Lecture3 Harvard v3-00

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Harvard

Referencing 3

rdEdition(v.3.00)

© Dr Ian Nicholson

Moreton Institute of TAFE has the author’s permission

to freely copy this document without alteration

Depending on where you sourced this document, if you wish to cite it, this publication may be cited

as:

Nicholson I Dr, 2000, “Harvard Referencing 3rd

edn”., Moreton Institute of TAFE, Brisbane,

Qld.

or

Nicholson I Dr, 2000, “Harvard Referencing 3rd

edn”., [online]. Available from:

www.home/gil.com.au/~jandi/Harvard_3.00.pdf [date sourced].



Harvard Referencing – 3rd

Edition

Dr Ian Nicholson

Table of ContentsAcknowledgements 1

Introduction 2

Why use a referencing system? 2

What is plagiarism? 2

What must be referenced? 2

The Harvard Referencing System 3Referencing:

… a book 3

The In-text reference 3

The Bibliographic entry 4

… a conference paper 4



… a corporate publication 5



… an e-mail 5



… an edited publication 6



… a Government document 6



… an Internet document 6

The URL 7


The Bibliographic entry 8When you don’t know who the author is 8

… a journal or magazine 8



… a journal from an electronic database 9



… unpublished minutes of a meeting 9

… a newspaper 9

When you know who the author is 9


The Bibliographic entry 9When you don’t know who the author is 9



… a personal communication 10



… a secondary source 11



… a thesis 10






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Dr Ian Nicholson

… unpublished material 12



Non-standard referencing issues 12

A reference with two authors 12


The Bibliographic entry 12A reference with more than 2 authors 12

The first In-text reference 12

The second and subsequent In-text reference 12


An author with multiple references 13



An author with multiple publications in one year 13



Authors with double-barrelled surnames 13

with no hyphen 13with hyphen 14

Multiple references 14



Two authors with the same surname 14



Quotations 15

Short quotations 15


Long quotations 15

The In-text reference 15Other referencing issues 16

Abbreviations 16

Altering direct quotations 16

Noting of errors 16

Page numbering 16


Quotation marks 17

Repeatedly using the same reference 17

When you are not sure of the details 17

Author not known 17

Date not known 17Page numbers not known 18

Publisher not known 18

City of publication not known 18


An example Bibliography 19




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Dr Ian Nicholson Page 1

AcknowledgmentsTo avoid confusing you, this booklet does not use referencing. However, the following sources were

consulted during its development.

Anderson J, Durston BH, & Poole M, 1985, Thesis and Assignment Writing, Jacaranda Wiley,Brisbane.

Australian Government Publishing Service, 1995 , Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers, 5th

edn., AGPS, Canberra.

Bournemouth University, 1999a, “Guide to Citing Internet Sources” [online], Bournemouth

University, Bournemouth, England. Available from: www.bournemouth.ac.uk/using_the_library/

html/guide_to_citing_internet_sourc.html [6 April 2000].

Bournemouth University, 1999b, “Harvard System” [online], Bournemouth University, Bournemouth,

England. Available from: www.bournemouth.ac.uk/using_the_library/ html/harvard_system.html

[6 April 2000].

Deakin University, 1997, “Harvard” [online], Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria. Available from:

www2.deakin.edu.au/pub_manual/harvard/Harvard.htm [3 May 2000].

Division of Library Services, 1999, References, footnotes and compiling a bibliography: A guide to

referencing essays, theses & dissertations, 5th

edn. Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW.

National Distance Education Centre, 1990, “Study Skills for Distance Education: A Guide Prepared

Especially for You”, University College of Central Queensland, Rockhampton.

Nicholson I Dr, 1998, “Harvard Referencing”, Business Directorate, Mt Gravatt Campus, Moreton

Institute of TAFE, Brisbane.

Peters P, (Ed.), 1990, The Macquarie File Writers Guide, Jacaranda Wiley, Brisbane.

South Bank University, 1999, “Referencing Electronic Sources” [online], SBU, London, England.

Available from: www.sbu.ac.uk/lis/helpsheets/lrc2.html [3 May 2000].

University of New England, 1992, Style Booklet for Footnotes and Documentation - incorporating a

guide to language usage, Distance Education Centre of UNE, Armidale, NSW.

