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LEONARDO da VINCI Programme Pilot Project no RO/02/B/F/PP – 141004
“TRAINING MODULE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL”
CURRICULUM OF COURSE:
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION MONITORINGPOLLUTION, ANALYSIS, LEGISLATION,
QUALITY ASSURANCE AND MANAGEMENT
www.unibuc.ro/hosting/leonardo
Bucharest 2005
1. GENERAL PRESENTATION
Environmental pollution remains an important issue, for both the population and the economic and political decision factors in all countries throughout the world; even they are developed or developing countries.
Huge efforts are made for the environmental pollution monitoring and control, especially in industrial countries, and the achievements are sometimes impressive. However, a lot remains to be done in fighting pollution, as the experts working in this field are not only facing issues that are already known, but also new issues that are triggered mainly by the economic growth at a global level.
Both in Romania and in the European Union’s countries, the education system is preparing experts in the field of environmental pollution monitoring and control, at a graduate or master’s level. However, due to the swift progress currently achieved in the above-mentioned field throughout the world, the need was felt for organising other forms of training as well, especially short duration studies at post-graduate level conducive to the improvement of the knowledge of experts working in environmental pollution control.
Within this professional training programme, we deemed it appropriate to approach the main issues related to environmental pollution monitoring and control in an integrated manner, not by presenting the analytical methods of pollution control exclusively. Thus, this book is structured in five chapters as follows:
I. Organic and inorganic environmental pollutants in air and waters. Sonic and electromagnetic pollution
II. Analytical techniques for environmental monitoring and control
III. Automatic analytical methods for environmental monitoring and control
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IV. Standardisation and legislation in the field of environmental monitoring and control
V. Laboratory quality assurance and management of laboratory activity in the field of environmental monitoring and control including sonic and electromagnetic pollution
In addition to the main course, the activity within a training module is complemented by practical studies. A laboratory guide was drafted to this purpose comprising experimental exercises related to chapters: II, III and V. Special attention was also granted to the writing of three computer programmes that simulate some analytical processes and that we think adequately complement the training activity within the module.
The course addresses to: Young graduated students from faculties of: chemistry,
biochemistry, biology, ecology, engineering, etc. Employed / un-employed persons interested to acquire a
qualification in the field of environmental monitoring and control.
Trainers from environmental monitoring and control field. Pollutant / potential pollutant enterprises. Local, regional and governmental authorities interested in
the project subject. This book is a course that aims at updating the knowledge of
graduate people working or interested in environmental pollution control, within a two-week postgraduate training modules.
The structure of the course is offering to this teaching material a strong innovative character. But the quality and adequacy of the innovation must be carefully checked in real situations, in carefully organised pilot learning environments. So, special assessment techniques were designed to evaluate this course.
The course was achieved within a pilot project funded by the European Union’s professional training programme “Leonardo da Vinci”, with the participation of 10 partners from five countries (Romania, France, Italy, Spain and Sweden).
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COORDINATOR:
University of Bucharest (ROMANIA) www.unibuc.roProf. Dr. Andrei Florin DĂNEŢ danet @unibuc.ro ,
[email protected] Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mihaela Carmen CHEREGI [email protected]
[email protected] Senior Scientist Dr. Mihaela BADEA [email protected]
PARTNERS:
CEAM (SPAIN) www.gva.es/ceamUniversity of Valencia (SPAIN) www.uv.es University of Perpignan (FRANCE) www.univ-perp.fr University “Tor Vergata”, Rome (ITALY) www.uniroma2.it ECOIND (ROMANIA) www.incdecoind.ro ICECHIM (ROMANIA) www.icechim.ro ITEC-BRAZI (ROMANIA) www.itec.ro ANOX (SWEDEN) www.anox.se University of Lund (SWEDEN) www.analykem.lu.se
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2. DESCRIPTION
CHAPTER I
ORGANIC AND INORGANIC ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS IN AIR AND WATERS. SONIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC POLLUTION
It is a general presentation and characterisation of the principal organic and inorganic pollutants in air and waters and also, of sonic and electromagnetic pollution.
