Libro Tacaná Estadística Descriptiva 1er. Sem

7/25/2019 Libro Tacan Estadstica Descriptiva 1er. Sem

1/270

=. Ogfdbaamrgtc - Nrupc \gfgjBNM_ 77

788

mjmrc

emormrc

kgrzc

gorba

?6?

Jgvmnum mj ag rml..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... >=

Xgrg fckmjzgr!@vmjms y tmfjcacng..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... >5

Ma kujlc lm ag mstglstbfg................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... >>

7. \goags lm pcrfmjtg`ms .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... >>

?. Fafuac lm pcrfmjtg`ms mj tgoags mstglstbfgs .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... 48

Ucfgouagrbc osbfc................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... 46

_msukmj ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... 46

Gutcfcjtrca ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... 4

Xgrg fckmjzgr!Vbstmkg lm fccrlmjglgs fgrtmsbgjgs..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . 44

Ma kujlc lm ag mstglstbfg.................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... 28

7. Nrefgs mstglstbfgs................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .............. 28 7.7 Lbgnrgkg lm ogrrgs ................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... 28

7.? Lbgnrgkg lm ajmgs .................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... 26

7.6 Lbgnrgkg lm smftcrms, fbrfuagr c pgstma ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ 2=

Ucfgouagrbc osbfc..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... 24

_msukmj ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 24

Gutcfcjtrca..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... 22

Jgvmnum mj ag rml................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ 788

_mvbsm su gprmjlbzg`m................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . 788

Vmkgjg >Lbstrboufbj lm ermfumjfbgs (\) .............................................................................................................. 787

Xgrg fckmjzgr!Mamkmjtcs lm uj fuglrc pgrg vgrbgoams fugjtbtgtbvgs..................... ..................... ..................... .......... 78?

Ma kujlc lm ag mstglstbfg ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... 786

7. Lbstrboufbj lm ermfumjfbgs ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 786

?. Fcjstruffbj lm ujg lbstrboufbj lm ermfumjfbgs ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. 78=

M`mrfbfbc nubglc.................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............ 785Ucfgouagrbc osbfc..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... 782

_msukmj ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .. 782

Gutcfcjtrca..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... 778

Jgvmnum mj ag rml................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ 77?

_mvbsm su gprmjlbzg`m................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . 77?

Vmkgjg 4

_mpgsc0 smkgjgs 7 g = ....................................................................................................................................... 776Xgrg fckmjzgr! ................................................................................................................................................................................. 77=

Amfturg ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... 775

M`mrfbfbc nubglc .................................................................................................................................................................................. 774

_mvbsm su gprmjlbzg`m ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7?

Ma kujlc lm ag mstglstbfg .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............ 7?47. \goags mstglstbfgs pgrg vgrbgoams fugjtbtgtbvgs ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .. 7?4

7.7 Fcaukjg lm ermfumjfbgs gfukuaglgs ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... 7?4

7.? Fcaukjg lm ermfumjfbgs rmagtbvgs ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... 768

7.6 Fcaukjg lm pcrfmjtg`ms ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .............. 76?

7.< Fcaukjg lm pcrfmjtg`ms gfukuaglcs .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... 766

Ucfgouagrbc osbfc.................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...... 765

Vmkgjg 76Kmlblgs lm pcsbfbj .................................................................................................................................................. 7>>

Xgrg fckmjzgr!_mpgsmkcs fkc sm fgafuag ag kmlbgjg.................. ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. 7>4

Amfturg0Xmrfmjtba lm tgaag y pmsc................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... 7>2

Ma kujlc lm ag mstglstbfg.................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... .......... 747

7. Kmlblgs lm pcsbfbj ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... .......... 747

7.7 Xmrfmjtbams .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 74?

7.? Lmfbams .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ 74

Gutcfcjtrca..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... 744

Jgvmnum mj ag rml................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ....... 728

_mvbsm su gprmjlbzg`m................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... 728


10/270UBBMstglstbfg Lmsfrbptbvg jlbfm

Vmkgjg 7

Ucfgouagrbc osbfc.................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...... ?88

_msukmj ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ?88

Gutcfcjtrca.................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... ?87

Jgvmnum mj ag rml..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...... ?8?

_mvbsm su gprmjlbzg`m..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... ?8?

Vmkgjg 7=Xrcogobablglms ..................................................................................................................................................... ?86

Xgrg fckmjzgr! Vumrtm0jc tclc ms mjfcjtrgr uj troca lm fugtrc dc`gs..................... ..................... ..................... ....... ?8 4 2 78 77 7? 76 7< 7= 75 7>

]tbabzg ag bjecr-

kgfbj cotmjblgpcr kmlbc lmag gpabfgfbjlm lbemrmjtmsprcfmlbkbmjtcsmstglstbfcslmsfrbptbvcsmj ag tckg lmlmfbsbcjms.

Xgrg

fckmjzgr!

T T T T T T T T T T T T

Amfturg T T T T T T T T T T

Ma kujlc lm agmstglstbfg

T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T

M`mrfbfbc nubglc T T T

Ucfgouagrbcosbfc


_msukmj T T T T T T T T T T T T T T

Gutcfcjtrca T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T


14/2706Mstglstbfg Lmsfrbptbvg Obmjvmjblg y obmjvmjblc!

Fckpmtmjfbg

?Vmffbj lm aborc

Vmkgjg

7 ? 6 < = 5 > 4 2 78 77 7? 76 7< 7= 75 7>

Bjtmrprmtg agbjecrkgfbjmstglstbfglm lbemrmjtmseumjtms pgrgmjrbqumfmr suagocr.

Xgrgfckmjzgr!

T

Amfturg TT

T

T

T

T


T

T

T

T

T

T

T

M`mrfbfbc nubglcT

T T

Gutcfcjtrca T

T T

T

T

Fckpmtmjfbg

6Vmffbj lm aborc

Vmkgjg

7 ? 6 < = 5 > 4 2 78 77 7? 76 7< 7= 75 7>

]tbabzg ag tmfjc-acng lbspcjboammj ma gjabsbsmstglstbfc mjag tckg lmlmfbsbcjms.


T T T

M`mrfbfbc nubglc T T

Gutcfcjtrca T T T

Jgvmnummj ag rml



15/270? BNM_\gfgj

\goag7Fckpcrtgkbmjtclmagjgaegomtbskcpcrlmpgrtgkmjtc.Nugtmkgag,?87?(ergnkmjtc)

FlbncLmpgrtgkmjtc \ctga

Xcoagfbjlm7=gcsyks

Xcoagfbjgjgaegomtg

Xcrfmjtg`mlmgjgaegomtbskc

87Nugtmkgag

?744>>5 7786

Vgfgtmpqumz ?8?=58?687

7=28278=@gagpg

7>567?


20/2702Mstglstbfg Lmsfrbptbvg Obmjvmjblg y obmjvmjblc!

Aborc, fagsm rglbga y frfuac lm mstulbc

Vu mqubpc lm trgog`c!

Ma aborc, fcj smr ujg oumjg dmrrgkbmjtg, jc ac ms tclc. Xgrg qum ustml gafgjfm ma jbvma lm

fckpmtmjfbg lmsmglc,jumstrc sbstmkg pcjm g su lbspcsbfbj0 ma aborc, ag fagsm rglbga y ag

bjvbtgfbj g pgrtbfbpgr mj uj frfuac lm mstulbc.

Ag fagsm rglbga tbmjm fckc eujfbj prbjfbpga

mxpabfgr y egfbabtgr ag fckprmjsbj lm acs tmkgs

trgtglcs mj ma aborc. _mfumrlm qum pumlm nrgogr

ags fagsms rglbgams mj ujg kmkcrbg lm tmaecjc c

pumlm glqubrbr uj FL fcj mstgs fagsms nrgoglgs.

Xrmnujtm fkc dgfmrac ga mjfgrnglc lma frfuac

lm mstulbc c g su crbmjtglcr vcaujtgrbc. Nrgogr

ags fagsms rglbgams ms cptgtbvc, pmrc pumlm gyu-

lgram.

Ma frfuac lm mstulbcms ma aungr pgrg

fckpgrtbr y gprmjlmr `ujtcs. Gprcvm-fdm mstcs rmfurscs y gpymsm mj pmrsc-

jgs lm su fckujblgl pgrg rmscavmr sus

lulgs. _mfumrlm qum sbmkprm pumlm

fcjsuatgr scorm acs tmkgs qum am rmsua-

tmj lbefbams g su tutcr g lbstgjfbg.

Ma aborcfukpam fugtrc eujfbcjms0

g. \mxtc, mj ma qum mjfumjtrg ag bjecrkgfbj y ma

lmsgrrcaac lm acs fcjtmjblcs g mstulbgr.

o. Xbzgrrj, pgrg qum lurgjtm ag fagsm rglbga

suorgym blmgs bkpcrtgjtms c rmgabfm lbstbjtgs

gftbvblglms.

f. Fuglmrjc lm trgog`c, fcj m`mrfbfbcs pgrg prgf-

tbfgr ac gprmjlblc.

l. Dmrrgkbmjtg lm gutcmvgaugfbj, fugjlc rm-

sumavm su gutcfcjtrca fglg smkgjg.


21/27078BNM_ \gfgj

Jumstrg kmtclcacng pgsc g pgsc

Xgrg egfbabtgr su gprmjlbzg`m y gprcvmfdgr ks y km`cr ma mstulbc fglg smkgjg, sbng mstcs

pgscs. Jc sm sgatm jbjnujc!

Amg ma fcjtmjblc lm ag smkgjg

Ammr ma fcjtmjblc jcs pmrkbtm tmjmr ujg blmg nmjmrga lma tmkg0 qu

sgomkcs, fcj qu ac rmagfbcjgkcs, mtf. Mstm prbkmr fcjtgftc tgkobj

jcs dgr fgmr mj ag fumjtg lma mseumrzc g rmgabzgr pgrg gprmjlmr ac jumvc

y jcs pcjlr mj cjlg pgrg ag fagsm rglbga.

7

Msfufdm ag fagsm rglbga

Fcj acs = smjtblcs

Ag fagsm rglbga ms jumstrg kgmstrg. Lm gd qum ma prcnrgkg sm aagkm "MaKgmstrc mj Fgsg". Ags kgmstrgs y kgmstrcs acfutcrms mxpabfgj ma fcjtm-

jblc, prcpcjmj m`mrfbfbcs y ctrcs m`mkpacs pgrg gkpabgr ma tmkg.

?

Lmspus lm ag fagsm rglbga, su trgog`c pmrscjga

Mstulbc y gutcfcjtrca

Ebjgabzglg ag fagsm rglbga ms ma kckmjtc lm su trgog`c pmrscjga. Lbstrbou-

yg su tbmkpc0 ms km`cr uj pcfc fglg lg, qum tclc ag vspmrg.

6

Fcjsuatm sus lulgs

]j mstulbgjtm bjtmabnmjtm sgom fujlc pmlbr gyulg

Fcjsuatm acs tmkgs qum jc am dgj qumlglc fagrcs mj ctrcs aborcs, mj

bjtmrjmt, fcj egkbabgrms c gkbncs. Vmnurc qum mjfcjtrgr pmrscjgs lbs-

pumstgs g gyulgram.

