LED Technology for Container Terminals · 2015-07-03 · Green EFFORTS White Paper #02 Title: LED Technology for Container Terminals Short Title: Document Number: Knowledge Area Date:

Green EFFORTS White Paper #02

Title: LED Technology for Container Terminals Short Title: Document Number: Knowledge Area Date: Page/Pages

LED 01 2.1.5.1 Sept 28 2012 1/7

LED Technology for Container Terminals

Knowledge Area(s):

Main Area Subarea

2.1.5 Lighting 2.1.5.1. LED

Author(s) Affiliation e-mail

C. Claudius J. Hardt Jacobs University [email protected]

Distribution / Information to:

Name Affiliation e-mail

tbd



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Contents

Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 3

1 What is LED ........................................................................................................................................... 3

2 Where in a container terminal is it feasible to install LED lights ..................................................... 5

3 How much power and energy can be saved ...................................................................................... 6

4 Economical calculation ........................................................................................................................ 6

5 Conclusion............................................................................................................................................. 7



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Introduction

To address the challenge of restructuring the energy sector towards renewable energies, the energy efficiency has been seen as a the improvement potential with the best cost to benefit ratio. Numbers predict that up to 30 % of the energy used can be saved.

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Typically, 10 % of the electricity is used for lighting systems. In manufacturing and retail even up to 28 %2. This

electricity is mainly being used at a time, where less renewable energy, especially no photovoltaic energy is available and therefore the needs to save energy is even greater. The LED technology offers up to a factor of 5 better energy efficiency compared to conventional lights and it is not only ecologically rewarding but it also makes also economic sense because of the short time for return of investment.

The Jacobs University has tested, as the first University in Germany, since May 2011 LED in general use in corridors, seminar rooms, offices and labs. Two 4000 m2 big research buildings, Research I and Research IV have be nearly 100 % refitted with LED lighting. The main focus was in replacing conventional T8 tubes, which are widely used in Germany, with so called “Retrofitsolutions”. I.e. the used tubes can be replaced without a bigger reconstruction of the installations. The 40 different suppliers, that were evaluated, have been tested in 7 different measurements do establish data about the quality and usability as a replacement for a normal florescent light tube. As a comparison, a conventional florescent light tube from one of the biggest suppliers of lights in the world was measured in every experiment. While measuring all 40 vendors in 6 of the 7 experiments, only 2 vendors were evaluated in a degradation test over many months. This paper will explain a possible refitting of the lights currently installed at a port with LED lights of the newest generation.

1 What is LED

LED, Light Emitting Diode, is a technology which converts electricity into light, but unlike conventional methods no wire is being heated up, nor a gas is being illuminated. In fact this form of light production results in a much higher efficiency.

1: Technical overview the operation mode of a LED3

When a light-emitting diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color

1 EU, Aktionsplan für Energieeffizienz , 2009 http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/energy/energy_efficiency/l27064_de.htm

2 Oliver Prietze, „Wie energieeffiziente Beleuchtungssysteme ihren Unternehmen helfen, ihren Energieverbrauch und damit ihre

Betriebskosten zu senken“, p2, 2009 3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PnJunction-LED-E.svg, 2011.



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of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor used to construct the LED and by phosphorus materials integrated into the LED assembly which convert higher energy light (e.g. blue) to lower energy light (e.g. yellow, which when suitably chosen materials are used, results in white).

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This effect was introduced in 1962 but LEDs where only used as indicators in electronic devices for several decades due to the small Lumen / Watt ratio.

The development of LED technology has caused their efficiency and light output to rise exponentially, with a doubling occurring about every 36 months since the 1960s, in a way similar to Moore's law.

5 The advances are

generally attributed to the parallel development of other semiconductor technologies and advances in optics and material science. This trend is normally called Haitz's Law

6 after Dr. Roland Haitz.

2: Condensed history and projection of efficiencies (in lm/W) of vacuum tube and semiconductor (LED) white lighting technologies.

This development led to first LED products in 2008 that were used as normal lighting for buildings. Nowadays the Lumen / Watt ratio is at a level, that even the energy saving light bulbs can be replaced with LED bulbs.

4 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode, 2011. 5 Dr. Moore G.E., Cramming more components onto integrated circuits, 1965. 6 Haitz R., Kish F., The Case for a national research program on semiconductor lighting, 1999.