I.1. AIR POLLUTANTSAir pollution started when tribesmen learned to use fire, and filled
the air inside their living quarters with the products of incomplete combustion. As cities and industry grew in size, the problem increased in severity. Since the 30s the other air pollution problems as well as solutions up to some extent emerged. In the following sections are described the main air pollutants and problems identified today. Due to their different nature, the pollutants are separated in organic and inorganic compounds.
I.1.1. Organic Air Pollutants- Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), Other Compounds.
I.1.2. Inorganic Air Pollutants.- Fixed Gases, Variable Gases, Characteristics of Selected
Gases and Aerosol Particle Components, Aerosol Particles in Smog and the Global Environment.
I.2. WATER POLLUTANTS
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For years, the quality of drinking water has been an important factor in determining the human welfare. Nowadays, the growth of the industrial and agricultural modern techniques has as result the obtaining of new synthetic chemicals. Many of these chemicals have contaminated water supplies. It is clear that water pollution must be a concern of every citizen. Understanding the sources, interactions, and effects of water pollutants is essential for controlling and monitoring the contaminants in an environmentally safe and economically acceptable manner. In this chapter the most important water pollutants are presented and also their effect on human health.
I.2.1. Types of Water PollutantsMetals
- Metal Toxicity, Biotransformation of Metals.Metalloids and Organometallic Compounds
- Metalloids, Organically Bound Metals and Metalloids.Anionic inorganic species
- Chloride, Fluoride, Nitrate and Nitrite, Sulphate and Sulphide, Cyanide, Phosphate.
Acidity, Alkalinity and Salinity- Acidity, Alkalinity, Salinity.
Organic pollutants- Introduction- Sewage, Surfactants, Halogenated Carbons, Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Dioxins, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Brominated Flame Retardants, Phthalates.
Pesticides- Chlorinated hydrocarbons, Organophosphates,
Carbamates, Pyrethrins and pyrethroids, Phenoxyacetic acid herbicides, Radionuclides.
II.3. SONIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC POLLUTIONThe Sound
We live in a world of sounds, undoubtedly essential in terms of communication and/or transfer of knowledge. Nature furnishes us with
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an abundant variety of sound sources, but it’s the man-made ones which often raise problems for the environmental health and will be discussed in this chapter.
- Introduction, Aural Environment.Electromagnetic Pollution
Since the 1950-s, the humanity has surrounded itself with artificial electric and magnetic fields as a result of the increasing use of electricity as an indispensable part of every day life. The effect of the electromagnetic pollution on the human welfare is described.
- The Electromagnetic Fields. Introduction, Electromagnetic Environment.
CHAPTER II
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CONTROL
Most of the analytical techniques find their applicability in environmental control, from the simplest to the most complicated one. This has increased the difficulty for the creation of this course that attempts to present over a small length and in a concise and clear manner the most important analytical techniques being applied in the mentioned domain.
After an INTRODUCTION (II.1), in the following chapters a few basic notions are presented regarding:
II.2. ELEMENTARY STATISTICS In an analysis, the collection of the data is followed by the data
handling. Statistics is necessary to understand the significance of the collected data and therefore to set up limitations on each step of analysis. The aspects described are:
Accuracy and PrecisionErrors and Ways of Expressing Accuracy
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Measures of Precision
II.3. SAMPLE, SAMPLING AND PREPARATIONThis stage is extremely important for the analytical determination,
especially when environmental samples are analyzed and, often, proper attention is not paid to it. The fact is known that generally the sampling and sample preparing for analysis generate the largest errors in environmental analysis. In the following chapter a few basic notions regarding the sampling and the preparing of the sample for analysis were presented.
Sample and Sampling- Sample and Sampling; Statistics of Sampling; Sample
Handling.Sample Preparation
- Sample Extraction; Sample Cleanup; Digestion; Dilution; Filtering.
