Legal Environment of Employment Decisions

8/13/2019 Legal Environment of Employment Decisions

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Chapter 03 - Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Chapter 3Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

[Note to users: You can click on the case icon to access the case brief included at theend of the IM chapter.]

Chapter Objectives:

The obectives for the chapter are to i!tro"#ce st#"e!ts to Title VII of the Civil RightsAct of 1964$ provi"e the %echa!ics of the Act$ i!cl#"i!g to &ho% it applies$ theprohibite" categories$ ho& to procee" &ith allege" violatio!s #!"er the Act$ the t&otheories #po! &hich clai%s ca! be bro#ght a!" the cases &hich spa&!e" the theories'(he! fi!ishe" &ith the chapter$ the st#"e!t sho#l" have a goo" overvie& of the%echa!ics a!" specifics of Title VII a!" &h) the la& &as e!acte"'

Learning Objectives (Click on the icon following the learning objective to be linked to thelocation in the outline where the chapter addresses that particular objective.)

At the conclusion of this chapter, students should be able to:

1. Explain the history leading up to passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

2. Give examples of the ways that certain groups of people were treated differently

before passage of the Civil Rights Act.

3. Discuss what is prohibited by Title VII.

4. Recognize who is covered by Title VII and who is not.

5. State how a Title VII claim is filed and proceeds through the administrative process.

6. Determine if a Title VII claimant is able to proceed after receiving a no reasonable

cause finding.

7. Distinguish between the various types of alternative dispute resolution used byEEOC.

8. Explain the Post-Civil War statutes, including what each is and what it does. 9. Discuss what management can do to comply with Title VII.

3-1* +01+ b) ,cra&-.ill /"#catio!' This is proprietar) %aterial solel) for a#thorie" i!str#ctor #se' ot a#thorie" for sale or "istrib#tio! i! a!)

%a!!er' This "oc#%e!t %a) !ot be copie"$ sca!!e"$ "#plicate"$ for&ar"e"$ "istrib#te"$ or poste" o! a &ebsite$ i! &hole or part'


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,#ch of the st#"e!ts? i"eas as &ell as those of e%plo)ers$ %a!agers a!" s#pervisors 7 of &hate%plo)%e!t "iscri%i!atio! is has bee! shape" b) the %e"ia$ their fa%il) a!" frie!"s$ a!" b) &hatthe) have hear" of the co!cept of affir%ative actio!' To the% the co!cept te!"s to be !egativea!" %ea! blacs a!" &o%e! get obs the) are !ot @#alifie" for$ &hile &hites a!" %ales &ho are@#alifie" a!" ha" !othi!g to "o &ith "iscri%i!atio! are left o#t' It ca! also %ea! so%eo!e hasbee! pla)i!g the race car"B or bei!g too se!sitiveB abo#t so%ethi!g' =i!ce this attit#"e ca! geti! the &a) of the% seei!g the realit) of ho& e%plo)%e!t "iscri%i!atio! occ#rs a!" &he! liabilit)%a) be liel) to attach to a! e%plo)er$ it sho#l" be "ispelle"'

It is also i%porta!t to !ote that the &orl" the st#"e!ts have live" i! is @#ite "iffere!t tha! the o!ethat has heretofore e8iste"' The) have see! a fe%ale a!" a blac %a! as serio#s co!te!"ers forthe presi"e!c) of the


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&hether the) thi! "iscri%i!atio! occ#rs &ith a!) fre@#e!c)

&hat the) thi! it isGhave the% give e8a%ples

&hether the)$ or so%eo!e the) !o& has ever e8perie!ce" it

&hat the) thi! the effect is o! the e%plo)ee "iscri%i!ate" agai!st

&hat the) thi! the effect is o! the &orplace

ho& the) thi! it ca! be stoppe"

&hat their feeli!gs are abo#t the gro#ps &e hear %ost abo#t allegi!g "iscri%i!atio!F

that is$ are the) bei!g overl) se!sitive$ too co!fro!tatio!al a!" i%patie!t$ etc'

&hat &o#l" the) s#ggest as alter!ativesH

if "iscri%i!atio! occ#rs$ ho& "o the) thi! it taes place that is$ "oes a! e%plo)er

si%pl) sa)$ &e "o!?t hire &o%e!H$ is it s#btle harass%e!t b) fello& e%plo)eesH$ etc'

if the) ha" bee! i! a positio! of po&er i! the 60?s a!" this iss#e arose$ ho& &o#l" the)

have a""resse" itH =a%e legislatio! as Title VIIH 2iffere!t i! so%e &a)H .o&H

&hat "o the) thi! is a! appropriate role for a! e%plo)er &ho sees e%plo)%e!t

"iscri%i!atio! occ#rH

The p#rpose of the "isc#ssio! is to assess &here the st#"e!ts are i! their !o&le"ge of the iss#esa!" to la) a fo#!"atio! for &hat is to co%e' There are !o right or &ro!g a!s&ers' .o&ever$ it isi%porta!t for st#"e!ts to thi! abo#t their attit#"es beca#se their attit#"es for% a goo" "eal of&hat the) tae i!to the &orplace as %a!agers a!" s#pervisors a!" #se as a basis for %ai!g#"g%e!t calls abo#t sit#atio!s that arise o!ce there' This greatl) i%pacts &hat actio! the) &illtae &he! e%plo)ees co%e to the% &ith co%plai!ts of "iscri%i!atio!$ or the) the%selves vie&i!sta!ces of "iscri%i!atio! a!" "eter%i!e &hat actio! &ill be tae!' This respo!se ca! #lti%atel)either help or h#rt a! e%plo)er?s liabilit)$ "epe!"i!g #po! the !at#re of the attit#"e a!" respo!se'

(e have fo#!" that it is a! i%porta!t part of "isc#ssi!g "iscri%i!atio! iss#es for )o#$ as the

professor a!" the o!e i! charge of the class$ to provi"e a safe$ !o!#"g%e!tal classroo%e!viro!%e!t i! &hich st#"e!ts feel co%fortable to share their real feeli!gs abo#t these iss#es' ot%#ch real lear!i!g ca! tae place &itho#t this' This ca! be "o!e$ i! part$ b) telli!g the% )o#ri!te!t a!" "isc#ssi!g &ith the% the i%porta!ce of their perceptio!s abo#t these iss#es to the"ecisio!s the) &ill %ae as %a!agers a!" s#pervisors$ the i%porta!ce of the classroo%e!viro!%e!t to the @#alit) of "isc#ssio!$ i!cl#"i!g st#"e!ts bei!g respectf#l of each other a!" ofthe professor a!" vice versa' (e %ae it clear that each a!" ever) st#"e!t has a right to feelho&ever the) &a!t abo#t the gro#ps "isc#sse"$ a!" eve! to e8press their vie&s respectf#ll)$ b#t itis i%porta!t for the% to separate their perso!al feeli!gs fro% their legal respo!sibilities to theire%plo)er i! this area' This relieves st#"e!ts of the b#r"e! of thi!i!g the) %#st %ae s#re the)sa) the right thi!gB all the ti%e &hat so%e call bei!g politicall) correctGa ter% &e "o !ot #seor e!"orse$ as &e believe it to %i!i%ie a!" %argi!alie the i%porta!ce of the iss#es7' It also%ea!s the) "o !ot feel lie )o# as their professor are p#shi!g a partic#lar age!"a if thei!for%atio! )o# provi"e happe!s to be "iffere!t fro% their positio!7' Allo&i!g the free flo& ofi"eas a!" e8ploratio! of o#r vie&s creates the opport#!it) for !e& lear!i!g to tae place thatbetter i!for%s the st#"e!ts approach to %ai!g "ecisio!s as %a!agers a!" s#pervisors i! thef#t#re'




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=e%ester after se%ester &e fi!" &e are able to "isc#ss eve! the %ost co!troversial topics &ith the%ost se!sitive st#"e!ts$ si%pl) b) approachi!g it the right &a)' =t#"e!ts appreciate the hea"-o!approach a!" the opport#!it) to be able to "isc#ss these iss#es i! a !o!-#"g%e!tal for#% thatprovi"es the% &ith i!for%atio! the) &a!te" to !o& b#t "i" !ot !o& &here to co%fortabl) gofor a!s&ers' >#r st#"e!ts have bee! profo#!"l) challe!ge" a!" have co%e a&a) fro% classes&ith f#!"a%e!tal cha!ges i! their vie&s si%pl) beca#se the) have !o& ha" e8pos#re to %orei!for%atio!' It is to#chi!g to see the classes bo!" as the) tae the o#r!e) together a!" gothro#gh the process of gai!i!g i!sight a!" i!for%atio! fro% each other o! s#bects the) %a)!ever have "isc#sse" ope!l) across racial$ c#lt#ral$ ge!"er$ religio#s$ affi!it) orie!tatio! or eth!icgro#!"s before'