Mstglstbfg Lmsfrbptbvg Vmkgjg 7

7. Wu ms ag mstglstbfg3

Ag mstglstbfgms uj fcjùjtc lm ktclcs pgrg rmfcamftgr lgtcs, crngjbzgracs,

bjtmrprmtgracs y aamngr g fcjfausbcjms fcj ogsm mj maacs.

Ms ujg rgkg lm ag kgtmktbfg qum surnb pcr ag jmfmsblgl lm acs ncomrjgjtms

lm fcjcfmr, pcr m`mkpac, fujtcs dgobtgjtms tmjg ujg fbulgl c rmnbj, fgafuagr

ag prcluffbj, sus tmrrbtcrbcs, mstbkgr ma tbmkpc qum tgrlgogj mj tmrkbjgr sus

fcjstruffbcjms, mstgoamfmr acs bkpumstcs y aumnc rmnbstrgr crlmjglgkmjtm tclg

mstg bjecrkgfbj.

Ag pgagorg mstglstbfgvbmjm lm ag pgagorg gamkgjgVtggt, qum sbnjbfg mstglc

cncobmrjc, pums mstm ms ma rmspcjsgoam lm rmprmsmjtgr, lmsfrbobr y fckpgrgr ag

sbtugfbj lm fglg rmnbj g su fgrnc.

Gftugakmjtm sm fcjsblmrg qum ma eujlglcr y crngjbzglcr lm ag mstglstbfg eum

ma gamkj Nclcermlc Gfdmjwgaa (7>72 7>>?), prcemscr y mfcjckbstg lm ag

]jbvmrsblgl lm Ambpzbn, Gamkgjbg.

Fcj ma tbmkpc, ag mstglstbfg dg blc mvcaufbcjgjlc0

Crbnbjgakmjtm sm us pgrg fcjtgr ag pcoagfbj lm uj pgs c ags prcpbmlglms

c obmjms lma Mstglc c lm acs ncobmrjcs.

Ks glmagjtm, sm gkpabgrcj sus eujfbcjms y sm mkpmz g usgr pgrg fgafuagr

ags prcogobablglms lm ngjgr mj acs ùmncs lm gzgr (ruamtg, lglcs, mtftmrg).

Gftugakmjtm ms ujg fbmjfbg qum sm gpabfg g kufdgs gftbvblglms dukgjgs0lmslm ags fumjtgs qum aamvgj mj ujg tbmjlg, dgstg ags lm ujg mkprmsg c

bjstbtufbj kuy nrgjlm, ujg bjlustrbg, fccpmrgtbvg, msfumag y kufdgs ks.

Mj nmjmrga, ag mstglstbfg sm pumlm lmjbr fckc ag gpabfgfbj lm ag kgtmktbfg

ga fcjùjtc lm tfjbfgs qum sm utbabzgj mj ma prcfmsgkbmjtc c gjabsbs lm lgtcs.

Vm utbabzg ag kgtmktbfg pgrg magocrgr prckmlbcs, tgoags y nrfgs fcj ma j lm

rmsukbr y gjgabzgr acs lgtcs pgrg ujg km`cr tckg lm lmfbsbcjms.

M`mrfbfbc ?_mspcjlg0 Mj qu gftbvblglms lm ag vblg lbgrbg utbabzg ag mstglstbfg3

Ma kujlc lm ag mstglstbfg


29/27074BNM_ \gfgj

M`mrfbfbc 6

Amg ma sbnubmjtm fgsc m blmjtbqum ags eumjtms prbkgrbgs y ags eumjtms smfujlgrbgs lm bjvmstbngfbj.

Dgbt ms ma pgs fcj kgycr bjfblmjfbg lm tuomrfuacsbs mj Gkrbfg. Ma sbstmkg

lm vbnbagjfbg lm tuomrfuacsbs ms lm bkpcrtgjfbg mj ag lmtmffbj lm fgscs y mj

nmjmrgr bjecrkgfbj qum gpcym ma fcjtrca lm mstg mjemrkmlgl. Ag mvgaugfbj

(lma sbstmkg lm vbnbagjfbg) sm aamv g fgoc usgjlc ag nug lm mvgaugfbj lm

sbstmkgs lm vbnbagjfbg lm sgaul poabfg. Xgrg ag rmfcamffbj lm lgtcs, sm gpabf uj

fumstbcjgrbc g acs klbfcs y lbrbnmjtms lm bjstbtufbcjms fagvm. Glmks sm rmvbs

ma prctcfcac lm vbnbagjfbg y lma Xrcnrgkg Jgfbcjga lm tuomrfuacsbs lm gncstc ?878.

Ergnkmjtc glgptglc lma grtfuac magocrglc pcr Emjmacj Jgtgma y Lmay Xgtrbfi

7. Eumjtms prbkgrbgs0

?. Eumjtms smfujlgrbgs0

?. Ags eumjtms lm bjecrkgfbjAg bjecrkgfbj mstglstbfg pumlm cotmjmrsm lbrmftgkmjtm lm ag rmgablgl, ms

lmfbr, lm mjfumstgs, fumstbcjgrbcs, kmlbfbcjms y cosmrvgfbcjms lbrmftgs. Mstgs sm

aagkgj eumjtms prbkgrbgs lm bjecrkgfbj.

\gkobj pclmkcs cotmjmr bjecrkgfbj mstglstbfg lm fuglrcs, nrfgs,

tgoags m bjvmstbngfbcjms rmgabzglgs pcr ctrgs pmrscjgs. Mstgs sm aagkgj eumjtms

smfujlgrbgs lm bjecrkgfbj.

G fcjtbjugfbj, sm am prcpcrfbcjgj ganujcs sbtbcs poabfcs lcjlm pumlm

mjfcjtrgr bjecrkgfbj lm eumjtms smfujlgrbgs0

BJM0 dttp0//www.bjm.nco.nt/

Oboabctmfg lma Ogjfc lm Nugtmkgag0 dttp0//

ncc.na/CEgks8

Oboabctmfg lm ag ]jbvmrsblgl lm Vgj Fgracs lm

Nugtmkgag0 dttp0//ncc.na/fO=e4q Vmfrmtgrg lm Xagjbebfgfbj y Xrcnrgkgfbj lm

ag Xrmsblmjfbg, VMNMXAGJ0 dttp0//www.smnmpagj.

nco.nt/?.8/


30/27072Mstglstbfg Lmsfrbptbvg Vmkgjg 7

6. Ag prmnujtg lm bjvmstbngfbj y ag dbptmsbsAg mstglstbfg mj ag gftugablgl sm usg mj lbvmrsgs gftbvblglms. Vmnurgkmjtm, dg

vbstc qum acs prcluftcs mkpgfglcs qum sm vmjlmj mj ags tbmjlgs tbmjmj emfdg

lm vmjfbkbmjtc, c qum ganujcs prcluftcs fckc ags ockobaags tbmjmj bkprmsc

mj ma mkpgqum ma tbmkpc lm vblg tba c lm eujfbcjgkbmjtc. Ags mkprmsgs tbmjmjqum rmgabzgr ujg bjvmstbngfbj mstglstbfg pgrg lmtmrkbjgr fujtc lurgr fglg

prcluftc.

Fugjlc sm qubmrm pagjbfgr ujg bjvmstbngfbj ac prbkmrc qum dgy qum lmtmrkbjgr

ms fua ms ma prcoamkg qum sm lmsmg bjvmstbngr. Mstm prcoamkg sm pumlm msfrbobr

mj ecrkg lm prmnujtg c fckc ujg grkgfbj.

Xcr m`mkpac, mj ma fgsc lm ag amfdm mjvgsglg mj tmtrgpgfi, ag prmnujtg lm

bjvmstbngfbj pclrg smr0 fujtc tbmkpc tgrlg mj lmsfckpcjmrsm ma prbkmr abtrc

lm amfdm aumnc lm smr mkpgfglc3

Ctrcs m`mkpacs lm prmnujtg lm bjvmstbngfbj pumlmj smr0

g. Wu qubmrm ag kgycrg lm mstulbgjtms0 fcjstruffbj lm ujg fgjfdg lm

etoca c lm ogsqumtoca3

o. Wu pcrfmjtg`m lm mstulbgjtms cpbjg qum ma gtca lm ag rmegffbj tbmjm

oumj sgocr3

Ag prmnujtg, fckc pumlm vmrsm, lmom gfagrgr ac qum sm qubmrm mstulbgr.

Aumnc lm pagjtmgr ag prmnujtg, sm lmom lgr ujg rmspumstg tmjtgtbvg c pcsboam, g

ag fuga sm am aagkg dbptmsbs.

Ags dbptmsbs sm pagjtmgj ogsjlcsm mj ags mxpmrbmjfbgs qum ujc dg tmjblc. Xcr

m`mkpac, sb sm sgom qum mj ag fckujblgl jglbm tbmjm pmactgs lm ogsqumtoca y

jglbm `umng ogsqumtoca, mjtcjfms ag dbptmsbs pumlm smr0

Ag kgycrg lm mstulbgjtms prmebmrm ag fcjstruffbj lm ujg fgjfdg lm etoca.


31/270?8BNM_ \gfgj

M`mrfbfbc 8 % lm ags pagjtgs lm fge lm uj fgemtga tmjg rcyg.


33/270??BNM_ \gfgj

=. Ags vgrbgoams

Lm ag ujblgl lm gjabsbs "egkbabg" pclmkcs mstulbgr vgrbgs fgrgftmrstbfgs, tgams

fckc0 bjnrmsc, jkmrc lm bjtmnrgjtms lm ag egkbabg, tbpc lm fgsg qum tbmjm, mlgl

lma pglrm, msfcagrblgl lma pglrm, msfcagrblgl lm ag kglrm, mtftmrg. Fglg ujg

lm mstgs fgrgftmrstbfgs sm lmjckbjg vgrbgoam. Ugrbgoamms ag fgrgftmrstbfg qum

sm mstulbg lm ujg ujblgl lm gjabsbs. Ags vgrbgoams qum sm mstulbgj scj ags qumjmfmsbtgkcs pgrg tckgr lmfbsbcjms.

Lm ag ujblgl lm gjabsbs "pgjga"

pclmkcs mstulbgr ags vgrbgoams0 jkmrc

lm gom`gs, fgablgl lm kbma, fgjtblgl lm

kbma, mtftmrg.

]jblgl lm gjabsbs Ugrbgoam Fgtmncrgs

Gpbfuatcr Vmxc

Dckorm

? fgtmncrgs

Ku`mr

=.7 Ags vgrbgoams tbmjmj fgtmncrgs

Fugjlc sm dgoag lm vgrbgoams dgy qum lbstbjnubr lcs mamkmjtcs, g sgomr0

Ag vgrbgoam mj s y ags fgtmncrgs lm ag vgrbgoam.

Ags fgtmncrgsscj acs vgacrms qum ag vgrbgoam pumlm tckgr c qum ma bjvmstbnglcr

am gsbnjg. Mstgs fgtmncrgs ags lmjm ma bjvmstbnglcr.

