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832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
PsychologyThe Science of Mind and Behaviour
Chapter 13
Lifespan
Development IISocial and EmotionalDevelopment
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 254
Development of Emotion
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Newborns are capable of displaying basicemotional states
bull Sense of self emerges at around 18
months of age ndash Begin to display pride shame and guilt ataround age 2
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Emotional Regulation the processes bywhich we evaluate and modify ouremotional reactions ndash Emotional competence influences social
behaviour and popularity
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Temperament a biologically basedgeneral style of reacting emotionallyand behaviourally to the environment
ndash Classified as ldquoeasyrdquo ldquodifficultrdquo or ldquoslow-to-warm-uprdquo
ndash Overall temperament is only weakly tomoderately stable during infancy
ndash Strong temperamental traits (egextreme shyness) are more stablethroughout childhood
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Development occurs in a series of eightPsychosocial Stages
bull Each stage involves a different ldquocrisisrdquo or conflictover how we view ourselves in relation to otherpeople and the world
bull Four stages occur during infancy and childhood
ndash Basic Trust vs Basic Mistrust (Infancy)
ndash Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (Age 1-2)
ndash Initiative vs Guilt (Age 3-5)
ndash Industry vs Inferiority (Age 6-puberty)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 754
Development
of Attachment
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Attachment Theory
ndash Imprinting a sudden biologicallyprimed form of attachment
ndash Attachment the strong emotional bondthat develops between children andtheir primary caregivers
bull No automatic imprinting or critical periodbull First few years of life seem to be a
sensitive period for developing a securebond
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull The Attachment Process ndash Harry Harlow research on infant
rhesus monkeys
bull ldquoContact comfortrdquo with cloth mother chosenover wire mother
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull The Attachment Process ndash John Bowlby three phases
bull Indiscriminate attachment behaviors in
newbornsbull Discriminate attachment behaviors (3
months)
bull Specific attachment behaviors (7-8 months)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull The Attachment Process (continued) ndash Stranger Anxiety distress over contact with
unfamiliar peoplebull Emerges around 6-7 months ends by 18 months
ndash Separation Anxiety distress over beingseparated from a primary caregiver
bull Peaks around 12-16 months disappears between2-3 years of age
ndash Goal-Corrected Partnership (age 3-4)bull Children and caregivers can maintain theirrelationships whether together or apart
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment
ndash Strange Situation a standardisedprocedure for examining infant
attachment
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment
ndash Secure Attachment
bull Explore playroom and react positively to
the strangerbull Distressed when mother leaves
bull Happy when mother returns
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment (continued) ndash Anxious-Resistant Attachment
bull Fearful when the mother is present
bull Demand motherrsquos attentionbull Distressed when mother leaves
bull Not soothed when mother returns may angrilyresist her attempts at contact
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment (continued) ndash Anxious-Avoidant Attachment
bull Show few signs of attachment
bull Rarely cry when mother leavesbull Do not seek contact when mother returns
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Consequences of Attachment
ndash Secure infants are better sociallyadjusted and have an increased
capacity for compassion and altruism ndash Insecure infants have more behavioural
problems
bull Infancy is a sensitive but not criticalperiod for attachment
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Child-Care Controversy researchfindings suggest
ndash High-quality child care does not disrupt
childrenrsquos attachment to their parents
ndash No significant differences in social orcognitive development for daycare
versus non-daycare children throughage 4 12
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce ndash Short-term
bull Anxiety fear confusion depression behaviourproblems
ndash Long-termbull Greater risk for academic problems troubled
relationships low self-esteem depression
ndash In adolescence
bull Greater risk for dropping out of school beingunemployed using drugs and becoming unwedteen parents
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash In adulthood
bull More likely to experience relationship
conflict unemployment depression andhave a higher divorce rate
ndash Most negative effects cluster together
ndash 20-25 of children of divorce show this
maladjustment ldquoclusterrdquo ndash Most children of divorce become
normally adjusted adults
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash If marriage is high-conflict childrenrsquos
adjustment may be better than ifparents had stayed married
ndash Cooperative parents can cushioneffects of divorce on children
ndash Forming stepfamilies can increase
childrenrsquos short-term problembehavioursbull Young adolescents have the most difficulty
with the transition
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2154
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritative Parents controlling butwarm
ndash Establish clear consistently enforced rules
ndash Compliance is rewarded with warmth andaffection
ndash Associated with most positive childhoodoutcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritarian Parents controlling coldunresponsive and rejecting relationship
ndash Children have lower self-esteem are less
popular and perform more poorly in school
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Indulgent Parents warm caringrelationships no guidance and discipline
ndash Parents fail to teach responsibility and
concern for others ndash Children tend to be immature and self-
centered
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Neglectful Parents do not providewarmth rules or guidance
ndash Children are most likely to be
insecurely attached
ndash Low achievement motivation disturbedpeer relationships impulsive
aggressive ndash Associated with the most negative
developmental outcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2654
Search for gender
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation ndash Gender Identity a sense of
ldquofemalenessrdquo or ldquomalenessrdquo that
becomes a central aspect of onersquospersonal identitybull Develops around age 2-3
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation
ndash Gender Constancy the understanding
that being male or female is apermanent part of a personbull Develops around age 6-7
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Sex-Role Stereotypes beliefs aboutthe characteristics and behavioursthat are appropriate for boys and
girls
bull Sex-Typing treating othersdifferently based on whether they are
female or male
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3054
Moral Reasoning
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Kohlbergrsquos Moral Reasoning
ndash Analysed peoplersquos responses to
hypothetical moral dilemmas
ndash Proposed that people advance throughincreasingly sophisticated levels ofreasoning about moral issues
bull Identified three main levels with twosubstages within each level
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 254
Development of Emotion
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Newborns are capable of displaying basicemotional states
bull Sense of self emerges at around 18
months of age ndash Begin to display pride shame and guilt ataround age 2
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Emotional Regulation the processes bywhich we evaluate and modify ouremotional reactions ndash Emotional competence influences social
behaviour and popularity
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Temperament a biologically basedgeneral style of reacting emotionallyand behaviourally to the environment
ndash Classified as ldquoeasyrdquo ldquodifficultrdquo or ldquoslow-to-warm-uprdquo
ndash Overall temperament is only weakly tomoderately stable during infancy
ndash Strong temperamental traits (egextreme shyness) are more stablethroughout childhood
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Development occurs in a series of eightPsychosocial Stages
bull Each stage involves a different ldquocrisisrdquo or conflictover how we view ourselves in relation to otherpeople and the world
bull Four stages occur during infancy and childhood
ndash Basic Trust vs Basic Mistrust (Infancy)
ndash Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (Age 1-2)
ndash Initiative vs Guilt (Age 3-5)
ndash Industry vs Inferiority (Age 6-puberty)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 754
Development
of Attachment
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Attachment Theory
ndash Imprinting a sudden biologicallyprimed form of attachment
ndash Attachment the strong emotional bondthat develops between children andtheir primary caregivers
bull No automatic imprinting or critical periodbull First few years of life seem to be a
sensitive period for developing a securebond
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull The Attachment Process ndash Harry Harlow research on infant
rhesus monkeys
bull ldquoContact comfortrdquo with cloth mother chosenover wire mother
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull The Attachment Process ndash John Bowlby three phases
bull Indiscriminate attachment behaviors in
newbornsbull Discriminate attachment behaviors (3
months)
bull Specific attachment behaviors (7-8 months)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull The Attachment Process (continued) ndash Stranger Anxiety distress over contact with
unfamiliar peoplebull Emerges around 6-7 months ends by 18 months
ndash Separation Anxiety distress over beingseparated from a primary caregiver
bull Peaks around 12-16 months disappears between2-3 years of age
ndash Goal-Corrected Partnership (age 3-4)bull Children and caregivers can maintain theirrelationships whether together or apart
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment
ndash Strange Situation a standardisedprocedure for examining infant
attachment
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment
ndash Secure Attachment
bull Explore playroom and react positively to
the strangerbull Distressed when mother leaves
bull Happy when mother returns
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment (continued) ndash Anxious-Resistant Attachment
bull Fearful when the mother is present
bull Demand motherrsquos attentionbull Distressed when mother leaves
bull Not soothed when mother returns may angrilyresist her attempts at contact
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment (continued) ndash Anxious-Avoidant Attachment
bull Show few signs of attachment
bull Rarely cry when mother leavesbull Do not seek contact when mother returns
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Consequences of Attachment
ndash Secure infants are better sociallyadjusted and have an increased
capacity for compassion and altruism ndash Insecure infants have more behavioural
problems
bull Infancy is a sensitive but not criticalperiod for attachment
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Child-Care Controversy researchfindings suggest
ndash High-quality child care does not disrupt
childrenrsquos attachment to their parents
ndash No significant differences in social orcognitive development for daycare
versus non-daycare children throughage 4 12
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce ndash Short-term
bull Anxiety fear confusion depression behaviourproblems
ndash Long-termbull Greater risk for academic problems troubled
relationships low self-esteem depression
ndash In adolescence
bull Greater risk for dropping out of school beingunemployed using drugs and becoming unwedteen parents
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash In adulthood
bull More likely to experience relationship
conflict unemployment depression andhave a higher divorce rate
ndash Most negative effects cluster together
ndash 20-25 of children of divorce show this
maladjustment ldquoclusterrdquo ndash Most children of divorce become
normally adjusted adults
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash If marriage is high-conflict childrenrsquos
adjustment may be better than ifparents had stayed married
ndash Cooperative parents can cushioneffects of divorce on children
ndash Forming stepfamilies can increase
childrenrsquos short-term problembehavioursbull Young adolescents have the most difficulty
with the transition
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2154
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritative Parents controlling butwarm
ndash Establish clear consistently enforced rules
ndash Compliance is rewarded with warmth andaffection
ndash Associated with most positive childhoodoutcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritarian Parents controlling coldunresponsive and rejecting relationship
ndash Children have lower self-esteem are less
popular and perform more poorly in school
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Indulgent Parents warm caringrelationships no guidance and discipline
ndash Parents fail to teach responsibility and
concern for others ndash Children tend to be immature and self-
centered
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Neglectful Parents do not providewarmth rules or guidance
ndash Children are most likely to be
insecurely attached
ndash Low achievement motivation disturbedpeer relationships impulsive
aggressive ndash Associated with the most negative
developmental outcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2654
Search for gender
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation ndash Gender Identity a sense of
ldquofemalenessrdquo or ldquomalenessrdquo that
becomes a central aspect of onersquospersonal identitybull Develops around age 2-3
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation
ndash Gender Constancy the understanding
that being male or female is apermanent part of a personbull Develops around age 6-7
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Sex-Role Stereotypes beliefs aboutthe characteristics and behavioursthat are appropriate for boys and
girls
bull Sex-Typing treating othersdifferently based on whether they are
female or male
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3054
Moral Reasoning
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Kohlbergrsquos Moral Reasoning
ndash Analysed peoplersquos responses to
hypothetical moral dilemmas
ndash Proposed that people advance throughincreasingly sophisticated levels ofreasoning about moral issues
bull Identified three main levels with twosubstages within each level
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Newborns are capable of displaying basicemotional states
bull Sense of self emerges at around 18
months of age ndash Begin to display pride shame and guilt ataround age 2
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Emotional Regulation the processes bywhich we evaluate and modify ouremotional reactions ndash Emotional competence influences social
behaviour and popularity
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Temperament a biologically basedgeneral style of reacting emotionallyand behaviourally to the environment
ndash Classified as ldquoeasyrdquo ldquodifficultrdquo or ldquoslow-to-warm-uprdquo
ndash Overall temperament is only weakly tomoderately stable during infancy
ndash Strong temperamental traits (egextreme shyness) are more stablethroughout childhood
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Development occurs in a series of eightPsychosocial Stages