It is also i%porta!t to co!ve) that histor) is histor) a!" ca!!ot be cha!ge"' 2isc#ssi!g histor)$ i!&hich &hite %ales %a) have ha" over&hel%i!g respo!sibilit) for &hat occ#rre"$ is !ot at all aco!"e%!atio! of all &hite %ales$ is !ot pici!g o!B or si!gli!g o#tB &hite %ales for "erisio!$or a!) s#ch thi!g$ a!" %ae s#re that the) recog!ie this' 2isc#ssi!g histor) is !ot for thep#rpose of %ai!g a!)o!e feel g#ilt)$ b#t rather to gai! a proper perspective o! &here &e fi!"o#rselves to"a) a!" &here &e ca! go fro% here' (e have fo#!" it helpf#l to re%i!" o#r st#"e!ts

that the) are !ot respo!sible for histor) a!" sho#l" !ot la%e!t &hat ca!!ot be cha!ge"'.o&ever$ the) ca! i!s#re that histor) !ot repeat itself b) the choices the) %ae to"a) base" o!bei!g a&are of that histor)' (e have ha" e8celle!t s#ccess i! getti!g the st#"e!ts to ope! #p a!"fra!l) "isc#ss iss#es &hich the) %a) !ot have heretofore "o!e' This$ i! t#r!$ has give! the% a!i!cre"ibl) rich appreciatio! of the "epth of the challe!ges "iscri%i!atio! ca#ses &hich goes farbe)o!" !e&spaper hea"li!es a!" "i!!er table spec#latio!' I! t#r!$ that better prepares the% to be%ore effective %a!agers a!" s#pervisors'

Eo# %a) have the st!"ets +eep a jo!ralfor the class' The) sho#l" "etail &hat their tho#ghtsare o! the area "isc#sse" that "a)' >ver the co#rse$ the) are bo#!" to cha!ge a great "eal a!"&ill s#rprise eve! the%selves &ith &hat the) have lear!e"' The o#r!al also has the i%pact of

forci!g the% to thi! abo#t &hat the) have lear!e" a!" it th#s te!"s to sta) &ith the% better'2#ri!g the co#rse of the class$ it has bee! o#r e8perie!ce that the) &ill beco%e %#ch %ore a&areof their o&! attit#"es$ those of their frie!"s$ fa%il) a!" %e"ia$ a!" the) &ill beco%e %#ch %orese!sitive to the pote!tial for liabilit) i! the &orplace' ;o#r!ali!g$ eve! for those &ho have !ot"o!e so before$ greatl) helps &ith this' I! fact$ the i"ea ca%e fro% o#r e8perie!ce of havi!g so%a!) st#"e!ts at the e!" of the class tell #s ho& far the) have co%e i! their thi!i!g abo#t o#riss#es' (e fi!all) "eci"e" the) &o#l" get a ic o#t of seei!g it for the%selves' It has bee! as#ccess'

3-J* +01+ b) ,cra&-.ill /"#catio!' This is proprietar) %aterial solel) for a#thorie" i!str#ctor #se' ot a#thorie" for sale or "istrib#tio! i! a!)



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(e have fo#!" it profo#!"l) helpf#l to assig st!"ets to rea" articles&hich are partic#larl)helpf#l i! she""i!g light o! eval#ati!g a!" shari!g$ the realit) a!" vie&s of others to &hichthe) %a) other&ise !ot be e8pose"$ b#t &ho the) %a) have to a""ress as %a!agers i! the&orplace' Rea"i!g abo#t ho& %i""le class blac professio!als e8perie!ce race "iscri%i!atio! i!the &orplace a!" life$ the terrai! a ga) e%plo)ee %#st traverse i! the &orplace each "a)$or ho& a "isable" perso! perceives her life a!" "isabilit) gives the st#"e!ts a !e& appreciatio!of the "epth a!" ra!ge of these iss#es' I! t#r!$ this better prepares the% as %a!agersa!" s#pervisors$ to be se!sitive to pote!tial tro#ble spots &hich %a) lea" to liabilit)' :or i"easfor articles$ feel free to access the (eb page for De!!ett-Ale8a!"ers /%plo)%e!t a&class for a loo at the articles she assig!s st#"e!ts to rea"' The


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(e have fo#!" that sho$ig the vi"eo of theAB !rime "ime Live televisio! piece$ 0Tr!eColors0is ver) helpf#l i! setti!g #p the class for a "isc#ssio! of "iscri%i!atio!' >#r e8perie!ceis that so%e of the st#"e!ts %a) have alrea") see! the piece a!" !o& have a co!te8t i! &hich tovie& it as %ore tha! #st televisio! e!tertai!%e!t' Tho#gh it &as aire" i! 1991$ the sho& is stillasto!ishi!gl) a!" #!fort#!atel)7 releva!t' I! the piece$ t&o %e!$ o!e blac a!" o!e &hite$ &hoare virt#all) the sa%e o! paper$ are se!t to =t' o#is to see &hat their e8perie!ces &ill be &he!the) tr) to start life there' The) loo for a place to live$ loo for obs$ shop at a car "ealer$ shoestore$ e&elr) store a!" %#sic store' /ach has a hi""e! ca%era that recor"s their e8perie!ces'

I! each i!sta!ce$ there is little overt "iscri%i!atio!$ b#t rather$ thi!gs s#ch as the &hite %a! bei!g&ar%l) greete" as he &als i!to the shoe store$ &hile the blac %a! is left to fe!" for hi%self asthe sales%a! si%pl) ig!ores hi%' A stop&atch recor"s the ti%e it taes for each to be &aite" o!'It is al&a)s %#ch lo!ger for the blac %a!' The blac %a! is follo&e" aro#!" i! the %#sic store$&itho#t the cler eve! asi!g to help hi%$ &hile the &hite %ale is !ot' The blac %ale is %a"e to&ait &he! shoppi!g for a car$ &hile sales perso!!el are gathere" !earb) tali!g$ &hile the)i%%e"iatel) co%e o#t to help the &hite c#sto%er' The blac c#sto%er is @#ote" a larger "o&!pa)%e!t a!" higher i!terest costs tha! the &hite c#sto%er' (he! looi!g for a ob$ the blac

%a! is lect#re" o! blacs bei!g la) a!" givi!g a&a) ob lea"s to others &ho "i" !ot pa) for theservice$ &hile the &hite %a! is pleasa!tl) tol" of the ob' At the ob site the blac %a! is tol" theob is !o lo!ger ope!$ &hile the &hite %a! is tol" that it is' I! searchi!g for a! apart%e!t$ the&hite %a! is give! a e) to the apart%e!t a!" tol" abo#t the !eighborhoo"$ as if &elco%i!g hi%'The blac %a! is lect#re" abo#t ho& strict the place is$ is !ot give! a e)$ is escorte" aro#!"$ a!"at o!e place is tol" a! apart%e!t is tae!$ &hile it is offere" to the &hite %a! five %i!#tes later'If )o#r school "oes !ot have a cop)$ the vi"eoKC2 ca! be or"ere":

Lho!e 1-M00-J3N-3130 or or"er o! li!e at httpFKKCorvisio!'co%The seg%e!t title is Tr#e ColorsB a!" it aire" 9K+6K91

It ca! also be fo#!" o! Eo#T#be via the search Tr#e Colors 2ia!e =a&)er +0K+0 or so%evariatio! thereof'

The piece is a! e8celle!t "e%o!stratio! for st#"e!ts to see ho& ofte! s#btle$ #!co!scio#sactio!s to&ar"s %e%bers of vario#s gro#ps %a) for% a pervasive patter! of "iscri%i!atio!' It%aes the% a&are of the fact that &e %a) !ot al&a)s be looi!g for &orplace "iscri%i!atio!&hich is obvio#s or people &ho loo lie the) &o#l" "iscri%i!ate' (e "o !ot &a!t &orplaceliabilit) for "iscri%i!atio! to attach "#e to o#r bei!g #!a&are of the possibilities'

3-N* +01+ b) ,cra&-.ill /"#catio!' This is proprietar) %aterial solel) for a#thorie" i!str#ctor #se' ot a#thorie" for sale or "istrib#tio! i! a!)

http://corvision.com/http://corvision.com/


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(e have also ha" great s#ccess &ith a! e%ercise&e "o prior to "isc#ssi!g the specifics of"iscri%i!atio!' Calle" c!lt!ral itro"!ctiosB$ st#"e!ts are p#t i!to gro#ps of 3 to J a!" aretol" that each of the% has abo#t J %i!#tes or so to tell the others their !a%e$ &here the) gre& #p$their socio-eco!o%ic stat#s$ a!" %essages the) receive" gro&i!g #p abo#t each7 race$ ge!"er$affi!it) orie!tatio!$ eth!icit)$ "isabilities$ age$ &eight$ appeara!ce$ a!" religio!' ,essages %ea!s!ot #st &hat their pare!ts tol" the%$ b#t &hat ge!eral i"ea the) ca%e a&a) &ith abo#t the iss#efro% pare!ts$ frie!"s$ ch#rch$ teachers$ TV$ %ovies$ %#sic$ boos$ etc' >#r e8perie!ce is thatthe) &ill e!" #p &a!ti!g to spe!" far lo!ger tali!g o!ce the gro#ps get starte"' As theprofessor$ sta) a&a) fro% the gro#ps &hile "isc#ssio!s are o!goi!g so that the st#"e!ts are !otte%pte" to cha!ge their "isc#ssio! beca#se )o# are there' (he! the gro#ps are fi!ishe"$ bri!gthe st#"e!ts bac together a!" tae each topic i! t#r! a!" as the st#"e!ts &hat the) "iscovere"'A!)o!e ca! spea' Eo# ca! &rite their co%%e!ts o! the boar"' >#r e8perie!ce &ith tho#sa!"sof people st#"e!ts a!" e%plo)ees7 has bee! that it @#icl) beco%es appare!t that !o %atter&here the) gre& #p$ certai! i"eas te!" to prevailF &o%e! are the caretaers$ %e! arebrea"&i!!ers$ &hite is better tha! blac$ .ispa!ics have lots of i"s$ bei!g ga) is a !o-!o$ people&ith "isabilities %ae #s #!co%fortable b#t &e are s#ppose" to be !ice to the "isable"$ etc' ettheir respo!ses flo& a!" p#t !o #"g%e!ts o! the%' 2o !ot let the st#"e!ts arg#e abo#t &hat

co%es o#t i! the "isc#ssio!' It is !ot abo#t &hether the %essage is right or &ro!g$ correctB ori!correctB' It is abo#t &hat the %essages &ere that &ere receive" !ot &hat the) !o& believe'This frees the% to be ho!est a!" !ot have to "efe!" or !ot share the realit) of their %essages'