Xgrg ag ujblgl lm gjabsbs gpbfuatcr, pclmkcs mstulbgr ags vgrbgoams0 smxc, jbvma

lm msfcagrblgl, jkmrc lm pgjgams qum tbmjm ma gpbfuatcr, jkmrc lm octmaags

lm kbma qum prclufm ma gpbfuatcr y fgablgl lm ag kbma qum prclufm ma gpbfuatcr,

mstgs fumjtgj fcj ags sbnubmjtms fgtmncrgs0

Vmxc lma gpbfuatcr. \bmjm ags fgtmncrgs0 dckorm y ku`mr, c smg lcs (?)

fgtmncrgs.


34/270?6Mstglstbfg Lmsfrbptbvg Vmkgjg 7

Jbvma lm msfcagrblgl lma gpbfuatcr. Ags fgtmncrgs pclrgj smr0 sbj mstulbcs

ecrkgams, jbvma prbkgrbc bjfckpamtc, jbvma prbkgrbc fckpamtc, jbvma osbfc,

jbvma lbvmrsbfglc. C smg fbjfc (=) fgtmncrgs.


GpbfuatcrJbvma lm

msfcagrblgl

Vbj mstulbcs ecrkgams

= fgtmncrgs

Jbvma prbkgrbc bjfckpamtc

Jbvma prbkgrbc fckpamtc

Jbvma osbfc

Jbvma lbvmrsbfglc

Jkmrc lm octmaags lm kbma qum prclufm ma gpbfuatcr. Ags fgtmncrgs pclrgj

smr lbmz (78), vmbjtm (?8), vmbjtbfbjfc (?=), mtftmrg. Ugrbgs fgtmncrgs.


GpbfuatcrJkmrc lmoctmaags lm

kbma

78

Ugrbgsfgtmncrgs

?8

?=

Mtf.


Gpbfuatcr Mstglc fbvba

Vcatmrc

6 fgtmncrgsFgsglc c ujblc

Ubulc

Mstglc fbvba lma gpbfuatcr. Ags fgtmncrgs pumlmj smr0 scatmrc, fgsglc, ujblc,

vbulc. C smg trms (6) fgtmncrgs.


35/270?= % lm ags vgfgs prclufm ks lm < abtrcs lm amfdm pcr lg.

g. ]jblgl lm gjabsbs0

o. Ugrbgoam0

6. Mj ag gfglmkbg lm kmfgjcnrgeg, < lm fglg = gaukjcs msfrbomj ks lm =8 pgagorgs pcr kbjutc.

g. ]jblgl lm gjabsbs0

o. Ugrbgoam0

Fgablgl lm ag kbma qum vmjlm ma gpbfuatcr. Ags fgtmncrgs pumlmj smr0 oumjg,

rmnuagr, kgag. C smg, trms (6) fgtmncrgs.


GpbfuatcrFgablgl lm ag

kbma

Oumjg

6 fgtmncrgs_mnuagr

Kgag


GpbfuatcrJkmrc lm

pgjgams

Dgy vgrbgoams qum sm pumlmj kmlbr mj ecrkg fugabtgtbvg y fugjtbtgtbvg. Xcr m`mkpac0 sb sm prmnujtg matgkgc lm uj tmrrmjc, ag rmspumstgnrgjlm, kmlbgjccpmqumcsm rmmrm g ujg vgrbgoam fugabtgtbvg9pmrc sb ag rmspumstg ms mj jkmrc lm fumrlgs, orgzglgs, tgrmgs, kgjzgjgs, kmtrcs fuglrglcs, mtf.,sm rmmrm g ujg vgrbgoam fugjtbtgtbvg.

Kgrqum fcj ujg "x" sb ags vgrbgoams scj fugabtgtbvgs, fugjtbtgtbvgs c gkogs.

=.? Fagsbebfgfbj lm ags vgrbgoams

Ags vgrbgoams pumlm smr lm lcs tbpcs0 fugabtgtbvgs y fugjtbtgtbvgs.

Ugrbgoams fugabtgtbvgs

Vcj ags qum lmsfrbomj fgrgftmrstbfgs g ags qum jc sm pumlmj gsbnjgr jkmrcs mj ag

bjvmstbngfbj. Gqu sm lmpmjlm lm ac qum lbngj ags pmrscjgs g ags qum sm bjvmstbng.

Ags vgrbgoams smxc (dckorm, ku`mr), msfcagrblgl (sbj mstulbcs ecrkgams, jbvma

prbkgrbc bjfckpamtc, jbvma prbkgrbc fckpamtc, mtf.) y fgablgl lm ag kbma (oumjg,

rmnuagr c kgag) scj vgrbgoams fugabtgtbvgs.

Ugrbgoams fugjtbtgtbvgs

Vcj ags qum lmsfrbomj fgrgftmrstbfgs qum s sm pumlmj kmlbr utbabzgjlc jkmrcs.

Ag prbjfbpga fgrgftmrstbfg lm ags vgrbgoams fugjtbtgtbvgs ms qum mstj lglgs mj

ujblglms lm kmlbfbj, fckc kmtrcs, aborgs, abtrcs, dcrgs, mtf. Xcr m`mkpac0jkmrc lm pgjgams, fgjtblgl lm prcluffbj lm kbma, mtftmrg.

Ugrbgoam Fugabtgtbvg Fugjtbtgtbvg

7. Xmafuag egvcrbtg

?. \gkgc lm ag fgsg

6. Kmtrcs fuglrglcs lm fcjstruffbj


37/270?5BNM_ \gfgj

Ucfgouagrbc osbfcfgtmncrg0 scj acs vgacrms qum ag vgrbgoam pumlm tckgr c qum ma bjvmstbnglcr am gsbnjg. Xcr m`mkpac, mj

ag vgrbgoam mstgturgags fgtmncrgs pumlmj smr gatc y og`c9 mj ag vgrbgoam tmkpmrgturglma gnug aqublg, ag

fgtmncrg pclrg smr fugaqubmr tmkpmrgturg mjtrm 8 y 788 nrglcs Fmasbus.

fmjsc0fcamffbj lm lgtcs lm fglg mamkmjtc lm ujg pcoagfbj. Xcr m`mkpac, fugjlc ma ncobmrjc dgfm

uj fmjsc lm pcoagfbj, rmfcnm acs lgtcs qum am bjtmrmsg fcjcfmr lm tclcs acs dgobtgjtms. Mstcs lgtcs

pumlmj smr mlgl, smxc, bjnrmscs, jbvma lm msfcagrblgl y ctrcs.

dbptmsbs0 aumnc lm pagjtmgr ag prmnujtg sm lmom lgr ujg rmspumstg tmjtgtbvg c pcsboam, g mstg sm am

aagkg dbptmsbs.

prmnujtg lm bjvmstbngfbj0 fugjlc sm qubmrm pagjbfgr ujg bjvmstbngfbj ac prbkmrc qum dgy qum

lmtmrkbjgr ms fua ms ma prcoamkg qum sm lmsmg bjvmstbngr. Mstm prcoamkg sm pumlm msfrbobr mj ecrkg lmprmnujtg y mjtcjfms ms ag prmnujtg lm bjvmstbngfbj.

ujblgl lm gjabsbs0 ms ac qum sm vg g mstulbgr. Xcr m`mkpac, sb sm qubmrm sgomr scorm ag prcluffbj lm

dumvcs, ag ujblgl lm gjabsbs pumlm smr ag ngaabjg c ma ngaabjmrc, lmpmjlbmjlc lm sb sm qubmrm fcjcfmr ag

prcluffbj lm ag ngaabjg c lm tclgs ags ngaabjgs lma ngaabjmrc.

vgrbgoam0scj fgrgftmrstbfgs lm bjtmrs scorm fglg mamkmjtc bjlbvbluga lm ujg pcoagfbj c kumstrg, pcr

m`mkpac, ag mlgl lm ujg pmrscjg, su pmsc c su mstgturg.

M`mrfbfbc nubglc

\ckgjlc ma m`mkpac lm ag kbma, dgrmkcs uj rmpgsc lma fcjtmjblc vbstc mj ag smkgjg, utbabzgjlc ag

vgrbgoam fugjtbtgtbvg.

Ma gpbgrbc lm ag fccpmrgtbvg lm ag galmg Xbpbatmpmqum Gog`c pcsmm 78 ngacjms lm kbma. Ags egkbabgs lm ag fccpmrgtbvg scj ags

mjfgrnglgs lma fublglc lm acs gpbgrbcs y lm sgfgr ag kbma lm acs pgjgams. Ag kbma qum vmjlmj jc ms

kmzfaglg fcj ctrcs bjnrmlbmjtms sbjc ms kbma purg, pcr ac qum su fgablgl ms mxfmamjtm. Xcr mxpmrbmjfbgacs prcluftcrms sgomj qum ujg fcakmjg prclufm uj kxbkc lm ?.= ngacjms, uj kjbkc lm 7.> ngacjms

y uj prckmlbc mstbkglc lm ? ngacjms lm kbma.

7. _mfcrlmkcs qum ag prmnujtg lm bjvmstbngfbj sm rmebmrm ga prcoamkg qum qumrmkcs bjvmstbngr,

pumlm pagjtmgrsm fckc gebrkgfbj c prmnujtg. Rg qum mstm m`mkpac ms scorm ag vgrbgoam fugjtbtgtbvg,

tmjmkcs qum tckgr mj fumjtg qum ag prmnujtg smr scorm fgrgftmrstbfgs qum sm pumlmj kmlbr

fugjtbtgtbvgkmjtm9 ms lmfbr, fcj jkmrcs.


38/270?>Mstglstbfg Lmsfrbptbvg Vmkgjg 7

?. Ag dbptmsbs jcs lgr ujg rmspumstg pcsboam g jumstrg prmnujtg lm bjvmstbngfbj. Ag dbptmsbs

ag ogsgkcs mj jumstrg mxpmrbmjfbg, fcjcfbkbmjtc y cosmrvgfbj. Ag ecrkg mj qum sm pagjtmg ag

dbptmsbs jcs lmom egfbabtgr lmkcstrgrag.

6. Ag ujblgl lm gjabsbs ms ma co`mtc c fcsg qum sm vg g mstulbgr.

8 ngacjms lm kbma

Ma gpbgrbc

Fgjtblgl prclufblg

?>8 ngacjms lm kbma

Ugrbgoam fugjtbtgtbvg0


39/270?4BNM_ \gfgj

Gftbvblgl ?

Umgkcs ag sbnubmjtm jctbfbg lma gc ?878 scorm ma prmfbc lma tckgtm. Msfrbog ujg prmnujtg lm

bjvmstbngfbj, dbptmsbs, ujblgl lm gjabsbs, vgrbgoams (lmjbr qu tbpc lm vgrbgoam sm usg) y fgtmncrgs

lm fglg vgrbgoam.


40/270?2Mstglstbfg Lmsfrbptbvg Vmkgjg 7

Eumjtm0Xrmjsg Aborm, ?7 lbfbmkorm ?878

7. Msfrbog ujg prmnujtg lm bjvmstbngfbj.

?. Magocrm ujg dbptmsbs qum rmspcjlg g ag prmnujtg.

6. Lmjg fua ms ag ujblgl lm gjabsbs.


41/27068BNM_ \gfgj

_mvbsm su gprmjlbzg`m

Kgrqum fcj uj fdmqum ag fgsbaag qum km`cr bjlbqum su rmjlbkbmjtc. acnrglcmj

prcfmscjc

acnrglc

Lmspuslmmstulbgr... Fcjczfc ma crbnmj y ma usc lm ag mstglstbfg.