bull Each stage involves a different ldquocrisisrdquo or conflictover how we view ourselves in relation to otherpeople and the world
bull Four stages occur during infancy and childhood
ndash Basic Trust vs Basic Mistrust (Infancy)
ndash Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (Age 1-2)
ndash Initiative vs Guilt (Age 3-5)
ndash Industry vs Inferiority (Age 6-puberty)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 754
Development
of Attachment
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Attachment Theory
ndash Imprinting a sudden biologicallyprimed form of attachment
ndash Attachment the strong emotional bondthat develops between children andtheir primary caregivers
bull No automatic imprinting or critical periodbull First few years of life seem to be a
sensitive period for developing a securebond
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull The Attachment Process ndash Harry Harlow research on infant
rhesus monkeys
bull ldquoContact comfortrdquo with cloth mother chosenover wire mother
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull The Attachment Process ndash John Bowlby three phases
bull Indiscriminate attachment behaviors in
newbornsbull Discriminate attachment behaviors (3
months)
bull Specific attachment behaviors (7-8 months)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull The Attachment Process (continued) ndash Stranger Anxiety distress over contact with
unfamiliar peoplebull Emerges around 6-7 months ends by 18 months
ndash Separation Anxiety distress over beingseparated from a primary caregiver
bull Peaks around 12-16 months disappears between2-3 years of age
ndash Goal-Corrected Partnership (age 3-4)bull Children and caregivers can maintain theirrelationships whether together or apart
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment
ndash Strange Situation a standardisedprocedure for examining infant
attachment
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment
ndash Secure Attachment
bull Explore playroom and react positively to
the strangerbull Distressed when mother leaves
bull Happy when mother returns
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment (continued) ndash Anxious-Resistant Attachment
bull Fearful when the mother is present
bull Demand motherrsquos attentionbull Distressed when mother leaves
bull Not soothed when mother returns may angrilyresist her attempts at contact
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment (continued) ndash Anxious-Avoidant Attachment
bull Show few signs of attachment
bull Rarely cry when mother leavesbull Do not seek contact when mother returns
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Consequences of Attachment
ndash Secure infants are better sociallyadjusted and have an increased
capacity for compassion and altruism ndash Insecure infants have more behavioural
problems
bull Infancy is a sensitive but not criticalperiod for attachment
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Child-Care Controversy researchfindings suggest
ndash High-quality child care does not disrupt
childrenrsquos attachment to their parents
ndash No significant differences in social orcognitive development for daycare
versus non-daycare children throughage 4 12
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce ndash Short-term
bull Anxiety fear confusion depression behaviourproblems
ndash Long-termbull Greater risk for academic problems troubled
relationships low self-esteem depression
ndash In adolescence
bull Greater risk for dropping out of school beingunemployed using drugs and becoming unwedteen parents
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash In adulthood
bull More likely to experience relationship
conflict unemployment depression andhave a higher divorce rate
ndash Most negative effects cluster together
ndash 20-25 of children of divorce show this
maladjustment ldquoclusterrdquo ndash Most children of divorce become
normally adjusted adults
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash If marriage is high-conflict childrenrsquos
adjustment may be better than ifparents had stayed married
ndash Cooperative parents can cushioneffects of divorce on children
ndash Forming stepfamilies can increase
childrenrsquos short-term problembehavioursbull Young adolescents have the most difficulty
with the transition
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2154
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritative Parents controlling butwarm
ndash Establish clear consistently enforced rules
ndash Compliance is rewarded with warmth andaffection
ndash Associated with most positive childhoodoutcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritarian Parents controlling coldunresponsive and rejecting relationship
ndash Children have lower self-esteem are less
popular and perform more poorly in school
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Indulgent Parents warm caringrelationships no guidance and discipline
ndash Parents fail to teach responsibility and
concern for others ndash Children tend to be immature and self-
centered
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Neglectful Parents do not providewarmth rules or guidance
ndash Children are most likely to be
insecurely attached
ndash Low achievement motivation disturbedpeer relationships impulsive
aggressive ndash Associated with the most negative
developmental outcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2654
Search for gender
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation ndash Gender Identity a sense of
ldquofemalenessrdquo or ldquomalenessrdquo that
becomes a central aspect of onersquospersonal identitybull Develops around age 2-3
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation
ndash Gender Constancy the understanding
that being male or female is apermanent part of a personbull Develops around age 6-7
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Sex-Role Stereotypes beliefs aboutthe characteristics and behavioursthat are appropriate for boys and
girls
bull Sex-Typing treating othersdifferently based on whether they are
female or male
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3054
Moral Reasoning
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Kohlbergrsquos Moral Reasoning
ndash Analysed peoplersquos responses to
hypothetical moral dilemmas
ndash Proposed that people advance throughincreasingly sophisticated levels ofreasoning about moral issues
bull Identified three main levels with twosubstages within each level
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Emotional Regulation the processes bywhich we evaluate and modify ouremotional reactions ndash Emotional competence influences social
behaviour and popularity
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Temperament a biologically basedgeneral style of reacting emotionallyand behaviourally to the environment
ndash Classified as ldquoeasyrdquo ldquodifficultrdquo or ldquoslow-to-warm-uprdquo
ndash Overall temperament is only weakly tomoderately stable during infancy
ndash Strong temperamental traits (egextreme shyness) are more stablethroughout childhood
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Development occurs in a series of eightPsychosocial Stages
bull Each stage involves a different ldquocrisisrdquo or conflictover how we view ourselves in relation to otherpeople and the world
bull Four stages occur during infancy and childhood
ndash Basic Trust vs Basic Mistrust (Infancy)
ndash Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (Age 1-2)
ndash Initiative vs Guilt (Age 3-5)
ndash Industry vs Inferiority (Age 6-puberty)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 754
Development
of Attachment
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Attachment Theory
ndash Imprinting a sudden biologicallyprimed form of attachment
ndash Attachment the strong emotional bondthat develops between children andtheir primary caregivers
bull No automatic imprinting or critical periodbull First few years of life seem to be a
sensitive period for developing a securebond
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull The Attachment Process ndash Harry Harlow research on infant
rhesus monkeys
bull ldquoContact comfortrdquo with cloth mother chosenover wire mother
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull The Attachment Process ndash John Bowlby three phases
bull Indiscriminate attachment behaviors in
newbornsbull Discriminate attachment behaviors (3
months)
bull Specific attachment behaviors (7-8 months)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull The Attachment Process (continued) ndash Stranger Anxiety distress over contact with
unfamiliar peoplebull Emerges around 6-7 months ends by 18 months
ndash Separation Anxiety distress over beingseparated from a primary caregiver
bull Peaks around 12-16 months disappears between2-3 years of age
ndash Goal-Corrected Partnership (age 3-4)bull Children and caregivers can maintain theirrelationships whether together or apart
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment
ndash Strange Situation a standardisedprocedure for examining infant
attachment
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment
ndash Secure Attachment
bull Explore playroom and react positively to
the strangerbull Distressed when mother leaves
bull Happy when mother returns
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment (continued) ndash Anxious-Resistant Attachment
bull Fearful when the mother is present
bull Demand motherrsquos attentionbull Distressed when mother leaves
bull Not soothed when mother returns may angrilyresist her attempts at contact
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment (continued) ndash Anxious-Avoidant Attachment
bull Show few signs of attachment
bull Rarely cry when mother leavesbull Do not seek contact when mother returns
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Consequences of Attachment
ndash Secure infants are better sociallyadjusted and have an increased
capacity for compassion and altruism ndash Insecure infants have more behavioural
problems
bull Infancy is a sensitive but not criticalperiod for attachment
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Child-Care Controversy researchfindings suggest
ndash High-quality child care does not disrupt
childrenrsquos attachment to their parents
ndash No significant differences in social orcognitive development for daycare
versus non-daycare children throughage 4 12
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce ndash Short-term
bull Anxiety fear confusion depression behaviourproblems
ndash Long-termbull Greater risk for academic problems troubled
relationships low self-esteem depression
ndash In adolescence
bull Greater risk for dropping out of school beingunemployed using drugs and becoming unwedteen parents
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash In adulthood
bull More likely to experience relationship
conflict unemployment depression andhave a higher divorce rate
ndash Most negative effects cluster together
ndash 20-25 of children of divorce show this
maladjustment ldquoclusterrdquo ndash Most children of divorce become
normally adjusted adults
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash If marriage is high-conflict childrenrsquos
adjustment may be better than ifparents had stayed married
ndash Cooperative parents can cushioneffects of divorce on children
ndash Forming stepfamilies can increase
childrenrsquos short-term problembehavioursbull Young adolescents have the most difficulty
with the transition
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2154
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritative Parents controlling butwarm
ndash Establish clear consistently enforced rules
ndash Compliance is rewarded with warmth andaffection
ndash Associated with most positive childhoodoutcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritarian Parents controlling coldunresponsive and rejecting relationship
ndash Children have lower self-esteem are less
popular and perform more poorly in school
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Indulgent Parents warm caringrelationships no guidance and discipline
ndash Parents fail to teach responsibility and
concern for others ndash Children tend to be immature and self-
centered
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Neglectful Parents do not providewarmth rules or guidance
ndash Children are most likely to be
insecurely attached
ndash Low achievement motivation disturbedpeer relationships impulsive
aggressive ndash Associated with the most negative
developmental outcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2654
Search for gender
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation ndash Gender Identity a sense of
ldquofemalenessrdquo or ldquomalenessrdquo that
becomes a central aspect of onersquospersonal identitybull Develops around age 2-3
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation
ndash Gender Constancy the understanding
that being male or female is apermanent part of a personbull Develops around age 6-7
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Sex-Role Stereotypes beliefs aboutthe characteristics and behavioursthat are appropriate for boys and
girls
bull Sex-Typing treating othersdifferently based on whether they are
female or male
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3054
Moral Reasoning
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Kohlbergrsquos Moral Reasoning
ndash Analysed peoplersquos responses to
hypothetical moral dilemmas
ndash Proposed that people advance throughincreasingly sophisticated levels ofreasoning about moral issues
bull Identified three main levels with twosubstages within each level
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Temperament a biologically basedgeneral style of reacting emotionallyand behaviourally to the environment
ndash Classified as ldquoeasyrdquo ldquodifficultrdquo or ldquoslow-to-warm-uprdquo
ndash Overall temperament is only weakly tomoderately stable during infancy
ndash Strong temperamental traits (egextreme shyness) are more stablethroughout childhood
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Development occurs in a series of eightPsychosocial Stages
bull Each stage involves a different ldquocrisisrdquo or conflictover how we view ourselves in relation to otherpeople and the world
bull Four stages occur during infancy and childhood
ndash Basic Trust vs Basic Mistrust (Infancy)
ndash Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (Age 1-2)
ndash Initiative vs Guilt (Age 3-5)
ndash Industry vs Inferiority (Age 6-puberty)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 754
Development
of Attachment
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Attachment Theory
ndash Imprinting a sudden biologicallyprimed form of attachment
ndash Attachment the strong emotional bondthat develops between children andtheir primary caregivers
bull No automatic imprinting or critical periodbull First few years of life seem to be a
sensitive period for developing a securebond
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull The Attachment Process ndash Harry Harlow research on infant
rhesus monkeys
bull ldquoContact comfortrdquo with cloth mother chosenover wire mother
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull The Attachment Process ndash John Bowlby three phases
bull Indiscriminate attachment behaviors in
newbornsbull Discriminate attachment behaviors (3
months)
bull Specific attachment behaviors (7-8 months)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull The Attachment Process (continued) ndash Stranger Anxiety distress over contact with
unfamiliar peoplebull Emerges around 6-7 months ends by 18 months
ndash Separation Anxiety distress over beingseparated from a primary caregiver
bull Peaks around 12-16 months disappears between2-3 years of age
ndash Goal-Corrected Partnership (age 3-4)bull Children and caregivers can maintain theirrelationships whether together or apart
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment
ndash Strange Situation a standardisedprocedure for examining infant
attachment