(he! )o# have receive" all the co%%e!ts for a partic#lar categor)$ clarif) for the st#"e!tsthe botto% li!e that see%s to co%e fro% their "isc#ssio!s' >#r e8perie!ce has bee! that the) seethat !o %atter &here the) co%e fro%$ &hat their perso!al e8perie!ce has bee!$ etc'$ &e prett)%#ch all receive" the sa%e basic %essages' et the% !o& that &e co%e here as e%pt) trashca!s &ith !o filters a!" %#ch goes i! lo!g before &e "evelop filters for o#rselvesGofte! this is!ot #!til the) co%e to college' These i"eas sta) &ith #s a!" are !o&! to #s$ co!scio#sl) or#!co!scio#sl)$ eve! after &e are ol" e!o#gh to for% o#r o&! i"eas a!" %a) thi! "iffere!tl)' It

is e8tre%el) i%porta!t for the% to !o& &hat is i! their hea"s$ as this for%s the fo#!"atio! for%a!) of the tho#ghts$ stereot)pes a!" i"eas the) have abo#t others a!" the "ecisio!s the) %a)%ae as %a!agers a!" s#pervisors that %a) lea" to &orplace clai%s of "iscri%i!atio!' othi!g%agic happe!s &he! &e step foot i!to the &orplace' All of this "oes !ot %agicall) e%pt) o#t ofo#r hea"s' It is i! there so%e&here a!" &e sho#l" !o& that so that it "oes !ot lea" to tro#ble i!"ecisio!s &e %ae as %a!agers a!" s#pervisors'

(ith the "isc#ssio!s &hich tae place regar"i!g the histor) of the Act$ the social cli%ates#rro#!"i!g its passage$ the st#"e!ts? assess%e!t as to their o&! !o&le"ge a!" appreciatio! forho& it fits i!to the Title VII$ their "iscover) of the %essages the) have receive" i! their lifeti%es$a!" the i!for%atio! fro% the "ail) articles$ a soli" fo#!"atio! is lai" for the s#bse@#e!t chapters'

3-M* +01+ b) ,cra&-.ill /"#catio!' This is proprietar) %aterial solel) for a#thorie" i!str#ctor #se' ot a#thorie" for sale or "istrib#tio! i! a!)



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(e %a"e the "ecisio! to i!cl#"e this a#thors !ote for )o# beca#se &e #!"ersta!" that itca! be #!co%fortable "isc#ssi!g %atters of race$ color$ ge!"er$ affi!it) orie!tatio!$ religio!$ age$"isabilities$ a!" !atio!al origi!' ,ost of #s "o !ot have e8perie!ce "isc#ssi!g s#ch iss#es i! a%ea!i!gf#l &a) or eve! &ith others o#tsi"e of close fa%il) or frie!"s' /llis Cose$ i! his boo$"he #a$e of a !rivile$ed lass$ sa)s that as A%erica!s$ o#r "isc#ssio!s o! race are ge!erall) i!sho#ts or &hispers a!" it is tr#e' (e !o& that it "oes !ot have to be this &a)' (e havee8perie!ce" the e8hilaratio! that co%es fro% co!!ecti!g &ith a roo% of st#"e!ts or e%plo)ees&ho have e!gage" i! %ea!i!gf#l a!" pro"#ctive "isc#ssio!s o! these thor!) iss#es a!" reall)co!!ecte" &ith it a!" #!"erstoo" the val#e' (e are s#re that )o# ca! have the sa%e e8perie!ce'

As for the pe"agog)$ recall that the case @#estio!s ge!erall) have !o pre-set a!s&ers'The) are provi"e" i! a! effort to pro%pt st#"e!ts to thi! of the cases the) have rea" fro% thepoi!t of vie& of &hat %a!age%e!t sho#l" co!si"er a!" iss#es to be a!al)e"' There are !o realright or &ro!g a!s&ers a!" st#"e!ts sho#l" be e!co#rage" to let their %i!"s flo& "#ri!g"isc#ssio!s' As the professor$ )o# &ill see fro% the st#"e!ts? i!p#t that the "isc#ssio!s tae o! alife of their o&! &hich )o# ca! "evelop as )o# thi! appropriate' I! so%e i!sta!ces tho#ghtsabo#t the case @#estio!s have

bee! provi"e"$ b#t the) are i! !o &a) "ispositive$ a!" %erel) provi"e foo" for tho#ght' :eel freeto "isregar" the i!sights a!" "evelop the @#estio!s a!" "isc#ssio!s as )o# see fit' The reaso! the@#estio!s are str#ct#re" as the) are$ asi!g for st#"e!ts i!p#t$ is to get the% #se" to thi!i!g o!their o&!' It is !ot abo#t legal a!al)sis$ b#t rather$ abo#t the %a!age%e!t "ecisio!s that haveres#lte" i! the sit#atio! beco%i!g a legal case' The %ore the) lear! to thi! thro#gh sit#atio!s toavoi" liabilit) clai%s$ the better %a!agers the) &ill be for b#si!ess'




10/41


Birdcage - Loi!ts for 2isc#ssio!

This piece has bee! i!cre"ibl) i!sightf#l i! helpi!g st#"e!ts to #!"ersta!" ho& ever)"a)$see%i!gl) i!sig!ifica!t %atters e!" #p helpi!g to create or co!ti!#e a s)ste% of"iscri%i!atio!' It is effective for all t)pes of "iscri%i!atio!$ b#t it is partic#larl) helpf#l&ith affir%ative actio! a!" ge!"er "iscri%i!atio!' (ith affir%ative actio!$ st#"e!ts ofte!bri!g #p a sce!ario i! &hich a frie!" or fa%il) %e%ber or so%eo!e the) hear" ofge!erall) a &hite %ale7 has ha" a !egative e8perie!ce &ith affir%ative actio!' That is$their frie!" sai" he "i"!t get hire" beca#se the e%plo)er tol" hi% the) ha" to hireso%eo!e blac or fe%ale or so%e variatio! o! this the%e' (ith ge!"er$ st#"e!ts$ both%ale a!" fe%ale$ ofte! have "iffic#lt) #!"ersta!"i!g ho& so%ethi!g lie %ai!g catcallsat a &o%a!$ or ogli!g big breasts$ ca! have a! i%pact o! their attit#"es at &or' It see%slie s#ch a s%all thi!g$ a perso!al thi!g$ a!" i! !o &a) relate" to "iscri%i!atio!'.o&ever$ i! both these i!sta!ces$ seei!g that the bigB "iscri%i!atio! is %a"e #p of little$"ail) attit#"es$ helps the% to see the bigger pict#re' It has &ore" &o!"ers &ith o#rst#"e!ts i! facilitati!g the% co%i!g to grips &ith ho& the) fit i!to the e@#atio!$ a!" &h)it is i%porta!t !ot to #st loo at the little pict#re i'e'$ &hat happe!e" to their frie!" &ith

affir%ative actio!7 b#t also the larger pict#re affir%ative actio! a""ressi!g a!i!stit#tio!alie" s)ste% of "iscri%i!atio! that a"versel) i%pacts people to"a)$ eve!tho#gh the s)ste% %a) have beg#! lo!g ago7' It is this larger pict#re that is al&a)s at&or$ so it is i! their best i!terest to #!"ersta!" it'

Scenario 2: Ees$ if she ca! prove her clai%' (hile Title VII has a 1M0-"a) stat#te ofli%itatio!s for fili!g clai%s$ #!"er the ill) e"better :air La) Act of +009$ if ge!"er-base" pa) "iscri%i!atio! is base" o! a! illegal act$ each pa)chec re-starts the r#!!i!g ofthe stat#te of li%itatio!s' Therefore$ eve! tho#gh it has bee! si8 )ears si!ce the se8#alharass%e!t that res#lte" i! the "iffere!ce i! her pa)$ she is !ot barre" fro% her clai%'

Scenario 3: o$ Ri!so! "oes !ot have a vali" Title VII clai%' Title VII prohibits"iscri%i!atio! o! the basis of race$ color$ religio!$ ge!"er or !atio!al origi!' If Ri!so!ca!!ot prove that his bosss actio!s &ere gro#!"e" i! a!) of these factors$ he has !o TitleVII clai%'




11/41


A 2istoric Rights Act

Learnin$ %b&ective ':()plain the history leadin$ up to passa$e of the ivil #i$hts Actof '*+,.