University of Southern Queensland, 1999, “Guide to Referencing the Harvard Style” [online], USQ,

Toowoomba. Available from: www.usq.edu.au/library/resources/genref/harvardprint.htm [3 May2000].




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Introduction

Examples used in this guide may not always refer to actual publications.

In any written material you submit for assessment at this institute, we expect you to maintain academic

conventions and to write using language and grammar acceptable within the business world.

As part of this, you must use an acceptable referencing system to acknowledge concepts, ideas,

quotations, facts and other materials belonging to someone else.

We expect you to use the Harvard referencing system in all written material.

These notes provide basic instructions on how to use the Harvard system of referencing to show that

you have used someone else’s ideas and words in your written material.

Why use a referencing system?If you are starting your first academic course, you may not be familiar with, or even be aware of,

referencing systems. Nevertheless, lecturers will expect you to correctly use referencing from the start

of your course. They will generally reject written material where the referencing is incomplete or

wrong.

You must master a referencing system for several reasons. These reasons include:

q To acknowledge other people’s ideas.

q To demonstrate that you are not just airing your own opinions but are also including other people’s

ideas to illustrate your point, or offer support for your argument.

q

The reader may want to obtain more information on the topic, and will want to know the source tofollow it up and do further reading.

q The reader may question your use of a particular quotation believing you have misrepresented the

views of the quoted author. To verify that you have not done so, the reader will need to find and

consider the original source.

q Apart from lecturers assessing your written material as “Not Yet Competent”, you could be liable

to prosecution for breaching copyright.

q Copying the ideas, opinions, comments and findings of other people is plagiarism (intellectual

theft) and is not acceptable, neither morally nor legally.

What is plagiarism?

q You are plagiarising if you use someone else’s ideas or words and don’t reference them. This

means that you have let the reader make a wrong assumption that they are yours. The mostcommon forms of plagiarism are:

q Copying word-for-word another person’s opinions or comments without acknowledging them.

q Using another person’s ideas and not acknowledging them. Even if you do not use the

person’s exact words, you are still plagiarising.

What must be referenced?You must reference anything where no reference could be viewed as plagiarism.

Plagiarism is the representation of another person’s work as your own or using another person’s work

without acknowledgment. This includes such actions as:




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q directly importing into your work more than a single phrase from another person’s work without

using quotation marks and identifying the source

q making a copy of all or part of another person’s work and presenting it as your own by failing to

disclose the source

q making extensive use of another person’s work, either by summarising or paraphrasing it merely

by changing a few words or altering the order of presentation, without acknowledgment

q using the ideas of another person without acknowledging the source, or the submission orpresentation of work as your own that is substantially the ideas or intellectual material of another.

The Harvard Referencing SystemReferencing should show enough information to find the source you used. If your referencing does not

do that, you have not referenced properly.

The Harvard (or Author-Date) referencing system was first devised for use in scientific and technical

texts which need to refer frequently to other texts. However its advantages over other systems have led

to its use in scholarly texts on a wide range of subject matter.

The Harvard referencing system consists of two parts. These two parts are the in-text reference, andthe bibliography.

q The In-text referenceThe In-text reference is the part you must include in your text. It must contain enough information

for the reader to look it up in your Bibliography.

You must include an in-text reference when using direct quotations, concepts, ideas, paraphrased

comments or any information belonging to someone else.

In the case of a personal communication however, such as an interview, the in-text reference must

contain ALL the information, as it is NOT included in the Bibliography.

With in-text referencing, your text must include, in some specified form, the author’s surname, the

year of publication, and the page number.

q The BibliographyThe Bibliography is a list of the references you have used in the text, and in developing your text

outline. It appears at the end of your written material.

Every in-text reference, except personal communications, MUST be included in the

Bibliography at the end of your material.

Referencing a book

When using in-text referencing for published texts, you must include enough information so that thereader knows the author’s surname, the year of publication, and the specific page numbers where the

material can be found.

The In-text reference

Two common methods of writing are shown here without referencing. You might say:

Dwyer suggested that we should aim to create associations that are favourable rather

than unfavourable.

Alternatively, you might present the same material like this:




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In 1999, Dwyer suggested that we should aim to create associations that are

favourable rather than unfavourable.

