Leopard Cat 1

Leopard Cat

Leopard Cat[1]

Conservation status

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[2]

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Felidae Genus: Prionailurus

Species: P. bengalensis

Binomial name

Prionailurus bengalensis(Kerr, 1792)

Leopard Cat 2

Leopard Cat range

The leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) is a small wild cat of South and East Asia. Since 2002 it has been listedas Least Concern by IUCN as it is widely distributed but threatened by habitat loss and hunting in parts of its range.There are twelve leopard cat subspecies, which differ widely in appearance.[2]

The leopard cat's name is derived from the leopard-like spots prevalent in all subspecies, but its relation to theleopard is distant.

Physical characteristicsLeopard cats are about the size of a domestic cat, but more slender with longer legs and well-defined webs betweenthe toes. Their small head is marked with two prominent dark stripes, their short and narrow muzzle white. There aretwo dark stripes running from the eyes to the ears, and smaller white streaks running from the eyes to the nose. Thebacks of their moderately long and rounded ears are black with a central white spot. Body and limbs are marked withblack spots of varying size and color, and along the back are two to four rows of elongated spots. The tail is abouthalf the size of their head-body-length and spotted with a few indistinct rings near the black tip. The backgroundcolor of their spotted fur is tawny with a white chest and belly. But in their huge range, they vary so much incoloration and size of spots as well as in body size and weight that initially they were thought to be several differentspecies. The fur color is yellowish brown in the southern populations, but pale silver-grey in the northern ones. Theblack markings may be spotted, rosetted, or even forming dotted streaks, depending on the subspecies. In the tropics,leopard cats weigh 0.55 to 3.8 kg (1.2 to 8.4 lb), have a head-body-length of 38.8 to 66 cm (15.3 to 26 in) with a 17.2to 31 cm (6.8 to 12 in) long tail. In northern China and Siberia, they weigh up to 7.1 kg (16 lb), and have ahead-body-length of up to 75 cm (30 in); generally, they put on weight before winter and become thinner untilspring.[3] Shoulder height is about 41 cm (16 in).

Distribution and habitatLeopard cats are the most widely distributed Asian small cats. Their range extends from the Amur region in theRussian Far East over the Korean Peninsula, China, Indochina, the Indian Subcontinent, to the West in northernPakistan, and to the south in the Philippines and the Sunda islands of Indonesia. They are found in agriculturallyused areas but prefer forested habitats. They live in tropical evergreen rainforests and plantations at sea level, insubtropical deciduous and coniferous forests in the foothills of the Himalayas at altitudes above 1000 m (3300 ft).[3]

In 2009, a leopard cat was camera trapped in Nepal’s Makalu-Barun National Park at an altitude of 3254 m(10676 ft). At least six individuals inhabit the survey area, which is dominated by associations of rhododendron, oakand maple.[4] In the northeast of their range they live close to rivers, valleys and in ravine forests, but avoid areaswith more than 10 cm (3.9 in) of snowfall.[5] They are rare in Pakistan’s arid treeless areas.[6]

In Sabah’s Tabin Wildlife Reserve leopard cats had average home ranges of 3.5 km2 (1.4 sq mi).[7] In Thailand’s PhuKhieu Wildlife Reserve 20 leopard cats were radio-collared between 1999 and 2003. Home ranges of males rangedfrom 2.2 km2 (0.85 sq mi) to 28.9 km2 (11.2 sq mi), and of the six females from 4.4 km2 (1.7 sq mi) to 37.1 km2

(14.3 sq mi).[8]

Leopard Cat 3

Distribution of subspecies

Illustration of Javan leopard cat from RichardLydekker's "A hand-book to the Carnivora", 1896

Tsushima leopard cat

As of 2009, the following subspecies are recognized:[2] [9]

• Prionailurus bengalensis bengalensis (Kerr, 1792) — lives in India,Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, the Malay Peninsular, Indochinato Yunnan in China;[10]

• Prionailurus bengalensis javanensis (Desmarest, 1816) — lives inJava and Bali;[11]

• Prionailurus bengalensis sumatranus Horsfield 1821) — lives inSumatra and Tebingtinggi;[11]

• Prionailurus bengalensis chinensis (Gray 1837) — lives in Taiwanand China except Yunnan;[10]

• Prionailurus bengalensis horsfieldi (Gray 1842) — lives inKashmir, Punjab, Kumaon, Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan;[10]

• Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus/euptilura (Elliott 1871) — theAmur cat lives in eastern Siberia, in Manchuria, in Korea[10] and onthe Tsushima Island in the Korea Strait;[12]

• Prionailurus bengalensis borneoensis (Brongersma 1936) — livesin Borneo;[11]