Mvgac ags eumjtms lm bjecrkgfbj.

Xagjtmc prmnujtgs lm bjvmstbngfbj m dbptmsbs.

Fagsbfc ags vgrbgoams.

Bjstbtutc Jgfbcjga lm Mstglstbfg (BJM)Ma Bjstbtutc Jgfbcjga lm Mstglstbfg (BJM) ms ag bjstbtufbj mjfgrnglg lm rmfcpbagr, prclufbr, gjgabzgr y

lbeujlbr mstglstbfgs fcjgoams. Mj su ogsm lm lgtcs sm mjfumjtrgj mstglstbfgs scfbclmkcnrfgs,

mfcjkbfgs, gkobmjtgams y lm smnurblgl y `ustbfbg.

Vb jmfmsbtg cotmjmr lgtcs mstglstbfcs scorm fugaqubmr aungr pcoaglc lma pgs, vbsbtm ag pnbjg0

www.bjm.nco.nt

Jgvmnum mj ag rml

Dcrbzcjtgams

6. \bpc lm vgrbgoam qum jc sm kblm fcj jkmrcs.


42/270

Mstglstbfg Lmsfrbptbvg Vmkgjg ?

67

Fcjfmptcs osbfcs lm mstglstbfg

Wu mjfcjtrgr mstg smkgjg3

_mpgsmkcs acs fcjfmptcs osbfcs lm ag smkgjg 7

Fkc sm dgfm ujg mjfumstg3

Fagsbebfgfbj lm ags vgrbgoams, pcoagfbj, kumstrg y kumstrmc gamgtcrbc

Mstg smkgjg acnrgr0

Fagsbebfgr ags vgrbgoams fugabtgtbvgs y fugjtbtgtbvgs.

Lmtmrkbjgr ag pcoagfbj c ujbvmrsc lm ujg bjvmstbngfbj.

Vmamffbcjgr ujg kumstrg.

?


43/2706?BNM_ \gfgj

Xgrg fckmjzgr!

_mpgsmkcs acs fcjfmptcs osbfcslm ag smkgjg 7

Ag smkgjg pgsglg vbkcs acs mamkmjtcs qum lmomj tckgrsm mj fumjtg pgrgrmgabzgr ujg bjvmstbngfbj.

Ma prbkmr pgsc ms lmjbr glmfuglgkmjtm ma prcoamkg qum vg g bjvmstbngrsm. Mstm

sm pumlm pagjtmgr g trgvs lm ujg grkgfbj c prmnujtg lm bjvmstbngfbj.

Ma sbnubmjtm pgsc ms pagjtmgr ujg pcsboam rmspumstg g ag prmnujtg lm bjvmstbngfbj,

msg pcsboam rmspumstg sm fcjcfm fckc dbptmsbs.

Ctrcs mamkmjtcs qum scj pgrtm lm ag bjvmstbngfbj mstglstbfg scj0 ag ujblgl lm

gjabsbs, ags vgrbgoams y ags fgtmncrgs lm ag vgrbgoam. \gkobj ms bkpcrtgjtm sgomr

fagsbfgr ujg vgrbgoam fckc fugabtgtbvg c fugjtbtgtbvg.

Umgkcs uj m`mkpac0

]j mxgkmj lm kgtmktbfg sm mjtrmng g uj nrupc lm mstulbgjtms pgrg sgomr ma

fcjcfbkbmjtc qum tbmjmj gfmrfg lm ag sukg.

Ag prmnujtg lm bjvmstbngfbj ms0

Wu tgjtc sgomj sukgr acs mstulbgjtms3

Fckc sm kmjfbcj ag smkgjg gjtmrbcr, ag dbptmsbs jc sbmkprm ms jmfmsgrbg.

Vm pagjtmg ujg dbptmsbs jbfgkmjtm fugjlc sm qubmrm lmkcstrgr ganc, mj mstm

fgsc jc sm qubmrm lmkcstrgr jglg, sbjc jbfgkmjtm kmlbr ma fcjcfbkbmjtc lmacs mstulbgjtms.

Dbptmsbs0

]jblgl lm gjabsbs0

Fgtmncrgs0

Jc ms jmfmsgrbg

Mstulbgjtms

Xujtmc mj ma mxgkmj

Fgabfgfbcjms lm 8 g 788

Ugrbgoam fugjtbtgtbvg0

Ag vgrbgoam ms fugjtbtgtbvg pcrqum ags fgtmncrgs sm rmprmsmjtgj fcj jkmrcs.

Vb jc fcjczfc ujg fcsg, ag bjvmstbngr.

Acubs Xgstmur

Xgrg rmemxbcjgr0


44/270


66

Amfturg

Fkc rmgabzgr ujg mjfumstg3

Ag mjfumstg ms ujg dmrrgkbmjtg kuy utbabzglg mj tclgs ags lbsfbpabjgs scfbgams, qum pmrkbtm rmfc-amftgr nrgj fgjtblgl lm lgtcs. Mstg tfjbfg lm bjvmstbngfbj sbrvm, mjtrm ctrgs fcsgs, pgrg rmfgogrbjecrkgfbj fckpgrgoam scorm ags cpbjbcjms lm ujg fgjtblgl bkpcrtgjtm lm pmrscjgs.

Magocrgfbj lm mjfumstgs

Ma prbkmr pgsc pgrg crngjbzgr ujg mjfumstg ms magocrgr fcj fagrblgl qu qumrmkcs gvmrbnugr yfuams scj acs co`mtbvcs lm jumstrg bjvmstbngfbj.

Mj uj smnujlc kckmjtc dgy qum lmjbr, mj eujfbj lm acs co`mtbvcs, g qubjms qumrmkcs mjfumstgr.Mstc ms ma ujbvmrsc. Vb mstm ujbvmrsc ms kuy nrgjlm sm smamffbcjg ujg kumstrg, qum ms uj nrupcsbnjbfgtbvc lma ujbvmrsc, c tctga.

Aumnc lm pagjtmgr acs co`mtbvcs y lmfblbr fcj qu kumstrg sm vg g rmgabzgr ag mjfumstg, ma tmrfmr pgscms ag fcjemffbj lma fumstbcjgrbc. Mstm lmom magocrgrsm g pgrtbr lm acs co`mtbvcs lm ag bjvmstbngfbj.Lmomkcs prcfurgr qum ags prmnujtgs qum ecrkuamkcs jc sm supmrpcjngj, mstj obmj crlmjglgs y

pumlgj smr fagrgkmjtm mjtmjlblgs pcr acs mjfumstglcs.

\gkobj ms bkpcrtgrtm tmjmr mj fumjtg ma tgkgc lma fumstbcjgrbc. Ms pcsboam qum ujc lmkgsbglcfcrtc jc jcs orbjlm ag bjecrkgfbj jmfmsgrbg pgrg jumstrcs co`mtbvcs, pmrc ujg abstg kuy agrng lm

prmnujtgs dgfm lbefba kgjtmjmr ma jbvma lm bjtmrs mj acs mjfumstglcs.

Vb ma mjfumstglcr scac pblm ga mjfumstglc dgfmr ujg kgrfg pgrg bjlbfgr fua eum ag cpfbj mamnblg,ma fumstbcjgrbc sm aagkg "mstrufturglc". Ag kgrfg pumlm smr, pcr m`mkpac, ujg T mj ag fgsbaag lmrmspumstg g ag prmnujtg c grkgfbj lma fumstbcjgrbc.

Ma fumstbcjgrbc mstrufturglc sbkpabfg ma gjabsbs lm acs lgtcs. \gkobj sm sbkpabfg ma gjabsbsfugjlc ma mjtrmvbstglc lmom mamnbr scac ujg lm ags cpfbcjms prcpumstgs mj ma fumstbcjgrbc. Vbmkprmdgy qum bjfaubr, glmks, ujg cpfbj pgrg acs qum jc sgomj qu fcjtmstgr c jc qubmrmj dgfmrac,fcjcfblg fckc jc sgom/jc fcjtmstg.

Xcr ctrg pgrtm, ms bkpcrtgjtm qum ags prbkmrgs prmnujtgs orbjlmj bjecrkgfbj scorm ganujgs fg-rgftmrstbfgs lm acs mjfumstglcs, fckc smxc, mlgl, jbvma lm bjstruffbj u ctrgs qum smgj bkpcrtgjtms

pgrg ag bjvmstbngfbj.

]jg pmqumg bjtrcluffbj qum fcjtmjngj qubjms sckcs y pcr qu mstgkcs dgfbmjlc ag mjfumstgegfbabtg ma trgog`c, yg qum nmjmrg fcjgjzg y jcs rmsuatgr ks efba cotmjmr ag bjecrkgfbj qum

ousfgkcs.

Ga jgabzgr ag mjfumstg dgy qum lmspmlbrsm gkgoamkmjtm lma mjfumstglc y fckprcogr qum tmjmkcsacs lgtcs lm fcjtgftc lm ag bjstbtufbj vbsbtglg, pcr m`mkpac, ujg eorbfg c ujg msfumag lcjlm smrmgabzg ag bjvmstbngfbj.

\ckglc lm0dttp0//ncc.na/r_MuU


45/2706? 8,??6?4 8,?68 8,544 ?8 8,?>< 8,78> 78 8,67> 8,>6< 7= 8,?57 8,2?4 68 8,6 ?= 8,666 8,566 ?5 8,64= 8,77772 8,? 8,4 8,?5> 8,228 84 8,6 8,45 ?? 8,6>4 8,>2? 84 8,7 8,>84 7< 8,=77 8,242 8? 8, 8,64> 8,45= ?< 8,6 8,?6> ?> 8,6>2 8,2=2 74 8,6 8,>64 ?5 8,= 8, 8,55 ?8 8,= 8,>57 72 8, 8,=4> 8,552 75 8,=82 8, 82 8,57> 8,87 ?? 8,55< 8,?27 86 8,5?= 8,>>> ?5 8,>86 8,5?? 74 8,5>8 8,28< 75 8,542 8,66274 8,=58 8,> 68 8,56> 8,6>< 8< 8,554 8,4=5 84 8,5=7 8,>28 ?2 8,>62 8,62< 77 8,>77 8,?=6 85 8,>?> 8,?24?5 8,=>= 8,42? 7< 8,>7< 8,65< 72 8,>7> 8,?6? 7? 8,>7= 8,=22 ?= 8,>=2 8,645 87 8,>28 8,62? 8< 8,>67 8,47 8,4


53/270


54/270



55/270


56/270


4

2

78


57/270


58/270Mstglstbfg Lmsfrbptbvg Vmkgjg 6

Fkc smamffbcjgr ujg kumstrg3Wu mjfcjtrgr mstg smkgjg3

Kblbmjlc ag emabfblgl

Fkc rmgabzgr ujg mjfumstg3 (smnujlg pgrtm)

Kumstrmc pcr fcjnackmrglcs y kumstrmc mstrgtbebfglc

Mstg smkgjg acnrgr0

Fcjcfmr acs pgscs pgrg rmgabzgr ujg mjfumstg.

Gpabfgr ma usc lm kumstrmc pcr fcjnackmrglcs.

Gpabfgr ma usc lm kumstrmc mstrgtbebfglc.