On the other hand, you could even present it like this:

We should aim to create associations that are favourable rather than unfavourable.

However, as these concepts are not your original material, you must reference them. There are a

number of referencing methods shown below. It does not matter which of them you use, however as

the most important consideration is that you be consistent throughout your material.

Any of the following in-text referencing methods are acceptable.

q Dwyer (1999, p.195) suggests that ...q Dwyer (1999:195) suggests that ...

q Dwyer (1999, 195) suggests that ...

q In 1999, Dwyer (p.195) suggests that ...

q We should aim to create associations that are favourable rather than unfavourable

(Dwyer, 1999, p.195).

The Bibliographic entry

In all the above cases, there would be only one bibliographic entry. This must be written as:

Dwyer J, 1999, Communication in Business – Strategies and Techniques, PrenticeHall, Sydney.

You will see that this is written in the form of:

Author or Editor, year (no brackets), title, (edition number and “edn.”), publisher, city

of publication.

Referencing a conference paperIf you refer to a paper presented at a conference, then the following examples illustrate how this

should be treated.


(Boudreau, 1990, p.9)


Boudreau J, 1990, ‘Cost-benefit analysis applied to human resource management

decisions’, Paper presented to IPM NZ Conference, Auckland, NZ, 12-14September, pp.1-11.




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Referencing a corporate publicationIf you refer to material from a business or non-government organisation, and you know who the author

is, then treat it like a book.

If you do NOT know who the author is, then the business or organisation is assumed to be the author.

This is illustrated below.


(Aurion Corporation, 1999, [p.3])


Aurion Corporation, 1999, “Taking the Journey with you”, Aurion Corporation,

Brisbane.

Referencing an e-mailIf you wish to refer to an e-mail message, use the following format.


The in-text reference should show the author, the year of transmission, the day of transmission, the

month of transmission, and then the word “e-mail”.

If the person’s name is unclear, you should use their e-mail “name”. This is the section of the e-mail

address in front of the “@” symbol.

Note: If the e-mail address is a person’s private e-mail address and not a business e-mail address,

you should obtain that person’s permission.

Some people believe that including their full private e-mail address is similar to including their private

street address.

In 1999, the Manager of Foley Industries, Ms Bernice Foley (10 July, e-mail), cited

the current economic conditions as still being a major factor in...

or

The current economic conditions are still seen as a major factor in business today(Foley B, 1999, 10 July, e-mail).


As shown below the bibliographic entry should include the “subject line” of the message as a title and

the full date instead of just the year. It should include the “e-mail to” and both e-mail addresses.

Sender (sender’s e-mail address), day month year, subject of message, e-mail to

receiver (receiver’s e-mail address).

an example is as follows:




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Berwick J, ([email protected]), 15 January 2000, Management on Norfolk, e-mail to I

Nicholson ([email protected])

Referencing an edited publicationWhen you refer to the work of an author from a chapter or a paper that has been contributed by that

author to a collection of material by different authors and edited by one of the authors or another

person, then the material is from an edited publication.

So if you refer to material written by W Weaver, taken from a publication edited by AG Smith, then it

should be presented as shown here.


This refers to Weaver’s work even though the material appears in an edited publication.

(Weaver W, 1996, p.17)


You must include both of these entries so that, together, they show that Weaver has contributed

material to a publication edited by Smith.

Smith, AG (Ed), 1996, Communication and Culture, Holt, Rinehart & Wilston, New

York.

Weaver W, 1996, “The Mathematics of Communication”, in Smith 1996, pp.15-24

Referencing a Government documentIf you refer to material from a Government department and you know who the author is, then treat it

like a book.

If you do NOT know who the author is, then the Department is assumed to be the author. This is

illustrated below.


(Attorney-General’s Department, 1998, p.16)


Attorney-General’s Department, 1998, Privacy Act 1988, Ausinfo, Canberra.

Referencing an Internet documentThere has been no agreement on a standard Harvard referencing method for citing electronic sources

of information. The recommendations in this document follow the practices most likely to be adopted

and are intended as guidance for those needing to cite electronic sources of information now.




