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Shiitake mushroom -Lent inus edodes (Berk.) Pegler
SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom : Fungi
Division : Eumycota
Sub Division : BasidiomycotinaClass : Hymenomycetes
Sub class : Holobasidiomycetidae
Order : Agaricales
Family : TricholomataceaeGenus : Lent inus or Lent inu la
Species : L. edodes
(Ainsworth and Whiitaker, 1973)
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Origin East Asia
Delicious , Medicinal , Edible
Strong aroma and Meaty texture
Fragrant, Winter, Flower, Chinese Black,
Black Forest , Shiitake Mushroom
Introduction
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Native China
20th Century, Chang-chinch Hu (Nanjing University)
India – Manipur, Mizoram, NRCM (Solan) & IIHR (Bangalore)
Far east area – Korea, China, Japan
West area – USA & Europe
US – Virginia, Ohio , Pennsylvania & California
Wild shiitake - Washington & California
(Ammirati, 1997; Desjardin, 1998)
Distribution
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Contd..
South East Asia (China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea ,
Singapore, Philippines , Sri Lanka & Thailand)
North America ( US and Canada)
Europe (France , Germany , Netherlands , Spain , Italy ,
England , Switzerland , Belgium , Finland , Sweden )
Australia & New Zealand
(Oei, 1996; Romanens, 2001)
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First began in china about AD 1100(Royse et al., 1985 & Chang and Miles, 1989)
Cultivation techniques developed in China to Japanese(Ito, 1978)
Berkeley – Shiitake as Agaricus edodes in 1877
Collyb ia edodes, A rm il lar ia edodes, Lepio ta edodes,
Pleuro tus edodes
Pegler – Shiitake as Lent inus edodes in 1975
History
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Contd..
Shiitake – Lentinus edodes
Shiitake – In Japan shii tree gives logs
Lenti – Cap, Edodes – Edible
Specialty Mushroom in North America
(Chen et al., 2000; Humble, 2001)
Taiwan start cultivation in 1970
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China , Japan & Korea
Over $15 million of Shiitake - exported to US, 1984
China - 2.1 million pounds – 19863 million pounds – 1987210,000 tonnes – 1991
US – 3714 t - 1998
China – 88% of total world output (Chang, 1999)
China to Japan - 42,057t in 2000
Shiitake - Status
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Contd..
North Korea start - 1980’s
Production - increased - US 24.2% annually since 1987
Farmers produce 2,499 tons per annum - US (94-95)
Japan - 200,000 metric tons per annum approx. 80%
East Asia - Production - 6,634 tons (1960)
2001 – 66,128 tonnes (Bing, 2004)
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World Scenario of Different Mushrooms
(Chang, 1999)
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IN INDIA
SpeciesShare in
cultivation(%)
Button mushroom (Agar icus bisporus ) 85
Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus f lor ida andP. sajo r-caju )
10
Milky mushroom (Calocybe indica ), Paddy
straw mushroom (Volvariel la vo lvacea )Shiitake (Lentinula edodes ), Reishi(Ganoderma lucidum )
5
(Meera, 2005)
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World Production of Shiitake
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Relatively long shelf life
Size range from baby to large & very dense
Dried caps - Swarthy & handsome, gold to dark brown- top with creamy tan - colored interior gills underneath
Rim of the dried Shiitake curls down toward the stem
Cap ranges from 1 to 1-3/4 wide
Meaty flesh & light garlic-pine aroma
CHARACTERS
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Delicious, strong aroma & meaty texture
More nutritional value & health benefits
Crude Protein – 18% Dry weight basis
Vitamins A, B1, B2, C, D2, niacin, lipids, fibre & CHO
Calcium, Phosphorus, iron & other minerals, a low
calorific count
Fat – 4.9%, Carbohydrate 67.5% , Ash 7% Fibre 8%
on wet weight basis
Composition
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L. pond erosus
L. adhaerens L. castoreus
Other species
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L. flabell i form is
L. kauffmani i
L. lepid eus L. sajor caju
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L. toru losu s
L. cyathi form is
L. giganteus
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L. squamosus
L. suavissimu s
L. t igr inu s
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Natural logs & Synthetic logs
Natural logs
Natural tree hardwoods
Synthetic logs
Sawdust
CULTIVATION
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SELECTION OF TREE HARDWOODS
Shii , Oak red or white, Chinkapin,
Hornbean, Sweetgum, Poplar,
Alder, Ironwood, Beech,
Birch, Willow (Oei 1996)
HARDWOOD LOG CUTTINGS
After leaf drop
Size is 2” to 6” in diameter and 35 to40” long
(Florida, USA, Canada, Korea, Asia & Japan)
NATURAL LOG METHOD
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Logs - Cut from treesfree from decay.