Learnin$ %b&ective -: ive e)amples of the /ays that certain $roups of people /eretreated differently before passa$e of the ivil #i$hts Act.

'se the ifor&atio i this chapter as a strog bac+gro!" for the st!"ets to be

itro"!ce" to the ee" for the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Ti%eli!eF 1619-1M6J O =laver) 1M6J O 1964 O ;i% Cro&

19J4- Dro&! v' D"' >f /"#catio! "ecisio! "esegregati!g p#blic schools 1963 O A#g#st +M$ ,arch o! (ashi!gto! for Civil Rights 1963 - =epte%ber 1J$ 4 little girls ille" i! =i8tee!th =t' Daptist Ch#rch bo%bi!g 1964 O Lassage of Civil Rights Act of 1964 196J O Lassage of Voti!g Rights Act of 196J

1' .ave the st#"e!ts tae a loo at a!" "isc#ss /8hibit 3'1 ;#!e 1961 Lre-Title VII7 e&spaper(a!t A"7'

+' Also have the% rea" /8hibit 3'+$ the I .ave a 2rea%B speech$ a!" "isc#ss ho& the classifie"a" reflects &hat 2r' 5i!g spoe of'

3' :or co!te8t to appreciate the e!viro!%e!t at the ti%e$ a!" as a ga#ge of &hat 2r' 5i!g a!" theCivil Rights ,ove%e!t &ere #p agai!st i! tr)i!g to have the Civil Rights Act passe"$ !ote forthe% the @#ote b) =e!' Richar" R#ssell 2-A7$ &ho ha" a rep#tatio! of bei!g the lea"er of&hite s#pre%acists i! the =e!ate a!" &as the hea" of the ver) po&erf#l =o#ther! voti!g bloc'=e!' R#ssell le" the filib#ster to bloc the bill$ the lo!gest filib#ster i! histor)$ a!" sai" (e &illresist to the bitter e!" a!) %eas#re or a!) %ove%e!t &hich &o#l" have a te!"e!c) to bri!g abo#tsocial e@#alit) a!" i!ter%i!gli!g a!" a%alga%atio! of the races i! o#r so#ther! states'B 1

4' As st#"e!ts &hether it appears to the% that the "rea% has bee! f#ll) realie"'

1=ee 2avi" C' Coa a!" 5e!!eth ' Cibosi$ /"'$ The A%erica! Lrsi"e!c)F elso! .all$ 19MJ$

httpFKKfac#lt)1'colora"ocollege'e"#KPN/bloev)KCivilRightsActof1964K Charles (hale! a!"

Darbara (hale!$ The o!gest 2ebateF A egislative .istor) of the 1964 Civil Rights Act$B

=eve! ocs Lress$ 19MJ'


http://faculty1.coloradocollege.edu/~bloevy/CivilRightsActof1964/http://faculty1.coloradocollege.edu/~bloevy/CivilRightsActof1964/


12/41


J' Eo# %a) &ish to "isc#ss the i%porta!ce of the fight for these A%erica! i"eals res#lti!g i! the>ctober 16$ +011 "e"icatio! of the ,5$ ;r' %o!#%e!t o! the atio!al ,allGthe o!l) o!e !otfor a presi"e!t'

The tr!ct!re of Title VII

Learnin$ %b&ective "hree: 0iscuss /hat is prohibited by "itle 1II.

Learnin$ %b&ective Four: #eco$ni2e /ho is covered by "itle 1II and /ho is not.

(hat is rohibite" '"er Title VII

1' Title VII prohibits e%plo)ers &ho e%plo) 1J or %ore e%plo)ees fro% "iscri%i!ati!g i!a!) aspect of e%plo)%e!t o! the basis of race$ color$ ge!"er$ !atio!al origi! or religio!'

+' This i!cl#"es "iscri%i!atio! i! pa)$ ter%s a!" co!"itio!s of e%plo)%e!t$ trai!i!g$ la)offs$be!efits'3' Virt#all) a!) &orplace "ecisio! ca! be challe!ge" b) a! applica!t or e%plo)ee &ho falls

&ithi! the Title VII categories /8hibit 3'N Title VII Lrovisio!s7

(ho 5!st Co&pl*

1'

1' L#blic a!" private e%plo)ees are both covere"'

+' All levels of e%plo)ees are covere" b) the la&'

3'

3-1+* +01+ b) ,cra&-.ill /"#catio!' This is proprietar) %aterial solel) for a#thorie" i!str#ctor #se' ot a#thorie" for sale or "istrib#tio! i! a!)



13/41


(ho is ot Covere"

1' Religio#s establish%e!ts %a) "iscri%i!ate if to "o so is i! f#rthera!ce of their religio!' =eeannon v. !etruska at e!" of chapter i! &hich the ch#rch #!iversit) &as s#pporte" i! ter%i!ati!gits chaplai! after she p#she" for the a"%i!istratio! to a""ress se8#al harass%e!t iss#es'

!etruska v. annon 5niversity

+' Those &hose b#si!ess is operate" !ear ative A%erica! reservatio!s a!" &ho "iscri%i!ate i!favor of ative A%erica!s7$ a!" those &ho &ish to "iscri%i!ate o! the basis of %e%bership i! aCo%%#!ist orga!iatio! are per%itte" to "isregar" Title VII?s prohibitio!s'

7ilig Clai&s '"er Title VII

Learnin$ %b&ective Five: 6tate ho/ a "itle 1II claim is filed and proceeds throu$h theadministrative process.

1' o!-fe"eral e%plo)ees &ho believe the) have e8perie!ce" e%plo)%e!t

"iscri%i!atio! %a) file a charge or clai% &ith the //>C'

+' It is i%porta!t for e%plo)ers to be a&are that it costs a! e%plo)ee e8cept ti%e a!"

e!erg) to go to the !earest //>C office a!" file a clai%' D) la&$ the //>C %#st

i! so%e &a) ha!"le ever) clai% it receives'

3' To "isco#rage clai%s a!" e!s#re the best "efe!se &he! the) arise$ e%plo)ers

sho#l" e!s#re that their policies a!" proce"#res are legal$ fair$ a!" co!siste!tl)

applie"'




14/41


4' .o&ever$ #st beca#se fili!g &ith //>C is free "oes !ot %ea! that ever)

e%plo)ee &ho thi!s he or she has a clai% is %ai!g a beeli!e to the //>C office'

:ili!g a clai% agai!st a! e%plo)er is a serio#s %atter' ,ost e%plo)ees &or

beca#se the) %#st i! or"er to fi!a!ce their lives' 2oi!g a!)thi!g to i!terfere &ith

that is a sha) b#si!ess'

J' There are far %ore people &ho have legiti%ate clai%s &ho choose !ot to p#rs#e

the%$ tha! those &ho "o so$ or &ho "o so for @#estio!able reaso!s' There are

%a!) reaso!s a! e%plo)ees %a) choose !ot to p#rs#e a clai%F

The) %a) !ot !o& their rights #!"er the la&'

The) %a) be afrai"'

The) %a) fear retaliatio!'

The) %a) feel it is easier to #st go alo!g or to fi!" a!other ob'

The) %a) have val#e" frie!"ships the) &ish to %ai!tai!'

The) %a) feel the process taes too lo!g a!" feels too #!certai!'

The) %a) fear the e%otio!al cost of the procee"i!gs'

The) %a) !ot &ish to ris the ire of their fello& e%plo)ees'

The) %a) fi!" it too #!co%fortable to &or i! the &orplace &here

the) have file" clai%s agai!st the e%plo)er'

The) %a) thi! thi!gs &ill get better o! their o&!'

The ob %aret %a) %ae their prese!t sit#atio! see% lie the best

choice #!"er the circ#%sta!ces'

The) %a) !ot &a!t to p#t their fa%ilies at ris'




15/41


6' /ve! &ith the best case i! the &orl"$ there are !o g#ara!tees' A clai% ca! "rag o!

for )ears$ a!" "#ri!g that ti%e the clai%a!t$ &ho %a) have bee! ter%i!ate" i!

violatio! of Title VII$ %#st still eat' The) %#st obtai! other e%plo)%e!t a!"$ b)

the ti%e the case is fi!ishe"$ the) have %ove" o! &ith their lives'

N' The clai%s$ there is goo" !e&s a!" ba" !e&s for

e%plo)ers' The goo" !e&s is that the vast %aorit) of charges are sifte" o#t of the

s)ste% for o!e reaso! or a!other' :or i!sta!ce$ i! fiscal )ear +010$ of the 99$9++

charges file" &ith the //>C$ 9'3 perce!t &ere settle"$ 16'J perce!t ha"

a"%i!istrative clos#res fail#re of the clai%a!t to p#rs#e the clai%$ loss of co!tact

&ith the clai%a!t$ etc'7$ 64'3 perce!t res#lte" i! fi!"i!gs of !o reaso!able ca#se$

a!" reaso!able ca#se &as fo#!" i! o!l) 4'N perce!t of the charges' Co!ciliatio!

