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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
CHILEPART 4: VOLCANOES
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN CHILEDISASTERS IN CHILE
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN CHILEDISASTERS IN CHILE
FLOODS
WINDSTORMS
EARTHQUAKES/TSUNAMIS
VOLCANOES
WILDFIRES
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER NRESILIENT
HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER NRESILIENT
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES
Natural Phenomena That Cause Disasters
Planet Earth’s heat flow causes movement of lithospheric plates, which causes sub-duction, which causes VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
VOLCANOES
PART OF THE PACIFIC “RING OF FIRE,” CHILE HAS ACTIVE VOLCANOES AS A
RESULT OF COMPLEX SUBDUCTION OF THE NAZCA PLATE BENEATH THE SOUTH
AMERICAN PLATE
SOME OF THE 1,500 ACTIVE VOLCANOES ARE IN CHILE
SOME OF THE 1,500 ACTIVE VOLCANOES ARE IN CHILE
CHILE: THE SOUTH AMERICAN AND NAZCA PLATES
CHILE’S CITIES (NOTE: CONEPCION)
NOTABLE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS IN CHILE
JUNE 4, 2011
PUYHUE CORDON CAULLE
PUYEHUE-CORDON CAULLE
• The 2011 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle eruption began in the PUYHUE-CORDON CAULLE volcanic complex on June 4, 2011.
PUYEHUE-CORDON CAULLE
• Cordón Caulle is a volcanic fissure that has erupted many times in recorded history, notably in 1960, a few days after the world’s largest earthquake (the M9.5 Valdiva earthquake) occurred.
• The Puyehue stratocone, however, has remained dormant
AN ALL OUT EFFORT TO PREDICT THE JUNE 4
ERUPTION
WORK OF OBDAS
• The Southern Andean Volcano Observatory (OBDAS) of Servicio Nacional de Geologia y Mineria de Chile (SERNAGEOMIN) reported on 27 April 2011, 15:30 local time, an increase in seismicity at the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle and set the alert Level to 3, (“Yellow”)
WORK OF OBDAS
• Between 20:00 on June 2 and 19:59 on June 3, OVDAS reported] that about 1,450 earthquakes at Puyehue-Cordón Caulle were detected (an average of about 60 earthquakes per hour).
WORK OF OBDAS
• Scientists and regional authorities flew over the volcano, noting no significant changes, so the alert level remained at 3, yellow.
WORK OF OBDAS
• On June 4, at 11:30 local time, a new eruption in the Puyehue volcano began; For a six-hour period on June 4, seismic activity increased to an average of 230 earthquakes per hour, at depths of 1–4 km.
• The alert level was raised to 5, (“red”).
EVACUATION
• At least 3,500 people were evacuated from nearby areas; albeit with some reluctance and resistance.
IMPACTS
• The ash cloud was blown across cities all around the Southern hemisphere, including Bariloche, Buenos Aires, Montevideo, stamley, Porto Alegre, Cape Town, Hobart, Perth, Adelaide, Sydney, Melbourne, Wellington, and Auckland, forcing airlines to cancel hundreds of international and domestic flights.
IMPACTS
• An estimated one hundred million tons of ash, sand and pumice were ejected.
• By 18 June the ash cloud had completed one trip around the globe.
IMPACTS
• 18 days after it first erupted, lava began flowing from the volcanic fissure, heading west and flowing slowly along a channel about 50 meters wide and 30 m long
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
• The eruption significantly affected the surrounding environment.
• The temperature of the Nilahue River rose to 45 °C (113 °F), killing an estimated 4.5 million fish and devastating the fish farming industry/
• The cattle economy in the area was also devastated.