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment
ndash Secure Attachment
bull Explore playroom and react positively to
the strangerbull Distressed when mother leaves
bull Happy when mother returns
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment (continued) ndash Anxious-Resistant Attachment
bull Fearful when the mother is present
bull Demand motherrsquos attentionbull Distressed when mother leaves
bull Not soothed when mother returns may angrilyresist her attempts at contact
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment (continued) ndash Anxious-Avoidant Attachment
bull Show few signs of attachment
bull Rarely cry when mother leavesbull Do not seek contact when mother returns
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Consequences of Attachment
ndash Secure infants are better sociallyadjusted and have an increased
capacity for compassion and altruism ndash Insecure infants have more behavioural
problems
bull Infancy is a sensitive but not criticalperiod for attachment
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Child-Care Controversy researchfindings suggest
ndash High-quality child care does not disrupt
childrenrsquos attachment to their parents
ndash No significant differences in social orcognitive development for daycare
versus non-daycare children throughage 4 12
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce ndash Short-term
bull Anxiety fear confusion depression behaviourproblems
ndash Long-termbull Greater risk for academic problems troubled
relationships low self-esteem depression
ndash In adolescence
bull Greater risk for dropping out of school beingunemployed using drugs and becoming unwedteen parents
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash In adulthood
bull More likely to experience relationship
conflict unemployment depression andhave a higher divorce rate
ndash Most negative effects cluster together
ndash 20-25 of children of divorce show this
maladjustment ldquoclusterrdquo ndash Most children of divorce become
normally adjusted adults
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash If marriage is high-conflict childrenrsquos
adjustment may be better than ifparents had stayed married
ndash Cooperative parents can cushioneffects of divorce on children
ndash Forming stepfamilies can increase
childrenrsquos short-term problembehavioursbull Young adolescents have the most difficulty
with the transition
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2154
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritative Parents controlling butwarm
ndash Establish clear consistently enforced rules
ndash Compliance is rewarded with warmth andaffection
ndash Associated with most positive childhoodoutcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritarian Parents controlling coldunresponsive and rejecting relationship
ndash Children have lower self-esteem are less
popular and perform more poorly in school
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Indulgent Parents warm caringrelationships no guidance and discipline
ndash Parents fail to teach responsibility and
concern for others ndash Children tend to be immature and self-
centered
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Neglectful Parents do not providewarmth rules or guidance
ndash Children are most likely to be
insecurely attached
ndash Low achievement motivation disturbedpeer relationships impulsive
aggressive ndash Associated with the most negative
developmental outcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2654
Search for gender
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation ndash Gender Identity a sense of
ldquofemalenessrdquo or ldquomalenessrdquo that
becomes a central aspect of onersquospersonal identitybull Develops around age 2-3
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation
ndash Gender Constancy the understanding
that being male or female is apermanent part of a personbull Develops around age 6-7
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Sex-Role Stereotypes beliefs aboutthe characteristics and behavioursthat are appropriate for boys and
girls
bull Sex-Typing treating othersdifferently based on whether they are
female or male
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3054
Moral Reasoning
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Kohlbergrsquos Moral Reasoning
ndash Analysed peoplersquos responses to
hypothetical moral dilemmas
ndash Proposed that people advance throughincreasingly sophisticated levels ofreasoning about moral issues
bull Identified three main levels with twosubstages within each level
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Development occurs in a series of eightPsychosocial Stages
bull Each stage involves a different ldquocrisisrdquo or conflictover how we view ourselves in relation to otherpeople and the world
bull Four stages occur during infancy and childhood
ndash Basic Trust vs Basic Mistrust (Infancy)
ndash Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (Age 1-2)
ndash Initiative vs Guilt (Age 3-5)
ndash Industry vs Inferiority (Age 6-puberty)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 754
Development
of Attachment
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Attachment Theory
ndash Imprinting a sudden biologicallyprimed form of attachment
ndash Attachment the strong emotional bondthat develops between children andtheir primary caregivers
bull No automatic imprinting or critical periodbull First few years of life seem to be a
sensitive period for developing a securebond
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull The Attachment Process ndash Harry Harlow research on infant
rhesus monkeys
bull ldquoContact comfortrdquo with cloth mother chosenover wire mother
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull The Attachment Process ndash John Bowlby three phases
bull Indiscriminate attachment behaviors in
newbornsbull Discriminate attachment behaviors (3
months)
bull Specific attachment behaviors (7-8 months)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull The Attachment Process (continued) ndash Stranger Anxiety distress over contact with
unfamiliar peoplebull Emerges around 6-7 months ends by 18 months
ndash Separation Anxiety distress over beingseparated from a primary caregiver
bull Peaks around 12-16 months disappears between2-3 years of age
ndash Goal-Corrected Partnership (age 3-4)bull Children and caregivers can maintain theirrelationships whether together or apart
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment
ndash Strange Situation a standardisedprocedure for examining infant
attachment
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment
ndash Secure Attachment
bull Explore playroom and react positively to
the strangerbull Distressed when mother leaves
bull Happy when mother returns
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment (continued) ndash Anxious-Resistant Attachment
bull Fearful when the mother is present
bull Demand motherrsquos attentionbull Distressed when mother leaves
bull Not soothed when mother returns may angrilyresist her attempts at contact
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment (continued) ndash Anxious-Avoidant Attachment
bull Show few signs of attachment
bull Rarely cry when mother leavesbull Do not seek contact when mother returns
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Consequences of Attachment
ndash Secure infants are better sociallyadjusted and have an increased
capacity for compassion and altruism ndash Insecure infants have more behavioural
problems
bull Infancy is a sensitive but not criticalperiod for attachment
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Child-Care Controversy researchfindings suggest
ndash High-quality child care does not disrupt
childrenrsquos attachment to their parents
ndash No significant differences in social orcognitive development for daycare
versus non-daycare children throughage 4 12
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce ndash Short-term
bull Anxiety fear confusion depression behaviourproblems
ndash Long-termbull Greater risk for academic problems troubled
relationships low self-esteem depression
ndash In adolescence
bull Greater risk for dropping out of school beingunemployed using drugs and becoming unwedteen parents
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash In adulthood
bull More likely to experience relationship
conflict unemployment depression andhave a higher divorce rate
ndash Most negative effects cluster together
ndash 20-25 of children of divorce show this
maladjustment ldquoclusterrdquo ndash Most children of divorce become
normally adjusted adults
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash If marriage is high-conflict childrenrsquos
adjustment may be better than ifparents had stayed married
ndash Cooperative parents can cushioneffects of divorce on children
ndash Forming stepfamilies can increase
childrenrsquos short-term problembehavioursbull Young adolescents have the most difficulty
with the transition
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2154
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritative Parents controlling butwarm
ndash Establish clear consistently enforced rules
ndash Compliance is rewarded with warmth andaffection
ndash Associated with most positive childhoodoutcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritarian Parents controlling coldunresponsive and rejecting relationship
ndash Children have lower self-esteem are less
popular and perform more poorly in school
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Indulgent Parents warm caringrelationships no guidance and discipline
ndash Parents fail to teach responsibility and
concern for others ndash Children tend to be immature and self-
centered
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Neglectful Parents do not providewarmth rules or guidance
ndash Children are most likely to be
insecurely attached
ndash Low achievement motivation disturbedpeer relationships impulsive
aggressive ndash Associated with the most negative
developmental outcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2654
Search for gender
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation ndash Gender Identity a sense of
ldquofemalenessrdquo or ldquomalenessrdquo that
becomes a central aspect of onersquospersonal identitybull Develops around age 2-3
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation
ndash Gender Constancy the understanding
that being male or female is apermanent part of a personbull Develops around age 6-7
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Sex-Role Stereotypes beliefs aboutthe characteristics and behavioursthat are appropriate for boys and
girls
bull Sex-Typing treating othersdifferently based on whether they are
female or male
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3054
Moral Reasoning
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Kohlbergrsquos Moral Reasoning
ndash Analysed peoplersquos responses to
hypothetical moral dilemmas
ndash Proposed that people advance throughincreasingly sophisticated levels ofreasoning about moral issues
bull Identified three main levels with twosubstages within each level
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 754
Development
of Attachment
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Attachment Theory
ndash Imprinting a sudden biologicallyprimed form of attachment
ndash Attachment the strong emotional bondthat develops between children andtheir primary caregivers
bull No automatic imprinting or critical periodbull First few years of life seem to be a
sensitive period for developing a securebond
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull The Attachment Process ndash Harry Harlow research on infant
rhesus monkeys
bull ldquoContact comfortrdquo with cloth mother chosenover wire mother
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull The Attachment Process ndash John Bowlby three phases
bull Indiscriminate attachment behaviors in
newbornsbull Discriminate attachment behaviors (3
months)
bull Specific attachment behaviors (7-8 months)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull The Attachment Process (continued) ndash Stranger Anxiety distress over contact with
unfamiliar peoplebull Emerges around 6-7 months ends by 18 months
ndash Separation Anxiety distress over beingseparated from a primary caregiver
bull Peaks around 12-16 months disappears between2-3 years of age
ndash Goal-Corrected Partnership (age 3-4)bull Children and caregivers can maintain theirrelationships whether together or apart
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment
ndash Strange Situation a standardisedprocedure for examining infant
attachment
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment
ndash Secure Attachment
bull Explore playroom and react positively to
the strangerbull Distressed when mother leaves
bull Happy when mother returns
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment (continued) ndash Anxious-Resistant Attachment
bull Fearful when the mother is present
bull Demand motherrsquos attentionbull Distressed when mother leaves
bull Not soothed when mother returns may angrilyresist her attempts at contact
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment (continued) ndash Anxious-Avoidant Attachment
bull Show few signs of attachment
bull Rarely cry when mother leavesbull Do not seek contact when mother returns
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Consequences of Attachment
ndash Secure infants are better sociallyadjusted and have an increased
capacity for compassion and altruism ndash Insecure infants have more behavioural
problems
bull Infancy is a sensitive but not criticalperiod for attachment
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Child-Care Controversy researchfindings suggest
ndash High-quality child care does not disrupt
childrenrsquos attachment to their parents
ndash No significant differences in social orcognitive development for daycare
versus non-daycare children throughage 4 12
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce ndash Short-term
bull Anxiety fear confusion depression behaviourproblems
ndash Long-termbull Greater risk for academic problems troubled
relationships low self-esteem depression
ndash In adolescence
bull Greater risk for dropping out of school beingunemployed using drugs and becoming unwedteen parents
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash In adulthood
bull More likely to experience relationship
conflict unemployment depression andhave a higher divorce rate
ndash Most negative effects cluster together
ndash 20-25 of children of divorce show this
maladjustment ldquoclusterrdquo ndash Most children of divorce become
normally adjusted adults
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash If marriage is high-conflict childrenrsquos
adjustment may be better than ifparents had stayed married
ndash Cooperative parents can cushioneffects of divorce on children
ndash Forming stepfamilies can increase
childrenrsquos short-term problembehavioursbull Young adolescents have the most difficulty
with the transition
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2154
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritative Parents controlling butwarm
ndash Establish clear consistently enforced rules
ndash Compliance is rewarded with warmth andaffection
ndash Associated with most positive childhoodoutcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritarian Parents controlling coldunresponsive and rejecting relationship
ndash Children have lower self-esteem are less
popular and perform more poorly in school
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Indulgent Parents warm caringrelationships no guidance and discipline
ndash Parents fail to teach responsibility and
concern for others ndash Children tend to be immature and self-
centered
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Neglectful Parents do not providewarmth rules or guidance
ndash Children are most likely to be
insecurely attached
ndash Low achievement motivation disturbedpeer relationships impulsive
aggressive ndash Associated with the most negative