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The URL

World Wide Web addresses are based on the Uniform Resource Locator (URL). The generic format of

a URL is:

file_format:// internet_area . domain name . country_code / directory or folder /

file_name . document_format

Therefore the URL:

http://www.moreton.qld.edu.au/library/home.htm

refers to:

q A hypertext file format (http://)

q on the World Wide Web (www)

q at Moreton Institute of TAFE in Queensland (moreton.qld)q which is an educational organisation (edu)

q and has a domain name registered in Australia (au)

q where the file itself is nested within a directory or folder (/library/)

q and is a specifically identified file (home.htm)

q and is written in the hypertext mark up language (htm or html).

You can reference Web pages in a similar way to that of non-Internet sourced material. You can

extract and use the author, date, and title as you normally do. The URL usually replaces the publisher

and city of publication.

Punctuation must be exact for electronic addresses. Since punctuation is such an important part of a

URL, certain conventions of citation punctuation have necessarily been changed or adapted to suit. Be

particularly careful in recording the position of full stops and slashes.

q The URL must always be written EXACTLY as is shown on the site - all lower case must be

shown as lower case, and all upper case must be shown as upper case.

q You should use minimal punctuation with URLs, as exact details are necessary to allow others to

visit them.

q All slashes and full stops MUST be shown exactly as they appear.

q The normal full stop at the end of the reference is left out to avoid URL confusion.

Thus if you use material or ideas from:

“Making A Business Case for a New HRIS” written by Al Doran and Glenn Rampton;

published to the Web in 1999, in document “phbus.html” at

“http://www.hronline.com/lib/hris/”

which you accessed on 12 March 2001

then you should follow the examples shown below.




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Doran and Rampton (1999) claim that the cost justification of an HRIS has always

been a challenge


The form is:

Author or Editor, year, “title” the word “[online]”, (edition number and the word

“edn.”), publisher (if known), city of publication (if known). The words

“Available from:” the URL and the date you accessed it, surrounded by square

brackets.

q The word “online”, in square brackets, describes the “method of communication” and is used for

all Internet sources.q The “date you accessed it”, in square brackets, is the date on which you viewed or downloaded the

document. This allows for any subsequent modifications to the document. As online material may

be continually updated and revised (or even deleted), you cannot be sure that the material has not

changed since you referenced it.

q The term publisher is used here to cover both the traditional idea of a publisher of printed sources,

as well as organisations responsible for maintaining sites on the Internet.

q Note: it is now acceptable to leave out the “http://” as most Web documents use that format. This

is shown below. If the format is different however (as in ftp:// or gopher://) then put it in.

Doran A & Rampton G, 1999, “Making A Business Case for a New HRIS” [online].

Available from: www.hronline.com/lib/hris/phbus.html [12 March 2000].

Note: Do NOT break the URL across two lines. However, if you must, break the URL directly before

or after a slash to reduce possible reading errors. This is shown below.

Doran A & Rampton G, 1999, “Making A Business Case for a New HRIS” [online].

Available from: www.hronline.com/lib/ hris/phbus.html [12 March 2000].

When you don’t know who the author is

Much information is put on the Internet by organisations without citing a specific author. In suchcases, credit to authorship to the smallest identifiable organisational unit (this is similar to the standard

method for citing material produced by a corporate body).

So, if you did not know that Doran and Rampton were the authors, you should put the organisation as

the author – HR Online

Referencing a journal or magazineIf you refer to an article in a journal or magazine, you need to follow the same rules as for published

texts.

Where journal and magazine referencing differs from that for published texts however, is in the Bibliographic entry as shown below.




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“It is time for three spirits to work together” (Dattner, 1999, p.12).


You will see that the article’s name is in quotes, the Journal’s name is in Italics, and the Journal’s

issue identification is also included.

Dattner F, 1999, “Formidable, Reflective Capacity”, Management Today, September,

p.12.

Referencing a journal from an electronic databaseIf you refer to an article in a journal from an electronic database, you need to follow the same rules as

for articles from the Internet.


“retention of personnel depends on the companies’ ability to formulate [a] preventive

defection program.” (Gordon, 1999).


You will see that the article’s name is in quotes, the Journal’s name is in Italics, the Journal’s issue

identification is included, and so is where the article was found.

Gordon C, 1999, “Forced outside. (external hiring)”, Human Resource Planning,

March, v22 i1 p18(2) [electronic]. Available from: Moreton TAFE Libraries,

Moreton E-Files, Article A54657577 [9 August 2000].