&as s#ccessf#l i! o!l) 1'3 perce!t of the cases$ a!" #!s#ccessf#l i! 13 perce!t'1

9' The ba" !e&s is that the //>Cs s#ccess rate i! litigatio! has bee! at least 90

perce!t for )ears' I! fiscal )ear +010 //>C obtai!e" Q319'4 %illio! i! %o!etar)

be!efits eve! tho#gh o!l) 14 perce!t of the charges settle" or ha" a reaso!able

ca#se fi!"i!g' This is the highest level of %o!etar) relief thro#gh a"%i!istrative

e!force%e!t i! //>C histor)'+There is !o "o#bt that sharehol"ers of co%pa!ies

that ha" to pa) o#t this %o!e) i! settle%e!ts a!" #"g%e!ts believe that the

+ 7al8Mart 6tores4 Inc. v. 0ukes et al '$ o' 10-+NN ;#!e +0$ +0117$

httpFKK&&&'s#pre%eco#rt'govKopi!io!sK10p"fK10-+NN'p"f

3-1J* +01+ b) ,cra&-.ill /"#catio!' This is proprietar) %aterial solel) for a#thorie" i!str#ctor #se' ot a#thorie" for sale or "istrib#tio! i! a!)

http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/10pdf/10-277.pdfhttp://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/10pdf/10-277.pdf


16/41


avoi"able Q319'4 %illio! co#l" have bee! p#t to %ore pro"#ctive #se'

10'

o#tco%es' The best "efe!se is a goo" offe!se' Avoi"i!g tro#ble i! the first place

lesse!s the cha!ces of havi!g to "eal &ith the //>C a!" therefore the cha!ces of

bei!g #!s#ccessf#l'

11' o!-fe"eral gover!%e!t e%plo)ee clai%s %#st be file" &ithi! 1M0 "a)s of the

"iscri%i!ator) eve!t$ e8cept as !ote" i! the !e8t sectio! i!volvi!g N06 age!cies'

:or fe"eral e%plo)ees$ clai%s %#st be file" &ith their e%plo)i!g age!c) &ithi! 4J

"a)s of the eve!t' I! a sig!ifica!t


17/41


i! theMor$an case' Co!gress$ ho&ever$ respo!"e" b) passi!g the ill) e"better

:air La) Act of +009 that a"opte" the pa)chec accr#al r#le'

14'

each ti%e a pa)chec is iss#e" base" o! pa) "iscri%i!atio!' That is &h) i!

>pe!i!g =ce!ario +$ =hell) is still able to bri!g her clai% eve! tho#gh it has bee!

%ore tha! 1M0 "a)s si!ce the eve!t'

1J' The reaso! for the fairl) short stat#te of li%itatio!s i! Title VII is a! atte%pt to

e!s#re that the !ecessar) parties a!" &it!esses are still available a!" that eve!ts

are !ot too re%ote to recollect acc#ratel)'

16' Violatio!s of Title VII %a) also be bro#ght to the //>Cs atte!tio! beca#se of its

o&! i!vestigatio! or b) i!for%atio! provi"e" b) e%plo)ers %eeti!g their r ecor"

eepi!g a!" repor ti!g re@#ire%e! ts #!"er the la&'

1N' :e"eral e%plo)ees are protecte" b) Title VII$ b#t the proce"#res for ha!"li!g their

clai%s si%pl) follo& a "iffere!t path' The //>C is seei!g to %ae it co!for%

%ore closel) to the !o!-fe"eral e%plo)ee reg#latio!s' J

tate 8a$ Iterface i the 7ilig rocess

1' =i!ce %ost states have their o&! fair e%plo)%e!t practice la&s that trac Title VII$ the) also have their o&!

state a!" local e!force%e!t age!cies for e%plo)%e!t "iscri%i!atio! clai%s' ,ost of these age!cies co!tract &ith

the //>C to act as a N06 a ge!c ) !a%e" for the sectio! of the la& that per%its the%7' >! the basis of a &or-

shari!g agree%e!t &ith the //>C$ these age!cies receive a!" process clai%s of "iscri%i!atio! for the //>C i!

their o&! state offices' =tate a!" local age!cies have their o&! proce"#res$ &hich are si%ilar to those of the

//>C'

+' Title VIIs i!te!t is that clai%s be co!ci lia te" if possible' ocal age!cies serve as a t)pe of scree!i!g process

for the %ore serio#s cases' If the co%plai!t is !ot satisfactoril) "ispose" at this level$ it %a) eve!t#all) be tae! b)

the //>C a!"$ if !ecessar)$ litigate"'

3-1N* +01+ b) ,cra&-.ill /"#catio!' This is proprietar) %aterial solel) for a#thorie" i!str#ctor #se' ot a#thorie" for sale or "istrib#tio! i! a!)



18/41


3' If there is a N06 age!c) i! the e%plo)ees #ris"ictio!$ the e%plo)ee has 300 "a)s rather tha! 1M0 "a)s &ithi!

&hich to file' If a! e%plo)ee files his or her clai% &ith the //>C &he! there is a N06 age!c) i! the #ris"ictio!$

the //>C "efers the co%plai!t to the N06 age!c) for 60 "a)s before i!vestigati!g'

4' The e%plo)ee ca! file the co%plai!t &ith the //>C$ b#t the //>C se!"s it to the N06 age!c)$ a!" the //>C

&ill !ot %ove o! the clai% for 60 "a)s'

Proceeding through the EEOC

1' (ithi! 10 "a)s of the e%plo)ee fili!g a clai% &ith the //>C$ the //>C serves !otice of the charge to

the e%plo)er respo!"e!t or respo!"i!g part) '

+' It is a separate offe!se for a! e%plo)er to retaliate agai!st a! e%plo)ee for p#rs#i!g rights #!"er Title

VII' oti!g that retaliatio! clai%s ha" "o#ble" si!ce 1991$ i! 199M the //>C iss#e" retaliatio!

g#i"eli!es to %ae clear its vie& o! &hat co!stit#tes retaliatio! for p#rs#i!g Title VII rights a!" ho&

serio#sl) it vie&s s#ch clai%s b) e%plo)ees' 6I! fiscal )ear +010$ at 36'3 perce!t retaliatio! clai%s for the

first ti%e &ere$ the largest perce!tage of clai%s file" #!"er the protective legislatio! &ith race at 3J'9

perce!t a!" ge!"er at +9'1 perce!t' N

Mediation

1' The //>Cs approach to %e"iatio! has bee! ver) aggressive i! the past "eca"e or so'

+' I! respo!se to co%plai!ts of a tre%e!"o#s baclog of cases a!" clai%s that &e!t o! for )ears$ the //>C

has a"opte" several i%porta!t steps to tr) to strea%li!e its case-ha!"li!g process a!" %ae it %ore

efficie!t$ effective$ a!" less ti%e-co!s#%i!g for clai%a!ts'

3' Lri%ar) a%o!g the steps is its a"optio! of %e"iatio! as a! alter!ative to a f#ll-blo&! //>C i!vestigatio!'

I! f#rthera!ce of this$ the //>C has beg#! several "iffere!t progra%s i!volvi!g %e"iatio!'

4' I! 1999 it la#!che" the e8pa!"e" %e"iatio! progra%'

J' I! +003$ i! recog!itio! that %a!) private sector e%plo)ers alrea") have e8te!sive %e"iatio! progra%s set

#p to ha!"le &orplace iss#es$ the //>C bega! a referral-bacB progra%' Lrivate sector e%plo)%e!t

"iscri%i!atio! clai%s are referre" bac to participati!g e%plo)ers for %e"iatio! b) the e%plo)ers o&!

%e"iatio! progra% to see if the) ca! be resolve" &itho#t goi!g a!) f#rther'

3-1M* +01+ b) ,cra&-.ill /"#catio!' This is proprietar) %aterial solel) for a#thorie" i!str#ctor #se' ot a#thorie" for sale or "istrib#tio! i! a!)



19/41


6' The sa%e )ear$ the //>C #shere" i! a pilot progra% to have local fair e%plo)%e!t practice offices

%e"iate clai%s o! the //>Cs behalf' I! respo!se to the //>Cs fi!"i!g that there &ere %ore e%plo)ees

&illi!g to %e"iate tha! there &ere e%plo)ers &illi!g to "o so$ the //>C i!stit#te" #!iversal %e"iatio!

agree%e!ts$B #!"er &hich e%plo)ers agree to have their clai%s %e"iate" b) the //>C &he!

"iscri%i!atio! charges are file"'

N' atio!al #!iversal %e"iatio! agree%e!ts have bee! sig!e" &ith s#ch e%plo)ers as :or" ,otor Co%pa!)

.#""le .o#se$ I!c' R)a!s Resta#ra!t ro#p$ I!c' a!" =o#ther! Co%pa!)'

M' (hile overall$ %e"iatio! has acco#!te" for o!l) a s%all perce!tage of clai% "ecisio!s$ i! fiscal )ear +010$

there &as a 10 perce!t i!crease i! the !#%ber of resol#tio!s over the previo#s )ear$ %ai!g it the

highest !#%ber of resol#tio!s i! the histor) of the progra%' ,e"iatio! resol#tio!s acco#!te" for over

Q14+ %illio! i! %o!etar) be!efits to e%plo)ees 'M

9' After a "iscri%i!atio! charge is file" b) the e%plo)ee a!" !otice of the charge is give! to the e%plo)er$

the //>C scree!s the charge to see if it is o!e that is appropriate for %e"iatio!'

10' If it is appropriate for %e"iatio!$ the //>C &ill offer that optio! to the parties' Co%ple8 a!" &ea cases

are !ot offere" %e"iatio!'