SAME VOLCANO; ANOTHER ERUPTION: FEBRUARY 2012
NOTABLE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS IN CHILE
MAY 3, 2008
AFTER 10,000 YEAR DORMANCY, CHAITEN ERUPTS IN CHILE:
MAY 3, 2008
AUTHORITIES DISTRIBUTE 10,000 MASKS IN CHAITEN
THOUSANDS EVACUATED
CHAITEN EVACUEES
CHAITEN’S ASH CLOUD IMPACTS ESQUEL, ARGENTINA
ESQUEL, ARGENTINA
ESQUEL, ARGENTINA
ELEMENTS OF HAZARDS AND RISK
HAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDS
ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI RISK AND TSUNAMI RISK
ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI RISK AND TSUNAMI RISK
EXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSURE
VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATION
RISKRISKRISKRISK
VOLCANO HAZARDS CAN HAVE FAR REACHING IMPACTS
• VERTICAL PLUME (can affect jet aircraft)
• ASH AND TEPHRA
• LATERAL BLAST
• PYROCLASTIC CLOUDS, BURSTS, AND FLOWS
VOLCANO HAZARDS CAN HAVE FAR REACHING IMPACTS
• LAVA FLOWS
• LAHARS (can bury villages)
• EARTHQUAKES (related to movement of lava)
• “VOLCANIC WINTER” (causing famine and mass extinctions)
LATERAL BLAST
VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
FLYING DEBRIS
VOLCANIC ASH
LAVA FLOWS
LAHARS
TOXIC GASES
CAUSES OF RISK
CAUSES OF RISK
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE
POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE OR A TSUNAMI INTERACT WITH
CHILE’S COMMUNITIES OR WITH THE COMMUNITIES OF ANOTHER
PACIFIC RIM COUNTRY
A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE
POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE OR A TSUNAMI INTERACT WITH
CHILE’S COMMUNITIES OR WITH THE COMMUNITIES OF ANOTHER
PACIFIC RIM COUNTRY
A DISASTER is ---
--- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., earthquakes, tsunamis,…) intersect at a point in space and time.
THE ALTERNATIVE TO AN EARTHQUAKE--TSUNAMI
DISASTER ISEARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI
DISASTER RESILIENCE
THE ALTERNATIVE TO AN EARTHQUAKE--TSUNAMI
DISASTER ISEARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI
DISASTER RESILIENCE
THE KEYS TO RESILIENCE: 1) KNOW THE ERUPTIVE HISTORY OF
YOUR REGION’S VOLCANOES,2) BE PREPARED
3) HAVE A WARNING SYSTEM 4) EVACUATE
5) LEARN FROM THE EXPERIENCE AND START OVER
Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause
extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness,
joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure will be LOST because they are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely happen, not to mention the low-probability of occurrence—high-probability of adverse consequences event.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely happen, not to mention the low-probability of occurrence—high-probability of adverse consequences event.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for early threat identification and coordinated local, national, regional, and international countermeasures.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND in a timely and effective manner to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.
THE ALTERNATIVE TO AN VOLCANO DISASTER IS
VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE
THE ALTERNATIVE TO AN VOLCANO DISASTER IS
VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE
CHILE’SCHILE’S
COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES
CHILE’SCHILE’S
COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIESDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
•VOLCANO HAZARDS•PEOPLE & BLDGS. •VULNERABILITY•LOCATION
VOLCANO RISK VOLCANO RISK
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
GOAL: VOLCANO GOAL: VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCEDISASTER RESILIENCE
• PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•EARLY WARNING•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS
MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES AND WARNING SYSTEMS ARE A VITAL PART OF SURVIVAL.
THE KEYS TO RESILIENCE: 1) KNOW THE ERUPTIVE HISTORY OF
YOUR REGION’S VOLCANOES,2) BE PREPARED
3) HAVE A WARNING SYSTEM 4) EVACUATE
5) LEARN FROM THE EXPERIENCE AND START OVER
TECHNOLOGIES FOR MONITORING, FORECASTING, AND WARNING ARE VITAL FOR
SURVIVAL.
AIR AND LAND MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES ARE VITAL
.