Lesson 22 Cold War: Berlin & Korea

Lesson 22

Cold War: Berlin & Korea

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If you are reading this in English, thank a veteran

Veterans’ Day – November 11th

Lesson Objectives

• Build a foundation for understanding the genesis, issues, and strategies of the Cold War.

• Understand the strategy of containment and become familiar with the conflicts and confrontations that resulted.

• Begin to understand the concept of deterrence in the Cold War.

• Understand the causes, conduct, and consequences of the Berlin Airlift.

• Understand the causes, conduct, and consequences of the Korean War.

What was the Cold War?

The Cold War

Cold War:

A bipolar world, stabilized by a nuclear balance between two superpowers

"The post-post Cold War"Thomas FriedmanNew York Times, May 10, 2006

The Cold WarClass Definition

A prolonged armed confrontation

East

West

Communism Totalitarian Socialism

Democracy Free Market Capitalism

characterized by intense competition:Military Economic DiplomaticScientific Cultural

with local wars fought by proxies

between

When did the Cold War begin?

WW II End GameWestern Europe

WW II End GameSouthern Europe

WW II End GameEastern Europe

WW II End Game

February 1945

• Soviet army poised to begin push to Berlin

• 12 million men

• 4 million Allies still west of Rhine River

Cold War Timeline

28 Nov - 1 Dec 43 Tehran Conference

First Face-to-Face Meeting of the Big Three

Tehran ConferenceNovember 28 - 1 December 1, 1943

US, Britain agree to open Second Front May 1944

Stalin insists on territory from Poland

Allies agree to coordinate activities

Cold War Timeline

28 Nov - 1 Dec 43 Tehran Conference

Yalta Conference4-11 Feb 45

Yalta Conference4-11 February 1945


The Big Three


Each leader had their priorities:

Roosevelt: Gain Soviet assistance in war with Japan

Obtain Soviet participation in United Nations

Churchill: Restore democratic institutions to Eastern Europe

Stalin: Extend sphere of influence to Eastern Europe as buffer


Results:• Pursue unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany

• Germany to be divided into four occupation zones

• Berlin to be subject to four-power occupation

• Germany to be demilitarized and purged of Nazis

• Reparations to USSR (forced labor & industrial capacity)

• Recognition of provisional government and elections in Poland

• Poland would cede territory to USSR but gain from Germany

• USSR would join UN provided it had veto in Security Council

• USSR to declare war on Japan within 90 days of German defeat

Defined the post-war world


Newsreel


• Soviets would take Berlin

• Four Power Partition of Germany, Berlin

• Soviets would get parts of Poland

• Soviets would receive Japanese territory

• Korea divided at 38th parallel

Concerns:

Considered by many the beginning of the Cold War

Cold War Timeline

4-11 Feb 45 Yalta Conference

12 Apr 45 FDR dies, succeeded by Harry Truman

TransitionsPresident Franklin D. Roosevelt

Died at Warm Springs, GeorgiaApril 12, 1945

TransitionsHarry S. TrumanAssumed presidency

April 12, 1945

Cold War Timeline

4-11 Feb 45

12 Apr 45

Yalta Conference

FDR dies, succeeded by Harry Truman

8 May 45 VE Day

Potsdam Conference17 Jul - 2 Aug 45

Potsdam ConferenceJuly 17 - August 2, 1945

Potsdam: Berlin suburb

Big 3 allies gathered to discuss administration of Germany and other issues involving transition from war to peace


Cecillenhof Palace, Potsdam

Big 3 allies gathered to discuss administration of Germany and other issues involving transition from war to peace

President Truman presided as the only head of state


Big Three early in Potsdam Conference

TransitionsPrime Minister Winston S. Churchill

Clement AttleePrime Minister, July 1945 - October 1951

Conservative Party voted out of officeJuly 27, 1945


Big Three late in Potsdam Conference

Potsdam AgreementAugust 1, 1945

Key Points:

Political: Democratization, Disarmament, Demilitarization, Elimination of all Nazi influence.