Trees - harvested- dormant or winter season
Log - 3-6” diameter
Length – 3 - 5feet
Log cutting time shouldnot damage the bark
Preparing logs for inoculation
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Electric drill - most
commonly used, butautomatic drilling machine
Quick driller capable of making 6 to 7 holes, a
great labor saving device.
Multi-Hole Driller
(Lee, 1999)
Automatic Drill
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Preference for type of wood
Resistance to weed fungi
Speed of colonization (time of
first fruiting)Ease of fruiting
Season of fruiting
Size, shape, color and flavor of
mushrooms
Spawn bags
Spawn characters
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Inoculation
Introduction of live shiitakeinto the log
One time inoculation - producemushrooms after 6 - 18 mon.
&will continue to produce for 3 - 6 years
Spring inoculation is done – shaded area
Internal log : MC - 35% prior toinoculation
First two months should be
stacked
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Common stacking methods
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Growth Stages
(Stamets, 1993; 2000)
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Open roof cultivation - Natural log method (ASIA)
Open roof growinghouse for shiitake
Common growing house
Inside the growing house Watering pipe
from underground
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Ventilation machine for blowing air
Ventilation through side walls
Gravel on the ground
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Outdoor cultivation of shiitake on logs
Watering outdoor logs
Logs in incubation
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Logs - incubation
Shiitake myceliain- incubation
(Choi, 2004)
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Harvesting Shiitake growing on
Eucalyptus wood logs
Sawdust cultivationof shiitakes
First small flushes of mushrooms - appear
More production inspring & fall
Very few - summer &winter
Forced to fruit
- 3 to 4 times/ yr
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Log begins to fruit after 6 to 8 months from
inoculation (for first harvest)
Cropping period is 6 to 8 Months
Cut the stem flush with bark - knife individually & stored in
cardboard box, 36 - 41°F for up to a month
For a year round production, logs to be fruited in winter &
spring need to be rested indoors
Mycelia does not feed while it is
dormant
Optimum resting period for
harvest rate is 8 weeks
Contd..
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Yield analysis
Yield : 33% of Biological efficiency
Best production of log - during second
& third years
Production - no longer possible when the bark
is lost
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Synthetic- bag method
Saw dust - Formulation of
substrate - bag preparation(Miller and Jong, 1987)
Main and basal ingredients
Basal : Starch based
supplements - Wheat bran,
rice Bran, Millet, Rye, Corn
etc., - added to mix in a
10 to 40%(dry wt) to the main
ingredient
Synthetic method of cultivation
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Countries
South East Asia (China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea,Singapore,Philippines Sir Lanka & Thailand)
North America (US & Canada)
Europe (with France leading, Germany, Netherlands,
Spain, Italy, England Switzerland, Belgium, Finland,
Sweden)
Australia & New Zealand
(Oei, 1996; Romanens, 2001)
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Hardwood sawdust - preferred compared to
softwood sawdust
Substrate moisture content : 60 - 65%
Add supplements to sawdust (3:1)
Supplements – rice or wheat bran -
degradation of wood components
- Cellulose & Lignin
Other additives – Lime & CaCO3
to maintain pH (above 4) physical
structure & source of Ca
Substrate preparation & Inoculation
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In USA – Northern red
Oak (Quercus rubra)
Substrates
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Mexico
Sawdust 45%
Millet 30%Wheat bran 15%
Rye 10%
MC: 38%
(Royse, 2002)
Brazil
1. Eucalyptus bark(Cellulose industry)
2. Eucalyptus sawdust,Rice Bran, MC: 60%
(Santana, 2004)
Muchuan PRS – China(Paulownia Plantation)
Sawdust 80%,Rice bran 15%
Corn flour 3%,Gypsum 1%
Sucrose 1% ,Ph 6-7
MC : 55-60%
Spawn
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Process of production on sawdust