Unpublished minutes of a meetingAlways include the following:

q author (usually an organisation)

q year meeting occurred

q title of the minutes with quotation marks

q place of meetingq date of meeting, in the form 21-24 August

Management Team, 2004, “Minutes of Monthly Staff Meeting”, Moreton Institute of

TAFE, 26 October.

Referencing a newspaperReferencing articles from a newspaper varies depending on whether you know the name of the author.

When you know who the author isIf you refer to an article from a newspaper and you know who the author is, you need to follow the




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same rules as for published texts.

When you know who the author is, newspaper referencing differs however, in the Bibliographic entry

as shown below.


E-mail is society’s new “time-waster” (Cameron, 2000, p.17), and it seems that ....


You will see that the article’s name is in quotes, the name of the newspaper is in Italics, and the

newspaper’s issue identification is also included.

Cameron M, 2000, “Firms pay high price for e-mail overload”, The Courier Mail, 15

January, p.17.

When you don’t know who the author is

If you refer to an article from a newspaper and you do NOT know who the author is, you need to

follow a different set of rules. Some leading sources say that you should NEVER use “Anon.” or

“Anonymous”, others say you should. Yet others say you should use the name of the newspaper. For

your purpose, we will use the name of the newspaper.


E-mail is society’s new “time-waster” (The Courier Mail, 2000, p.19), and it seems

that ....


You will see that where the name of the newspaper is used in the place of an author, it is not in italics.

The Courier Mail, 2000, “Firms pay high price for e-mail overload”, The Courier

Mail, 15 January, p.19.

Referencing a personal communicationWhere you obtain information from an individual by interview, or by written communication, and you

refer to that information, it is a good idea if you name the person and state their authority or expertiseto confirm their credibility as a source.

This is shown below.


During an interview in 1998, the Manager of Foley Industries, Ms Bernice Foley,

cited the current economic conditions as a major factor in ...

If this is not possible then you should follow the in-text reference example shown below.




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The current economic conditions are seen as a major factor in business today (Foley,

B, 1998, Personal Interview).


In neither case should you include a Bibliographic entry.

Referencing a secondary sourceIn some cases, you may wish to quote something that was quoted in something you have read. As you

have not read the original work, you rely on the author of the secondary work to be accurate regarding

the contents of the original material. This is called secondary referencing.

Wherever possible you should read the original work but this may prove difficult. In this case, your

text must make it clear that you have not read the original but are referring to it from a secondary

source. You must refer to both sources in the text. An example is shown below.


“When communication is thought of as the sharing of meanings, what is meant is that

each participant ... becomes aware of the meanings about a matter ... held by the other

participants.” (Irwin, 1996, p.22, quoted in Dwyer, 1999, p.23)

This means that the quotation is by Irwin (1996, p.22) and that you read it in material by Dwyer (1999,

p.23).


Only include Dwyer in your bibliography. This shows that you have come across the quotation when

you were reading material written by Dwyer.

Dwyer J, 1999, Communication in Business – Strategies and Techniques, Prentice

Hall, Sydney.

As you have not read the material written by Irwin, including an entry for Irwin in your bibliography

would be wrong..

Referencing a thesis

If you reference a thesis, then the example below should be followed.


(Nicholson, 1996, pp.120-123)


Nicholson IJ, 1996, “The First 100 Years - The development of technical education in

Queensland to 1977”, PhD Thesis, University of New England, Armidale, NSW.




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Referencing unpublished materialIf you refer to material that has not been published, follow the examples below.


(Nicholson, 1999, p.14)


Nicholson IJ Dr, 1999, “Risk Management”, unpublished notes.

Non-standard referencing IssuesThere are many variations to the “standard” sources discussed previously. Instead of tediously

repeating the process for all the possible variations, this section will discuss typical variations in

minimum detail.

A reference with two authors

If a reference has two authors, always refer to both names every time the reference occurs in the text.

Use an “&” between the names.


(Compton & Nankervis, 1991, p.45)


Compton RL & Nankervis AR, 1991, Effective Recruitment and Selection Practices,

CCH Australia Limited, Sydney.

A reference with more than two authors

If a reference has more than two authors, use all the names ONLY in the first in-text reference.

Always use an “&” before the last name.