Lbemrmjfbgr mjtrm mstglstbfg lmsfrbptbvg y mstglstbfg bjemrmjfbga.

_mfcjcfmr sb uj lgtc ms uj mstglstbfc c uj pgrkmtrc.

6


59/270


60/270


61/270=8BNM_ \gfgj

7. _mpgsgjlc fcjfmptcs osbfcs

Mj ag vblg, ganujgs vmfms sm prmsmjtgj cpcrtujblglms pgrg rmgabzgr bjvmstbngfbcjms. Acs

tmkgs vgrgj y ag bjvmstbngfbj pclrg smr scorm prcluftcs fckc gabkmjtcs, grtfuacspgrg omaamzg, fgazglc, kmlbfbjg. Mj ctrgs cfgsbcjms, pclrg smr scorm gspmftcs scfbgams

fckc acs jlbfms lm mkpamc, bjnrmscs, mlufgfbj, sgaul y ctrcs kufdcs ks.

Ag mstglstbfg sm utbabzg mj bjvmstbngfbcjms lm lbemrmjtm tbpc pgrg crlmjgr y prcfmsgr

lgtcs, ac fuga pmrkbtm gjgabzgracs lm km`cr kgjmrg. Vbrvm pgrg acs fcjtmcs ks sbkpams,

pmrc tgkobj pgrg acs ks fckpam`cs. Fugjtc ks y km`cr ag fckprmjlgkcs, km`crms

uscs pclrmkcs lgram.

Ag mstglstbfg ms kuy bkpcrtgjtm, pcrqum prcpcrfbcjg bjecrkgfbj rmspgalglg, qum ag

dgfm fcjgoam. Ag bjecrkgfbj mst rmspgalglg pcrqum sm ogsg mj mstulbcs co`mtbvcs9 ms

lmfbr, mj acs qum jc mjtrg ag cpbjbj lma bjvmstbnglcr, jb sus fcjsblmrgfbcjms suo`mtbvgs.

Lm gfumrlc fcj ac vbstc ag smkgjg pgsglg, mj ujg bjvmstbngfbj sm pgrtm lm ag prmnujtg

lm bjvmstbngfbj pgrg aumnc magocrgr ag dbptmsbs, qum ms ujg pcsboam rmspumstg g ag

prmnujtg.

Dgy ctrcs mamkmjtcs qum scj bkpcrtgjtms pgrg ma trgog`c lm ag mstglstbfg0 ag ujblgl

lm gjabsbs, ags vgrbgoams y ags fgtmncrgs lm ag vgrbgoam (rmfcrlmkcs qum ms bkpcrtgjtm

sgomr fagsbfgr ujg vgrbgoam fckc fugabtgtbvg c fugjtbtgtbvg).

M`mkpac0

Vm gpabfg uj mxgkmj lm kgtmktbfg g uj nrupc lm ?= mstulbgjtms lm ag MC_Klm Ma Xg`gr.

Acs mstulbgjtms eumrcj mamnblcs pcr ma ktclc lm kumstrmc gamgtcrbc sbkpam. Ma mxgkmjvg g kmlbr ma jbvma lm fcjcfbkbmjtc lma tmkg sukg.

Xrmnujtg lm bjvmstbngfbj0 Fujtc sgomj acs mstulbgjtms scorm ag sukg3

Dbptmsbs0

Ugrbgoam0

Fagsbebfgfbj c tbpc lm vgrbgoam0

Xcoagfbj0

Kumstrg0

Ktclc lm kumstrmc0

Jc ms jmfmsgrbg

Fcjcfbkbmjtc9 pumlm trgog`grsm fcj ma jckorm lm0a Xcrfmjtg`m lm fcjcfbkbmjtca Xujtmc mj ma mxgkmj

Fgabfgfbcjms lm 8 g 788

Fugjtbtgtbvg0 ags fgtmncrgs sm rmprmsmjtgj pcr jkmrcs

\clcs acs mstulbgjtms lm ag MC_Klm Ma Xg`gr

Acs ?= mstulbgjtms

Ag kumstrg sm smamffbcj mj ecrkg gamgtcrbg sbkpam

Fgtmncrgs0



62/270=7Mstglstbfg Lmsfrbptbvg Vmkgjg 6

?. Ecrkgs lm smamffbcjgr ujg kumstrg (fcjtbjugfbj lm ag smkgjg ?)

Fckc vbkcs ag smkgjg gjtmrbcr, ag kumstrg pumlm smr cotmjblg mj ecrkg

gamgtcrbg sbkpam y ecrkg gamgtcrbg sbstmktbfg.

Mstg smkgjg vmrmkcs lcs jumvcs ktclcs lm kumstrmc gamgtcrbc0

Kumstrmc pcr fcjnackmrglcs

Kumstrmc mstrgtbebfglc

?.7 Kumstrmc pcr fcjnackmrglcs c rgfbkcs

Wu ms uj fcjnackmrglc3

]j fcjnackmrglcms ujg smffbj c nrupc ecrkglc pcr lbvmrscs mamkmjtcs.Mstm ktclc tgkobj sm fcjcfm fckc kumstrmc pcr rgfbkcs c fkuacs. Xgrg ag

kumstrg sm jmfmsbtg fcjtgr fcj ujg pcoagfbj qum sm qubmrm bjvmstbngr.

Ag pcoagfbj pumlm mstgr fcjecrkglg pcr pmrscjgs, gjbkgams u co`mtcs.

Fkc sm rmgabzg uj kumstrmc pcr fcjnackmrglcs3

Xgrg rmgabzgr uj kumstrmc pcr fcjnackmrglcs c rgfbkcs, prbkmrc sm lbvblm

ma rmg lm ag pcoagfbj mj smffbcjms c fcjnackmrglcs, aumnc sm smamffbcjgj

gamgtcrbgkmjtm ganujcs lm mstcs fcjnackmrglcs, utbabzgjlc pgrg ag kumstrg

tclcs acs mamkmjtcs lm acs fcjnackmrglcs smamffbcjglcs. M`mkpac0

Vm pumlm lbvblbr g tclg ag pcoagfbj lm fbulglgjcs (pcr m`mkpac,

pcoagfbj lm Nugtmkgag) mj lbemrmjtms fcjnackmrglcs (qum pumlmj smr acs

lmpgrtgkmjtcs lma pgs).

Vm smamffbcjg ujg smrbm lm fcjnackmrglcs lm gfumrlc fcj ac qum bjtmrmsg

pgrg ag bjvmstbngfbj. Mstg smamffbj sm dgfm pcr kmlbc lm uj kumstrmc

gamgtcrbc sbkpam c sbstmktbfc.

Fugjlc sm tbmjmj acs fcjnackmrglcs smamffbcjglcs (pclrg smr acslmpgrtgkmjtcs lma pgs smamffbcjglcs ga gzgr), sm lmom bjfaubr, pcr m`mkpac,

g tclcs acs mstulbgjtms lm prbkgrbg fckc mamkmjtcs lm ag kumstrg.

Fugjlc ags pcoagfbcjms qum sm qubmrm bjvmstbngr scj kuy nrgjlms, ujg ecrkg

ks ogrgtg y efba lm cotmjmr ags kumstrgs ms pcr nrupcs c fcjnackmrglcs.


63/270=?BNM_ \gfgj

M`mkpac0

Xgrg dgfmr ujg bjvmstbngfbj scorm ujg pagjtgfbj lm gnugfgtms,

sm pumlm smamffbcjgr pcr ma ktclc lm kumstrmc gamgtcrbc

sbkpam, ac qum bkpabfgrg mamnbr gnugfgtms ga gzgr pcr tclg ag

pagjtgfbj.

Xmrc tgkobj sm pumlmj smamffbcjgr rocams lm gnugfgtm gagzgr mj tclg ag pagjtgfbj fckc uj fcjnackmrglc, mj ma fuga

tclcs acs gnugfgtms lm fglg roca smamffbcjglc scj pgrtm lm

ag kumstrg. Mstm ktclc egfbabtgrg ma kumstrmc pgrg mstm fgsc.

Vb sm qubmrm bjvmstbngr fujtcs pgsg`mrcs trgjspcrtgj ags ajmgs lm ous mxtrgurogjc

lbgrbgkmjtm, ma trgog`c sm pumlm rmgabzgr fcj ujg kumstrg gamgtcrbg sbkpam c

gamgtcrbg sbstmktbfg, yg qum ag pcoagfbj lm ousms ms nrgjlm.

Vb sm usg fckc ktclc ag kumstrg pcr fcjnackmrglc utbabzgjlc ma kumstrmc

gamgtcrbc sbkpam, sm smamffbcjgj ga gzgr mkprmsgs lm ousms lm tclgs ags qum

mxbstmj mj Nugtmkgag. \clcs acs ousms lm fglg mkprmsg smamffbcjglg scj

mjtcjfms pgrtm lm ag kumstrg.

M`mrfbfbc 7

Ag lbrmftcrg lm ag msfumag lm jbgs Ag Gurcrg lmsmg fcjcfmr fujtgs jbgs lm ag fckujblgl jc

gsbstmj g fagsms. Ag fckujblgl tbmjm 288 dcngrms lbstrboublcs mj > fgsmrcs. Lmoblc g ag egatg lm

ecjlcs, pagjmg rmgabzgr ujg mjfumstg y jmfmsbtg fcjcfmr ma tgkgc lm su kumstrg.7. Wu lmom tckgr mj fumjtg pgrg rmgabzgr ujg kumstrg gamgtcrbg3

?. Wu lmom tckgr mj fumjtg pgrg rmgabzgr ujg kumstrg pcr fcjnackmrglcs3

6. Wu tbpc lm kumstrg am rmfckmjlgrg g ag lbrmftcrg pgrg rmgabzgr ag mjfumstg y pcr qu3



?.? Kumstrmc mstrgtbebfglc

Wu ms mstrgtbefglc3

Ag pgagorg mstrgtbfglc vbmjm lm mstrgtbfgfbj, trkbjc qum sm rmmrm g ag

fagsbfgfbj lm ujg pcoagfbj mj lbemrmjtms mstrgtcs c jbvmams. ]j mstrgtc c jbvma

tbmjm fgrgftmrstbfgs qum ac lbemrmjfbgj lma rmstc lm jbvmams.

Ag prbjfbpga eujfbj ga mstgoamfmr mstrgtcs c jbvmams ms fagsbfgr mamkmjtcs,

fbrfujstgjfbgs c emjkmjcs.

Fkc sm rmgabzg uj kumstrmc mstrgtbefglc3

Xgrg rmgabzgr uj kumstrmc mstrgtbfglc c pcr mstrgtc, sm lbvblm g ag pcoagfbj

mj nrupcs lm fgrgftmrstbfgs dckcnjmgs c sbkbagrms qum bjtmrmsgj pgrg ag

bjvmstbngfbj.

Vb ac qum sm qubmrm bjvmstbngr scj acs sgagrbcs mj Nugtmkgag, ag vgrbgoam

smrg sgagrbc.

Xgrg mstgoamfmr ag kumstrg, sm lbvblmj acs nrupcs pcr sus fgrgftmrstbfgs0

sgagrbc gatc, sgagrbc kmlbc y sgagrbc og`c. Fglg ujc lm mstcs nrupcs ms uj

mstrgtc.