developmental outcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2654
Search for gender
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation ndash Gender Identity a sense of
ldquofemalenessrdquo or ldquomalenessrdquo that
becomes a central aspect of onersquospersonal identitybull Develops around age 2-3
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation
ndash Gender Constancy the understanding
that being male or female is apermanent part of a personbull Develops around age 6-7
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Sex-Role Stereotypes beliefs aboutthe characteristics and behavioursthat are appropriate for boys and
girls
bull Sex-Typing treating othersdifferently based on whether they are
female or male
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3054
Moral Reasoning
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Kohlbergrsquos Moral Reasoning
ndash Analysed peoplersquos responses to
hypothetical moral dilemmas
ndash Proposed that people advance throughincreasingly sophisticated levels ofreasoning about moral issues
bull Identified three main levels with twosubstages within each level
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Attachment Theory
ndash Imprinting a sudden biologicallyprimed form of attachment
ndash Attachment the strong emotional bondthat develops between children andtheir primary caregivers
bull No automatic imprinting or critical periodbull First few years of life seem to be a
sensitive period for developing a securebond
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull The Attachment Process ndash Harry Harlow research on infant
rhesus monkeys
bull ldquoContact comfortrdquo with cloth mother chosenover wire mother
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull The Attachment Process ndash John Bowlby three phases
bull Indiscriminate attachment behaviors in
newbornsbull Discriminate attachment behaviors (3
months)
bull Specific attachment behaviors (7-8 months)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull The Attachment Process (continued) ndash Stranger Anxiety distress over contact with
unfamiliar peoplebull Emerges around 6-7 months ends by 18 months
ndash Separation Anxiety distress over beingseparated from a primary caregiver
bull Peaks around 12-16 months disappears between2-3 years of age
ndash Goal-Corrected Partnership (age 3-4)bull Children and caregivers can maintain theirrelationships whether together or apart
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment
ndash Strange Situation a standardisedprocedure for examining infant
attachment
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment
ndash Secure Attachment
bull Explore playroom and react positively to
the strangerbull Distressed when mother leaves
bull Happy when mother returns
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment (continued) ndash Anxious-Resistant Attachment
bull Fearful when the mother is present
bull Demand motherrsquos attentionbull Distressed when mother leaves
bull Not soothed when mother returns may angrilyresist her attempts at contact
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment (continued) ndash Anxious-Avoidant Attachment
bull Show few signs of attachment
bull Rarely cry when mother leavesbull Do not seek contact when mother returns
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Consequences of Attachment
ndash Secure infants are better sociallyadjusted and have an increased
capacity for compassion and altruism ndash Insecure infants have more behavioural
problems
bull Infancy is a sensitive but not criticalperiod for attachment
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Child-Care Controversy researchfindings suggest
ndash High-quality child care does not disrupt
childrenrsquos attachment to their parents
ndash No significant differences in social orcognitive development for daycare
versus non-daycare children throughage 4 12
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce ndash Short-term
bull Anxiety fear confusion depression behaviourproblems
ndash Long-termbull Greater risk for academic problems troubled
relationships low self-esteem depression
ndash In adolescence
bull Greater risk for dropping out of school beingunemployed using drugs and becoming unwedteen parents
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash In adulthood
bull More likely to experience relationship
conflict unemployment depression andhave a higher divorce rate
ndash Most negative effects cluster together
ndash 20-25 of children of divorce show this
maladjustment ldquoclusterrdquo ndash Most children of divorce become
normally adjusted adults
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash If marriage is high-conflict childrenrsquos
adjustment may be better than ifparents had stayed married
ndash Cooperative parents can cushioneffects of divorce on children
ndash Forming stepfamilies can increase
childrenrsquos short-term problembehavioursbull Young adolescents have the most difficulty
with the transition
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2154
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritative Parents controlling butwarm
ndash Establish clear consistently enforced rules
ndash Compliance is rewarded with warmth andaffection
ndash Associated with most positive childhoodoutcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritarian Parents controlling coldunresponsive and rejecting relationship
ndash Children have lower self-esteem are less
popular and perform more poorly in school
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Indulgent Parents warm caringrelationships no guidance and discipline
ndash Parents fail to teach responsibility and
concern for others ndash Children tend to be immature and self-
centered
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Neglectful Parents do not providewarmth rules or guidance
ndash Children are most likely to be
insecurely attached
ndash Low achievement motivation disturbedpeer relationships impulsive
aggressive ndash Associated with the most negative
developmental outcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2654
Search for gender
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation ndash Gender Identity a sense of
ldquofemalenessrdquo or ldquomalenessrdquo that
becomes a central aspect of onersquospersonal identitybull Develops around age 2-3
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation
ndash Gender Constancy the understanding
that being male or female is apermanent part of a personbull Develops around age 6-7
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Sex-Role Stereotypes beliefs aboutthe characteristics and behavioursthat are appropriate for boys and
girls
bull Sex-Typing treating othersdifferently based on whether they are
female or male
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3054
Moral Reasoning
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Kohlbergrsquos Moral Reasoning
ndash Analysed peoplersquos responses to
hypothetical moral dilemmas
ndash Proposed that people advance throughincreasingly sophisticated levels ofreasoning about moral issues
bull Identified three main levels with twosubstages within each level
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull The Attachment Process ndash Harry Harlow research on infant
rhesus monkeys
bull ldquoContact comfortrdquo with cloth mother chosenover wire mother
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull The Attachment Process ndash John Bowlby three phases
bull Indiscriminate attachment behaviors in
newbornsbull Discriminate attachment behaviors (3
months)
bull Specific attachment behaviors (7-8 months)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull The Attachment Process (continued) ndash Stranger Anxiety distress over contact with
unfamiliar peoplebull Emerges around 6-7 months ends by 18 months
ndash Separation Anxiety distress over beingseparated from a primary caregiver
bull Peaks around 12-16 months disappears between2-3 years of age
ndash Goal-Corrected Partnership (age 3-4)bull Children and caregivers can maintain theirrelationships whether together or apart
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment
ndash Strange Situation a standardisedprocedure for examining infant
attachment
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment
ndash Secure Attachment
bull Explore playroom and react positively to
the strangerbull Distressed when mother leaves
bull Happy when mother returns
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment (continued) ndash Anxious-Resistant Attachment
bull Fearful when the mother is present
bull Demand motherrsquos attentionbull Distressed when mother leaves
bull Not soothed when mother returns may angrilyresist her attempts at contact
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment (continued) ndash Anxious-Avoidant Attachment
bull Show few signs of attachment
bull Rarely cry when mother leavesbull Do not seek contact when mother returns
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Consequences of Attachment
ndash Secure infants are better sociallyadjusted and have an increased
capacity for compassion and altruism ndash Insecure infants have more behavioural
problems
bull Infancy is a sensitive but not criticalperiod for attachment
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Child-Care Controversy researchfindings suggest
ndash High-quality child care does not disrupt
childrenrsquos attachment to their parents
ndash No significant differences in social orcognitive development for daycare
versus non-daycare children throughage 4 12
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce ndash Short-term
bull Anxiety fear confusion depression behaviourproblems
ndash Long-termbull Greater risk for academic problems troubled
relationships low self-esteem depression
ndash In adolescence
bull Greater risk for dropping out of school beingunemployed using drugs and becoming unwedteen parents
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash In adulthood
bull More likely to experience relationship
conflict unemployment depression andhave a higher divorce rate
ndash Most negative effects cluster together
ndash 20-25 of children of divorce show this
maladjustment ldquoclusterrdquo ndash Most children of divorce become
normally adjusted adults
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash If marriage is high-conflict childrenrsquos
adjustment may be better than ifparents had stayed married
ndash Cooperative parents can cushioneffects of divorce on children
ndash Forming stepfamilies can increase
childrenrsquos short-term problembehavioursbull Young adolescents have the most difficulty
with the transition
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2154
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritative Parents controlling butwarm
ndash Establish clear consistently enforced rules
ndash Compliance is rewarded with warmth andaffection
ndash Associated with most positive childhoodoutcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritarian Parents controlling coldunresponsive and rejecting relationship
ndash Children have lower self-esteem are less
popular and perform more poorly in school
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Indulgent Parents warm caringrelationships no guidance and discipline
ndash Parents fail to teach responsibility and
concern for others ndash Children tend to be immature and self-
centered
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Neglectful Parents do not providewarmth rules or guidance
ndash Children are most likely to be
insecurely attached
ndash Low achievement motivation disturbedpeer relationships impulsive
aggressive ndash Associated with the most negative
developmental outcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2654
Search for gender
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation ndash Gender Identity a sense of
ldquofemalenessrdquo or ldquomalenessrdquo that
becomes a central aspect of onersquospersonal identitybull Develops around age 2-3
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation
ndash Gender Constancy the understanding
that being male or female is apermanent part of a personbull Develops around age 6-7
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Sex-Role Stereotypes beliefs aboutthe characteristics and behavioursthat are appropriate for boys and
girls
bull Sex-Typing treating othersdifferently based on whether they are
female or male
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3054
Moral Reasoning
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Kohlbergrsquos Moral Reasoning
ndash Analysed peoplersquos responses to
hypothetical moral dilemmas
ndash Proposed that people advance throughincreasingly sophisticated levels ofreasoning about moral issues
bull Identified three main levels with twosubstages within each level
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull The Attachment Process ndash John Bowlby three phases
bull Indiscriminate attachment behaviors in
newbornsbull Discriminate attachment behaviors (3
months)
bull Specific attachment behaviors (7-8 months)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull The Attachment Process (continued) ndash Stranger Anxiety distress over contact with
unfamiliar peoplebull Emerges around 6-7 months ends by 18 months
ndash Separation Anxiety distress over beingseparated from a primary caregiver
bull Peaks around 12-16 months disappears between2-3 years of age
ndash Goal-Corrected Partnership (age 3-4)bull Children and caregivers can maintain theirrelationships whether together or apart
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment
ndash Strange Situation a standardisedprocedure for examining infant
attachment
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment
ndash Secure Attachment
bull Explore playroom and react positively to
the strangerbull Distressed when mother leaves
bull Happy when mother returns
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment (continued) ndash Anxious-Resistant Attachment
bull Fearful when the mother is present
bull Demand motherrsquos attentionbull Distressed when mother leaves
bull Not soothed when mother returns may angrilyresist her attempts at contact
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment (continued) ndash Anxious-Avoidant Attachment
bull Show few signs of attachment
bull Rarely cry when mother leavesbull Do not seek contact when mother returns
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Consequences of Attachment
ndash Secure infants are better sociallyadjusted and have an increased
capacity for compassion and altruism ndash Insecure infants have more behavioural
problems
bull Infancy is a sensitive but not criticalperiod for attachment
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Child-Care Controversy researchfindings suggest
ndash High-quality child care does not disrupt
childrenrsquos attachment to their parents
ndash No significant differences in social orcognitive development for daycare
versus non-daycare children throughage 4 12
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce ndash Short-term
bull Anxiety fear confusion depression behaviourproblems
ndash Long-termbull Greater risk for academic problems troubled
relationships low self-esteem depression
ndash In adolescence
bull Greater risk for dropping out of school beingunemployed using drugs and becoming unwedteen parents
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash In adulthood
bull More likely to experience relationship
conflict unemployment depression andhave a higher divorce rate
ndash Most negative effects cluster together
ndash 20-25 of children of divorce show this
maladjustment ldquoclusterrdquo ndash Most children of divorce become
normally adjusted adults
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash If marriage is high-conflict childrenrsquos
adjustment may be better than ifparents had stayed married
ndash Cooperative parents can cushioneffects of divorce on children
ndash Forming stepfamilies can increase
childrenrsquos short-term problembehavioursbull Young adolescents have the most difficulty
with the transition
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2154