• Prionailurus bengalensis trevelyani (Pocock 1939) — lives innorthern Kashmir and Punjab, and in southern Baluchistan;[10]

• Prionailurus bengalensis alleni (Sody, 1949) — lives in HainanIsland;

• Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis (Imaizumi, 1967) — livesexclusively on the tiny island of Iriomote, one of the RyukyuIslands in the Japan archipelago;[13]

• Prionailurus bengalensis heaneyi (Groves 1997) — inhabits thePhilippine island of Palawan;[11]

• Prionailurus bengalensis rabori (Groves 1997) — inhabits thePhilippine islands of Negros, Cebu, and Panay.[11]

The Iriomote cat has been proposed as a species in 1967, but followingmtDNA analysis in the 1990s is now considered a subspecies of the leopard cat.[14] [2]

The Tsushima leopard cat lives exclusively on Tsushima Island. Initially regarded as belonging to the Chineseleopard cat subspecies, it is now considered an isolated population of the Amur leopard cat.[15]

Leopard Cat 4

Ecology and behavior

An alert leopard cat

Leopard cats are solitary, except during breeding season. Some areactive during the day, but most hunt at night, preferring to stalk murids,tree shrews and hares. They are agile climbers and quite arboreal intheir habits. They rest in trees, but also hide in dense thornyundergrowth on the ground.[8] In the oil palm plantations of Sabah,they have been observed up to 4 m (13 ft) above ground huntingrodents and beetles. In this habitat, males had larger home ranges thanfemales, averaging 3.5 km2 (1.4 sq mi) and 2.1 km2 (0.81 sq mi)respectively. Each male's range overlapped one or more femaleranges.[16]

Leopard cats can swim, but seldom do so. They produce a similarrange of vocalisations to the domestic cat. Both sexes scent mark theirterritory by spraying urine, leaving faeces in exposed locations, headrubbing, and scratching.[3]

DietLeopard cats are carnivorous, feeding on a variety of small prey including mammals, lizards, amphibians, birds andinsects. In most parts of their range, small rodents such as rats and mice form the major part of their diet, which isoften supplemented with grass, eggs, poultry, and aquatic prey. They are active hunters, dispatching their prey with arapid pounce and bite. Unlike many other small cats, they do not "play" with their food, maintaining a tight grip withtheir claws until the animal is dead. This may be related to the relatively high proportion of birds in their diet, whichare more likely to escape when released than are rodents.[3]

Reproduction and developmentThere is no fixed breeding period in the southern part of its range; in the colder northern range they tend to breedaround March or April, when the weather is mild enough to support newborn kittens. The estrus period lasts for 5–9days. If the kittens do not survive, the female may come into heat again and have another litter that year.After a gestation period of 60–70 days, two to four kittens are born in a den, where they remain until they are amonth old. The kittens weigh about 75 to 130 grams (2.6 to 4.6 oz) at birth and usually double their weight by age oftwo weeks; at five weeks, they are four times their birth weight. The eyes open at ten days, and the kittens start to eatsolid food at 23 days. At the age of four weeks, the permanent canines appear, and the kittens begin to eat solid food.Leopard cats have lived for up to thirteen years in captivity.[3]

Leopard cats usually pair for life and raise their kittens together for about 7 to 10 months. Full maturity is reached at18 months, but in captivity, the male can become ready to breed at 7 months, and the female at 10 months.

Leopard Cat 5

Threats

Skin and skin details from an identification guidefor law enforcement agents

In China, leopard cats are hunted mainly for their fur. Between 1984and 1989, about 200,000 skins were exported yearly. A survey carriedout in 1989 among major fur traders revealed more than 800,000 skinson stock. Since the European Union imposed an import ban in 1988,Japan has become the main buyer, and imported 50,000 skins in1989.[17] Although commercial trade is much reduced, the speciescontinues to be hunted throughout most of its range for fur, for food,and as pets. They are also widely viewed as poultry pests and killed inretribution.[2]

In Myanmar, 483 body parts of at least 443 individuals were observedin four markets surveyed between 1991 and 2006. Numbers were significantly larger than non-threatened species.Three of the surveyed markets are situated on international borders with China and Thailand, and cater tointernational buyers, although the leopard cat is completely protected under Myanmar's national legislation. Effectiveimplementation and enforcement of CITES is considered inadequate.[18]

Conservation

A Leopard Cat at the Bronx Zoo

Prionailurus bengalensis is listed in CITES Appendix II. In HongKong, the species is protected under the Wild Animals ProtectionOrdinance Cap 170. The population is well over 50,000 individualsand, although declining, the cat is not endangered.[2]