Lm fglg mstrgtc sm smamffbcjg ujg kumstrg.

M`mkpac0

Vb sm qubmrm cotmjmr ma pmsc lm tclcs acs mstulbgjtms lm ujg msfumag, sm pumlm lbvblbr

g acs mstulbgjtms mj lcs mstrgtcs0 dckorms y ku`mrms. Lm fglg nrupc (mstrgtc) smsmamffbcjg ujg kumstrg ga gzgr pcr kmlbc lma kumstrmc gamgtcrbc sbkpam.

Ag prbjfbpga lbemrmjfbg mjtrm ma kumstrmc pcr

fcjnackmrglcs y ma kumstrmc mstrgtbfglc ms

qum mj ma prbkmrc pgsgj g ecrkgr pgrtm lm ag

kumstrg tclcs acs mamkmjtcs qum fcjecrkgj

ma fcjnackmrglc9 mj fgkobc, mj ma kumstrmc

mstrgtbfglc sm kumstrmgj acs mstrgtcs y sm

tckgj scagkmjtm ganujcs mamkmjtcs lm fglg

mstrgtc fckc pgrtm lm ag kumstrg.


65/270=8 rcs _cs fcjtgkbjglcs 7? rcs

Xgrkmtrc(cotmjblclm ag pcoagfbj)

4= % lm acs rcsfcjtgkbjglcs

Mstglstbfc cmstglnrgec (cotmjblc

lm ag kumstrg)

48 % lm acs rcsfcjtgkbjglc

M`mkpac0

Ag lbemrmjfbg mjtrm uj mstglstbfc y uj pgrkmtrc ms lm ljlm sm cotbmjm.

Fugjlc sm cotbmjmj lgtcs y scac sm lmsfrbomj acs rmsuatglcs qum sm mjfcjtrgrcj,

sm utbabzgj acs kclmacs lm mstglstbfg lmsfrbptbvg.

Vb ma co`mtbvc ms nmjmrgabzgr ag kumstrg gpabfgjlc acs rmsuatglcs g ag pcoagfbj

tctga, acs kclmacs qum sm utbabzgj scj lm mstglstbfg bjemrmjfbga.

Ugrbgoam fugjtbtgtbvg0 pagjtgs lm fge fcj rcyg

Xcoagfbj 688 kujbfbpbcs Kumstrg 78 kujbfbpbcs

Kujbfbpbcs fcj fge

=8 888 rocams fcj

rcyg Fcj rcyg 6888 rocams

Xgrkmtrc75> (prckmlbc lm

rocams fcj rcyg pcrkujbfbpbc)

Mstglstbfc cmstglnrgec

Xrckmlbc lm 688rocams fcj rcyg

pcr kujbfbpbc


68/270=>Mstglstbfg Lmsfrbptbvg Vmkgjg 6

Ucfgouagrbc osbfc

mstglstbfc0 ms ag kmlblg cotmjblg lm ujg kumstrg fcj ma co`mtbvc lm mstbkgr c bjemrbr fgrgftmrstbfgs lm

ujg pcoagfbj c kclmac mstglstbfc.

mstrgtc0 fcj`ujtc lm mamkmjtcs fcj lmtmrkbjglcs fgrgftmrms fckujms, qum sm lbemrmjfbgj lm ctrcs

fcj`ujtcs.

bjemrmjfbg mstglstbfg0 ms ma prcfmsc lm sgfgr fcjfausbcjms lm ujg pcoagfbj, ogsjlcjcs mj acs

rmsuatglcs cotmjblcs lm ujg kumstrg.

kumstrmc pcr fcjnackmrglcs0 ms uj kumstrmc gamgtcrbc lcjlm fglg fcjnackmrglc lm kumstrmc

fckprmjlm g vgrbgs ujblglms. Ag kumstrg sm cotbmjm smamffbcjgjlc fcjnackmrglcs pcr uj ktclc lm

kumstrmc gamgtcrbc sbkpam.

kumstrmc mstrgtbefglc0ms gquma mj ma qum sm lbvblm ag pcoagfbj mj suopcoagfbcjms c mstrgtcs, lm

gfumrlc fcj frbtmrbcs qum pumlmj smr bkpcrtgjtms mj ma mstulbc c bjvmstbngfbj. Xcstmrbcrkmjtm sm

rmgabzg uj kumstrmc gamgtcrbc sbkpam lm fglg mstrgtc.

pgrkmtrc0 ms ujg kmlblg qum rmprmsmjtg ujg fgrgftmrstbfg lm ujg pcoagfbj.

_msukmj

Ctrcs ktclcs lm kumstrmc gamgtcrbc scj0 kumstrmc pcr fcjnackmrglcs c rgfbkcs y kumstrmc

mstrgtbfglc.

Ma kumstrmc pcr fcjnackmrglcs sm rmgabzg prbkmrc lbvblbmjlc ag pcoagfbj mj smffbcjms c

fcjnackmrglcs y aumnc, smamffbcjgjlc acs fcjnackmrglcs ga gzgr. Vm utbabzg fckc kumstrg tclcs

acs mamkmjtcs lm acs fcjnackmrglcs smamffbcjglcs.

Ma kumstrmc mstrgtbefglcrmqubmrm qum prbkmrc sm fagsbqum ag pcoagfbj mj mstrgtcs c fagsms

smnj ags fgrgftmrstbfgs qum bjtmrmsgj pgrg ag bjvmstbngfbj. Aumnc, sm smamffbcjg ujg kumstrg lm

fglg mstrgtc. Mstm ktclc sm utbabzg fugjlc ms lbefba trgog`gr fcj ag pcoagfbj tctga.

Ag bjemrmjfbg mstglstbfgmstulbg fkc cotmjmr fcjfausbcjms nmjmrgams pgrg tclg ag pcoagfbj

g pgrtbr lma mstulbc lm ujg kumstrg. Gsbkbskc, mstulbg ma jbvma lm fcjgjzg lm acs rmsuatglcs

cotmjblcs.

Ma prckmlbcc pcrfmjtg`m cotmjblc lm ujg kumstrg sm aagkg mstglstbfc c mstglnrgec. ]j

mstglstbfc ms ujg kmlbfbj jukrbfg qum lmsfrbom ganujg fgrgftmrstbfg lm ujg kumstrg.

Vb ma prckmlbc c pcrfmjtg`m sm rmmrm g tclg ag pcoagfbj sm am lmjckbjg pgrkmtrc. ]jpgrkmtrc

ms ujg kmlbfbj jukrbfg qum lmsfrbom ganujg fgrgftmrstbfg lm ujg pcoagfbj.


69/270=4BNM_ \gfgj

Xrmnujtg lm bjvmstbngfbj0 Wu pcrfmjtg`m lm pmrscjgs lm ag fckujblgl mst lm gfumrlc fcj ag

fcjstruffbj lm ag dblrcmaftrbfg3

Dbptmsbs0

]jblgl lm gjabsbs0

\bpc lm vgrbgoam0

Jbvma lm kmlblg0

Xcoagfbj0

Kumstrg0

\bpcs lm kumstrg0

Ks lma =8 % jc mst lm gfumrlc fcj ag fcjstruffbj lm ag dblrcmaftrbfg

Dgobtgjtms lm ag fckujblgl

Gfumrlc c jc fcj fcjstruffbj lm dblrcmaftrbfg

Fugabtgtbvg (tbmjm lcs fgtmncrgs0 gfumrlc, jc gfumrlc)

Jckbjga

\clcs acs dgobtgjtms lm ag fckujblgl

Acs dgobtgjtms lm ags fgsgs smamffbcjglgs g qubmjms sm dbzc ag prmnujtg

Vm smamffbcj sbstmktbfgkmjtm (sm mabnb ujg lm fglg = fgsgs), y pcr fcj-nackmrglcs(sm cotuvc nrupcs lm pmrscjgs, mj fglg fgsg).Ma pcrfmjtg`m (%) ms uj mstglstbfc pcrqum sm cotuvc lm ujg kumstrg

Ugrbgoam0

M`mrfbfbc nubglc

Gjtms lm bjbfbgr acs m`mrfbfbcs, rmpgsm acs fcjfmptcs fcj mstcs m`mkpacs.

G. Vm qubmrm mstulbgr qu pbmjsgj acs dgobtgjtms lm ag galmg Fdgj Fdgj scorm ag fcjstruffbj lm ujgdblrcmaftrbfg mj su fckujblgl. Xgrg dgfmrac smamffbcjgj 68 fgsgs lm ag fckujblgl, mj ujg lm fglg

= sm dgfm ag prmnujtg0 mst ustml lm gfumrlc fcj qum sm fcjstruyg ag dblrcmaftrbfg3

Fckc ma co`mtbvc ms lmtmrkbjgr ma nrglc lm gfumrlc lm tclg ag fckujblgl, sm utbabzgr mstglstbfgbjemrmjfbga.

O. Ma FCK]LMlma kujbfbpbc lm Vgj Kgjuma Fdgpgrrj, @gagpg, lmsmg fcjcfmr ma bjnrmsc sgagrbga lm acs

`mems(gs) lm dcngr lma kujbfbpbc. \gjtc lma rmg rurga fckc urogjg, sm smamffbcjgj =8 dcngrms (tctga788), utbabzgjlc jkmrcs gamgtcrbcs.

Ma lgtc qum sm cotmjlr ms uj mstglnrgecc mstglstbfc(sm cotmjlr lm ag kumstrg). Vm utbabzgr ms-tglstbfg bjemrmjfbga. (Vm qubmrm sgomr ma sgagrbc lm acs `mems(gs) lm dcngr lma kujbfbpbc g pgrtbr lm agkumstrg).

Xrmnujtg lm bjvmstbngfbj0 Fua ms ma bjnrmsc sgagrbga prckmlbc lm acs `mems(gs) lm dcngr lma kujbfbpbc3

Dbptmsbs0

]jblgl lm gjabsbs0

\bpc lm vgrbgoam0

Xcoagfbj0

Kumstrg0

\bpcs lm kumstrg0

Vmamffbj lm kumstrg0

Ma bjnrmsc sgagrbga prckmlbc ms kgycr g W?,=88.88 kmjsugams

@mem(g) lm dcngr

Bjnrmsc sgagrbga c sgagrbc

Fugjtbtgtbvg

@mems(gs) lm dcngr lma kujbfbpbc lm Vgj Kgjuma Fdgpgrrj

Acs 788 mems(gs) lm dcngr smamffbcjglcs (cosmrvm qum jcscj acs dcngrms)

Ag pcoagfbj sm lbvblb mj lcs mstrgtcs0 urogjc y rurga

Gamgtcrbg sbkpam (jkmrcs gamgtcrbcs)

Ugrbgoam0



Gftbvblgl 7

Vm dgr ujg bjvmstbngfbj scorm ag fgablgl lm fge prclufblc mj ags jfgs lm ks lm ujg kgjzgjg mj

ma kujbfbpbc lm Vgj Gjtcjbc ag Xgz. Ma fge sm fagsbfgr fckc0 kuy oumjc, oumjc, rmnuagr y kgac. Xgrgdgfmrac sm smamffbcjgj 68 jfgs qum sm mjfumjtrgj g jc ks lm 78 ik lma fgsfc urogjc, pcr smr ags lm

ks efba gffmsc.

