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8/8/2019 Lecture Social Interactions 2010 2011
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Social Interactions
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Animal Behavior
Observable coordinated responses to stimuli
Originates with genes that direct the formation of
tissues and organs of the animal body
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Spider Responds to Prey
Mama spiders dont teach their offspring (instinctive)
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Nervous System
Detects processes and integrates
information about stimuli
Commands muscles and glands to
make suitable responses
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Suitable Response?
How much of human
behavior is innate or
learned?
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StarlingN
est Decoration
Starlings line nest
with wild carrot
Experiments have
shown this
behavior
minimizes mites
Experimental nests Control nests
Figure 46.2
Page 826
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Genes and Behavior
Some variations in behavior have a genetic basis
Arnold showed that garter snakes taste for slugs
has genetic basis
Hybrid snakes showed behavior intermediate
between parental types
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Hormones and Bird Song
Sex hormones produced during
development prime male birds to sing
As adults, males will sing only when
days are long and levels of the
hormone melatonin are low
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Goldfinch's Respond to Longer
Days
Winter (short day)
Summer (long day)
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Instinctive Behavior
Performed without having been
learned
Usually triggered by simple sign
stimuli
Response is a stereotyped motor
program, a fixed-action pattern
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Example of Instinctive Behavior
Knee-jerk
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Learned Behavior
Responses change with experience
Some categories of learned behavior
Imprinting Spatial learning Insight learning
Habituation
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
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imprinting
Encyclopdia Britannica Article Page 1 of 1
in psychobiology, a form of learning in which a veryyoung animal fixes its attention on the first objectwith which it has visual, auditory, or tactile experience
and thereafter follows that object. In nature theobject is almost invariably a parent; in experiments,other animals and inanimate objects have been used.Imprinting has been intensively studied only inbirds.
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Imprinting Time-dependent learning
Triggered by exposure to a sign
stimulus during a sensitive period
Young geese imprint on a movingobject and treat it as mother
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Lorenz and Imprinting
Young geese will follow
larger animateobjects to which
they imprint Mom.
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Classical Conditioning First demonstrated by Pavlov
An autonomic response becomes
associated with a novel stimulus
Salivation became associated withsound of bell that accompanied
feeding
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Pavlovs Lab
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Operant Conditioning
A voluntary action becomes
associated with its consequences
A toad may attempt to eat a wasp
with a black and gold pattern and be
stung
Thereafter, the toad will be
conditioned to avoid eating similar
insects
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"A person does not act upon theworld, the world acts upon him." -
B. F. Skinner B.F. Skinner is credited with the
development of the field of operantlearning (conditioning).
Operant conditioning (along withclassical conditioning) is one of thetwo major forms of learning. Itinvolves the use of either rewards orpunishments in order
to increase or decrease
the frequency of a behavior.http://ftp.ccccd.edu/lipscomb/16_week_course/operant_conditioning_lab.htm
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Operant Learning, Human
Infant
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The Skinner Box
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Habituation
An individual learns not to respond to
a stimulus that has neither good nor
bad consequences
Pigeons in cities learn that people are
no threat and do not flee from them
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Habituation in Prairie Dogs
When prairie dog towns are located near trails usedby humans, giving alarm calls every time a personwalks by is a waste of time and energy for the group.Habituation to humans is an important adaptation inthis context.www.animalbehavioronline.com/habituation.html
http://
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Spatial Learning Through experience with an
environment, an organism creates a
mental map
Some blue jays remember the
location of dozens of places wherethey have stored food
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Spatial Learning
SpecialEducation Classes
Spatial and Acoustical
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Insight Learning An animal solves a problem without
trial-and-error attempts at a solution
Captive chimpanzees show insight
learning when they solve a novel
problem, as when they stack boxes to
reach food that is out of reach
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Chimp Learning
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Bird Song: Instinct + Learning Bird comes prewired to listen to
certain acoustical cues; instinctively
pays attention to particular sounds
Which dialect the bird sings depends
on what song it hears; it learns the
details of the song from others
around it
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Lyre Bird
Youtube Video
Lyre Bird - Imitating Sounds -
David Attenborough
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Human Instinct + Learning
Pronouns in pidgins Pidgins arise in certain contact situations as a
conventionalized means of communication between groupsof adult speakers of different vernacular languages(Thomason 1997). Pidgins have a diversity of structural
forms often including some unusual or marked structuresfrom their source languages, as well as recurringuniversal properties, such as the preponderanceof analytic syntax, CV syllable structure, andgeneric lexical semantics (Thomason andKaufmann 1988, Foley 1988, Holm 1989, Bakker1994). In particular, there is a vast prevalence of freepronouns in pidgins. Why should this be?