Economic: Destruction of all war-making industryFocus of economy to be agriculture and light industry

Reparations to USSR from Soviet zone plus 10% of industrial capability from Western zone

Dispersal of German navy and merchant marine

War crimes: Established mechanism for Nuremberg Trials

Provisions for governments of Austria and Poland

Provisions for peace treaties and admission to United Nations

Transfer of populationsSource: PBS

German Zones of Occupation

Potsdam Conference

Comment on back of photograph:

“In which I tell Stalin we expect to drop the most powerful explosive ever on the Japanese. He smiled and said he appreciated my telling him but he did not know what I was talking - about - the Atomic Bomb!

HST”

Truman tells Stalin about A-bombJuly 24, 1945

Department of Energy Source

Potsdam DeclarationJuly 25, 1945

Key Points:Militarism must end in Japan

Japanese Army to be disarmed

Democracy to be established

Industry to be allowed but no capability to rearm

Territory taken from China to be returned

Korea to become a free and independent nation

War criminals to be punished

Japan to be occupied until these provisions are complied with

"We call upon the government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces, and to provide proper and adequate assurances of their good faith in such action. The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction.”

Resolution of Pacific War

Roots of the Cold WarThe Three Conferences

Tehran ConferenceNovember 28 - 1 December 1, 1943

First meeting of “Big 3”Allies agree to coordinate war activities


Defined post-war world


Discussed issues in transition from war to peace


Defined post-war world

Cold War Timeline

4-11 Feb 45

12 Apr 45

8 May 45

17 Jul - 2 Aug 45

Yalta Conference


VE Day

Potsdam Conference

6, 9 Aug 45

8 Aug 45

15 Aug 45

Atomic bombings of Japan

USSR declares war on Japan

VJ Day

11 Jan 46 Communist regime declared in Albania

22 Feb 46 George Kennan “Long Telegram” from Moscow

“The Long Telegram”February 22, 1946 from Moscow

George F. Keenan

Deputy Chief of US Mission in Moscow

Was responding to US Treasury inquiry • Why is USSR not supporting world monetary system?

His response is hailed as the defining document of Cold War• Characterized Soviet mindset and coming confrontation with West

Document served as foundation for Containment Policy

Text of MessageWikisource

“The Long Telegram”February 22, 1946 from Moscow

• The USSR perceived itself at perpetual war with capitalism;

• Socialism and social democracy are enemies, not allies;

• USSR would use Marxists in the capitalist world as allies;

• Soviet aggression aligned with historic Russian xenophobia and paranoia;

• Soviet system prohibited objective view of reality.

Soviet power impervious to logic of reason, but highly sensitive to logic of force.

Highlights:

Roots of Containment

Cold War Timeline

4-11 Feb 45

12 Apr 45

8 May 45

17 Jul - 2 Aug 45

6, 9 Aug 45

8 Aug 45

15 Aug 45

11 Jan 46

22 Feb 46

Yalta Conference


VE Day

Potsdam Conference

Atomic bombings of Japan

USSR declares war on Japan

VJ Day

Communist regime declared in Albania

George Kennan “Long Telegram” from Moscow

Mar 46 Civil war erupts in Greece - Communists vs. conservatives

“Iron Curtain”March 5, 1946

Winston ChurchillWestminster College, Fulton, MO

“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an ‘iron curtain’ has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow.”

Alt: (0:51)

Cold War Timeline

5 Mar 46

8 Sep 46

19 Jan 47

12 Mar 47

Churchill “Iron Curtain” speech

Bulgaria deposes king, establishes People’s Republic

Referendum in Poland brings Communist government

Truman Doctrine announced

Truman DoctrineMarch 12, 1947

US foreign policy designed to stop spread of CommunismPledged to provide economic and military aid to Greece and TurkeyUS foreign policy transitioned from détent to containment

Some sources cite this as the beginning of the Cold WarAlt: (2:30)

George C. Marshall

1880-1959

• Graduate of VMI (1901)

• Army Chief of Staff (1939)

• Time Man of the Year (1943)

Soldier - Statesman

George C. Marshall

1880-1959




• General of the Army (5 stars - 1944)

• Secretary of State (1947 - 1949)

• Retired as Army Chief of Staff (1945)

… the “true architect of victory” in Western Europe …Winston Churchill

Soldier - Statesman

Marshall PlanApril 3, 1948

Foreign Assistance Act of 1948(Also referred to as the Economic Cooperation Act and the European Recovery Act)

• Grew from realization that slow recovery from war devastation in Western Europe would leave the region weak and subject to Communist incursion

• US leadership did not want a repeat of post- World War One conditions that contributed to the Great Depression and rise of Fascism.

• Marshall publicly presented idea in Harvard commencement address (June 5, 1947)

• Provided $12 B in recovery aid (Value in 2005 $: $555 B per GDP share)

• Major factor in Western European resistance to Communism

George C. Marshall

1880-1959




• General of the Army (5 stars - 1944)

• Secretary of State (1947 - 1949)

• Retired as Army Chief of Staff (1945)

• Secretary of Defense (1950 - 1951)

• Nobel Peace Prize (1953)

Soldier - Statesman

Cold War Timeline

5 Mar 46

8 Sep 46

19 Jan 47

12 Mar 47

Churchill “Iron Curtain” speech

Bulgaria deposes king, establishes People’s Republic

Referendum in Poland brings Communist government

Truman Doctrine announced

5 Jun 47

25 Feb 48

3 Apr 48

10 May 48

24 Jun 48

Sec State George Marshall outlines European aid plan

Communist Party takes control of Czechoslovakia

Truman signs Foreign Assistance Act (Marshall Plan)

Republic of Korea proclaimed, Syngman Rhee president

Stalin orders blockade of Berlin; allies respond with airlift

Berlin

Berlin

Berlin Blockade

Soviets wanted Western Allies out of Berlin

June 24, 1948:

Blocked all ground access to Berlin

Ground access rights never formally guaranteed

Berlin AirliftJune 24, 1948 - May 11, 1949

Western response:

Air corridors guaranteed by Four Power agreement on Berlin

supply city by air

First significant confrontation of the Cold War



Major General William H. Tunner, USAF


Douglas C-54 Skymaster


Berlin Air Corridor Profile


Approach to Tempelhof


RAF Sunderland flying boatOperating on Havel River

Carried general cargo plus bulk salt


North Atlantic TreatyApril 4, 1949

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Formed

• Military alliance to protect Western Europe

• Original members: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, United Kingdom, United States

• Greece, Turkey joined in 1952

• West Germany joined following ratification of Paris Peace Treaties (May 1955)

USSR responded with Warsaw Pact (May 14, 1955)

• Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Rumania, Soviet Union

Cold War Timeline

9 Sep 48

4 Apr 49

11 May 49

23 May 49

29 Aug 49

Stalin declares PDRK legitimate government of all Korea

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) established

Berlin Blockade lifted

Federal Republic of Germany created from Western Zone

Soviet Union detonates first nuclear device

Soviet A-bomb

Soviet Nuclear Test (US code name “Joe 1”)

August 29, 1949

NSC-68April 14, 1950

Classified National Security Council document

Full analysis of US-USSR relationship

Defined initial US Cold War strategy:

ContainmentImplemented the Truman Doctrine

Cold War Timeline

9 Sep 48

4 Apr 49

11 May 49

23 May 49

29 Aug 49

Stalin declares PDRK legitimate government of all Korea

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) established

Berlin Blockade lifted

Federal Republic of Germany created from Western Zone

Soviet Union detonates first nuclear device

1 Oct 49

7 Oct 49

12 Jan 50

14 Feb 50

25 Jun 50

27 Jun 50

Mao Zedong declares People’s Republic of China

German Democratic Republic created from Eastern Zone

Sec State Acheson speech omits Korea as US interest area

USSR & PRC sign mutual defense pact

North Korea (PDRK) invades South Korea (ROK)