The Tsushima leopard cat is listed as critically endangered on theJapanese Red List of endangered species, and has been the focus of aconservation program funded by the Japanese government since1995.[15]

Taxonomic history

In 1792, Robert Kerr first described a leopard cat under the binominalFelis bengalensis in his translation of Carl von Linné’s SystemaNaturae as being native to southern Bengal.[19] Between 1829 and1922, different authors of 20 more descriptions classified the cat eitheras Felis or Leopardus.[10] Owing to the individual variation in furcolour, leopard cats from British India were described as Felisnipalensis from Nepal, Leopardus ellioti from the area of Bombay, Felis wagati and Felis tenasserimensis fromTenasserim. In 1939, Reginald Innes Pocock subordinated them to the genus Prionailurus. The collection of theNatural History Museum in London comprised several skulls and large amounts of skins of leopard cats from variousregions. Based on this broad variety of skins, he proposed to differentiate between a southern subspeciesPrionailurus bengalensis bengalensis from warmer latitudes to the west and east of the Bay of Bengal, and anorthern Prionailurus bengalensis horsfieldi from the Himalayas, having a fuller winter coat than the southern. Hisdescription of leopard cats from the areas of Gilgit and Karachi under the trinomen Prionailurus bengalensistrevelyani is based on seven skins that had longer, paler and more greyish fur than those from the Himalayas. Heassumed that trevelyani inhabits more rocky, less forested habitats than bengalensis and horsfieldi.[20]

Between 1837 and 1930, skins and skulls from China were described as Felis chinensis, Leopardus reevesii, Felis scripta, Felis microtis, decolorata, ricketti, ingrami, anastasiae and sinensis, and later grouped under the trinomen

Leopard Cat 6

Felis bengalensis chinensis.[10] In the beginning of the 20th century, a British explorer collected wild cat skins on theisland of Tsushima. Oldfield Thomas classified these as Felis microtis, which had been first described by HenriMilne-Edwards in 1872.[21]

Two skins from Siberia motivated Daniel Giraud Elliot to write a detailed description of Felis euptilura in 1871. Onewas depicted in Gustav Radde’s illustration cum description of a wild cat; the other was part of a collection at theRegent's Park Zoo. The ground colour of both was light brownish-yellow, strongly mixed with grey and coveredwith reddish-brown spots, head grey with a dark-red stripe across the cheek.[22] In 1922, Tamezo Mori described asimilar but lighter grey spotted skin of a wild cat from the vicinity of Mukden in Manchuria that he named Felismanchurica.[23] Later both were grouped under the trinomen Felis bengalensis euptilura.[10] In the 1970s and 1980s,the Russian zoologists Geptner, Gromov and Baranova disagreed with this classification. They emphasized thedifferences of skins and skulls at their disposal and the ones originating in Southeast Asia, and coined the termAmur forest cat, which they regarded as a distinct species.[24] [25] In 1987, Chinese zoologists pointed out theaffinity of leopard cats from northern China, Amur cats and leopard cats from southern latitudes. In view of themorphological similarities they did not support classifying the Amur cat as a species.[26]

The initial binomial euptilura given by Elliott[22] was eventually changed to euptilurus referring to the ICZNPrinciple of Gender Agreement; at present, both terms are used.[27]

Molecular analysis of 39 leopard cat tissue samples suggested distinction between northern leopard cats fromTsushima, Korea, Siberia, China and Taiwan, and southeast Asian leopard cats.[12]

Leopard cats as petsKeeping a leopard cat as a pet is possible, although a license is required in most places. License requirements varyby location.The Asian Leopard Cat (P. bengalensis bengalensis) is often mated with a domestic cat to produce hybrid offspringknown as a Bengal cat. These hybrids are usually permitted to be kept as pets without a license. For the typical petowner, a Bengal cat kept as a pet should be least four generations (F4) removed from the Leopard Cat. The"foundation cats" from the first three filial generations of breeding (F1–F3) are usually reserved for breedingpurposes or the specialty pet home environment.[28]

References[1] Wozencraft, W. Christopher (16 November 2005). "Order Carnivora (pp. 532-628)" (http:/ / www. bucknell. edu/ msw3/ browse.

asp?id=14000181). In Wilson, Don E., and Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference(http:/ / google. com/ books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC& pg=PA532) (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.).ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. .

[2] Sanderson, J., Sunarto, S., Wilting, A., Driscoll, C., Lorica, R., Ross, J., Hearn, A., Mujkherjee, S., Ahmed Khan, J., Habib, B., Grassman, L.(2008). "Prionailurus bengalensis" (http:/ / www. iucnredlist. org/ apps/ redlist/ details/ 18146). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version2010.4. International Union for Conservation of Nature. .