II.4. ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES USED IN ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSISThe presentation of the analytical techniques starts with the
“classical” methods like gravimetry and volumetry, these techniques maintaining a certain importance in almost all the environmental control laboratories and continues with the most important instrumental analysis techniques. All of these issues are presented in a concise manner (in our opinion) with applications for environmental control as follows:
Gravimetric Analysis- Physical Gravimetry; Thermogravimetry; Precipitative
Gravimetry.Volumetric Analysis- Fundamentals of Titrimetry.
Spectrophotometric Analysis- Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation; Molecular Absorption
of Electromagnetic Radiation; Quantitative Law of Radiation
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Absorption; Quantitative Analysis in the UV-Vis; Instrumentation for UV-Vis Spectrometry.
Atomic Absorption and Emission- Introduction; Atomic Absorption Spectrometry; Atomic
Emission Spectrometry; Physical and Chemical Interferences in AAS and AES.
Electrochemical Methods of Analysis- Introduction; Conductometric Methods; Potentiometric
Methods; Voltammetric Methods; Modes of Current-Voltage Measurements; Chronoamperometry; Stripping Voltammetry.
Chromatography: ionic, GC and HPLC - Introduction; Types of Chromatography; Clasification of
Chromatographic Processes; Chromatographic Theory. An overview; Ion Chromatography; Ion Exchange; Gas Chromatography; High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC); Applications.
Mass-spectrometry - Definition; Principles; The Mass Spectrum; Sample
Introduction; Ionization modes in mass spectrometry; Mass Analyzers; Ion Detection Systems; Mass Spectrometry – Working Modes
Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry - Definition; Principles; Interfacing MS to GC; Data System
for GC / MS Instrumentation; Data Interpretation Modes in GC / MS; Qualitative Information in GC / MS; Quantitative Information in GC / MS; Applications.
Immunoassay- Immunoassay Principle; ELISA Technique ;
Immunochemical Sensors.
II.5. METHODS FOR MONITORING THE MOST IMPORTANT POLLUTANTSThe chapter ends with the presentation of the monitoring
methods for some important environmental pollutants:
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PhenolsNitrogen (nitrite, nitrate, ammonia) Cyanide- Samples pre-treatment; Silver Nitrate Titrimetric Method;
Colorimetric Method; Ion-Selective Electrode Method; Cyanide in Solid Samples; Cyanide in Aerosol and Gas Samples.
Heavy metals - Sampling and Treatment; Sample Digestion; Atomic
Absorption Spectrometry for Heavy Metals Determination; Specific Methods for Determination the Most Important Heavy Metals Pollutants.
Pesticides- Monitoring of Pesticides; Separation Techniques;
Immunoassay; Biosensors and Immunosensors.Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs); - Quantitation; Sample Extraction and Cleanup; Alternative
Analytical Methods.Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
CHAPTER III
AUTOMATIC ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CONTROL
III.1. INTRODUCTIONIn the last decades can be observed the use on a larger and
larger scale of automation in various domains of science and technique, and especially in the domain of environmental quality monitoring. This was possible due to the great progresses in the top technology fields,
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like micromechanics, microelectronics and especially computer construction.
In the following chapters a short presentation of the automated flow analysis methods will be made with applications in the environmental quality domain, together with other automated analysis methods with important applications in the mentioned domain.
III.2. FLOW TECHNIQUES OF ANALYSISAutomatic flow methods of chemical analysis, unknown for more
then a half a century ago are now widespread in most analytical laboratories. Since the original paper published by Skeggs in 1957 on multisegmented continuous flow analysis, many improvements and even simplifications have been made on this field with numerous applications in the environmental monitoring and control. A short description of these techniques and the commercial available continuous analysers is done as follows:
Introduction in CFA, FIA and SIA - Continuous Flow Analysis; Segmented Flow Analysis; Flow
Injection Analysis; Sequential Injection Analysis; Hyphenated Systems.
