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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
AUSTRALIAPART 2: CYCLONES
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
AUSTRALIA
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN AUSTRALIADISASTERS IN AUSTRALIA
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN AUSTRALIADISASTERS IN AUSTRALIA
FLOODS
CYCLONES
EARTHQUAKES
WILDFIRES
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER NRESILIENT
HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER NRESILIENT
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES
Natural Phenomena that Cause Disasters
Planet Earth’s atmospheric-hydrospheric-lithospheric interactions create situations favorable for CYCLONES
A DISASTER is ---
--- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., cyclones, floods,...) intersect at a point in space and time.
Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause
extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness,
joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.
SEVERE WINDSTORM HAZARDS
HIGH POTENTIAL LOSS EXPOSURES IN A CYCLONE
A communities people, property, essential and critical infrastructure, business enterprise, government centers, crops, wildlife, and natural resources.
HAZARDS OF A SEVERE WINDSTORM (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)
• WIND FIELD (CLOCKWISE DIRECTION; CAT 1 (55 mph) TO CAT 5 (155 mph or greater)
• STORM SURGE
• HEAVY RAINFALL
• LANDSLIDES (MUDFLOWS)
• COSTAL EROSION
• TORNADOES (SOMETIMES)
WIND PENETRATING BUILDING ENVELOPE
SEVERE WINDSTORMS
SEVERE WINDSTORMS
UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM
FLYING DEBRIS
STORM SURGE
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
DESIGN PROBLEMS
FLOODING AND LANDSLIDES
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
AUSTRALIA’S AUSTRALIA’S COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIESAUSTRALIA’S AUSTRALIA’S COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES
DATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
•HAZARDS•INVENTORY AT RISK•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION
CYCLONE RISK CYCLONE RISK
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
CYCLONE DISASTER CYCLONE DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE
•PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•EARLY WARNING•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL CYCLONES PREPAREDNESFOR THE EXPECTED AND UNEXPEDTED IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL CYCLONES EARLY WARNING IS ESSENTIAL FOR EVACUATION AND PREPARATION OF THE LAST LINE OF DEFENSE, WHICH ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL CYCLONES
TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
SOME OF AUSTRALIA’S WORST CYCLONES
Cyclone TRACY: 1974
Cyclone LARRY: 2006
Cyclone HAMISH: 2009
CYCLONE TRACY
CYCLONE TRACY’S PATH
IMPACTS OF CYCLONE TRACY
• Cyclone Tracy devastated the city of Darwin in Australia’s Northern Territory from Christmas Eve to Christmas Day, 1974.
IMPACTS OF TRACY
• Tracy killed 71 people, caused AS837 million in damage (1974 dollars) and destroyed more than 70 percent of Darwin's buildings, including 80 percent of the houses.
IMPACTS OF TRACY
• More than 30,000 of Darwin’s 47,000 inhabitants were evacuated from Adelaide, Whvalla, Alice, Springs, and Sydney.
• Many never returned to Darwin.
AFTER TRACY
Darwin was rebuilt using modern materials and updated building practices
that incorporated wind engineering
CYCLONE LARRY
QUEENSLAND
Larry made landfall in far North Queensland close to
Innisfail on 20 March 2006 as a Category 4 with wind gusts reaching 240 kilometers per
hour (150 mph), and dissipating over land soon
afterward.
CYCLONE LARRY: MARCH 15-20, 2006
CYCLONE LARRY’S TRACK: MARCH 15-20, 2006
LARRY’S IMPACTS
• Throughout Queensland, Cyclone Larry resulted in A$1.5 billion ($1.1 billion USD) in damage, making Larry, at that time the costliest tropical cyclone to ever impact Australia, surpassing 1974’s Cyclone Tracy’ loss.
CYCLONE HAMISH
CYCLONE HAMISH: MARCH 4-11, 2009
CYCLONE HAMISH‘ TRACK MARCH 4-11, 2009
CYCLONE HAMISH
CYCLONE HAMISH’S IMPACTS
• Hamish was a CAT 4 storm with 290 kph (175 mph) winds• Coal exports were disrupted•The tourist industry was slowed.• It caused a major oil spill.
HEAVY RAINFALL
• Hamish produced heavy rainfall over North Queensland with accumulations of 300 mm (12 in) in some areas.
• Mackay recorded 284 mm (11 in) in 2 days, and in combination with high tide, Hamish produced a 6.3 m (20.6 ft) tide in Mackay, flooding some streets.
CYCLONE HAMISH: OIL SPILL IMPACTS BEACHES
THE NEXT CYCLONE SEASON IS ON THE WAY
THE NEXT CYCLONE SEASON IS ON THE WAY
• CYCLONE DISASTER RESILIENCE IS NOT AN IMPOSSIBLE DREAM!
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL CYCLONES
RECOVERY AND RECON-STRUCTION IS ABOUT KNOW-ING WHAT TO DO DIFFFERENTLY WHEN START-ING OVER AGAIN.