[3] Sunquist, M., Sunquist, F. (2002). Wild cats of the World (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=hFbJWMh9-OAC& lpg=PP1& dq=Wildcats of the world& pg=PA226#v=onepage& q& f=false). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 225–232. ISBN 0-226-77999-8. .

[4] Ghimirey, Y., Ghimire, B. (2010) Leopard Cat at high altitude in Makalu-Barun National Park, Nepal. Catnews 52: 16–17.[5] Geptner, V.G., Sludskii, A. A., (1972) Mlekopitaiuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Vysšaia Škola, Moskva. (In Russian; English translation: Heptner,

V.G.; Nasimovich, A.A.; Bannikov, A.G.; Sludskii, A.A.; Hoffmann, R.S. (1992) Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol III: Carnivores(Feloidea). (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=UxWZ-OmTqVoC& pg=PA328& lpg=PA328 & source=bl& ots=RCsYKk2xt4&sig=BrK4uyJh3GQVFucEhL_jD4pUyyQ& hl=en& ei=-SxdTdvRCtDCtAbkuYDgCg& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=4&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage& q& f=false) Smithsonian Institute and the National Science Foundation, Washington DC)

[6] Roberts, T.J. (1977) The mammals of Pakistan. Ernest Benn, London.[7] Rajaratnam, R. (2000) Ecology of the leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis in Tabin Wildlife Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia. PhD Thesis,

Universiti Kabangsaan Malaysia.[8] Grassman Jr, L. I., Tewes, M. E., Silvy, N. J., Kreetiyutanont, K. (2005) Spatial organization and diet of the leopard cat (Prionailurus

bengalensis) in north-central Thailand. Journal of Zoology (London) 266: 45–54.

Leopard Cat 7

[9] Wilson, D. E., Mittermeier, R. A. (eds.) (2009) Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 1: Carnivores. Lynx Edicions. ISBN978-84-96553-49-1

[10] Ellerman, J. R., Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1966) Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946 (http:/ / www. archive. org/stream/ checklistofindia00elle#page/ 312/ mode/ 2up). Second edition. British Museum of Natural History, London. Pp. 312–313

[11] Groves, C. P. (1997) Leopard-cats, Prionailurus bengalensis (Carnivora: Felidae) from Indonesia and the Philippines, with the descriptionof two new species. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 62: 330 pp.

[12] Tamada, T., Siriaroonrat, B., Subramaniam, V., Hamachi, M., Lin, L.-K., Oshida, T., Rerkamnuaychoke, W., Masuda, R. (2006)."Molecular Diversity and Phylogeography of the Asian Leopard Cat, Felis bengalensis, Inferred from Mitochondrial and Y-ChromosomalDNA Sequences" (http:/ / www2. thu. edu. tw/ ~biology/ files/ writing_journal/ 12/ 121_808f5b32. pdf). Zoological science 26: 154–163.doi:10.2108/zsj.25.154. .

[13] Imaizumi, Y. (1967) A new genus and species of cat from Iriomote, Ryukyu Islands. Journal of Mammalian Society Japan 3(4): 74.[14] Masuda, R., Yoshida, M. C. (1995) Two Japanese wildcats, the Tsushima cat and the Iriomote cat, show the same mitochondrial DNA

lineage as the leopard cat Felis bengalensis. Zoological Science 12: 655–659[15] Murayama, A. (2008) The Tsushima Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilura): Population Viability Analysis and Conservation

Strategy (http:/ / www. iccs. org. uk/ thesis/ consci/ msc08-murayama,akira. pdf). MSc thesis in Conservation Science. Imperial CollegeLondon

[16] Rajaratnam, R., Sunquist, M., Rajaratnam, L., Ambu, L. (2007) Diet and habitat selection of the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensisborneoensis) in an agricultural landscape in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Journal of Tropical Ecology 23: 209–217

[17] Nowell, K., Jackson, P. (1996) Wild Cats: status survey and conservation action plan. Leopard Cat Prionailurus bengalensis (Kerr 1792):Principal Threats (http:/ / lynx. uio. no/ lynx/ catsgportal/ cat-website/ catfolk/ bengal07. htm) IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group, Gland,Switzerland

[18] Shepherd, C. R., Nijman, V. (2008) The wild cat trade in Myanmar (http:/ / www. traffic. org/ species-reports/ traffic_species_mammals40.pdf). TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.

[19] Kerr, R; Gmelin, S.G. (1792) The animal kingdom or zoological system of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus : class I. Mammalia :containing a complete systematic description ... being a translation of that part of the Systema Naturae. London : Murray.