Automated Flow Analysers - Continuous and Discontinuous Systems; Commercial
Automated Flow Analyzers; The future – Microfluids.Application of the Flow Techniques of Analysis in Environmental Monitoring and Control- Introduction; Water Monitoring and Control; Monitoring and
Control in Rain Water; Water Quality, Wastewater; Atmospheric Monitoring and Control; Soil Pollutants.
III.3. MODERN TECHNIQUES FOR AIR POLLUTANTSLIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)- Introduction; LIDAR Design; Application of LIDAR in
Environmental Monitoring.
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DOAS for Environmental Control- Introduction; Principle of DOAS Operation; Spectral
Regions Usable for DOAS Measurements; How is Working a DOAS Based Instrument?; DOAS Application in Pollution Monitoring.
Other aspects discussed in this chapter are:
Automation in Immunoassay
III.4. AUTOMATIC SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
CHAPTER IV
STANDARDISATION AND LEGISLATION IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CONTROL
In the first part of this chapter are presented a series of environmental protection treaties, conventions and agreements established or signed between nations which were put forth to protect wildlife, wildlife habitat, oceans, atmosphere and hazardous substances.
V.1. AN INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLSAn Overview of International Conventions and AgreementsThe Relationship between International Trade and Environmental ControlsThe European Union Environmental Programmes
In the second part, a comparison of the legislation and the criteria of water and air quality in 4 countries of the European Community (France, Italy, Spain and Sweden), Romania and in the United States of America is presented as follows:
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IV.2. LEGISLATION IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CONTROLComparison of the Characteristics of surface water for production of drinking water in France, Italy, Romania, Sweden and Spain
- Chemical indicators to evaluate the quality of surface water; Characteristics of Raw Water for Human Use in France; Monitoring Program for Drinking Water in France; Emission Limit of Urban Effluent of Waste Water Plant.
Air Pollution
IV.3. STANDARDIZATION FOR THE MOST IMPORTANT ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
CHAPTER V
LABORATORY QUALITY ASSURANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF LABORATORY ACTIVITY IN THE FIELD OF
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CONTROL INCLUDING SONIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC POLLUTION
In the INTRODUCTION (V.1) of this chapter is stipulated the importance of quality assurance of the products and services, that constitutes an important issue in modern society.
Services and commodities, which are not fit for their intended purpose may give rise to economic losses and may impair human health and/or the environment. This means that the concerned parties need to assess the quality of the products or services prior to purchase or use.
The aspect discussed here are:
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V.2. CONCEPT OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT, QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROLWhat is Quality?Quality ManagementQuality AssuranceQuality Control
V.3. LABORATORY QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMElements of Quality Management System
- Quality Policy; Quality Objectives; Quality Manual; Procedures; Records.
V.4. QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CONTROL LABORATORIES INCLUDING SONIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC POLLUTIONManagement Requirements
- Organization; Quality System; Document Control; Review of Request; Tenders and Contracts; Subcontracting of Tests; Purchasing Services and Supplies; Services to the Client; Complaints; Control of Nonconforming Testing Work; Corrective Action; Preventive Action; Control of Records; Internal Audit; Management Reviews.
Technical Requirements- Personnel and Training; Accommodation and
Environmental Conditions; Test Methods and Method Validation; Equipment; Measurements Traceability; Sampling; Handling of Tests Items; Assuring the Quality of Tests Results; Reporting the Results.
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3. LEVEL
A. Prerequisite:
For young graduated students (aged 22 - 28) those are at the beginning of their work period and who want to become specialists in the field of environmental monitoring and control. For people (with a University diploma) with qualifications not needed on the labour market, or being at risk of exclusion from the actual and further labour market, as well as, unemployed persons interested to acquire qualifications in the field of the project. For improving the knowledge of the trainers from the environmental monitoring and control and of the local, regional and governmental authorities and other organizations interested in this domain.
B. Aims and objectives:
The main objectives of the proposed course are to improve the environmental monitoring and control and to train a big number of specialists in this domain by up-dating their knowledge in this field and by working with modern equipments and analytical methods.