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2 Where in a container terminal is it feasible to install LED lights

a.) Outdoor container terminal high mast lightings

The current technology for high mast lighting system is a high pressure sodium light with 400W each light bulb. Depending of the height of the mast and the amount of lights installed at the mast, the 20 Lux which are required

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at 1 meter above ground can be achieved. Usually between 10 and 30 single light bulbs are attached to one high mast. These can be replaced by wide angle high power LED lamps.

b.) Storage facilities

The most common used light technology in storage and production facilities in Europe is a flurescent light tube. Even though this is already an energy saving technology, it is not as efficient as LED lights. Several million light tubes are currently installed in Germany. These tubes can be replaced by retrofit LED tubes.

c.) Office buildings

The most office buildings are equipped with several different kind of lights. Normal condescend light bulbs are used in desk lamps, whereas flurescent light is mainly used in the ceiling light applications. Halogen light spots are mainly used for focusing light on specific objects such as goods or decorations. For most applications is a suitable LED replacement available.

7 EN 13201



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3 How much power and energy can be saved

The main energy consumers in lighting for a container terminal are the high mast lamps. Hence this paper is focusing on these lamps.

• For a reference container terminal, 34 light masts of different height were installed. The amount of light bulbs installed on each mast differs from 16 to 30 bulbs each consuming 432 W. The total power consumption of the high mast lamps is 353 kW.

• The masts itself are positioned in more 20 meters from each other, which makes common outdoor LED not useable because of the small output angle of most LED. Therefor a wide angle LED lamp has to be used to illuminate greater distances between the light masts. A sample LED Lamp could be a wide angle LED lamp with a power consumption of 150 W. This would lead to a total power Consumption of 122 kW.

• The reference container terminal that is assumed in this paper has an average time of switched on outdoor lights of 11 hours day over a year. With that assumption the replacement of the conventional lights could lead to an annual savings in power consumption of 922 000 kWh.

• With reducing the amount of electricity being used, the conclusive CO2 emitted each year would be decreased by 470 000 kg.

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4 Economical calculation

The previous chapter displayed the possible savings of 922 000 kWh. With the higher investment costs of LED compared to conventional lights a return of invest calculation has to be made to evaluate if the replacement of the conventional outdoor lamps makes economically sense.

• Price of the LED 1000 €

• Lifetime of the LED 50 000 h

• Price of the conventional light 30 €

• Lifetime of the conventional light 20 000 h

• Price of 1 kWh electricity 0,13 €

• Average of the hours, the lights are illuminated

during one day 11 h

• Consumption conventional lights per year 1 411 000 kWh

• Consumption LED lights per year: 490 000 kWh

• Investment costs 850 000 €

• Savings per year 130 000 €

• Return of investment 6,5 Years

• Savings during Lifetime of the LED 800 000 €

With cost of investment of 800 000 € the amount of money being saved during 12 Years is 800 000 €.

8 0,515 kg CO2 per kWh



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5 Conclusion

In Section 4 the cost benefit calculation was done for replacing the high mast lights at a port with LED. The return of invest time of 6,5 years shows, that a replacement would economically be possible. In addition to the high mast lights it would be useful to examine of all lights used at the port to evaluate if a possible replacement in other places would also be possible.

The earlier sections of this paper describe the further research innovation on the field of LED which will lead to an increase of the efficiency of 30 % every year. Hence the investment costs would be decreased and the ROI time shortened.

References

1. EU, Aktionsplan für Energieeffizienz , 2009

http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/energy/energy_efficiency/l27064_de.htm 2. Oliver Prietze, „Wie energieeffiziente Beleuchtungssysteme ihren Unternehmen helfen, ihren

Energieverbrauch und damit ihre Betriebskosten zu senken“, p2, 2009 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PnJunction-LED-E.svg, 2011. 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode, 2011. 5. Dr. Moore G.E., Cramming more components onto integrated circuits, 1965. 6. Haitz R., Kish F., The Case for a national research program on semiconductor lighting, 1999. 7. EN 13201, 2011

Documents

LED Technology for Container Terminals · 2015-07-03 · Green EFFORTS White Paper #02 Title: LED Technology for Container Terminals Short Title: Document Number: Knowledge Area Date: