Lesson 2 Begin With The End in Mind: Operation Desert Shield 1

Lesson 2

Begin With The End in Mind:Operation Desert Shield

1

Lesson Objectives

• Understand and be able to discuss the causes, conduct, and consequences (C³) of the Gulf War.

• Develop a methodology for systematically studying the changes in war over time.

• Begin to appreciate the impact of technology and logistics on modern war.

• Establish recognizable end points for the major threads of modern war (weapons, logistics, communications, strategy, and operational art).

2

Operation Desert Storm Preview

"The Circle of Modern War" and logo© Thomas D. Pilsch 2007-2013

(Not available online)

If you would understand a war …

Study the War Before

If you would understand a war …



Operation Desert Storm


The War Before:

Vietnam

Legacies of Vietnam

Vietnam Memorial

Veterans Issues

Agent Orange

Suspension of Draft

War Powers Act

Weinberger Doctrine

Weinberger Doctrine

Lessons Learned from Vietnam War

Weinberger Doctrine

• Secretary of Defense under President Reagan

"The Uses of Military Power"

National Press Club, Washington, D.C.

Nov. 28, 1984

• Drafted by his military assistant, Brig Gen Colin Powell

Caspar W. Weinberger

• The United States should not commit forces to combat overseas unless the particular engagement or occasion is deemed vital to our national interest or that of our allies . . . .

Weinberger Doctrine

National Interest

10

National Interest:

the collection of issues that support our vision and goals

National Interest

National Interest:

The security of the United States, its citizens, and U.S. allies andpartners;

A strong, innovative and growing U.S. economy in an open internationaleconomic system that promotes opportunity and prosperity;

Respect for universal values at home and around the world; and

An international order advanced by U.S. leadership that promotes peace,security, and opportunity through stronger cooperation to meet globalchallenges.

National Security Strategy of the US, 2010

Vital National Interest

12

Vital National Interests:

those issues of such importance over which the nation is willing to go to war


Weinberger Doctrine

• If we decide it is necessary to put combat troops into a given situation, we should do so wholeheartedly and with the clear intention of winning . . .


• If we decide it is necessary to put combat troops into a given situation, we should do so wholeheartedly and with the clear intention of winning . . . .

Weinberger Doctrine

• If we do decide to commit forces to combat overseas, we should have clearly defined political and military objectives . . . .




Weinberger Doctrine

• The relationship between our objectives and the forces we have committed -- their size, composition, and disposition -- must be continually reassessed and adjusted if necessary . . . .





Weinberger Doctrine

• Before the United States commits combat forces abroad, there must be some reasonable assurance we will have the support of the American people and their elected representatives in Congress . . . .





• Before the United States commits combat forces abroad, there must be some reasonable assurance we will have the support of the American people and their elected representatives in Congress . . . .

Weinberger Doctrine

• The commitment of US forces to combat should be a last resort.





• Before the United States commits combat forces abroad, there must be some reasonable assurance we will have the support of the American people and their elected representatives in Congress . . . . • The commitment of US forces to combat should be a last resort.

Weinberger Doctrine

Thesis

The Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm) was the only war in U. S. history where we successfully implemented the lessons of the previous war from the beginning.

Weinberger Doctrine

Caspar W. Weinberger

1917 - 2006

From time to time, when you least expect it, when everyone thinks the world is quiet, someone pulls on Superman’s cape.

General Colin Powell, USAChairman, Joint Chiefs of StaffNY Times, August 17, 1990

21

The Middle East

US Military Academy, Dept. of History22

Kuwait

23

1979-1981 Iran Hostage Crisis

Timeline of Events

1980-1988 Iran-Iraq War

24

Timeline of Events

• Iraq invades Kuwait, Aug. 2, 1990

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Reasons for Invasion

• Iraqi heavily indebted to Saudi Arabia & Kuwait as a result of Iran-Iraq War

• Kuwait’s disregard for OPEC oil production quotas severely impacted Iraqi economy

• Iraq alleged Kuwait was drilling into its oil fields

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Oilfield Disputes

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Reasons for Invasion

• Iraqi heavily indebted to Saudi Arabia & Kuwait as a result of Iran-Iraq War

• Kuwait’s disregard for OPEC oil production quotas severely impacted Iraqi economy

• Iraq did not accept Kuwaiti independence

• Iraq resented the restrictions on access to the sea imposed by Kuwaiti control of the mouth of the Euphrates River