Pidgin Genesis in Optimality Theory1
Joan Bresnan
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Selection for Behavior
Some variation in behavior has a genetic basis
Some behavior promotes reproductive success (is
adaptive)
Genes that encode adaptive behavior will increase
in population
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How Do Rabbits Avoid
Predators?
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Adaptive Behavior
Behavior that promotes propagation
of an individuals genes
Its frequency will be maintained or
increase in successive generations
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Selfish and Altruistic Behavior
Selfish behavior promotes an
individuals genes at the expense of
others
Altruistic behavior helps others at the
expense of the altruist; may be
adaptive under certain circumstances
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Selfish Ravens
Some ravens that find carcasses call
and alert others
Are their calls altruistic? No
Callers are birds without territories
Calling brings in others to help callerget food in a pairs territory
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Communication Signals
Intraspecific signals will evolve only if they benefit
both signaler and receiver Variety of signal modalities
Pheromones Tactile signals
Visual signals
Acoustical signals
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Pheromones
Chemical signals that diffuse through
air or water
May bring about behavioral change in
receiver or cause physiological
change (priming pheromones)
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Pheromone Baiting
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might be realityBy Kristen M. Neufeld
Collegian Staff Writer
While there is no evidence conclusive
enough to prove the theory, somescientists believe that women who live inclose quarters or who spend a lot of timetogether develop menstrual synchrony,
which means they tend to menstruatearound the same time of the month.
http://www.collegian.psu.edu/archive/2002/10/10-08-02tdc/10-08-02dscihealth-03.asp
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Acoustical Signals
Sounds used in communication
Used to attract mates, secure
territory, warn off rivals
May also be used to communicate
danger, keep groups together
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Howler Monkey and Macaw
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Visual Displays
Important in courtship and in
aggression
Baring of teeth by baboon
communicates threat
Play bow in wolves solicits playbehavior
Flashing of fireflies attracts mates
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Visual Displays
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Tactile Display
Signaler and receiver communicateby touch
Honeybee dance language
Figure 46.10
Pa e 833
Food close Food distant
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Signal Variation
Some signals never vary
Others can be varied to convey
information about the signaler
Composite signals combine
information encoded in more thanone cue; more potential for variation
and information
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Blue jays Alert Call
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Ritualized Displays
Common behavior patterns are
exaggerated and simplified
Body parts may be enhanced or
colored in way that enhances the
display
Ritualization is often important in
courtship displays
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Egret Courtship Displayhttp://www.helsaple.com/images/Photos/Nature/Birds/Great%20Egret/Feather_display_1.jpg
Elements
of song and
dance
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Dances, Ritualized Displays
Fire Dance
Rumba
Waltz
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Illegitimate Signals
An illegitimate receiver intercepts asignal meant for individuals ofanother species
Termite smells pheromone of invadingant and attacks it
An illegitimate signaler mimics signals
Predatory fireflies mimic females of preyspecies
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Firefly Mimicry
Some species of
fireflies mimic thesignals
of other species
thus attractingTheir prey!