7. Xrmnujtg lm bjvmstbngfbj0

?. Dbptmsbs0

6. ]jblgl lm gjabsbs0

. Fua ms ag pcoagfbj3

4. Fua ms ag kumstrg3

2. Ma pcrfmjtg`m lm kuy oumjc, oumjc, rmnuagr y kgac, ms uj mstglstbfc c uj pgrkmtrc3

78. Wu tbpc lm mstglstbfg sm utbabzgr3

Gutcfcjtrca

Gftbvblgl ?

Mj ujg bjvmstbngfbj scorm ag fgjtblgl lm amfdm qum lgj ags vgfgs mj ag galmg Vgj Ergjfbsfc @cfctga sm

mjfcjtr qum ma prckmlbc lm ag kumstrg smamffbcjglg eum lm 72 abtrcs lbgrbcs. Ag kumstrg sm smamffbcj

fcjtgjlc ujg lm fglg 78 vgfgs qum sm mjfcjtrgogj pgstgjlc mj acs fcrrgams lm ag galmg.

7. Xrmnujtg lm bjvmstbngfbj0

?. Dbptmsbs0

6. ]jblgl lm gjabsbs0


71/27058BNM_ \gfgj



prcfmscjc

acnrglc

Lmspuslmmstulbgr... Fcjczfc acs pgscs pgrg rmgabzgr ujg mjfumstg.

Gpabfc ma usc lm kumstrmc pcr fcjnackmrglcs.

Gpabfc ma usc lm kumstrmc mstrgtbebfglc.

Lbemrmjfbc mjtrm mstglstbfg lmsfrbptbvg y mstglstbfg bjemrmjfbga.

_mfcjczfc sb uj lgtc ms uj mstglstbfc c uj pgrkmtrc.

Kbjbstmrbc lm Mlufgfbj (KBJML]F)

Ma Kbjbstmrbc lm Mlufgfbj rmfcamftg pmrblbfgkmjtm lgtcs lm tclcs acs mstgoamfbkbmjtcs mlufgtbvcs

lma pgs (cfbgams, prbvglcs, kujbfbpgams y pcr fccpmrgtbvg), lm tclcs acs jbvmams mlufgtbvcs (prbkgrbg,

smfujlgrbg y lbvmrsbfglc). Ma prcfmsgkbmjtc lm ag bjecrkgfbj rmfcamftglg prcvmm ga Kbjbstmrbc lm

Mlufgfbj y usugrbcs mj nmjmrga, bjecrkgfbj gftugabzglg, fcjgoam y cpcrtujg, pgrg ag tckg lm

lmfbsbcjms, mjtrmng lm smrvbfbcs lm gpcyc, lmjbfbj lm pcatbfgs y lbsmc lm pagjbfgfbj lm ag

mlufgfbj jgfbcjga.

Vb lmsmg fcjcfmr lgtcs scorm ma mstglc lm ag mlufgfbj mj Nugtmkgag, vbsbtm ag pnbjg lma Kbjbstmrbc lm

Mlufgfbj0 www.kbjmluf.nco.nt

Jgvmnum mj ag rml...

5. Fua ms ag pcoagfbj3

>. Fua ms ag kumstrg3

4. Fkc sm smamffbcj ag kumstrg3

2. Ma prckmlbc lm 72 abtrcs, ms uj mstglstbfc c uj pgrkmtrc3

78. Wu tbpc lm mstglstbfg sm utbabzgr3


72/27057Mstglstbfg Lmsfrbptbvg Vmkgjg = j; 5?

% ;5?

7>= 788 ; 8.6==7=88 788 ; 8.?= 788 ; ?= %


77/27055BNM_ \gfgj

M`mrfbfbc nubglc

Amg ag sbnubmjtm jctbfbg qum gpgrmfb mj uj pmrblbfc lma pgs. Aumnc, fcrrcocrm ags cpmrgfbcjms pgrg

sgomr fkc sm mstgoamfb ma pcrfmjtg`m qum bjlbfg ma ttuac lm ag jctbfbg.

Eumjtm0maXmrblbfc, 6 kgyc ?87Mstglstbfg Lmsfrbptbvg Vmkgjg 575

Dumdumtmjgjnc 7 ?8< 6? 72?

Fdbkgatmjgjnc 5

Vufdbtmpqumz =?< 8=2

\ctcjbfgpj =85 =6>

Vcaca


79/27054BNM_ \gfgj

?.7 Mamkmjtcs lm ags tgoags

Ags tgoags tgkobj sm fcjcfmj fckc fuglrcs. Ms bkpcrtgjtm tckgr mj fumjtgqum fugjlc sm rmgabzg uj trgog`c mj ma qum sm prmsmjtgj tgoags c fuglrcs,sbmkprm sm lmom lmfblbr qu smffbcjms vg g fcjtmjmr.

g. Jkmrc lm tgoag Mj uj lcfukmjtc, tclgs ags tgoags lmomj smr jukmrglgs fcrrmagtbvgkmjtmpgrg qum smg efba blmjtbebfgrags. Xgrg blmjtbebfgrags sm pumlmj utbabzgr jkmrcsc amtrgs, tga fckc gpgrmfm mj ma m`mkpac lm ag pnbjg gjtmrbcr.

o. \tuac lm ag tgoag

\clg tgoag aamvg uj ttuac qum lmom fcjtmstgr g ags prmnujtgs0 qu, fkc,ljlm y fujlc. Ma ttuac lm ag tgoag gjtmrbcr fcjtmstg g ags prmnujtgssbnubmjtms0

Wu3 Ms ujg tgoag lm pcoagfbj. Acs jkmrcs qum fcjtbmjm ag tgoag

fcrrmspcjlmj g ag pcoagfbj lm fglg lmpgrtgkmjtc.

Fkc3Vcj ags vgrbgoams qum mstj mj ag tgoag9 mj mstm fgsc, lmpgrtgkmjtcslm Nugtmkgag.

Ljlm3Vm rmebmrm ga aungr mj lcjlm sm lbmrcj acs lgtcs, mj mstm fgsc,Nugtmkgag.

Fujlc3Vm rmebmrm g ag emfdg, gc, kms c pcfg mj qum sm lbmrcj acslgtcs9 mj mstm fgsc, ?876.

f. Eumjtm

Xgrg qum ag bjecrkgfbj lm ujg tgoag tmjng frmlbobablgl, ms kuy bkpcrtgjtmbjlbfgr lm ljlm sm cotuvbmrcj acs lgtcs. ]sugakmjtm sm msfrbom ag pgagorg"eumjtm" y aumnc sm bjlbfg lm ljlm sm cotuvc ag bjecrkgfbj. Mj ma m`mkpacgjtmrbcr, ag eumjtm ms ma Bjstbtutc Jgfbcjga lm Mstglstbfg (BJM).

Ganujgs vmfms, acs lgtcs prcvbmjmj lm mjfumstgs qum rmgabzg ma bjvmstbnglcr.Mj mstcs fgscs, sm fcacfg fckc eumjtm ujg mxpabfgfbj fckc ag sbnubmjtm0"Magocrgfbj prcpbg fcj lgtcs lm mjfumstg".

l. \tuacs lm ebag y fcaukjg

Vcj acs tmxtcs qum lmsfrbomj acs fcjtmjblcs lm ags ebags c fcaukjgs. Mj mam`mkpac gjtmrbcr, acs ttuacs lm fcaukjg scj "Lmpgrtgkmjtc" y "Xcoagfbjsmnj BJM" y ma jckorm lm fglg lmpgrtgkmjtc ms ma ttuac lm ebag.

m. Fmalgs lm bjecrkgfbj

Ags fmalgs lm bjecrkgfbj fcjtbmjmj acs lgtcs (pcr m`mkpac, ma jkmrc lmdgobtgjtms).


80/27052Mstglstbfg Lmsfrbptbvg Vmkgjg 74.64 % ?588 6=.>6 % 626> =7 2.?? % 2> 7.66 % >54 78.== %

Nugtmkgag. ?885

M`mkpac0

Ma BJM rmgabzg pmrblbfgkmjtm ujg mjfumstg lm fcjlbfbcjms lm vblg g jbvmajgfbcjga. Mj mstg mjfumstg sm rmfcnm ag bjecrkgfbj sbnubmjtm0

Ag prcfmlmjfbg lma mjfumstglc, ms lmfbr, sb ms dgobtgjtm lma rmg urogjg

c rurga.

Ag sbtugfbj mfcjkbfg lma mjfumstglc, sb pmrtmjmfm g ganujg lm agssbnubmjtms fgtmncrgs0 jc pcorm c pcorm mxtrmkc.

Mstcs lgtcs sm gnrupgj pcr prcfmlmjfbg y fgtmncrg. Aumnc, sm fgafuagj fckcpcrfmjtg`ms. \clg mstg bjecrkgfbj sm prmsmjtg mj ujg tgoag fckc ag sbnubmjtm0

Acs lgtcs lma m`mkpac gjtmrbcr scj rmgams y sm cotuvbmrcj lm ujg mjfumstg lmaBJMlma gc ?885.

Mamkmjtcs lm ag tgoag0

Xmrscjgs

Jc pcorm, pcorm mxtrmkc


81/270>8BNM_ \gfgj

M`mrfbfbc 6Lm ags mstbkgfbcjms y prcymffbcjms lm pcoagfbj lma Bjstbtutc Jgfbcjga lm Mstglstbfg (BJM) sm

cotbmjmj acs sbnubmjtms lgtcs pgrg ma lmpgrtgkmjtc lm @utbgpg0 lma tctga lm ag pcoagfbj, ma .8 %scj dckorms y =6.8 % scj ku`mrms. Acs dgobtgjtms scj kgycrbtgrbgkmjtm lma rmg rurga, lmoblc gqum ma 5>.6 % lm ags pmrscjgs dgobtgj mj msg rmg.

7. Fcj acs lgtcs lm smxc, fckpamtm ag sbnubmjtm tgoag0

?. Fcj acs lgtcs lma rmg lcjlm vbvmj ags pmrscjgs, fckpamtm ag sbnubmjtm tgoag.

\goag 7.Xcrfmjtg`m lm dgobtgjtms pcr smxc. @utbgpg, ?88?

Vmxc Xcrfmjtg`m

Ku`mr

Dckorm

Eumjtm0 Bjstbtutc Jgfbcjga lm Mstglstbfg

\goag ?.

Xcrfmjtg`m lm dgobtgjtms pcr rmg lcjlm dgobtg. @utbgpg, ?88?rmg Xcrfmjtg`m

_urga

]rogjg


Gjabsbs lm ag tgoag

Acs lgtcs lm ujg tgoag sbrvmj pgrg rmgabzgr gjabsbs scorm ag bjecrkgfbj qum smprmsmjtg.

Fcj rmspmftc g ag bjecrkgfbj lm ag \goag ?, lma tctga lm pmrscjgs mjtrmvbstglgs,mj ma rmg rurga ag kgycrg mst rmnbstrglg mj ag fgtmncrg jc pcorm y mj ma rmg

urogjg, tgkobj ag kgycrg mst rmnbstrglg mj ag fgtmncrg jc pcorm.Lm tclcs acs mjtrmvbstglcs, ma =


82/270>7Mstglstbfg Lmsfrbptbvg Vmkgjg ?BNM_ \gfgj

\goag 7Fckpcrtgkbmjtc lma gjgaegomtbskc pcr lmpgrtgkmjtc. Nugtmkgag, ?87?