11' The age!c) esti%ates that it offers %e"iatio! to 60 to N0 perce!t of its i!co%i!g &orloa" of !earl)

100$000 cases per )ear' >f those$ abo#t 1J perce!t are act#all) %e"iate"'

1+' Doth parties are se!t letters offeri!g %e"iatio!$ a!" the "ecisio! to participate is vol#!tar) for both

parties'

13' /ach si"e has 10 "a)s to respo!" to the offer to %e"iate' If both parties elect %e"iatio!$ the charge %#st

be %e"iate" &ithi! 60 "a)s for i!-ho#se %e"iatio! or 4J "a)s for e8ter!al %e"iatio!'

14' The //>C has e8pa!"e" its %e"iatio! progra% to allo& a re@#est for %e"iatio! at a!) stage of the

a"%i!istrative process$ eve! after a fi!"i!g of "iscri%i!atio! has bee! iss#e"'

1J' If the parties choose to %e"iate$ "#ri!g %e"iatio! the) &ill have the opport#!it) to prese!t their positio!s$

e8press their opi!io!s$ provi"e i!for%atio!$ a!" e8press their re@#est for relief' A!) i!for%atio!

"isclose" "#ri!g this process is !ot to be reveale" to a!)o!e$ i!cl#"i!g //>C e%plo)ees' If the parties

reach agree%e!t$ that agree%e!t is as bi!"i!g as a!) other settle%e!t agree%e!t'

16' :ro% 1999$ &he! its %e"iatio! progra% &as f#ll) i%ple%e!te"$ to +010$ the //>C co!"#cte" over

100$000 %e"iatio!s$ &ith a satisfactio! rate of &ell over 90 perce!t' 9




20/41


OCs Ivestigatio

1' If %e"iatio! is !ot s#ccessf#l or the parties choose !ot to %e"iate$ the clai% is referre"bac to //>C to ha!"le'

+' //>C i!vestigates b) speai!g &ith the e%plo)er$ e%plo)ee a!" a!) other releva!ti!"ivi"#als$ a!" vie&i!g a!) releva!t "oc#%e!ts

3' The average ti%e for a! i!vestigatio! is abo#t 1M+ "a)s'

OCs ;eter&iatio

1' After i!vestigati!g$ //>C &ill either iss#e a reaso!able-ca#se or a !o-reaso!able-ca#se

fi!"i!g for chargi!g the e%plo)er &ith violati!g Title VII'

+' After either fi!"i!g$ either part) %a) re@#est a reco!si"eratio! of //>Cs "eter%i!atio!

oCs co!cl#sio! that

Title VII has !ot bee! violate"$ the e%plo)ee is !o& free to "o so$ havi!g e8 ha # st e " th e

a"%i!is t ra t ive re%e"ies of //>C'

3' The e%plo)ee ca! the! bri!g s#it agai!st the e%plo)er i! fe"eral co#rt &ithi! 90 "a)s of

receivi!g the !otice' =ee /8hibit 3'10$ The Lroce"#re for Dri!gi!g a Clai% &ithi! the

//>C'B7

Reasoable


21/41


parties %eet together a!" co!ciliate the %atter'

+' I! co!ciliatio!$ the //>C &ill bri!g the parties together i! a fairl) i!for%al setti!g &ith a!

//> i!vestigato r'

3' The //> i!vestigator sets forth &hat has bee! fo#!" "#ri!g the i!vestigatio! a!"

"isc#sses &ith the parties the &a)s the %atter ca! be resolve"'

4' >fte! the e%plo)ee is satisfie" if the e%plo)er si%pl) agrees to provi"e a favorable letter

of reco%%e!"atio!'

J' The %aorit) of clai%s file" &ith the //>C are a"e@#atel) "ispose" of at this stage of the

procee"i!gs'

6' If the clai% is !ot a"e@#atel) "ispose" of$ the //>C ca! tae the %atter f#rther a!"

eve!t#all) file s#it agai!st the e%plo)er i! fe"eral "istrict co#rt if it is "ee%e" #stifie" b)

//>C'

>!"icial Revie$

1' If !o co!ciliatio! is reache"$ the //>C %a) eve!t#all) file a civil actio! i! fe"eral "istrict

co#rt'

+' A co#rt ca! o!l) tae a Title VII "iscri%i!atio! case for #"icial revie& after the //>C

has first "ispose" of the clai%'

3' If the //>C origi!all) fo#!" !o ca#se a!" iss#e" the co%plai!i!g part) a right-to-s#e

letter$ the e%plo)ee ca! tae the case to co#rt$ seei!g#"ici al re vi e&'

4'Title VII re@#ires that co#rts accor" //>C "ecisio!s de novo revie& '

J' Th#s$ i! ope!i!g sce!ario 1$ ;ac ca!!ot i%%e"iatel) file a "iscri%i!atio! la&s#it agai!st

his e%plo)er beca#se ;ac has !ot )et go!e thro#gh the //>Cs a"%i!istrative process

a!" e8ha#ste" his a"%i!istrative re%e"ies'

6'



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as if there ha" !ot alrea") bee! a fi!"i!g b) the //>C' /%plo)ees procee"i!g &ith a !o-

reaso!able-ca#se letter are also free to "evelop the case ho&ever the) &ish &itho#t bei!g

bo#!" b) the //>Cs prior "eter%i!atio!' If a part) is !ot satisfie" &ith the co#rts

"ecisio! a!" has a basis #po! &hich to appeal$ the case ca! be appeale" #p to$ a!"

i!cl#"i!g$ the C or the co#rts'

9' The appeal of %a!"ator) arbitratio! cla#ses is that the) greatl) "ecrease the ti%e a!"

reso#rces parties &o#l" spe!" b) fighti!g &orplace legal battles i! co#rt'

10' There are at least t&o %aor "ra&bacs for e%plo)eesF

a7 (he! the) are tr)i!g to obtai! e%plo)%e!t$ pote!tial e%plo)ees ge!erall) feel

the) have little choice abo#t sig!i!g a&a) their rights to go to co#rt a!"

b7 o!ce a case goes to arbitratio!$ the arbitrators "ecisio! is !ot s#bect to

#"icial revie& b) the co#rts #!less the "ecisio! ca! be sho&! to be the res#lt of fra#" or

coll#sio!$ is #!co!stit#tio!al$ or so%e si%ilar %ala")'

11' This %ea!s that the vast %aorit) of arbitratio! a&ar"s$ %a!) re!"ere" b) arbitrators &ith

!o legal bacgro#!" or gro#!"i!g i! Title VII iss#es$ re%ai! i!tact$ free fro% revie& b)

the co#rts' It also %ea!s that &hile e%plo)ers gai! the a"va!tage of havi!g fe&er cases i!

co#rt$ e%plo)ees have the "isa"va!tage of esse!tiall) havi!g the co#rts close" to the% i!

3-++* +01+ b) ,cra&-.ill /"#catio!' This is proprietar) %aterial solel) for a#thorie" i!str#ctor #se' ot a#thorie" for sale or "istrib#tio! i! a!)



23/41


Title VII cases$ eve! tho#gh Title VII provi"es for both a! a"%i!istrative process a!"

#"icial revie&'

1+' (ith fe& "o&!si"es for e%plo)ers$ %a!"ator) arbitratio! agree%e!ts have beco%e so

pop#lar &ith e%plo)ers that the) are !o& fairl) ro#ti!e'

13' /%plo)ees &ho co%e to the //>C i!te!"i!g to file clai%s of e%plo)%e!t "iscri%i!atio!

are tol" that the) ca!!ot "o so beca#se the) have e!tere" i!to a %a!"ator) arbitratio!

agree%e!t &ith their e%plo)er$ &hich re@#ires the% to see re"ress thro#gh arbitratio!$

no tthe //>C or the co#rts'

14' This occ#rre" rece!tl) i! e& Eor Cit) to a fe%ale Citiba! i!vest%e!t ba!er &ho &as

ter%i!ate" beca#se her s#pervisor sai" that her fig#re &as too "istracti!g to the %ale

e%plo)ees'10

3-+3* +01+ b) ,cra&-.ill /"#catio!' This is proprietar) %aterial solel) for a#thorie" i!str#ctor #se' ot a#thorie" for sale or "istrib#tio! i! a!)



24/41


1J' T&o rece!t C fro% p#rs#i!g victi%-specific relief

s#ch as bac pa)$ rei!state%e!t$ a!" "a%ages as part of a! e!force%e!t actio!'

1N' Th#s$ the //>C clai%s ca! be the s#bect of %a!"ator) arbitratio!$ b#t this "oes !ot

preve!t the //>C fro% bri!gi!g its o&! e!force%e!t actio! agai!st the e%plo)er a!"

eve! asi!g for victi%-specific relief for the e%plo)ee'

1M' /%plo)ers ca! avoi" a Title VII co#rt case b) re@#iri!g %a!"ator) arbitratio! of

&orplace clai%s$ b#t still %a) have to co!te!" &ith the //>C bri!gi!g s#it o! its o&!'