All the information collected from different companies / authorities indicates that the employees have little knowledge about the environmental monitoring and control. They often require much more knowledge about the analytical methods or technical problems, legislation, quality assurance and management of laboratory activity for environmental protection. That is why they need time and complementary training (usually organised by the company or
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apprentice stage with a much experienced employee with the same job functions as a coach) to become able of perform their daily duties. Taking this into account, this course is also available in electronic form, on CD, and several chapters are available on the webpage of the project. In this way it is more facile for the interested persons to upgrade their knowledge in the field of environmental protection.
The specific aims of the proposed course are: the development in a transnational context, of an European dimension training course in the field of environmental monitoring and control; re-conversion of the labour forces in this field and the alignment at the European standards of the vocational training methods – the graduates beside a better vocational training will find easier a job, their training being recognized all over the Europe ; a change in the old educational system and this means that all the theoretical aspects are linked to practice.
The proposed course together with the other training materials can prepare specialists more adequately fitted to environmental protection jobs and can satisfy the challenges of the modern economy and society.
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8. Lide, D. R., (ed.) (1998) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, Likens.
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16. Rouessac, F., Rouessac, A., (2003) Chemical Analysis – Modern Instrumental Methods and Techniques, Wiley, New York.
17. Enke, C.G., (2001) The Art and Science of Chemical Analysis, John Wiley, New York.
18. Harvey, D., (2000) Modern Analytical Chemistry, Mc Graw Hill Comp.
19. Rubinson, K.A., Rubinson, J.F., (2000) Contemporary Instrumental Analysis, Prentice Hall Inc.
20. Karasek, F.W., Clement, R.E., (1988) Basic Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: Principles & Techniques, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
21. Hites, R.A., (1992) Handbook of Mass Spectra Environmental Contaminants, 2nd Ed., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
22. McLafferty, F.W., (1989) Registry of Mass Spectral Data with Structures, 5th edition, Wiley, New York.
23. Oehme, M., (1999) Practical Introduction to GC-MS Analysis with Quadrupoles, Wiley – VCH, Weinheim.
24. Mc Master, M.C., McMaster, C., (1998) GC-MS: A Practical User’s Guide, Wiley – VCH, New York.
25. Niessen, W.M.A., (2001) Current Practice of Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry, Series Chromatographic Science, Vol. 86, Marcel Dekker, New York.
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26. NIST / EPA / NIH, (1995) Mass Spectral Library for WindowsTM, Gaithersburg, MD: NIST Standard Reference Data.
27. Nikolelis, D.P., Krull, U.J., Wang, J., Mascini, M., (eds.) (1997) Biosensors for Direct Monitoring of Environmental Pollutants in Field, Kluwer Academic Publishers, the Netherlands.
28. Blum, L.J., Coulet, P.R., (eds.) (1991) Biosensor Principles and Applications, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, USA.
29. Clark, S.A., Thompson, K.C., Keevil, C.W., Smith, M.S., (eds.) (2001) Rapid Detection Assays for Food and Water, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK.
30. Law, B., (ed.) (1996) Immunoassay. A Practical Guide, Taylor & Francis Ltd., London, UK.
31. Cass, A.E.G., (ed.) (1990) Biosensors. A Practical Approach., Oxford University Press, New York, USA.
32. Tothill, I.E. (ed.) (2003) Rapid and on-line Instrumentation for Food Quality Assurance, CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA.
33. Buffle, J., Horvai, G., (ed.) (2000) In Situ Monitoring of Aquatic Systems. Chemical Analysis and Speciation, John Wiley, West Sussex, England.
34. Clesceri, L.S., Greenberg, A.E., Eaton, A.D., (eds.) (1998) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th edition, United Book Press, Inc., Baltimore, USA.
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43. Frenzel, W., (1993) Flow Injection Analysis. Principles, Techniques and Applications, Technical Univ. Berlin, Berlin.
