,
auditory, tactile, andauditory, tactile, andespecially olfactory)especially olfactory)
appear to be moreappear to be more
acute during theacute during the
follicular phase offollicular phase of
the menstrual cycle.the menstrual cycle.
SensesSenses
Almost all of the sensesAlmost all of the senses(visual, auditory, tactile,(visual, auditory, tactile,
and especially olfactory)and especially olfactory)appear to be more acuteappear to be more acuteduring the follicularduring the follicularphase of the menstrualphase of the menstrualcycle.cycle.
Conflicting studiesConflicting studiesabout sensitivity to pain,about sensitivity to pain,but many show anbut many show anincrease sensitivity toincrease sensitivity topain atpain at midcyclemidcycle..
SensesSenses
Almost all of the senses (visual, auditory, tactile,Almost all of the senses (visual, auditory, tactile,and especially olfactory) appear to be more acuteand especially olfactory) appear to be more acute
during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.
Conflicting studies about sensitivity to pain, butConflicting studies about sensitivity to pain, butmany show an increase sensitivity to pain atmany show an increase sensitivity to pain at
midcyclemidcycle..
Some researchers speculate that heightenedSome researchers speculate that heightenedsensitivity during midsensitivity during mid--cycle may be useful forcycle may be useful for
increasing the probability of coitusincreasing the probability of coitus
SpeechSpeech
When asked to give a 3When asked to give a 3minute speech both regularminute speech both regular
stutters and non stuttersstutters and non stutters
were morewere more disfluentdisfluent (more(more
repetition, revision,repetition, revision,
disrhythmicdisrhythmicphonation,phonation,
interjection and tenseinterjection and tense
pauses)pauses)premenstruallypremenstrually thanthan
atat midcyclemidcycle..
Clinical AilmentsClinical Ailments
Epilepsy: 58% of female epileptics reportedEpilepsy: 58% of female epileptics reportedincreased seizuresincreased seizurespremenstruallypremenstrually comparedcomparedto only 9% during menstruation.to only 9% during menstruation.
Clinical AilmentsClinical Ailments
Epilepsy (58% of femaleEpilepsy (58% of femaleepileptics reportedepileptics reported
increased seizuresincreased seizures
premenstruallypremenstrually comparedcomparedto only 9% duringto only 9% during
menstruation.menstruation.
Allergies and asthmaAllergies and asthmatend to worsentend to worsen
premenstruallypremenstrually..
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Clinical AilmentsClinical Ailments
Epilepsy (58% of female epileptics reportedEpilepsy (58% of female epileptics reportedincreased seizuresincreased seizurespremenstruallypremenstrually compared tocompared to
only 9% during menstruation.only 9% during menstruation.
Allergies and asthmaAllergies and asthmatend to worsentend to worsenpremenstruallypremenstrually..
Herpes and eczema outbreaks more commonHerpes and eczema outbreaks more commonpremenstruallypremenstrually
Clinical AilmentsClinical Ailments
Epilepsy (58% of female epilepticsEpilepsy (58% of female epilepticsreported increased seizuresreported increased seizures
premenstruallypremenstrually compared to only 9%compared to only 9%during menstruation.during menstruation.
Allergies and asthmaAllergies and asthmatend to worsentend to worsenpremenstruallypremenstrually..
Herpes and eczema outbreaks moreHerpes and eczema outbreaks morecommoncommonpremenstruallypremenstrually
Migraine headaches more commonMigraine headaches more commonnear ovulation and shortly thereafternear ovulation and shortly thereafter((perimenstruallyperimenstrually))
Clinical AilmentsClinical Ailments
Epilepsy (58% of female epileptics reportedEpilepsy (58% of female epileptics reportedincreased seizuresincreased seizurespremenstruallypremenstrually compared tocompared toonly 9% during menstruation.only 9% during menstruation.
Allergies and asthmaAllergies and asthmatend to worsentend to worsenpremenstruallypremenstrually..
Herpes and eczema outbreaks more commonHerpes and eczema outbreaks more commonpremenstruallypremenstrually
Migraine headaches more common near ovulationMigraine headaches more common near ovulationand shortly thereafter (and shortly thereafter (perimenstruallyperimenstrually))
Rheumatoid arthritis symptoms are lowest whenRheumatoid arthritis symptoms are lowest whenovarian steroids are low (early follicular phase).ovarian steroids are low (early follicular phase).
Next Time...Next Time...
MenarcheMenarche
Puberty RitualsPuberty Rituals