United Nations votes to use military force to assist ROK

Korea War

Korea

Annexed by Japan in 1910

Divided into zones of occupation at 38th parallel after WW II

• USSR occupied north, US the south

Big 3 pledged independence for Korea at Potsdam

KoreaIgnored strategically by US after WW II

“From the standpoint of military security, the United States has little strategic interest in maintaining the present troops and bases in Korea.” Joint Chiefs of Staff to President Truman

25 September 1947

Korea omitted from countries in US Pacific defense perimeterSecretary of State Dean AchesonSpeech on the Far East National Press Club12 January 1950

Soviets announced plan to withdraw their troops by 1 January 194928 September 1948

KoreaIgnored strategically by US after WW II

Secretary of State Dean AchesonSpeech on the Far East National Press Club12 January 1950 Source

“The defensive perimeter runs along the Aleutians to Japan and then goes to the Ryukyus … [and] from the Ryukyus to the Philippine Islands.”

Korean WarJune 25, 1950 - (July 27, 1953)

June 25, 1950:

100,000 troops supported by tanks and aircraft

North Korean forces crossed 38th parallel

Korean War

North Korea Attacks25 June 1950

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/maps/koreatxt.html


UN Security Council voting to use military force in KoreaJune 27,1950

USSR absent (boycotting UN)

ParallelsKorea and Gulf War

Both were declared non-vital to US

These were the only two time the UN authorized military force (up to 1991)


General of the Army Douglas MacArthur

Placed in command of UN forces

Korean War

Pusan PerimeterJuly-August 1950

Korean War

Inchon Landing15 September 1950

Inchon LandingSeptember 15, 1950

Operation Chromite

MacArthur proposed bold strategic stroke in enemy rear


Operation Chromite

Inchon 10 miles from Seoul and lightly defended


Problem: 30 foot tides


Operation Chromite


Operation Chromite

Korean War

Approaching the Yalu RiverOctober-November 1950

Korean War

China Enters the WarNovember 1950 - January 1951

Memory of this haunted presidents during the

Vietnam War

Truman & MacArthur

Meeting at Wake Island, October 14, 1950

Truman & MacArthur

Truman concerned about MacArthur’s “freelancing”

• Statements about expanding the war

• Did not seem to understand political implications of war

“From the Far East I send you one message, written in blood on every beachhead from Australia to Tokyo:

There is no substitute for victory!”

General of the Army Douglas MacArthur

Firing Message

"With deep regret I have concluded that General of the Army Douglas MacArthur is unable to give his wholehearted support to the policies of the U.S. Government and of the U.N. in matters pertaining to his official duties. In view of the specific responsibilities imposed upon me by the Constitution of the U.S. and the added responsibilities entrusted to me by the U.N. I have decided that I must make a change in command in the Far East. I have, therefore, relieved General MacArthur of his command and have designated Lt. Gen. Matthew Ridgway as his successor".

Truman Statement on MacArthurApril 6, 1951

Korean War

StalemateJanuary 1951 - 27 July 1953

US Battle Deaths:36,940


November 1952:

Dwight Eisenhower elected president

Visited Korea as president-elect

Hinted at use of nuclear weapons to end war

Chinese got serious about negotiations

• Cease fire signed July 27, 1953

Lesson 24

Cold War: Living on the Brink

Next:

Lesson Objectives

• Build a foundation for understanding the genesis, issues, and strategies of the Cold War.

• Understand the strategy of containment and become familiar with the conflicts and confrontations that resulted.

• Be able to describe and discuss the concepts of countervalue and counterforce targeting.

• Begin to understand the concept of deterrence in the Cold War.

• Understand the impact of the Cold War nuclear standoff on US society.

End

If you can read this, thank a teacher

If you are reading this in English, thank a veteran

Documents

Lesson 22 Cold War: Berlin & Korea