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4. LENGTH
The teaching module lasts 10 working days. The total time normally required to complete the course is 52 hours (26 hours / week) as follows:
4 hours for each taught chapter (I, II, III. IV, V) 4 hours for each seminar (S) (related to chapters 1 and IV) 8 hours for each laboratory (L) work (related to chapters II,
III, V).
The proposed time planning for the course and the other complementary activities is:
Chapter I. ORGANIC AND INORGANIC ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS IN AIR AND WATERS. SONIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC POLLUTION
Nr.crt.
Lecture title Course(h)
S/L(h)
1 I.1. Air pollutants 1.5 1.5 (S)2 I.2. Water pollutants 2 2 (S)3 I.3. Sonic and electromagnetic pollution 0.5 0.5 (S)TOTAL CHAPTER I 4 4
Chapter II. ANALYTICAL MEHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CONTROL
Nr.crt.
Lecture title Course(h)
S/L(h)
1 II.1. Introduction, II.2. Elementary statistics, II.3. Sample, sampling and preparation; II.4. Gravimetric and volumetric methods.
1 2 (L)
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2 II.4. Analytical techniques used in environmental analysis
2 4 (L)
3 II.5. Methods for monitoring the most important pollutants
1 2 (L)
TOTAL CHAPTER II 4 8
Chapter III. AUTOMATIC ANALYTICAL MEHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CONTROL
Nr.crt.
Lecture title Course(h)
S/L(h)
1 III.1. Introduction; III.2. Introduction in CFA, SFA, FIA and SIA
2 3(L)
2 III.3. Modern techniques for air pollutants 1 2 (L)3 III.4. Automatic spectrometry 1 3 (L)TOTAL CHAPETR III 4 8
Chapter IV. STANDARDIZATON AND LEGISLATION IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CONTROL
Nr.crt.
Lecture title Course(h)
S/L(h)
1 IV 1. An introduction to international environmental controls
1 1 (S)
2 IV.2. Legislation in the field of environmental monitoring and control
2 2 (S)
3 IV.3. Standardization for the most important environmental pollutants
1 1 (S)
TOTAL CHAPTER IV 4 4
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Chapter V. LABORATORY QUALITY ASSURANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF LABORATORY ACTIVITY IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CONTROL INCLUDING SONIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC POLLUTION
Nr.crt.
Lecture title Course(h)
S/L(h)
1 V.1. Introduction; V.2. Concept of quality management, quality assurance and quality control
1 2 (L)
2 V.3. Laboratory quality management system
1 2 (L)
3 V.4. Quality management system in environmental monitoring and control laboratories including sonic and electromagnetic pollution
2 4 (L)
TOTAL CHAPTER V 4 8
TOTAL COURSE 20 32
Observation: the rest of 14 hours/week are used by the each student to prepare, under the guidance of a professor, his short individual work choosing a subject of his interest area but related to the course content.
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5. TEACHING AND LEARNING METHODS
a) The courses will be presented as lectures, ended with short periods of time (5-10 min) devoted to supplementary explanations requested by the students.
b) As it was already mentioned above there would be seminars or laboratories work for each learning unit, function of its content: Chapters I and IV with seminars and Chapters II, III and V with laboratory exercise.
c) Tutorial sessions will be organised for groups or individual students on request.
d) The students will prepare a short individual work in a printed form as about 10 pages describing a subject related to their domain of interest but related to the environmental monitoring and control. They will be supervised by a professor or a researcher and also, they can use the internet resources.
6. ASSESSMENT
At the end of the course, it will be formed a commission composed from professors, researchers involved in the project and independent experts (local, regional, governmental authorities) and it will assist at the final evaluation of the students.
The evaluation will be done by:a) Oral and / or written examinations in order to evaluate the
transfer of knowledge and skills acquired at the end the course. b) Oral presentation of the individual work elaborated by each
student in order to evaluate their ability to make a link between a subject of their interests and the environmental protection.
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The students, who will attend the training course and will obtain at least “Satisfactory” at the final examination, will receive an official Certificate.
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