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritative Parents controlling butwarm
ndash Establish clear consistently enforced rules
ndash Compliance is rewarded with warmth andaffection
ndash Associated with most positive childhoodoutcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritarian Parents controlling coldunresponsive and rejecting relationship
ndash Children have lower self-esteem are less
popular and perform more poorly in school
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Indulgent Parents warm caringrelationships no guidance and discipline
ndash Parents fail to teach responsibility and
concern for others ndash Children tend to be immature and self-
centered
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Neglectful Parents do not providewarmth rules or guidance
ndash Children are most likely to be
insecurely attached
ndash Low achievement motivation disturbedpeer relationships impulsive
aggressive ndash Associated with the most negative
developmental outcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2654
Search for gender
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation ndash Gender Identity a sense of
ldquofemalenessrdquo or ldquomalenessrdquo that
becomes a central aspect of onersquospersonal identitybull Develops around age 2-3
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation
ndash Gender Constancy the understanding
that being male or female is apermanent part of a personbull Develops around age 6-7
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Sex-Role Stereotypes beliefs aboutthe characteristics and behavioursthat are appropriate for boys and
girls
bull Sex-Typing treating othersdifferently based on whether they are
female or male
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3054
Moral Reasoning
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Kohlbergrsquos Moral Reasoning
ndash Analysed peoplersquos responses to
hypothetical moral dilemmas
ndash Proposed that people advance throughincreasingly sophisticated levels ofreasoning about moral issues
bull Identified three main levels with twosubstages within each level
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull The Attachment Process (continued) ndash Stranger Anxiety distress over contact with
unfamiliar peoplebull Emerges around 6-7 months ends by 18 months
ndash Separation Anxiety distress over beingseparated from a primary caregiver
bull Peaks around 12-16 months disappears between2-3 years of age
ndash Goal-Corrected Partnership (age 3-4)bull Children and caregivers can maintain theirrelationships whether together or apart
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment
ndash Strange Situation a standardisedprocedure for examining infant
attachment
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment
ndash Secure Attachment
bull Explore playroom and react positively to
the strangerbull Distressed when mother leaves
bull Happy when mother returns
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment (continued) ndash Anxious-Resistant Attachment
bull Fearful when the mother is present
bull Demand motherrsquos attentionbull Distressed when mother leaves
bull Not soothed when mother returns may angrilyresist her attempts at contact
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment (continued) ndash Anxious-Avoidant Attachment
bull Show few signs of attachment
bull Rarely cry when mother leavesbull Do not seek contact when mother returns
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Consequences of Attachment
ndash Secure infants are better sociallyadjusted and have an increased
capacity for compassion and altruism ndash Insecure infants have more behavioural
problems
bull Infancy is a sensitive but not criticalperiod for attachment
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Child-Care Controversy researchfindings suggest
ndash High-quality child care does not disrupt
childrenrsquos attachment to their parents
ndash No significant differences in social orcognitive development for daycare
versus non-daycare children throughage 4 12
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce ndash Short-term
bull Anxiety fear confusion depression behaviourproblems
ndash Long-termbull Greater risk for academic problems troubled
relationships low self-esteem depression
ndash In adolescence
bull Greater risk for dropping out of school beingunemployed using drugs and becoming unwedteen parents
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash In adulthood
bull More likely to experience relationship
conflict unemployment depression andhave a higher divorce rate
ndash Most negative effects cluster together
ndash 20-25 of children of divorce show this
maladjustment ldquoclusterrdquo ndash Most children of divorce become
normally adjusted adults
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash If marriage is high-conflict childrenrsquos
adjustment may be better than ifparents had stayed married
ndash Cooperative parents can cushioneffects of divorce on children
ndash Forming stepfamilies can increase
childrenrsquos short-term problembehavioursbull Young adolescents have the most difficulty
with the transition
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2154
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritative Parents controlling butwarm
ndash Establish clear consistently enforced rules
ndash Compliance is rewarded with warmth andaffection
ndash Associated with most positive childhoodoutcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritarian Parents controlling coldunresponsive and rejecting relationship
ndash Children have lower self-esteem are less
popular and perform more poorly in school
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Indulgent Parents warm caringrelationships no guidance and discipline
ndash Parents fail to teach responsibility and
concern for others ndash Children tend to be immature and self-
centered
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Neglectful Parents do not providewarmth rules or guidance
ndash Children are most likely to be
insecurely attached
ndash Low achievement motivation disturbedpeer relationships impulsive
aggressive ndash Associated with the most negative
developmental outcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2654
Search for gender
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation ndash Gender Identity a sense of
ldquofemalenessrdquo or ldquomalenessrdquo that
becomes a central aspect of onersquospersonal identitybull Develops around age 2-3
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation
ndash Gender Constancy the understanding
that being male or female is apermanent part of a personbull Develops around age 6-7
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Sex-Role Stereotypes beliefs aboutthe characteristics and behavioursthat are appropriate for boys and
girls
bull Sex-Typing treating othersdifferently based on whether they are
female or male
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3054
Moral Reasoning
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Kohlbergrsquos Moral Reasoning
ndash Analysed peoplersquos responses to
hypothetical moral dilemmas
ndash Proposed that people advance throughincreasingly sophisticated levels ofreasoning about moral issues
bull Identified three main levels with twosubstages within each level
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment
ndash Strange Situation a standardisedprocedure for examining infant
attachment
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment
ndash Secure Attachment
bull Explore playroom and react positively to
the strangerbull Distressed when mother leaves
bull Happy when mother returns
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment (continued) ndash Anxious-Resistant Attachment
bull Fearful when the mother is present
bull Demand motherrsquos attentionbull Distressed when mother leaves
bull Not soothed when mother returns may angrilyresist her attempts at contact
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment (continued) ndash Anxious-Avoidant Attachment
bull Show few signs of attachment
bull Rarely cry when mother leavesbull Do not seek contact when mother returns
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Consequences of Attachment
ndash Secure infants are better sociallyadjusted and have an increased
capacity for compassion and altruism ndash Insecure infants have more behavioural
problems
bull Infancy is a sensitive but not criticalperiod for attachment
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Child-Care Controversy researchfindings suggest
ndash High-quality child care does not disrupt
childrenrsquos attachment to their parents
ndash No significant differences in social orcognitive development for daycare
versus non-daycare children throughage 4 12
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce ndash Short-term
bull Anxiety fear confusion depression behaviourproblems
ndash Long-termbull Greater risk for academic problems troubled
relationships low self-esteem depression
ndash In adolescence
bull Greater risk for dropping out of school beingunemployed using drugs and becoming unwedteen parents
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash In adulthood
bull More likely to experience relationship
conflict unemployment depression andhave a higher divorce rate
ndash Most negative effects cluster together
ndash 20-25 of children of divorce show this
maladjustment ldquoclusterrdquo ndash Most children of divorce become
normally adjusted adults
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash If marriage is high-conflict childrenrsquos
adjustment may be better than ifparents had stayed married
ndash Cooperative parents can cushioneffects of divorce on children
ndash Forming stepfamilies can increase
childrenrsquos short-term problembehavioursbull Young adolescents have the most difficulty
with the transition
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2154
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritative Parents controlling butwarm
ndash Establish clear consistently enforced rules
ndash Compliance is rewarded with warmth andaffection
ndash Associated with most positive childhoodoutcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritarian Parents controlling coldunresponsive and rejecting relationship
ndash Children have lower self-esteem are less
popular and perform more poorly in school
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Indulgent Parents warm caringrelationships no guidance and discipline
ndash Parents fail to teach responsibility and
concern for others ndash Children tend to be immature and self-
centered
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Neglectful Parents do not providewarmth rules or guidance
ndash Children are most likely to be
insecurely attached
ndash Low achievement motivation disturbedpeer relationships impulsive
aggressive ndash Associated with the most negative
developmental outcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2654
Search for gender
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation ndash Gender Identity a sense of
ldquofemalenessrdquo or ldquomalenessrdquo that
becomes a central aspect of onersquospersonal identitybull Develops around age 2-3
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation
ndash Gender Constancy the understanding
that being male or female is apermanent part of a personbull Develops around age 6-7
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Sex-Role Stereotypes beliefs aboutthe characteristics and behavioursthat are appropriate for boys and
girls
bull Sex-Typing treating othersdifferently based on whether they are
female or male
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3054
Moral Reasoning
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Kohlbergrsquos Moral Reasoning
ndash Analysed peoplersquos responses to
hypothetical moral dilemmas
ndash Proposed that people advance throughincreasingly sophisticated levels ofreasoning about moral issues
bull Identified three main levels with twosubstages within each level
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment
ndash Secure Attachment
bull Explore playroom and react positively to
the strangerbull Distressed when mother leaves
bull Happy when mother returns
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment (continued) ndash Anxious-Resistant Attachment
bull Fearful when the mother is present
bull Demand motherrsquos attentionbull Distressed when mother leaves
bull Not soothed when mother returns may angrilyresist her attempts at contact
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment (continued) ndash Anxious-Avoidant Attachment
bull Show few signs of attachment
bull Rarely cry when mother leavesbull Do not seek contact when mother returns
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Consequences of Attachment
ndash Secure infants are better sociallyadjusted and have an increased
capacity for compassion and altruism ndash Insecure infants have more behavioural
problems
bull Infancy is a sensitive but not criticalperiod for attachment
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Child-Care Controversy researchfindings suggest
ndash High-quality child care does not disrupt
childrenrsquos attachment to their parents
ndash No significant differences in social orcognitive development for daycare
versus non-daycare children throughage 4 12
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce ndash Short-term
bull Anxiety fear confusion depression behaviourproblems
ndash Long-termbull Greater risk for academic problems troubled
relationships low self-esteem depression
ndash In adolescence
bull Greater risk for dropping out of school beingunemployed using drugs and becoming unwedteen parents
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash In adulthood
bull More likely to experience relationship
conflict unemployment depression andhave a higher divorce rate
ndash Most negative effects cluster together
ndash 20-25 of children of divorce show this
maladjustment ldquoclusterrdquo ndash Most children of divorce become
normally adjusted adults
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash If marriage is high-conflict childrenrsquos
adjustment may be better than ifparents had stayed married
ndash Cooperative parents can cushioneffects of divorce on children
ndash Forming stepfamilies can increase
childrenrsquos short-term problembehavioursbull Young adolescents have the most difficulty
with the transition
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2154
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritative Parents controlling butwarm
ndash Establish clear consistently enforced rules
ndash Compliance is rewarded with warmth andaffection
ndash Associated with most positive childhoodoutcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritarian Parents controlling coldunresponsive and rejecting relationship
ndash Children have lower self-esteem are less
popular and perform more poorly in school
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Indulgent Parents warm caringrelationships no guidance and discipline
ndash Parents fail to teach responsibility and
concern for others ndash Children tend to be immature and self-
centered
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Neglectful Parents do not providewarmth rules or guidance
ndash Children are most likely to be
insecurely attached
ndash Low achievement motivation disturbedpeer relationships impulsive
aggressive ndash Associated with the most negative
developmental outcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2654
Search for gender
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation ndash Gender Identity a sense of
ldquofemalenessrdquo or ldquomalenessrdquo that
becomes a central aspect of onersquospersonal identitybull Develops around age 2-3
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation
ndash Gender Constancy the understanding
that being male or female is apermanent part of a personbull Develops around age 6-7
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Sex-Role Stereotypes beliefs aboutthe characteristics and behavioursthat are appropriate for boys and
girls