19' egislatio! to overt#r! ircuit ity a!" o!l) per%it vol#!tar) arbitratio! agree%e!ts

&as i!tro"#ce" i! both the .o#se a!" =e!ate shortl) after the "ecisio!$ b#t "i" !ot pass'

+0' Lerhaps this &as$ at least i! part$ beca#se the =#pre%e Co#rt gave f#rther i!"icatio! of

ho& it &ill vie& %a!"ator) arbitratio! agree%e!ts i! a later ircuit ity case'

+1' I! its i!itial "ecisio!$ the =#pre%e Co#rt re@#ire" the ircuit ity case to be re%a!"e"

to the lo&er co#rt for actio!s !ot i!co!siste!t &ith its r#li!g' >! re%a!"$ the co#rt of

appeals applie" the :e"eral Arbitratio! Act a!" r#le" that the e%plo)ers %a!"ator)

arbitratio! agree%e!t &as #!co!scio!able a!" #!e!forceable beca#se it &as offere" o! a

tae-it-or-leave-it basis$ "i" !ot re@#ire the co%pa!) to arbitrate clai%s$ li%ite" the relief

available to e%plo)ees$ a!" re@#ire" e%plo)ees to pa) half of the arbitratio! costs' (he!

the co#rt of appeals "ecisio! ca%e bac to the =#pre%e Co#rt for revie&$ the Co#rt




25/41


"ecli!e" to hear it$ leavi!g the co#rt of appeals ref#sal to e!force the %a!"ator)

arbitratio! agree%e!t i!tact'13

++' Lerhaps also$ at least i! part i! respo!se to %a!"ator) arbitratio! agree%e!ts$ the //>C

steppe" #p its %e"iatio! progra%s i! or"er to provi"e e%plo)ers &ith a! alter!ative

bet&ee! litigatio! a!" %a!"ator) arbitratio! &ith its several alter!atives cite" previo#sl)'

=i!ce 1991 the //>C ha" bee! %ovi!g i! the "irectio! of %e"iatio!$ b#t the iss#e heate"

#p after the =#pre%e Co#rt "ecisio!s o! %a!"ator) arbitratio!'

Re&e"ies

:or re%e"ies available #!"er Title VII$ see Chapter +F The /%plo)%e!t a& Toolit'B

>!r* Trials

1' :ro% the creatio! of Title VII i! 1964 #!til passage of the 1991 Civil Rights Act +N )ears

later$ #r) trials &ere !ot per%itte" #!"er Title VII'

+' The Civil Rights Act of 1991 a""e" #r) trials to Title VII'

3' ;#r) trials are !o& per%itte" #!"er Title VII at the re@#est of either part) &he!

co%pe!sator) a!" p#!itive "a%ages are so#ght'

4' There is al&a)s less pre"ictabilit) abo#t case o#tco%es &he! #ries are i!volve"' Arg#i!g

o!es ca#se to a #"ge &ho is a trai!e" %e%ber of the legal professio! is @#ite "iffere!t

fro% arg#i!g to a #r) of 6 to 1+ #rors$ all of &ho% co%e &ith their o&! bacgro#!"s$

pre#"ices$ pre"ilectio!s$ a!" little !o&le"ge of the la&'

J' (ith #r) trials$ e%plo)ers !o& have eve! %ore i!ce!tive to e!s#re that their policies a!"

actio!s are &ell reaso!e"$ b#si!ess-relate"$ a!" #stifiableGespeciall) si!ce e%plo)ees

have eve! %ore i!ce!tive to s#e'

3-+J* +01+ b) ,cra&-.ill /"#catio!' This is proprietar) %aterial solel) for a#thorie" i!str#ctor #se' ot a#thorie" for sale or "istrib#tio! i! a!)



26/41


The Recostr!ctio Civil Rights Acts

1' The Civil Rights Act of 1964 &as !ot the first piece of legislatio! ai%e" at prohibiti!g

racial "iscri%i!atio!'

+' These other la&s are still #se" to"a)'

3' There are three %ai! preOTitle VII la&s' =ee /8hibit 3'11$ The Reco!str#ctio! Civil

Rights Acts'B7$ collectivel) !o&! as the postOCivil (ar stat#tes$ or the Reco!str#ctio!

Civil Rights Acts'

4' The la&s &ere passe" b) Co!gress begi!!i!g after the Civil (ar e!"e" i! 1M6J i! a!

effort to provi"e a %ea!s of e!forci!g the !e& stat#s of the e8-slaves as free citie!s'

J' I! 1M6J$ passage of the Thirtee!th A%e!"%e!t to the Co!stit#tio! abolishi!g slaver) ha"

%erel) set Africa! A%erica!s free' othi!g i! the la& at that poi!t sai" &hat that pict#re

ha" to loo lie'

6' argel) i! respo!se to the Thirtee!th A%e!"%e!t$ states e!acte" Dlac Co"esBG%ostl)

revisio!s of their preOCivil (ar =lave Co"esBGthat co"ifie" "iscri%i!atio! o! the basis

of race a!" li%ite" the rights of the !e&l) free slaves'14

N' Degi!!i!g i! 1M66$ Co!gress bega! e!acti!g the postOCivil (ar stat#tes$ #!"ersta!"i!g

that &itho#t legislatio! provi"i!g rights for the !e& stat#s of Africa! A%erica!s$ thi!gs

&o#l" al%ost certai!l) revert to preOCivil (ar stat#s'

M' It passe" sectio! 19M1$ %ai!g all Africa! A%erica!s bor! i! the

citie!s'B

9' I! 1M6M$ Co!gress passe" the :o#rtee!th A%e!"%e!t to %ae its la&s applicable to the

states$ "ictati!g that !o state shall %ae or e!force a!) la& &hich shall abri"ge the

privileges or i%%#!ities of the citie!s of the




27/41


life$ libert)$ or propert)$ &itho#t "#e process of la&$ [or] "e!) to a!) perso! &ithi! its

#ris"ictio! the e@#al protectio! of the la&s'B

10' The three postOCivil (ar stat#tes are co"ifie" as 4+


28/41


VII' :ro% the e!" of the Civil (ar #!til passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964$ ;i%

Cro& la&s a!" iro!-cla" social c#sto%s segregate" Africa! A%erica!s a!" "e!ie" the%

basic rights' This &as ofte! e!force" thro#gh viole!ce' :e& Africa! A%erica!s ha" the

%o!e) to s#e' Det&ee! !ot havi!g the legal right to have a ob base" o! their race$ !ot

bei!g able to affor" to bri!g la&s#its$ a!" tai!g their lives i!to their ha!"s if the) trie" to

e!force a!) rights the) "i" have #!"er these la&$ the postOCivil (ar stat#tes provi"e"

little relief to Africa! A%erica!s faci!g e%plo)%e!t "iscri%i!atio!'

1M' =till$ the Lost-Civil (ar stat#tes re%ai! a viable so#rce of e%plo)er liabilit)

19' ote that the la&s &ere create" to a""ress the iss#e of the !e&l) free" slaves$ b#t the

la!g#age applies to a!)o!e$ so !atio!al origi! cases are also bro#ght #!"er the stat#tes'

+0' D) a!" large$ %ost of the cases are bro#ght #!"er these stat#tes as oppose" to Title VII

either beca#se the clai%a!t &as o#tsi"e the Title VII stat#te of li%itatio!s "ea"li!e or

beca#se the clai% i!volves a gover!%e!t e%plo)er'

4? '.. C. ectio 19@1

1. ectio 19@1. ,!al Rights !"er the 8a$ < All persons /ithin the &urisdiction of the

5nited 6tates shall have the same ri$ht in every 6tate and "erritory to make and enforce

contracts. . .as is en&oyed by /hite citi2ens.

?. This provisio! of the postOCivil (ar stat#tes has bee! #se" to a li%ite" e8te!t i! the past

as a basis for e%plo)ees s#i!g e%plo)ers for racial "iscri%i!atio! i! e%plo)%e!t'

3. I! a case of first i%pressio!$ the =eco!" Circ#it Co#rt of Appeals hel" that sectio! 19M1

"i" !ot cover a race "iscri%i!atio! clai% file" b) a! Africa! A%erica! e%plo)ee for

actio!s occ#rri!g &hile he &as o! te%porar) &or assig!%e!t i! =o#th Africa beca#se$ b)

its ter%s$ the la& o!l) covers those &ithi! the #ris"ictio! of the



29/41


4. The


30/41


/ithin the &urisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any ri$hts4 privile$es4 or immunities

secured by the onstitution and la/s4 shall be liable to the party in&ured in an action at

la/4 suit in e


31/41


A I&portat ote

1' There is a co%%o! %isco!ceptio! that all a! e%plo)ee or applica!t %#st "o to bri!g ho%e to!sof %o!e) fro% co#rt is to allege "iscri%i!atio! a!" s#e a! e%plo)er' This is !ot so'

+' 2iscri%i!atio! cases %#st be prove" #st as a!) other cases are re@#ire" to be prove"$ a!"fail#re to "o so res#lts i! "is%issal of the case or plai!tiff other&ise !ot &i!!i!g'

3' TheAli v. Mount 6inai 3ospitalcase at the e!" of the chapter is a great e8a%ple of this'

Ali v. Mount 6inai 3ospital

4' (hile %#ch of the litigatio! #!"er the Act at this poi!t is for fi!e-t#!i!g$ //>C has !ote" arise i! cases s#ch as harass%e!t agai!st ,#sli%s a!" !ooses o! the "ess of Africa! A%erica!e%plo)ees'

J' //>C is %ovi!g i!to other areas s#ch as h#%a! traffici!g as it relates to race$ !atio!alorigi!$ a!" se8#al harass%e!t$ the #se of cre"it histories of &o%e!$ %i!orities a!" the "isable" asa! #!la&f#l scree!i!g "evice$ a!" a! i!itiative to a""ress the %ore s#btle %a!ifestatio!s of color"iscri%i!atio! give! the i!crease i! %#ltiracial e%plo)ees i! the &orplace /-RAC/ i!itiative

"isc#sse" i! the Race a!" Color 2iscri%i!atio! Chapter7$ a!" caregiver "iscri%i!atio! &hich fallsheavil) #po! fe%ale e%plo)ees'

5aage&et Tips

Learnin$ %b&ective (i$ht: 0iscuss /hat mana$ement can do to comply /ith "itle 1II.