Selection of proper ingredients
Mixed with water - 60%MC
2.5 Kgs per bag
Bags - heat resistantpolypropylene & containspecial breather patch
( micro porous plastic)
Filled bags - stacked onracks, loaded into an
industrial sized autoclave
Filling nutrient supplemented sawdust
substrate into heat-resistantpolypropylene bags for heat treatment
Heat-sealed cultivation bag with
Microfilter breathing window
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Sterilized for 2hrs at 121°C
Cooled in a clean room
Inoculated with spawn
Bags are the heat sealed & spawn
- thoroughly mixed
Spawn for synthetic log productionis propagated - steam sterilized
sawdust or cereal grain
(rye or millet)
Spawn - purchased fromcommercial Spawn makers
Filling nutrient supplementedsawdust substrate - heat-resistant
polypropylene bags for heat
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Substrate colonized bymycelium removed from
polypropylene bags after a
3-week spawn run
18 to 21 days for spawn run at 21°Cwith 4hrs of light per day
Bags are sliced and removed after the completion of the spawn run
leaving blokes
Blocks of substrate - exposed to anenvironment conducive to browning
of the exterior log surface
Browning period – 4 weeks long 19°C(CO2 level - 2200 - 3000 ppm
Logs are watered lightly once/day
This period is over the primordiabegin to form about 1 to 2 mm
beneath the surface of the log
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Substrate in the browningroom 2 weeks after removal
from plastic bags.
Bags are ready to produce fruit,Primordia maturation -stimulatedby soaking the logs in cool water
12°C for 3 to 4hrs
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Logs are browned inside the bag, soaking - not requiredbecause sufficient water - available to support first flush of
mushrooms
Soaking of logs - required for second & subsequent flushes
Soaking allows water to rapidly displace CO2 contained in air
spaces in the logs& provides enough moisture for one flush of
mushrooms.
After soaking, the logs - placed on shelves & the mushrooms
begin to enlarge. Approximately 7 to 11 days after soaking,
mushrooms - ready for harvesting.
Contd..
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Shiitake fruiting fromsynthetic logs 7 days
after the logs were soaked
in water.
Harvesting
Gently twisted from substratesurface by hand & any residual
substrate on the mushrooms -removed with a knife or scissorsLogs are soaked in water again
2nd soaking – 12 hrs
3rd soaking -18 hrs for replace thewater lost through mushroom
tissue production & water evaporation
Average time from peak harvestof one flush to peak of the next
flush - about 16 to 20 days.
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Marketing
2000 - Export from China to Japan - 42,057 tons (Huang, 2001)
Year Growers
(Number)
Totalproduction
(1000 pounds)
Volume of Export
(1000 pounds)2003-04 146 7,731 7,517
2004-05 164 9,085 8,616
2005-06 176 8,090 7,761
Agricultural Statistics Board –US 2006
May be sold packaged (Whole or Sliced) or in Bulk
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Cultivation in India
Lack of cultivation technology on locally available
substrates & suitable high temperature strains - major
reasons for its non-availability in India
Manipur & Mizoram initiated the cultivation based on the
Japanese log system
National Mushroom Research Center (NRCM- Solan)
& Indian Institute of Horticultural Research
(IIHR- Bangalore)
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NRCM
Located in Northern region - sawdust of Oaks, Poplars,
Mango & Wheat straw
IIHR
Located in southern region – mixed sawdust & wood chips of
silver oak & banyan trees & also paddy straw & coir pith
MECHANIZATION
Increase the efficiency of the labor, decrease labor drudgery,
streamline the production & bring about consistency &
continuity
Women are being encouraged to take up cultivation
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IIHR & NRCM - two institutions working jointly on thisproject
IIHR has designed &developed a grain cleaning machine,
a grain-boiling unit and a hand operated spawn
inoculation machine
EXPORT POTENTIAL
Low production and unorganized marketing
Earlier mushroom export - limited to wild mushroomMorchel la
Collected from the forests of Himalayan region for export
Export of cultivated mushrooms started in 1990
Contd..