bull Sex-Typing treating othersdifferently based on whether they are
female or male
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3054
Moral Reasoning
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Kohlbergrsquos Moral Reasoning
ndash Analysed peoplersquos responses to
hypothetical moral dilemmas
ndash Proposed that people advance throughincreasingly sophisticated levels ofreasoning about moral issues
bull Identified three main levels with twosubstages within each level
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment (continued) ndash Anxious-Resistant Attachment
bull Fearful when the mother is present
bull Demand motherrsquos attentionbull Distressed when mother leaves
bull Not soothed when mother returns may angrilyresist her attempts at contact
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment (continued) ndash Anxious-Avoidant Attachment
bull Show few signs of attachment
bull Rarely cry when mother leavesbull Do not seek contact when mother returns
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Consequences of Attachment
ndash Secure infants are better sociallyadjusted and have an increased
capacity for compassion and altruism ndash Insecure infants have more behavioural
problems
bull Infancy is a sensitive but not criticalperiod for attachment
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Child-Care Controversy researchfindings suggest
ndash High-quality child care does not disrupt
childrenrsquos attachment to their parents
ndash No significant differences in social orcognitive development for daycare
versus non-daycare children throughage 4 12
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce ndash Short-term
bull Anxiety fear confusion depression behaviourproblems
ndash Long-termbull Greater risk for academic problems troubled
relationships low self-esteem depression
ndash In adolescence
bull Greater risk for dropping out of school beingunemployed using drugs and becoming unwedteen parents
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash In adulthood
bull More likely to experience relationship
conflict unemployment depression andhave a higher divorce rate
ndash Most negative effects cluster together
ndash 20-25 of children of divorce show this
maladjustment ldquoclusterrdquo ndash Most children of divorce become
normally adjusted adults
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash If marriage is high-conflict childrenrsquos
adjustment may be better than ifparents had stayed married
ndash Cooperative parents can cushioneffects of divorce on children
ndash Forming stepfamilies can increase
childrenrsquos short-term problembehavioursbull Young adolescents have the most difficulty
with the transition
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2154
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritative Parents controlling butwarm
ndash Establish clear consistently enforced rules
ndash Compliance is rewarded with warmth andaffection
ndash Associated with most positive childhoodoutcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritarian Parents controlling coldunresponsive and rejecting relationship
ndash Children have lower self-esteem are less
popular and perform more poorly in school
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Indulgent Parents warm caringrelationships no guidance and discipline
ndash Parents fail to teach responsibility and
concern for others ndash Children tend to be immature and self-
centered
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Neglectful Parents do not providewarmth rules or guidance
ndash Children are most likely to be
insecurely attached
ndash Low achievement motivation disturbedpeer relationships impulsive
aggressive ndash Associated with the most negative
developmental outcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2654
Search for gender
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation ndash Gender Identity a sense of
ldquofemalenessrdquo or ldquomalenessrdquo that
becomes a central aspect of onersquospersonal identitybull Develops around age 2-3
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation
ndash Gender Constancy the understanding
that being male or female is apermanent part of a personbull Develops around age 6-7
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Sex-Role Stereotypes beliefs aboutthe characteristics and behavioursthat are appropriate for boys and
girls
bull Sex-Typing treating othersdifferently based on whether they are
female or male
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3054
Moral Reasoning
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Kohlbergrsquos Moral Reasoning
ndash Analysed peoplersquos responses to
hypothetical moral dilemmas
ndash Proposed that people advance throughincreasingly sophisticated levels ofreasoning about moral issues
bull Identified three main levels with twosubstages within each level
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Types of Attachment (continued) ndash Anxious-Avoidant Attachment
bull Show few signs of attachment
bull Rarely cry when mother leavesbull Do not seek contact when mother returns
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Consequences of Attachment
ndash Secure infants are better sociallyadjusted and have an increased
capacity for compassion and altruism ndash Insecure infants have more behavioural
problems
bull Infancy is a sensitive but not criticalperiod for attachment
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Child-Care Controversy researchfindings suggest
ndash High-quality child care does not disrupt
childrenrsquos attachment to their parents
ndash No significant differences in social orcognitive development for daycare
versus non-daycare children throughage 4 12
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce ndash Short-term
bull Anxiety fear confusion depression behaviourproblems
ndash Long-termbull Greater risk for academic problems troubled
relationships low self-esteem depression
ndash In adolescence
bull Greater risk for dropping out of school beingunemployed using drugs and becoming unwedteen parents
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash In adulthood
bull More likely to experience relationship
conflict unemployment depression andhave a higher divorce rate
ndash Most negative effects cluster together
ndash 20-25 of children of divorce show this
maladjustment ldquoclusterrdquo ndash Most children of divorce become
normally adjusted adults
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash If marriage is high-conflict childrenrsquos
adjustment may be better than ifparents had stayed married
ndash Cooperative parents can cushioneffects of divorce on children
ndash Forming stepfamilies can increase
childrenrsquos short-term problembehavioursbull Young adolescents have the most difficulty
with the transition
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2154
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritative Parents controlling butwarm
ndash Establish clear consistently enforced rules
ndash Compliance is rewarded with warmth andaffection
ndash Associated with most positive childhoodoutcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritarian Parents controlling coldunresponsive and rejecting relationship
ndash Children have lower self-esteem are less
popular and perform more poorly in school
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Indulgent Parents warm caringrelationships no guidance and discipline
ndash Parents fail to teach responsibility and
concern for others ndash Children tend to be immature and self-
centered
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Neglectful Parents do not providewarmth rules or guidance
ndash Children are most likely to be
insecurely attached
ndash Low achievement motivation disturbedpeer relationships impulsive
aggressive ndash Associated with the most negative
developmental outcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2654
Search for gender
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation ndash Gender Identity a sense of
ldquofemalenessrdquo or ldquomalenessrdquo that
becomes a central aspect of onersquospersonal identitybull Develops around age 2-3
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation
ndash Gender Constancy the understanding
that being male or female is apermanent part of a personbull Develops around age 6-7
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Sex-Role Stereotypes beliefs aboutthe characteristics and behavioursthat are appropriate for boys and
girls
bull Sex-Typing treating othersdifferently based on whether they are
female or male
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3054
Moral Reasoning
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Kohlbergrsquos Moral Reasoning
ndash Analysed peoplersquos responses to
hypothetical moral dilemmas
ndash Proposed that people advance throughincreasingly sophisticated levels ofreasoning about moral issues
bull Identified three main levels with twosubstages within each level
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Consequences of Attachment
ndash Secure infants are better sociallyadjusted and have an increased
capacity for compassion and altruism ndash Insecure infants have more behavioural
problems
bull Infancy is a sensitive but not criticalperiod for attachment
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Child-Care Controversy researchfindings suggest
ndash High-quality child care does not disrupt
childrenrsquos attachment to their parents
ndash No significant differences in social orcognitive development for daycare
versus non-daycare children throughage 4 12
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce ndash Short-term
bull Anxiety fear confusion depression behaviourproblems
ndash Long-termbull Greater risk for academic problems troubled
relationships low self-esteem depression
ndash In adolescence
bull Greater risk for dropping out of school beingunemployed using drugs and becoming unwedteen parents
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash In adulthood
bull More likely to experience relationship
conflict unemployment depression andhave a higher divorce rate
ndash Most negative effects cluster together
ndash 20-25 of children of divorce show this
maladjustment ldquoclusterrdquo ndash Most children of divorce become
normally adjusted adults
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash If marriage is high-conflict childrenrsquos
adjustment may be better than ifparents had stayed married
ndash Cooperative parents can cushioneffects of divorce on children
ndash Forming stepfamilies can increase
childrenrsquos short-term problembehavioursbull Young adolescents have the most difficulty
with the transition
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2154
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritative Parents controlling butwarm
ndash Establish clear consistently enforced rules
ndash Compliance is rewarded with warmth andaffection
ndash Associated with most positive childhoodoutcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritarian Parents controlling coldunresponsive and rejecting relationship
ndash Children have lower self-esteem are less
popular and perform more poorly in school
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Indulgent Parents warm caringrelationships no guidance and discipline
ndash Parents fail to teach responsibility and
concern for others ndash Children tend to be immature and self-
centered
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Neglectful Parents do not providewarmth rules or guidance
ndash Children are most likely to be
insecurely attached
ndash Low achievement motivation disturbedpeer relationships impulsive
aggressive ndash Associated with the most negative
developmental outcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2654
Search for gender
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation ndash Gender Identity a sense of
ldquofemalenessrdquo or ldquomalenessrdquo that
becomes a central aspect of onersquospersonal identitybull Develops around age 2-3
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation
ndash Gender Constancy the understanding
that being male or female is apermanent part of a personbull Develops around age 6-7
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Sex-Role Stereotypes beliefs aboutthe characteristics and behavioursthat are appropriate for boys and
girls
bull Sex-Typing treating othersdifferently based on whether they are
female or male
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3054
Moral Reasoning
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Kohlbergrsquos Moral Reasoning
ndash Analysed peoplersquos responses to
hypothetical moral dilemmas
ndash Proposed that people advance throughincreasingly sophisticated levels ofreasoning about moral issues
bull Identified three main levels with twosubstages within each level
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Child-Care Controversy researchfindings suggest
ndash High-quality child care does not disrupt
childrenrsquos attachment to their parents
ndash No significant differences in social orcognitive development for daycare
versus non-daycare children throughage 4 12
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce ndash Short-term
bull Anxiety fear confusion depression behaviourproblems
ndash Long-termbull Greater risk for academic problems troubled
relationships low self-esteem depression
ndash In adolescence
bull Greater risk for dropping out of school beingunemployed using drugs and becoming unwedteen parents
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash In adulthood
bull More likely to experience relationship
conflict unemployment depression andhave a higher divorce rate
ndash Most negative effects cluster together
ndash 20-25 of children of divorce show this
maladjustment ldquoclusterrdquo ndash Most children of divorce become
normally adjusted adults
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash If marriage is high-conflict childrenrsquos
adjustment may be better than ifparents had stayed married
ndash Cooperative parents can cushioneffects of divorce on children
ndash Forming stepfamilies can increase
childrenrsquos short-term problembehavioursbull Young adolescents have the most difficulty
with the transition
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2154
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritative Parents controlling butwarm
ndash Establish clear consistently enforced rules
ndash Compliance is rewarded with warmth andaffection
ndash Associated with most positive childhoodoutcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritarian Parents controlling coldunresponsive and rejecting relationship
ndash Children have lower self-esteem are less
popular and perform more poorly in school
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Indulgent Parents warm caringrelationships no guidance and discipline
ndash Parents fail to teach responsibility and
concern for others ndash Children tend to be immature and self-
centered
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Neglectful Parents do not providewarmth rules or guidance
ndash Children are most likely to be
insecurely attached
ndash Low achievement motivation disturbedpeer relationships impulsive
aggressive ndash Associated with the most negative
developmental outcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2654
Search for gender
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation ndash Gender Identity a sense of
ldquofemalenessrdquo or ldquomalenessrdquo that
becomes a central aspect of onersquospersonal identitybull Develops around age 2-3
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation
ndash Gender Constancy the understanding
that being male or female is apermanent part of a personbull Develops around age 6-7
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Sex-Role Stereotypes beliefs aboutthe characteristics and behavioursthat are appropriate for boys and
girls
bull Sex-Typing treating othersdifferently based on whether they are
female or male
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3054
Moral Reasoning
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Kohlbergrsquos Moral Reasoning