The first In-text reference

(Dessler, Griffiths, Lloyd-Walker, & Williams, 1999, p.26)

In the subsequent in-text references, use the first author’s name followed by “et al” in italics.

The second and subsequent In-text references

(Dessler et al, 1999, p.29)


In both the above cases, there would be only one bibliographic entry. This must be:




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Dessler G, Griffiths J, Lloyd-Walker B, & Williams A, 1999, Human Resource

Management , Prentice Hall, Melbourne.

An Author with multiple references

When you reference different material from the same author, arrange them in the In-text reference inchronological (or time) order.


Dwyer (1997, pp.19-20; 199, p.43) claimed that ....


When you reference different material from the same author, arrange them in the Bibliography in

chronological (or time) order.

Dwyer J, 1997, The Business Communication Handbook , 4th

edn., Prentice Hall,

Sydney.

Dwyer J, 1999, Communication in Business – Strategies and Techniques, Prentice

Hall, Sydney.

An author with multiple publications in one year

When an author has published more than one article or text within the same year then you should label

the years for each bibliographic entry as 1999a, 1999b, 1999c, and so forth.


(Stone, 1998b, pp.19-20)


Stone RJ, 1998a, Human Resource Management, 3rd edn., Wiley, Brisbane.

Stone RJ, 1998b, Readings in Human Resource Management, Vol.3, Wiley, Brisbane.

Authors with double-barrelled surnames

with no hyphen

If the author’s surname is double-barrelled with no hyphen, use the final surname followed by the first

initial and other surname in both your in-text reference and in your bibliographic entry. Thus if the

author’s name is “R Willson Murray”, follow the examples below.


(Murray R Willson, 1997, p.86)




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Murray R Willson, 1997, Managing Projects - a new approach, John Wiley & Sons,

Brisbane.

with hyphen

If the author’s surname is hyphenated, use both surnames names in both your in-text reference and in

your bibliographic entry. Thus if the author’s name is “R Willson-Murray”, follow the examples

below.


(Willson-Murray, 1997, p.96)


Willson-Murray R, 1997, Managing Projects - a new approach, John Wiley & Sons,

Brisbane.

Multiple references

Sometimes you might have more than one reference for a part of your material. You should arrange

these in chronological (or time) order, and in alphabetical order within each year. Use a semicolon to

separate the references. This is shown in the example below.

When you reference different material from the same author, arrange them in the Bibliography in

chronological (or time) order, and separate the in-text reference with a semi-colon.


(Boudreau, 1990b, p.11; Kavanagh, Gueutal, & Tannenbaum, 1990, p.435; Taylor,

1990, p.26; Castio, c.1997, pp.42, 45,51-56; Compton & Nankervis, 1991, pp.45-

46; Nankervis, Compton & McCarthy, 1996, pp.56-58; Castio, 1998, p.56.)


Each of the in-text references must have its own Bibliographic entry.

Two authors with the same surnameIf you refer to the work of two authors with the same surname, the in-text reference should include

their initials even if the year of publication differs. In these cases, initials appear in front of the

surname. However, this is being very technical, and the alternate shown is usually acceptable.


(R Bee & F Bee, 1990, pp.45-47)

or

(Bee & Bee, 1990, pp.45-47)




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Bee R & Bee F, 1990, Management Information Systems and Statistics, Institute of

Personnel Management, London.

QuotationsYou have quoted when you use someone else’s written or spoken words. A quotation can be as short

as one word or phrase, or as long as one or more paragraphs. Quotations are either Short or Long

quotations.

Short quotations

If the quoted material is brief (fewer than 30 words) include it in the text or sentence. The full in-text

reference should immediately follow the quotation or you can include part of the reference in the text

as shown below.

If you are using a direct quotation, make this clear, put it in inverted commas, and give the pagereference. For example:


As Dwyer (1999, p.195) says “We should aim to create associations that are

favourable rather than unfavourable.” Further to this ...

Long quotations

If the quotation is longer than 30 words, start a new paragraph and indent the quotation about 1.25cm

from both the defined left and right text margins. This is commonly called “double indenting” or

“indenting left and right”.

As you have indented the quotation, do not use quotation marks.