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Diseases of Shiitake
Fungi in Log Culture Wood-rotting
Competing with nutrients &space in the log
Competitor fungi – arrest the
mycelial growth or killmycelium by inflictingindirect damage
Cor io lus vers icolor Inon otus xerant icus Mycelium killing
Metabolite of harmful fungi which kills shiitake mycelium
Causing a physiological trouble
Inflicts a severe damage, sometimes ruining the log
Eg. Tr ichoderma spp .,
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Contd..COMPLEX DAMAGE
Seizing nutrients from the log & killing shiitake mycelium.Wood-rotting fungi such as Hypoxylon truncatum - invades the
log & multiply therein make the barks fall off
Fungi such as Tr ichoderma spp. exert adverse effect on
growth of shiitake mycelium & finally kill the mycelium.
Occurrence of Disease Fungi for Direct Sunlight
Trichoderma longibrachiatum
White lump on logs grow to form a grayish
green button type in the center, turn brown to
dark brown as green mounds get lost.
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Contd..
Hypoxy lon truncatum
First year - Yellowish green molds (incomplete
stage) - appear - the ends of the log.
Later mycelial tuft form on the barks & stroma(the complete stage) also forms.
Diatrype st igma
Orange colored spore coat form under the bark.
Some barks falling off & reddish brown stromaforming.
Gills are forked near the margin of the fruit body &fruit bodies appear composed of two pairs
White rotting spots and spots turning dark brownare seen underneath the barks.
Schizophy l lum commun e
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Management
Shading the logs from the direct sunlight in
a sufficient manner
Colonized logs should be moved to a shady
place for recovery
Avoid direct sunlight & ventilate well under
high temperature & moderate humidity
(Park, 2002)
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Uses & By products
Culinary & medicinal purposes
Antitumor polysaccharides, anti virus nucleic acids
Active substances that fight cholesterol
Substances inhibit agglomeration of blood platelets
Nutraceutic mushroom
Low CHO content – diabetic people
High fibre content – peptic ulcer & constipation
Reduces blood cholesterol level.
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Composition of Shiitake
100 grams Shiitake contains
39 calories15 to 35% proteinLess than 1 gram of fat7.3 g. carbohydrate0.8 g. crude fiber 0.8mg. thiamine0.5mg. riboflavin
5.5mg. Niacinrich in Vitamin D2(50%)B2 and B12
Biologicall Acti e Compo nds Fo nd in Shiitake
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Biologically Active Compounds Found in Shiitake
Compound Effect(s)Type of
CompoundActivity
Eritadenine
Reduces
cholesterol
Antivirus
adenine
derivative
accelerates cholesterol
metabolism and execretion
Ac2P Antivirus polysaccharide inhibits viral replication
Viral particles Anti tumor/virusdouble stranded
RNAinduces interferon production
KS-2 Anti tumor/virus polysaccharide induces interferon production
Lentinan Antitumor polysaccharidestimulate T-helper cells in
immune system
LAP1 Antitumor polysaccharide immune system modulator
GMP (Guanosine
monophosphate)
reduces blood
coagulationnucleotide inhibits platelet aggregation
(Kwon, 2001)
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Anti Tumor Activity
Other polysaccharides
KS-2 has been shown to have anti tumor activity againstinduced Sarcoma 180
(Fujii et al ., 1978)
LAP1, which suppressed liver cancers(Sugano et al., 1982).
Lentinan & rentinan - extracted from fruit
bodies heads off tumor cell replication -stimulating body's immune system rather than directly killing tumor cells
(Ostrom, 1989)
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Anti viral Activity
Curing hepatitis B &
improving liver function
Lentinan & KS-2
- suppress viral replication
by interferon production
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Lentinan - AIDS
Lentinan - used in combination with AIDS drugs
to boost immune response - HIV positive people
Polysaccharide inhibits viral reproduction &
helps increase resistance to Bacterial &viral
infections to enhance the effects of drugs
(Kwon, 1995)