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Duck Hunters
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Worm Grunting Video
http://cosmos.bcst.yahoo.com/up/player/popup/?rn=3906861&cl=13028343&ch=4226722&src=news
Assignment: Planet Earth
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Sexual Selection (STOPPED)
Reproductive success is measured in number of
offspring produced
Reproductive success can be enhanced by
increasing the number of matings or the quality ofmates
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Male Reproductive Strategy
Produce energetically inexpensive
sperm
Often provide no parental care
Often maximize reproductive success
by mating with as many females as
possible
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Artic Hare
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Choosy Females
Female choice can dictate rules of
male competition and shape male
behavior
Selects for males that appeal to
females
Male sage grouse display in leks
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Male Contests
Females of some species cluster in
groups
Males of such species may fight one
another for access to harems
Selects for large males that can
defeat other males in contests
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Elephant Seals
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Elephants Seals DefendsTerritory
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQI5KUfM2xc
David Attenborough - BBC Wildlife
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Bighorn Sheep Go Head ToHead
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ULRtdk-3Yh4
National Geographic
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Parenting Behavior
Enhancing the survival of offspring
can increase parents reproductive
success
Parental behavior comes at a cost;
drains time and effort that could be
spent producing additional offspring
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Parenting
or
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Benefits of SocialLiving
Improved detection of predators; many eyes
Improved repulsion of predators
Musk oxen
Sawflies
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Musk Oxen (Stopped here)
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Selfish Herd
A group held together by self-interest
Other members of the group form a
living shield against predators
Individuals may compete for the
safest spots; positions in the center
of the group
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Whos Dominant?
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Dominance Hierarchy
Some individuals accept subordinate
status to others
Dominant members have higher
reproductive success than
subordinates
Subordinates may do better over long
term than if they were on their own
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Alpha Wolf
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Costs of SocialLiving
Increased competition for food, mates, and other
limiting resources Increased vulnerability to disease and parasitism
Risk of exploitation by other group members
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Altruistic Behavior
Nonbreeding helpers are found in mammals, birds,
and insects
Altruists apparently sacrifice their reproductive
success to help others
How are genes for altruism perpetuated?
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Grandmother Grandchild
Indirect Selection ?
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Theory of Indirect Selection
Proposed by William Hamilton
Genes associated with caring for
relatives may be favored by selection
Altruists pass on genes indirectly by
helping relatives who have copies of
those genes to survive and reproduce
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Social Insects
Workers in colonies of social insects are sterile
These colonies are extended families
Workers pass on their genes indirectly by helping
relatives reproduce
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Termites
Workers and soldiers are sterile
A single queen and one or more kings
are the parents of the entire colony
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Termites
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NakedMole-Rats
Only mammals known to have a sterile worker
caste Single queen reproduces with one to three males
DNA evidence shows clan members are all closely
related
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Naked Mole Rat Queen
VERYPREGNANT. The breeding female 'queen in an insect-like
colony of naked mole-rats frequently produces litters
of 20 pups at a time, and one had more than 900 in her 12-year lifetime.
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Limited Resources are Shared
Pups in a naked mole-rat's litter may outnumber available
mammary glands, but pups learn to share and the nursing
mother's needs are tended to by helpers in the subterranean
colonies.
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Naked Mole Rat
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V_UDTzG-6Qo
BBC: The Life Of Mammals Ep4
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Considering Human Behavior
Some human behavior may be adaptive or may
have been adaptive in the past
Testing hypotheses about human behavior can
help us understand how they arose
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Sans People of South Africa
Hunter-bands
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Is Football Adaptive?
Cons
Too expensive
Too dangerous
Takes away from academics
Barbaric
Silly game for children
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Is Football Adaptive?
ProsIts fun
Keeps kids off the streets
Results in many physically fit malesMales learn how to play as a teamMales learn to overcome pain
Males learn to follow the command of an olderexperience leader
Result: a cohort of youngPotential warriors which is beneficial to
society
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Human Adoption
Evolutionary theorists predict that
people would be more likely to adopt
related children than nonrelatives
Studies have shown that in traditional
societies this is true
Adoption of nonrelatives may be an
example of redirected behavior
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Moral Questions
A behavior that is adaptive may or
may not be desirable or moral
Some behaviors that were adaptive insmall groups, such as adoption, may
no longer be adaptive in large
societies
A nonadaptive behavior may be
socially desirable
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Social Interactions