ndash Analysed peoplersquos responses to
hypothetical moral dilemmas
ndash Proposed that people advance throughincreasingly sophisticated levels ofreasoning about moral issues
bull Identified three main levels with twosubstages within each level
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce ndash Short-term
bull Anxiety fear confusion depression behaviourproblems
ndash Long-termbull Greater risk for academic problems troubled
relationships low self-esteem depression
ndash In adolescence
bull Greater risk for dropping out of school beingunemployed using drugs and becoming unwedteen parents
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash In adulthood
bull More likely to experience relationship
conflict unemployment depression andhave a higher divorce rate
ndash Most negative effects cluster together
ndash 20-25 of children of divorce show this
maladjustment ldquoclusterrdquo ndash Most children of divorce become
normally adjusted adults
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash If marriage is high-conflict childrenrsquos
adjustment may be better than ifparents had stayed married
ndash Cooperative parents can cushioneffects of divorce on children
ndash Forming stepfamilies can increase
childrenrsquos short-term problembehavioursbull Young adolescents have the most difficulty
with the transition
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2154
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritative Parents controlling butwarm
ndash Establish clear consistently enforced rules
ndash Compliance is rewarded with warmth andaffection
ndash Associated with most positive childhoodoutcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritarian Parents controlling coldunresponsive and rejecting relationship
ndash Children have lower self-esteem are less
popular and perform more poorly in school
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Indulgent Parents warm caringrelationships no guidance and discipline
ndash Parents fail to teach responsibility and
concern for others ndash Children tend to be immature and self-
centered
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Neglectful Parents do not providewarmth rules or guidance
ndash Children are most likely to be
insecurely attached
ndash Low achievement motivation disturbedpeer relationships impulsive
aggressive ndash Associated with the most negative
developmental outcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2654
Search for gender
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation ndash Gender Identity a sense of
ldquofemalenessrdquo or ldquomalenessrdquo that
becomes a central aspect of onersquospersonal identitybull Develops around age 2-3
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation
ndash Gender Constancy the understanding
that being male or female is apermanent part of a personbull Develops around age 6-7
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Sex-Role Stereotypes beliefs aboutthe characteristics and behavioursthat are appropriate for boys and
girls
bull Sex-Typing treating othersdifferently based on whether they are
female or male
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3054
Moral Reasoning
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Kohlbergrsquos Moral Reasoning
ndash Analysed peoplersquos responses to
hypothetical moral dilemmas
ndash Proposed that people advance throughincreasingly sophisticated levels ofreasoning about moral issues
bull Identified three main levels with twosubstages within each level
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 1954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash In adulthood
bull More likely to experience relationship
conflict unemployment depression andhave a higher divorce rate
ndash Most negative effects cluster together
ndash 20-25 of children of divorce show this
maladjustment ldquoclusterrdquo ndash Most children of divorce become
normally adjusted adults
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash If marriage is high-conflict childrenrsquos
adjustment may be better than ifparents had stayed married
ndash Cooperative parents can cushioneffects of divorce on children
ndash Forming stepfamilies can increase
childrenrsquos short-term problembehavioursbull Young adolescents have the most difficulty
with the transition
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2154
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritative Parents controlling butwarm
ndash Establish clear consistently enforced rules
ndash Compliance is rewarded with warmth andaffection
ndash Associated with most positive childhoodoutcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritarian Parents controlling coldunresponsive and rejecting relationship
ndash Children have lower self-esteem are less
popular and perform more poorly in school
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Indulgent Parents warm caringrelationships no guidance and discipline
ndash Parents fail to teach responsibility and
concern for others ndash Children tend to be immature and self-
centered
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Neglectful Parents do not providewarmth rules or guidance
ndash Children are most likely to be
insecurely attached
ndash Low achievement motivation disturbedpeer relationships impulsive
aggressive ndash Associated with the most negative
developmental outcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2654
Search for gender
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation ndash Gender Identity a sense of
ldquofemalenessrdquo or ldquomalenessrdquo that
becomes a central aspect of onersquospersonal identitybull Develops around age 2-3
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation
ndash Gender Constancy the understanding
that being male or female is apermanent part of a personbull Develops around age 6-7
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Sex-Role Stereotypes beliefs aboutthe characteristics and behavioursthat are appropriate for boys and
girls
bull Sex-Typing treating othersdifferently based on whether they are
female or male
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3054
Moral Reasoning
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Kohlbergrsquos Moral Reasoning
ndash Analysed peoplersquos responses to
hypothetical moral dilemmas
ndash Proposed that people advance throughincreasingly sophisticated levels ofreasoning about moral issues
bull Identified three main levels with twosubstages within each level
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Effects of Divorce (continued) ndash If marriage is high-conflict childrenrsquos
adjustment may be better than ifparents had stayed married
ndash Cooperative parents can cushioneffects of divorce on children
ndash Forming stepfamilies can increase
childrenrsquos short-term problembehavioursbull Young adolescents have the most difficulty
with the transition
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2154
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritative Parents controlling butwarm
ndash Establish clear consistently enforced rules
ndash Compliance is rewarded with warmth andaffection
ndash Associated with most positive childhoodoutcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritarian Parents controlling coldunresponsive and rejecting relationship
ndash Children have lower self-esteem are less
popular and perform more poorly in school
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Indulgent Parents warm caringrelationships no guidance and discipline
ndash Parents fail to teach responsibility and
concern for others ndash Children tend to be immature and self-
centered
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Neglectful Parents do not providewarmth rules or guidance
ndash Children are most likely to be
insecurely attached
ndash Low achievement motivation disturbedpeer relationships impulsive
aggressive ndash Associated with the most negative
developmental outcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2654
Search for gender
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation ndash Gender Identity a sense of
ldquofemalenessrdquo or ldquomalenessrdquo that
becomes a central aspect of onersquospersonal identitybull Develops around age 2-3
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation
ndash Gender Constancy the understanding
that being male or female is apermanent part of a personbull Develops around age 6-7
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Sex-Role Stereotypes beliefs aboutthe characteristics and behavioursthat are appropriate for boys and
girls
bull Sex-Typing treating othersdifferently based on whether they are
female or male
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3054
Moral Reasoning
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Kohlbergrsquos Moral Reasoning
ndash Analysed peoplersquos responses to
hypothetical moral dilemmas
ndash Proposed that people advance throughincreasingly sophisticated levels ofreasoning about moral issues
bull Identified three main levels with twosubstages within each level
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2154
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritative Parents controlling butwarm
ndash Establish clear consistently enforced rules
ndash Compliance is rewarded with warmth andaffection
ndash Associated with most positive childhoodoutcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritarian Parents controlling coldunresponsive and rejecting relationship
ndash Children have lower self-esteem are less
popular and perform more poorly in school
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Indulgent Parents warm caringrelationships no guidance and discipline
ndash Parents fail to teach responsibility and
concern for others ndash Children tend to be immature and self-
centered
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Neglectful Parents do not providewarmth rules or guidance
ndash Children are most likely to be
insecurely attached
ndash Low achievement motivation disturbedpeer relationships impulsive
aggressive ndash Associated with the most negative
developmental outcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2654
Search for gender
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation ndash Gender Identity a sense of
ldquofemalenessrdquo or ldquomalenessrdquo that
becomes a central aspect of onersquospersonal identitybull Develops around age 2-3
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation
ndash Gender Constancy the understanding
that being male or female is apermanent part of a personbull Develops around age 6-7
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Sex-Role Stereotypes beliefs aboutthe characteristics and behavioursthat are appropriate for boys and
girls
bull Sex-Typing treating othersdifferently based on whether they are
female or male
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3054
Moral Reasoning
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Kohlbergrsquos Moral Reasoning
ndash Analysed peoplersquos responses to
hypothetical moral dilemmas
ndash Proposed that people advance throughincreasingly sophisticated levels ofreasoning about moral issues
bull Identified three main levels with twosubstages within each level
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritative Parents controlling butwarm
ndash Establish clear consistently enforced rules
ndash Compliance is rewarded with warmth andaffection
ndash Associated with most positive childhoodoutcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritarian Parents controlling coldunresponsive and rejecting relationship
ndash Children have lower self-esteem are less
popular and perform more poorly in school
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Indulgent Parents warm caringrelationships no guidance and discipline
ndash Parents fail to teach responsibility and
concern for others ndash Children tend to be immature and self-
centered
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Neglectful Parents do not providewarmth rules or guidance
ndash Children are most likely to be
insecurely attached
ndash Low achievement motivation disturbedpeer relationships impulsive
aggressive ndash Associated with the most negative
developmental outcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2654
Search for gender
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation ndash Gender Identity a sense of
ldquofemalenessrdquo or ldquomalenessrdquo that
becomes a central aspect of onersquospersonal identitybull Develops around age 2-3
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation
ndash Gender Constancy the understanding
that being male or female is apermanent part of a personbull Develops around age 6-7
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Sex-Role Stereotypes beliefs aboutthe characteristics and behavioursthat are appropriate for boys and
girls
bull Sex-Typing treating othersdifferently based on whether they are
female or male
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3054
Moral Reasoning
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Kohlbergrsquos Moral Reasoning
ndash Analysed peoplersquos responses to
hypothetical moral dilemmas
ndash Proposed that people advance throughincreasingly sophisticated levels ofreasoning about moral issues
bull Identified three main levels with twosubstages within each level
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Authoritarian Parents controlling coldunresponsive and rejecting relationship
ndash Children have lower self-esteem are less
popular and perform more poorly in school
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Indulgent Parents warm caringrelationships no guidance and discipline
ndash Parents fail to teach responsibility and
concern for others ndash Children tend to be immature and self-
centered
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Neglectful Parents do not providewarmth rules or guidance
ndash Children are most likely to be
insecurely attached
ndash Low achievement motivation disturbedpeer relationships impulsive
aggressive ndash Associated with the most negative
developmental outcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2654
Search for gender
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation ndash Gender Identity a sense of
ldquofemalenessrdquo or ldquomalenessrdquo that
becomes a central aspect of onersquospersonal identitybull Develops around age 2-3
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation
ndash Gender Constancy the understanding
that being male or female is apermanent part of a personbull Develops around age 6-7
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Sex-Role Stereotypes beliefs aboutthe characteristics and behavioursthat are appropriate for boys and
girls
bull Sex-Typing treating othersdifferently based on whether they are
female or male
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3054
Moral Reasoning
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Kohlbergrsquos Moral Reasoning
ndash Analysed peoplersquos responses to
hypothetical moral dilemmas
ndash Proposed that people advance throughincreasingly sophisticated levels ofreasoning about moral issues
bull Identified three main levels with twosubstages within each level
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Indulgent Parents warm caringrelationships no guidance and discipline
ndash Parents fail to teach responsibility and
concern for others ndash Children tend to be immature and self-
centered
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Neglectful Parents do not providewarmth rules or guidance
ndash Children are most likely to be
insecurely attached
ndash Low achievement motivation disturbedpeer relationships impulsive
aggressive ndash Associated with the most negative
developmental outcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2654
Search for gender
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation ndash Gender Identity a sense of
ldquofemalenessrdquo or ldquomalenessrdquo that
becomes a central aspect of onersquospersonal identitybull Develops around age 2-3
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation
ndash Gender Constancy the understanding