[20] Pocock, R.I. (1939) The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. – Volume 1. (http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/PocockMammalia1/ pocock1#page/ n339/ mode/ 2up) Taylor and Francis, Ltd., London. Pp. 266–276

[21] Thomas, O. (1908) The Duke of Bedford's zoological exploration in Eastern Asia. – VII List of mammals from the Tsu-shima Islands (http:/ /www. archive. org/ stream/ proceedingsofzoo19081430zool#page/ 52/ mode/ 2up). Proceedings of Zoological Society of London, 1908(January – April): 47–54

[22] Elliott, D.G. (1871) Remarks on Various Species of Felidae, with a Description of a Species from North-Western Siberia (http:/ / www.archive. org/ stream/ proceedingsofgen71zool#page/ n939/ mode/ 2up). Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society ofLondon for the Year 1871. Pp. 765–761

[23] Mori, T. (1922) On some new Mammals from Korea and Manchuria. Felis manchurica, sp. n. (http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/ser9annalsmagazi10londuoft#page/ 608/ mode/ 2up) Annals and magazine of natural history : including zoology, botany and geology. Vol. X,Ninth Series: 609–610

[24] Heptner, V. G. (1971) [On the systematic position of the Amur forest cat and some other east Asian cats placed in Felis bengalensis Kerr,1792.] Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 50: 1720–1727 (in Russian)

[25] Gromov, I.M., Baranova, G.I., Baryšnikov, G. F. (eds.) (1981) Katalog mlekopitaûŝih SSSR : pliocen--sovremennostʹ Zoologičeskij Institut"Nauka." Leningradskoe otdelenie, Leningrad

[26] Gao, Y.; Wang, S.; Zhang, M.L.; Ye, Z.Y.; Zhou, J.D.; eds. (1987) [Fauna Sinica. Mammalia 8: Carnivora.] Science Press, Beijing. (inChinese)

[27] "EOL Search: Leopard cat" (http:/ / www. eol. org/ search?search_log_id=0& q=Leopard+ cat& search_image=&cx=005034203190629281476:dcs9wj9m5c4& cof=FORID:11& ie=UTF-8& search_type=text). Encyclopedia of Life. . Retrieved 2011-05-01.

[28] Breeding the ALC with domestic cats (http:/ / www. bengalcat. co. uk/ asian-leopard-cat. htm)

External links• Cat Specialist Group: Leopard Cat Prionailurus bengalensis (Kerr 1792) (http:/ / lynx. uio. no/ lynx/ catsgportal/

cat-website/ catfolk/ bengal01. htm)• Leopard Cat Foundation (http:/ / www. leopardcat. 8k. com/ )• BBC Wildlife Finder: The Leopard Cat (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ nature/ species/ Leopard_Cat)

Article Sources and Contributors 8

Article Sources and ContributorsLeopard Cat  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=458776271  Contributors: A2Kafir, Abigail-II, Addshore, Alansohn, Alberth2, Anaxial, AnonMoos, Aranae, Arthena, BD2412,Baboo, Baldhur, Bayern100, Benjissimo, Beyazid, BhagyaMani, Brandizzi, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Chermundy, Chipmunkdavis, Clarince63, Crisfer 888, Cyanolinguophile, DSWebb,DaMatriX, Danger, Dastryaize, Dilmirch, DineshAdv, DocWatson42, Dodo bird, DopefishJustin, Dysmorodrepanis, Earth, El C, Emperorbma, Eugene van der Pijll, Firefly07, Flavio.brandani,George cowie, Griffinofwales, Hartebeest, Helix84, Iokseng, Jpcoles, Jwisser, Kaarel, Kandar, Kbdank71, Kintetsubuffalo, Koavf, L0ungeb0y, LOL, Lachatdelarue, Lancini87, Legoktm,Leptictidium, MPerel, Marcok, Mayor mt, Melly42, Metanoid, Millahnna, Miquonranger03, Morenooso, Mwng, Nekokatsu, Netsnipe, Nur Nadiah, Oda Mari, Oz Spinner, Palnu, Pcb21, Pengo,Philip Trueman, Philwelch, Principalityofgalore, Psau, Remataklan, Riana, Sandhillcrane, Seduisant, Shrimp wong, Sliker Hawk, Stfg, TDogg310, Tea with toast, Template namespaceinitialisation script, The Claw, The Ostrich, Thingg, Tide rolls, Tom Radulovich, UtherSRG, Vanished User 4517, Versus22, Voyevoda, Woohookitty, Zax Eire, Zollerriia, ZooPro, 152anonymous edits

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