=i!ce pote!tiall) all e%plo)ees ca! bi!" the e%plo)er b) their "iscri%i!ator) actio!s$ it isi%porta!t for all e%plo)ees to #!"ersta!" the la&' This !ot o!l) &ill greatl) ai" the% i! avoi"i!g

acts that %a) ca#se the e%plo)er liabilit)$ b#t it &ill also go far i! creati!g a &or e!viro!%e!t i!&hich "iscri%i!atio! is less liel) to occ#r' Thro#gh trai!i!g$ %ae s#re that all e%plo)ees#!"ersta!"

(hat Title VII is' (hat Title VII re@#ires' (ho Title VII applies to' .o& the e%plo)ees actio!s ca! bri!g abo#t liabilit) for the e%plo)er'




32/41


33/41


34/41


Patterson ! Mc"ean Credit #nion) 491 '.. 164 E19@9

Iss!eF (hether 4+


35/41


lick here to return to chapter outline at location of above case reference.

Ali ! Mount Sinai 0ospital) 6@ &pl. rac. ;ec. ECC2 F44)1@@ E6-1?-96

Iss!eF (hether a! e%plo)ee ca! receive a #"g%e!t i! a race "iscri%i!atio! case &itho#t offeri!gevi"e!ce of racial "iscri%i!atio!'

7actsF A blac fe%ale e%plo)ee s#e" the e%plo)er for racial "iscri%i!atio! i! violatio! of TitleVII$ for "iscri%i!ator) e!force%e!t of the e%plo)ers "ress co"e' /%plo)ee allege" she &as"iscipli!e" for violatio! of the co"e &hile &hites &ere !ot' I! s#pport of her clai%$ e%plo)eegave evi"e!ce that other e%plo)ees ha" violate" the "ress co"e$ b#t she gave !o evi"e!ce thatthe) ha" !ot bee! "iscipli!e" as she &as for si%ilar offe!ses' 2espite the fact that e%plo)er ha"%a"e state%e!ts to e%plo)ee &hich e%plo)ee perceive" as "erogator)$ there &as !o sho&i!g ofrace "iscri%i!atio!'

;ecisioF The co#rt fo#!" that the e%plo)ee offere" !o evi"e!ce of "iscri%i!ator) e!force%e!t$therefore it ha" !o choice b#t to hol" for the e%plo)er'

Case D!estios

1' (hat "o )o# thi! of the &a) i! &hich Ali &as approache" b) 2r' =hiel"s abo#t herviolatio! of the "ress co"eH 2oes this see% a"visable to )o#H

6tudent response. "he purpose of this


36/41


learly the employee=s response as to ho/ she looked >beautiful? differed from ho/ 0r.6hields thou$ht employee looked >like somethin$ in a 2oo... or disco?. 6ince 0r. 6hields

did not confine her comments merely to employee=s violation of the dress code by the/earin$ of inappropriate apparel and hairstylin$ at odds /ith the code4 she leaves

herself open for analysis of her estimation of the differences bein$ based on aYourattire and hairstyle is not in keepin$ /ith the dress code.? #ather4 she said employeelooked like somethin$ in the 2oo and someone $oin$ to a disco. 3ave students discuss/hat the role of cultural differences may be in mana$ers= perceivin$ and &ud$in$ thebehavior4 includin$ attire4 of employees. For instance4 ho/ somethin$ like sayin$>conservative dress? is a particular cultural concept /hich means it can be left open tointerpretations /hich may differ based on one=s culture. #emind the students that this isaside from the fact that the dress code /as clear4 the code /as specifically desi$ned tomeet the needs of the particular /orkplace involved4 and employee4 in fact4 violated herboss=s interpretation of the code.

3' (hat ca! the e%plo)er "o avoi" eve! the appeara!ce of #!fair e!force%e!t of its "resspolic) i! the f#t#reH

6tudent response.

lick here to return to chapter outline at location of above case reference.

Chapter


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No4 the 6upreme ourt did not a$ree. In its per curiam decision it said that claimin$se)ual harassment for incidents that do not alter the conditions of employment to be ableto claim retaliation should there be later employment actions /ith /hich the employeedisa$rees4 is not permissible. 3ere4 the ourt held that no one could reasonably believethat the incident violated "itle 1II4 and based on its precedent4 "itle 1II forbids onlybehavior so ob&ectively offensive that it alters the conditions of the employee=semployment. "he ourt made clear that every sin$le occurrence of se)ual harassmentdies not constitute le$ally actionable se)ual harassment either for purposes of violationof the $ender provision of se)ual harassment or for the anti8retaliation provisions of"itle 1II.

+' .o& lo!g "oes a private e%plo)ee have to file a clai% &ith //>C or be barre" fro%"oi!g soH

'@ days.

3' i! Te#!g files a co%plai!t &ith //>C for !atio!al origi! "iscri%i!atio!' .is #ris"ictio!has a N06 age!c)' (he! Te#!g calls #p //>C after 4J "a)s i! or"er to see ho& his caseis progressi!g$ he lear!s that //>C has !ot )et %ove" o! it' Te#!g feels the //>C isviolati!g its o&! r#les' Is itH

No. If there is a state or local + a$ency4 and the complainant files /ith ((%4 ((%must hold off on investi$atin$ the complaint4 for + days.

4' Althea$ blac$ has bee! a "ee a) for a local Christia! %#sic statio! for several )ears' Thestatio! gets a !e& ge!eral %a!ager a!" &ithi! a %o!th he ter%i!ates Althea' The reaso!he gave &as that it &as i!appropriate for a blac "ee a) to pla) %#sic o! a &hite

Christia! %#sic statio!' Althea s#es the statio!' (hat is her best theor) for procee"i!gH

0isparate treatment. Based on an actual situation. 6ince the statistical base /ould beso small here4 Althea has a better case for disparate treatment.

J' ,eli!"a &a!ts to file a se8#al harass%e!t clai% agai!st her e%plo)er b#t feels she ca!!ot"o so beca#se he &o#l" retaliate agai!st her b) firi!g her' =he also has !o %o!e) to s#ehi%' A!) a"vice to ,eli!"aH

It is a separate offense under "itle 1II to retaliate a$ainst an employee for pursuin$ hisor her ri$hts under the Act. Melinda can file her se)ual harassment and retaliationclaims /ith the ((% and need pay nothin$.

3-3N* +01+ b) ,cra&-.ill /"#catio!' This is proprietar) %aterial solel) for a#thorie" i!str#ctor #se' ot a#thorie" for sale or "istrib#tio! i! a!)



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6' =aei"$ a ,#sli%$ alleges that his s#pervisor %a"e !#%ero#s re%ars belittli!g his ,#sli%religio!$ Arabs ge!erall)$ a!" hi% specificall)' The co%%e!ts &ere !ot %a"e i! theco!te8t of a specific e%plo)%e!t "ecisio! affecti!g =aei"' Is this s#fficie!t for the co#rt tofi!" "iscri%i!ator) ill &illH E5aaro!f v. (al+er 5a!fact!rig Co.) ?1G 7.3" G E th

Cir. ?GGG

Yes. "he court determined that even under the circumstances4 the comments /ereevidence that the supervisor=s opinion of the employee /as tainted by discriminatory ill/ill4 thou$h not direct evidence of discrimination.

N' A co!str#ctio! co%pa!) &as s#e" for harass%e!t &he! it faile" to tae serio#sl) theco%plai!ts abo#t offe!sive graffiti scra&le" o! re!te" portable toilets' The e%plo)er"efe!"e" b) sa)i!g 17 e%plo)ees sho#l" be #se" to s#ch r#"e a!" cr#"e behavior' +7 thee%plo)er "i" !ot o&! or %ai!tai! the e@#ip%e!t$ &hich ca%e &ith graffiti alrea") o! it'37 it too actio! after a for%al e%plo)ee co%plai!t$ a!" 47 the graffiti i!s#lte" ever)o!e'(ill the "efe!ses be s#ccessf#lH E5aloe v. 7oster


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"he employerDs policy is neutral on its face4 but has a disparate impact on men4 since4statistically speakin$4 most men /ould be taller. 3o/ever4 "iffany is not a man4 andthus4 does not have standin$ to sue on the policy. 6he is not adversely affected by thepolicy based on $ender4 but rather4 on hei$ht4 /hich4 in and of itself4 is not a protectedcate$ory. It /ould only be a problem if it adversely impacted those of the $ender of theclaimant. ender4 throu$h the hei$ht re


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Documents

Legal Environment of Employment Decisions