You can include the reference within the sentence immediately before the quoted material or

immediately following the quoted material. For example:


Doran & Rampton (1999, p.1) acknowledge this when they say

One of the most significant challenges facing human resource managers today is the justification of the costs associated with the purchase and implementation of a [HRIS].

Most organizations already have a policy of cost justifying any new technology, and

today’s tight economy dictates that this be done for every new investment of this

nature.

or

One of the most significant challenges facing human resource managers today is the

justification of the costs associated with the purchase and implementation of a [HRIS].

Most organizations already have a policy of cost justifying any new technology, and

today’s tight economy dictates that this be done for every new investment of this

nature. (Doran & Rampton, 1999, p.1)




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Other referencing issuesThis area addresses those issues that students may be unsure of as each issue is not common. Issues

included here are:

q Abbreviations

q Altering direct quotations

q Noting of Errors

q Page Numbering

q Quotation Marks

q Repeatedly using the same reference

q When you are not sure of the details.

Abbreviations

In the Harvard system, you should avoid abbreviations wherever possible. Don’t use ibid., loc. cit., or

op. cit., as these can be confusing. If you have used material from many places scattered throughout

one source, use passim (scattered throughout).

Note: This method can be risky as you will be in danger of plagiarising if you take too much from a

single source.

Altering direct quotations

When using direct quotations, you may wish to alter it in some way. You must surround every single

addition with square brackets, and you must highlight every deletion with an “ ... ” (an ellipse)

One of the most significant challenges ... today is ... a [HRIS]. Most organizations

already have a policy ... and today’s tight economy dictates that this be done for every

new investment of this nature. (Doran & Rampton 1999, p.1)

Noting of errors

When using direct quotations, you must produce every detail of the original even to the extent of

reproducing errors. Write [sic] (“sic” surrounded by square brackets) immediately after each error if

you wish to draw attention.

The child’s story began, “My father lived in Darwin now [sic], but he once lived in

Adalaide [sic] where we live”.

Page numbering

Unless the in-text reference is to a complete publication, you must always include page numbers.

There are alternate methods for presenting page numbers as shown below. However, if you use “p”,

then follow these rules.

q Use “p.” if the reference is to a single page and “pp.” if the reference is to more

than one page.

q Do NOT leave a space between the full-stop and the page number.

q Do NOT use “pg.”




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q Dwyer (1999, p.195) suggests that ...

q Dwyer (1999:195) suggests that ...

q Dwyer (1999, 195) suggests that ...

q In 1999, Dwyer (p.195) suggests that ...q We should aim to create associations that are favourable rather than unfavourable

(Dwyer, 1999, p.195).

Quotation marks

Use double quotation marks around your in-text quotation, but use single quotation marks if you

are quoting within double quotation marks. Thus:

“It was Richard Branson, entrepreneurial owner of the Virgin Group, that is credited

with the saying ‘agents are more important than customers’. My own maxim has

always been ‘happy staff make happy customers’.”. (Menday J, 1996, p.21).

Repeatedly using the same reference

When you are making many references to the same material, then you can leave out the year of

publication.

If, in a section of your work, you use only one reference and you use it often, then you may preface

your summary by a comment, such as: ‘In the following paragraphs all page numbers refer to

Boudreau (1990)’, and continue by referring to pages without giving author or year.

Note: You should be very careful when using this method as you will be in danger of plagiarising if you take too much of your work from a single source.

When you are not sure of the details

This section looks at how to reference when you do not know such details as:

q Author

q Date of publication

q page Numbers

q Publisher

q City of Publication.

Author not knownIf you don’t know who is the author of an article in a journal, newspaper, or Internet document, credit

authorship to the organisation.

Date not known

q When you do NOT know the publication dateIf you don’t know the date of publication, use “n.d.” or “not dated” in place of the year.

q When the publication date is only approximateIf you are sure the date of publication was “about” a particular year but cannot confirm this, then

place “c.” in front of the year “C.” means “about” or “approximately”. An example is shown

below.




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Castio WX, c.1997, Costing Human Resources, Kent, Boston.

Page numbers not known

If the original material does not have page numbers, you should still tell the reader what page it was by

following the example shown below.

Count the pages from the front and then include that number in your in-text reference, but show that it

was not in the original.

(Aurion Corporation, 1999, [p.3])

Publisher not known

If you don’t know who the publisher is, use the phrase “not known” in place of the publisher.

City of publication not known

If you don’t know where the material was published, use the phrase “not known”, instead of the city of

publication.

The BibliographyThe Bibliography is a complete list of books, journals, magazines, newspapers, documents, e-mail,

videos, online material and any other references you have consulted in preparing your assignment. It is

placed on a separate page at the back of your written work.

q Do not list books, journal, Internet entries, and newspaper articles separately.q Do not use bullet points or numbers

q Sort the Bibliography in alphabetical order of author, then year.

q For textual clarity and readability, leave a blank line after each reference.

References Cited References Cited is a complete list of books, journals, magazines, newspapers, documents, e-mail,

videos, online material and any other references you have REFFERED TO in your assignment. It is

placed on a separate page at the back of your written work.

q Do not list books, journal, Internet entries, and newspaper articles separately.

q Do not use bullet points or numbersq Sort the References Cited in alphabetical order of author, then year.

q For textual clarity and readability, leave a blank line after each reference.




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An example BibliographyThis example bibliography is included to show HOW you should do it.

Attorney-General’s Department, 1998, Privacy Act 1988, Ausinfo, Canberra.

Aurion Corporation , 1999, “Taking the Journey with you”, Aurion Corporation, Brisbane.

Bee R & Bee F, 1990, Management Information Systems and Statistics, Institute of Personnel

Management, London.

Berwick J, ([email protected]), 15 January 2000, Management on Norfolk, e-mail to I Nicholson

([email protected])

Boudreau J, 1990, ‘Cost-benefit analysis applied to personnel/human resource management decisions’,

Paper presented to IPM NZ Conference, Auckland, New Zealand, 12-14 September, pp.1-11.

Cameron M, 2000, “Firms pay high price for e-mail overload”, The Courier Mail, 15 January, p.17

Castio WX, c.1997, Costing Human Resources, Kent, Boston.

Castio WX, 1998, Reducing Human Resource Costs, Kent, Boston.

Compton RL & Nankervis AR, 1991, Effective Recruitment and Selection Practices, CCH Australia

Limited, Sydney.

Dattner F, 1999, “Formidable, Reflective Capacity”, Management Today, September, p.12.

Dessler G, Griffiths J, Lloyd-Walker B, & Williams A, 1999, Human Resource Management , Prentice

Hall, Melbourne.

Doran A & Rampton G, 1999, “Making A Business Case for a New HRIS” [online]. Available from:

www.hronline.com/lib/hris/phbus.html [12 March 2000].

Dwyer J, 1997, The Business Communication Handbook , 4th

edn., Prentice Hall, Sydney.

Dwyer J, 1999, Communication in Business – Strategies and Techniques, Prentice Hall, Sydney.

Gordon C, 1999, “Forced outside. (external hiring)”, Human Resource Planning, March, v22 i1 p18(2)

[electronic]. Available from: Moreton TAFE Libraries, Moreton E-Files, Article A54657577 [9

August 2000].

HROnline, 1999, “Making A Business Case for a New HRIS” [online]. Available from:

www.hronline.com/lib/hris/phbus.html [12 March 2000].

Menday J, 1996, Call Centre Management - A Practical Guide, CallCraft, Newdigate, UK.

Nankervis AR, Compton RL & McCarthy TE, 1996, Strategic Human Resource Management , 2nd

edn., Thomson Publishing Nelson, Melbourne.

Nicholson IJ, 1996, “The First 100 Years - The development of technical education in Queensland to

1977”, PhD Thesis, University of New England, Armidale, NSW.

Nicholson IJ Dr, 1999, “Risk Management”, unpublished notes.




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Resmanag.com, nd, “Estimating your manpower needs” [online]. Available from:

www.resmanag.com/lib/hris/estmanpwr.html [1 October 2004].

Stone RJ, 1998a, Human Resource Management , 3rd

edn., Wiley, Brisbane.

Stone RJ, 1998b, Readings in Human Resource Management, Vol.3, Wiley, Brisbane.

The Courier Mail, 2000, “Firms pay high price for e-mail overload”, The Courier Mail, 15 January,

p.19.

Willson-Murray R, 1997, Managing Projects - a new approach, John Wiley & Sons, Brisbane.

Documents

Lecture3 Harvard v3-00