that being male or female is apermanent part of a personbull Develops around age 6-7
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Sex-Role Stereotypes beliefs aboutthe characteristics and behavioursthat are appropriate for boys and
girls
bull Sex-Typing treating othersdifferently based on whether they are
female or male
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3054
Moral Reasoning
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Kohlbergrsquos Moral Reasoning
ndash Analysed peoplersquos responses to
hypothetical moral dilemmas
ndash Proposed that people advance throughincreasingly sophisticated levels ofreasoning about moral issues
bull Identified three main levels with twosubstages within each level
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Neglectful Parents do not providewarmth rules or guidance
ndash Children are most likely to be
insecurely attached
ndash Low achievement motivation disturbedpeer relationships impulsive
aggressive ndash Associated with the most negative
developmental outcomes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2654
Search for gender
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation ndash Gender Identity a sense of
ldquofemalenessrdquo or ldquomalenessrdquo that
becomes a central aspect of onersquospersonal identitybull Develops around age 2-3
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation
ndash Gender Constancy the understanding
that being male or female is apermanent part of a personbull Develops around age 6-7
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Sex-Role Stereotypes beliefs aboutthe characteristics and behavioursthat are appropriate for boys and
girls
bull Sex-Typing treating othersdifferently based on whether they are
female or male
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3054
Moral Reasoning
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Kohlbergrsquos Moral Reasoning
ndash Analysed peoplersquos responses to
hypothetical moral dilemmas
ndash Proposed that people advance throughincreasingly sophisticated levels ofreasoning about moral issues
bull Identified three main levels with twosubstages within each level
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2654
Search for gender
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation ndash Gender Identity a sense of
ldquofemalenessrdquo or ldquomalenessrdquo that
becomes a central aspect of onersquospersonal identitybull Develops around age 2-3
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation
ndash Gender Constancy the understanding
that being male or female is apermanent part of a personbull Develops around age 6-7
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Sex-Role Stereotypes beliefs aboutthe characteristics and behavioursthat are appropriate for boys and
girls
bull Sex-Typing treating othersdifferently based on whether they are
female or male
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3054
Moral Reasoning
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Kohlbergrsquos Moral Reasoning
ndash Analysed peoplersquos responses to
hypothetical moral dilemmas
ndash Proposed that people advance throughincreasingly sophisticated levels ofreasoning about moral issues
bull Identified three main levels with twosubstages within each level
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation ndash Gender Identity a sense of
ldquofemalenessrdquo or ldquomalenessrdquo that
becomes a central aspect of onersquospersonal identitybull Develops around age 2-3
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation
ndash Gender Constancy the understanding
that being male or female is apermanent part of a personbull Develops around age 6-7
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Sex-Role Stereotypes beliefs aboutthe characteristics and behavioursthat are appropriate for boys and
girls
bull Sex-Typing treating othersdifferently based on whether they are
female or male
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3054
Moral Reasoning
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Kohlbergrsquos Moral Reasoning
ndash Analysed peoplersquos responses to
hypothetical moral dilemmas
ndash Proposed that people advance throughincreasingly sophisticated levels ofreasoning about moral issues
bull Identified three main levels with twosubstages within each level
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Gender Identity and Socialisation
ndash Gender Constancy the understanding
that being male or female is apermanent part of a personbull Develops around age 6-7
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Sex-Role Stereotypes beliefs aboutthe characteristics and behavioursthat are appropriate for boys and
girls
bull Sex-Typing treating othersdifferently based on whether they are
female or male
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3054
Moral Reasoning
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Kohlbergrsquos Moral Reasoning
ndash Analysed peoplersquos responses to
hypothetical moral dilemmas
ndash Proposed that people advance throughincreasingly sophisticated levels ofreasoning about moral issues
bull Identified three main levels with twosubstages within each level
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 2954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Social-Emotional Development
bull Sex-Role Stereotypes beliefs aboutthe characteristics and behavioursthat are appropriate for boys and
girls
bull Sex-Typing treating othersdifferently based on whether they are
female or male
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3054
Moral Reasoning
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Kohlbergrsquos Moral Reasoning
ndash Analysed peoplersquos responses to
hypothetical moral dilemmas
ndash Proposed that people advance throughincreasingly sophisticated levels ofreasoning about moral issues
bull Identified three main levels with twosubstages within each level
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3054
Moral Reasoning
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Kohlbergrsquos Moral Reasoning
ndash Analysed peoplersquos responses to
hypothetical moral dilemmas
ndash Proposed that people advance throughincreasingly sophisticated levels ofreasoning about moral issues
bull Identified three main levels with twosubstages within each level
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Kohlbergrsquos Moral Reasoning
ndash Analysed peoplersquos responses to
hypothetical moral dilemmas
ndash Proposed that people advance throughincreasingly sophisticated levels ofreasoning about moral issues
bull Identified three main levels with twosubstages within each level
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3254
Kohlbergrsquos Theory
bull Moral dilemmas ndash Your wife is near death from an unusual kind of cancer
One drug exists that the physicians think might saveher ndash a form of radium that a scientist in a nearby cityhas recently developed The drug though is expensive
to manufacture and the scientist is charging 10 timesthat the drug costs him to make He pays $1000 for theradium and charges $ 10000 for a small dose Youhave gone to everyone you know to borrow money butyou can get together only $2500 ndash one-quarter of whatyou need You have told that scientist that your wife isdying and asked him to sell it more cheaply or let youpay later But the scientist has said ldquoNo I discoveredthe drug and Irsquom going to make money from itrdquo Indesperation you consider breaking into the scientistrsquoslaboratory to steal the drug for your wife Shouldnrsquot youdo it
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Preconventional Moral Reasoningbased on anticipated punishments orrewards
ndash you should not steal the drugbecause you will get caught andsent to jail
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3454
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Conventional Moral Reasoningbased on conformity to socialexpectations laws and duties
ndash you will always feel guilty for yourdishonesty and law-breaking
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3554
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Postconventional Moral Reasoningbased on well-thought-out generalmoral principles
ndash you will condemn yourself becauseyou will not have lived up to yourown conscience and standards of
honesty
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Multicultural studies have indicated that
ndash From childhood through adolescence moralreasoning changes from preconventional toconventional levels
ndash Postconventional reasoning is relativelyuncommon in adolescence and evenadulthood
ndash A personrsquos moral judgments do not always
reflect the same level of reasoning
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development Kohlberg
bull Criticisms of Kohlbergrsquos Theory
ndash Western cultural bias
bull High moral values in other cultures focus
on principles that may not fit intoKohlbergrsquos model
ndash Male bias
bull Carol Gilligan (1982) women place greater
value on caring and the welfare of others
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Moral Behaviour and Conscience ndash Moral reasoning does not necessarily equal
moral behavior
ndash Skinner ldquogoodrdquo and ldquobadrdquo behaviours arelearned through reinforcement andpunishment
ndash Cultural conformity involves
bull Understanding that there are moral rulesbull Being able to control impulses
bull Experiencing negative emotions when rules areviolated
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 3954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Moral Development
bull Conscience internal regulatorymechanism that restrains individualsfrom acting in destructive orantisocial ways when they are notbeing monitored ndash Freud conscience develops through
identification with parents ndash Internalising parentsrsquo values is most likely
whenbull Children and parents have a good relationshipbull Parents establish clear rules with explanationsbull Discipline is firm but not harsh
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4054
Adolescence
and adulthood
The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Rites of Passage ceremonies thatmark the transition from childhoodinto adulthood in some cultures
bull Adolescence the period ofdevelopment and gradual transitionbetween childhood and adulthood ndash Largely an invention of 18th-20th century
Western culture
ndash Societal changes due to the IndustrialRevolution
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Puberty a period of rapid maturationin which the person becomescapable of sexual reproduction ndash Puberty is a biologically defined period
adolescence is a broader social construction
bull Adolescence brings changes in thinkinginterests social circumstances parentaland social expectations
ndash Typically encompasses 12- to 18-year-olds
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity ndash Erikson search for identity is the key crisis
during adolescence
ndash Identity Status Classification (Marcia)bull Identity diffusion not yet gone through an identity
crisis uncommitted to a coherent set of values
bull Foreclosure not yet gone through an identity crisiscommitted to an identity and set of values before
experiencing a crisisbull Moratorium currently in an identity crisis
bull Identity achievement resolved identity crisis
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4454
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Search for Identity (continued) ndash Sense of identity has multiple components
bull Gender ethnicity and other attributes by which wedefine ourselves as members of social groups
bull How we view our personal characteristics
bull Our goals and values
ndash Culture plays a key role in identity formationbull Influences the way we view concepts such as ldquoselfrdquo
and ldquoidentityrdquo
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4554
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Relationships with Parents andPeers ndash Conflict between teens and parents is not as
severe as often assumed
ndash Parent-teen conflict is correlated with othersigns of distress
bull Causal direction is unclear
ndash Peer relationships increase in importance
during adolescencebull Friendships become more intimate and involve a
greater sharing of problems
bull Peers strongly influence values and behaviours
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4654
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Emotional Changes in Adolescence
ndash Emotionality becomes less positivethrough early adolescence
bull Changes level off and become more stableby late adolescence
ndash 34 show major downward changes16 show major upward changes
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4754
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Transition to Adulthood
ndash Marriage is typically the key intraditional cultures
ndash Individualism becoming a responsibleindependent person
bull Judged the most important criterion forbecoming an adult
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4854
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Eriksonrsquos Psychosocial Theory
ndash Intimacy versus Isolation (earlyadulthood)
ndash Generativity versus Stagnation (middleadulthood)
ndash Integrity versus Despair (late adulthood)
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 4954
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family ndash ldquoAveragerdquo family has changed over recent
generations
ndash Successful marriages are characterised bybull Emotional closeness
bull Positive communication and problem solving
bull Agreement on basic values and expectations
bull A willingness to accept and support changes in the
partner
ndash Marital satisfaction declines over the first fewyears
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5054
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Marriage and Family (continued) ndash Birth of children dramatically changes
the way couples spend their time
bull Marital satisfaction decreases the first fewyears after the first child is born
ndash Marital satisfaction typically increasesafter all the children have left home
ndash Married people experience greatersubjective well-being than unmarriedadults
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5154
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career ndash Careers help define our identity
bull Provides an outlet for achievement
bull Gives us structure
bull Significant source of social interactions
ndash Growth stage formation of initial interestsabout the jobs we like or dislike
bull Exploration stage tentative ideas about a preferred
career pursue necessary education or training
bull Growth and exploration occurs from childhood tomid-20rsquos
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5254
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued)
ndash Establishment phase people begin tomake their mark in their chosen career
bull Mid-20rsquos to mid-40rsquos
ndash Maintenance stage careers becomemore stable during late adulthood
ndash Decline stage peoplersquos investment inwork decreases eventual retirement
Ad l d Ad l h d
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5354
copy The McGraw-HillCompanies 2008
Adolescence and Adulthood
bull Establishing a Career (continued) ndash Career paths vary quite a bit
ndash Women today hold higher career aspirationsbull Family responsibilities are a common cause of
womenrsquos work gaps
bull Midlife Crisis ndash Happiness and general life satisfaction
generally do not decrease throughout
adulthood ndash Notion of an inevitable full-blown midlife crisis
appears to be a myth
Old A
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
832019 Lecture 7 - Social amp Emotional Development
httpslidepdfcomreaderfulllecture-7-social-emotional-development 5454
Old Age
bull Retirement and the ldquoGolden Yearsrdquo ndash Decision to retire and adjustment to
retirement depends on many factors
bull Retirement status of spousebull Voluntary or involuntary retirement
bull Feelings about the job
bull Leisure interests
bull Physical healthbull Family relationships
bull Family income