• Iraq alleged Kuwait was drilling into its oil fields

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US Unified Commands

US Central Command

General Norman Schwarzhoph

CINCCENT CJCS Powell

President Bush

SecDef Cheney

OpCon Advice & Resources

Guiding Principles of U.S. Policy

• The immediate, complete and unconditional withdrawal of of all Iraqi forces from Kuwait

National Security Directive 45US Policy in Response to the Iraqi Invasion of KuwaitAugust 20, 1990

• The restoration of Kuwait’s legitimate government to replace the puppet regime installed by Iraq

• A commitment to the security and stability of the Persian Gulf

• The protection of the lives of American citizens abroad

Levels of War

FM 3-032

Runup to Gulf War


(Not available online: )

Timeline of Events


• Operation Desert Shield begins, Aug. 7

34

Timeline of Events

Operation Desert ShieldAugust 7, 1990 – January 16, 1991

Operation Desert Storm

Deployment of forces to protect Saudi Arabia

January 17, 1991 – February 28, 1991

Use of force to expel Iraq from Kuwait

Operation Desert CalmMarch 1, 1991 --

Redeployment of forces

(unofficial)

Operation Desert Shield

Mobility Assets Limited

36Video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V-JZ7vT9s5o

Desert Shield Airlift


Winds of the Storm (YouTube: 1:30-5:12)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V-JZ7vT9s5o


General Schwarzkopf’s

• Deploy fighting forces to defend Saudi Arabia?

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With limited mobility resources, do you first:

• Deploy logistics infrastructure to prepare for a bigger fight?

or

dilemma:decision:

Deploy forces to defend Saudi Arabia

… and very aggressively!


39

“Some who questioned our policy in the Gulf felt this deployment was overkill, but General Norman Schwartzkopf had learned from Vietnam the problems of gradual escalation.”

Andrew Leyden“Summary of the Gulf War: Operation Desert Shield”Gulf War Debriefing BookGrants Pass, OR: Hellgate Press, 1997

* 22 Feb 1991Source: The Whirlwind War

What was different?

Vietnam: 1964 – 1968 (536,100 troops)

Gulf War: Aug 1990 - Jan-Mar 1991 (533,600 troops)*

Main Support Areas

Difference from Southeast Asia: Existing infrastructure (ports, airfields, roads)

34 nations* (29 sent forces)

Coalition Warfare

956,600 troops

Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark,

Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Honduras, Italy, Kuwait, Morocco, The Netherlands, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, South Korea, Spain,

Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom and United States.

wikipedia

* Additionally, Germany & Japan made financial contributions

Nations Contributing Forces

Coalition Warfare

nationmaster.com


Coalition Warfare

nationmaster.com


Coalition Warfare

nationmaster.com

Timeline of Events



• First call-up of Selected Reservists to active duty for 90 days, by executive order, Aug. 22

Timeline of Events




• Congress authorizes use of force against Iraq • Joint Resolution: Senate 52 to 47, House 250 to 183

Timeline of Events




• NSD 54, Responding to Iraqi Aggression in the Gulf, authorized the use of military force, Jan. 15

47


National Security Directive 54Responding to Iraqi Aggression in the Gulf

. . . I hereby authorize military actions designed to bring about Iraqi’s withdraw from Kuwait.

This authorization is for the following purposes:

National Security Directive 54January 15, 1991

48


National Security Directive 54January 15, 1991

49


National Security Directive 54January 15, 1991 50


National Security Directive 54January 15, 1991 51

Timeline of Events



• Operation Desert Storm air war phase begins, 3 a.m., Jan. 17, 1991 (Jan. 16, 7 p.m. EST)


• NSD 54, Responding to Iraqi Aggression in the Gulf, authorized the use of military force, Jan. 15


Lesson 3

Begin With The End in Mind:Operation Desert Storm

53

Lesson Objectives

• Understand how the military conduct of the Gulf War supported the strategic objectives of the conflict.

• Be able to discuss the impact of technology and logistics on modern war.

• Establish recognizable end points for the major threads of modern war (weapons, logistics, communications, strategy, and operational art).

54

End

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Coalition Warfare

France: Opération Daguet

6e Brigade Légère Blindée(light armored brigade)

AMX-30 Main Battle Tank (MBT)

18,000 men

Augmented and redesignated Division Daguet

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Documents

Lesson 2 Begin With The End in Mind: Operation Desert Shield 1