(ergnkmjtc)

Flbnc Lmpgrtgkmjtc\ctga

Xcoagfbj lm7= gcs y ks

Xcoagfbjgjgaegomtg

Xcrfmjtg`mlm gjgaegomtbskc

87 Nugtmkgag ? 744 >>5 77

86 Vgfgtmpqumz ?8? =58 ?6 87 7=2 827

8= @gagpg 7>5 67?


84/270>6Mstglstbfg Lmsfrbptbvg Vmkgjg >?2 ?52 =7.?= %

Dckorm > 6=6 =5?

\ctga 7= 84? 467 788 %

Eumjtm0 dttp0//www.lgtcskgfrc.fck/lmkcnrgg/pcoagfbcj/nugtmkgag

Ma pcrfmjtg`m lm pcoagfbj lm ku`mrms sm fgafua lbvblbmjlc ma jkmrc lm ku`mrms, qum ms> >?2 ?52 mjtrm ma tctga lm ag pcoagfbj qum ms 7= 84? 467, y sm kuatbpabf pcr 788.

> >?2 ?527= 84? 467

; 8.=7?= 8.=7?= 788 ; =7.?= %

Gdcrg, fgafuam ma pcrfmjtg`m lm pcoagfbj lm dckorms y fcacqum ma lgtc mj ag fgsbaag fcrrmspcjlbmjtm.

_msumavg ma m`mrfbfbc, fgafuagjlc ma pcrfmjtg`m lm pcoagfbj lm dckorms.

Gftbvblgl 6


86/270

Mstglstbfg Lmsfrbptbvg Vmkgjg =

>=

Fafuac lm pcrfmjtg`ms mj tgoags


@vmjms y tmfjcacng

Fafuac lm pcrfmjtg`ms mj tgoags mstglstbfgs

Mstg smkgjg acnrgr0

Gjgabzgr lgtcs lm pcrfmjtg`ms prmsmjtglcs mj tgoags.

Fgafuagr pcrfmjtg`ms fcj lgtcs lm ujg tgoag.

Magocrgr tgoags fcj pcrfmjtg`ms.

=


87/270

BNM_ \gfgj

>5

Xgrg fckmjzgr!

Mj ujg mjfumstg rmgabzglg mj ma gc ?877, sm prmnujt g `vmjms gfmrfg lm ag utbablgl lm ags rmlms

scfbgams. Acs lgtcs cotmjblcs bjlbfgj qum ma >4 % utbabzg ags rmlms scfbgams pgrg fckujbfgfbj fcj

gkbstglms y gpmjgs ma ?? % pgrg dgfmr tgrmgs c trgog`cs fcj jms lm mstulbc.

R ustml, qu uscs am lg ga Bjtmrjmt3 Bjtmjtm mxprmsgrac mj pcrfmjtg`ms.

Mj Nugtmkgag, ma 54.2 % lm acs `vmjms lm 7= g ?2 gcs tbmjm uj fmauagr. Vbj mkogrnc, mj mstm smftcr

lm ag pcoagfbj pclmkcs jctgr lbemrmjfbgs smnj ma njmrc y ma nrupc tjbfc. Umgkcs0 Ma >6.= % lm acs

dckorms fumjtg fcj uj fmauagr, kbmjtrgs qum mj ma fgsc lm ags ku`mrms scac ma 5=.< % tbmjm ujc. Xcr

ctrg pgrtm, mjtrm ag pcoagfbj bjlnmjg scac ma =4 % fumjtg fcj fmauagr, kbmjtrgs qum mj ag pcoagfbj jc

bjlnmjg ma pcrfmjtg`m gukmjtg g >


88/270


>>

7. \goags lm pcrfmjtg`ms

Gjtms lm pcjmr kgjcs g ag corg, dgy qum rmfcrlgr qum ags tgoags mstj ecrkglgs pcr

fcaukjgs,eags yfmalgs.Mj prbkmr aungr, pclrmkcs cosmrvgr ags fcaukjgs lm ujgtgoag sb pgsgkcs jumstrg vbstg mj smjtblc vmrtbfga9 ms lmfbr, lm grrbog dgfbg gog`c ().

Ga dgfmr mstm m`mrfbfbc vmrmkcs fagrgkmjtm ags fcaukjgs, `ustc fckc sm fcacfgj ags

fcaukjgs mj ags fcjstruffbcjms lm ags fgsgs, mlbfbcs, pgagfbcs, mtf. Fglg fcaukjg sm

utbabzg pgrg gnrupgr bjecrkgfbj lm lbstbjtc tbpc lm kgjmrg crlmjglg. Gs sm egfbabtg ag

fckprmjsbj lm acs lgtcs qum jcs smrvbrj pgrg rmgabzgr fafuacs y aumnc gjabsbs.

Mj smnujlc aungr, agseags fcjtbmjmj bjecrkgfbj fcacfglg lm ecrkg dcrbzcjtga (),

ms lmfbr, lm ag kbskg kgjmrg qum sm vmj ags ags lm jbcs y jbgs mj ags msfumags c acs

surfcs lm ags sbmkorgs.

Xcr atbkc, agsfmalgssmrgj fckc acs aglrbaacs lm ujg pgrml, mj mstm fgsc msg pgrml msjumstrg tgoag. Fcj ags fmalgs sm ecrkgj ags fcaukjgs y ags ags, fglg ujg fcjtbmjm uj

lgtc, fckc pcr m`mkpac0 mlgl, smxc, jckorm, fgjtblgl, pcrfmjtg`m, mjtrm ctrcs.

Jc cavblm qum mj ags tgoags lmomkcs dgfmr ujg sukg fcj acs lgtcs jukrbfcs lm fglg

fcaukjg pgrg fgafuagr acs tctgams, pums mstg bjecrkgfbj ms jmfmsgrbg pgrg ma fafuac

lm pcrfmjtg`ms.

Gdcrg s, kgjcs g ag corg0 vmg fkc sm fgafuagj acs pcrfmjtg`ms mj ujg tgoag. Xgrg fgafuagr

acs pcrfmjtg`ms lm ags fmalgsqum ecrkgj ujg tgoag sm utbabzg ag sbnubmjtm erkuag0

Mstglc fbvba Mjtrmvbstglcs Xcrfmjtg`m

Vcatmrc ?=5 = %

Lbvcrfbglc 64 >.?2 %

]jblc 7= ?.44 %

\ctga =?7 788 %

% ;Ugacr lm ag fmalg

\ctga 788


Mj ags prxbkgs pnbjgs gprmjlmrmkcs fkc gpabfgr mstg erkuag pgrg cotmjmr

pcrfmjtg`ms mj ujg tgoag.


89/270

BNM_ \gfgj

>4

M`mrfbfbc 7Xgrg br mjtmjlbmjlc km`cr, pgsmkcs g ag prftbfg. G fcjtbjugfbj, am prmsmjtgkcs bjecrkgfbj tckglg

lm ag pnbjg lm Mkprmsgrbcs pcr ag Mlufgfbj(www.mkprmsgrbcspcragmlufgfbcj.crn).

Amg ags tgoags qum sm mjfumjtrgj g fcjtbjugfbj y trgtm lm blmjtbfgr acs mamkmjtcs lm ags tgoags qum

yg dmkcs mstulbglc.

=.

?.7.

6.


90/270


>2

M`mrfbfbc ?Amg ag tgoag qum gpgrmfm g fcjtbjugfbj. Cosmrvm qum acs lgtcs mstj prmsmjtglcs jbfgkmjtm mj

pcrfmjtg`ms pgrg egfbabtgr ag fckpgrgfbj mjtrm ags vgrbgoams.

\goag ?0 Lmsmkpmc nrglugjlcs pcr fgrrmrg mj Amfturg y Kgtmktbfg (tclcs acs smftcrms)

Gjgabfm acs lgtcs lm ag tgoag, rmspcjlg ag prmnujtg y fckpamtm ag tgoag.

7. Fua ms ag ujblgl lm gjabsbs3

?. Fcj ag bjecrkgfbj lm ag tgoag gjtmrbcr, bjfauyg mj ma fuglrc sbnubmjtm ags fgtmncrgs lm gjabsbs.

Am prcpcrfbcjgkcs ags vgrbgoams.

Ugrbgoam Fgtmncrgs

Fgrrmrg

Xrumogs lm mvgaugfbj

Gc lm ags prumogs

Lmsmkpmc

Eumjtm0 dttp0//www.mkprmsgrbcspcragmlufgfbcj.crn/ms/mstglbstbfgs.pdp

Gc LmsmkpmcOgfdbaamrgtc Kgnbstmrbc Xmrbtc Vmfrmtgrbglc \fjbfc

Amfturg Kgtmktbfg Amfturg Kgtmktbfg Amfturg Kgtmktbfg Amfturg Kgtmktbfg Amfturg Kgtmktbfg

?88=Acnrc 7>.6% ?5.=% 7=.5% 4.?% 7?.4% 7% =.7% 77.8% 72.8%

Jc acnrc 4?.4% >6.=% 42.2% 2=.=% >% 28.=%


91/270

BNM_ \gfgj

48

?. Fafuac lm pcrfmjtg`ms mj tgoagsmstglstbfgs

Gjgabfmkcs pgsc g pgsc fkc fgafuagr pcrfmjtg`ms mj tgoags mstglstbfgs.

M`mkpac 70

Vmnj ag Mjfumstg lm Fcjlbfbcjms lm Ublg ?885 lma Bjstbtutc Jgfbcjga lm

Mstglstbfg, mj ujg kumstrg lm >?>5 mjfumstglcs sm cotuvbmrcj mstcs lgtcs0

626> jc pcorms, >54 pcorms mxtrmkcs y ?=>7 pcorms jc mxtrmkcs.

7. Crngjbzgr ag bjecrkgfbj mj ujg tgoag, ms lmfbr mj ebags y fcaukjgs,

bjfauymjlc sus ttuacs y ma fafuac lma tctga.

Jbvma lm pcormzg Fgjtblgl

Jc pcorms 626>

Xcorms mxtrmkcs >54

Xcorms jc mxtrmkcs ?=>7

\ctga >?>5

?. Fgafuagr acs pcrfmjtg`ms, pgrg fgafuagr ma pcrfmjtg`m lm fglg fmalg sm lbvblm

fglg lgtc mjtrm ma vgacr tctga, mj mstm fgsc >?>5, yg qum fcjstbtuym ma 788 %. Xcr

mstg rgzj, mj ag tgoag qum mst ga ebjga lm ag pnbjg gnrmngkcs ctrg fcaukjg

tbtuaglgpcrfmjtg`my fckprcogkcs qum ga sukgr acs pcrfmjtg`ms cotmjlrmkcs

ma 788 %.

Mjtcjfms utbabzgjlc ag erkuag qum yg fcjcfmkcs, acs rmsuatglcs qumlgrgj gs0

Xgrg ag prbkmrg fmalg

Xgrg ag smnujlg fmalg

Xgrg ag tmrfmrg fmalg

%;626>

>?>5788 ; 8.=?>5788 ; 8.78=5 788 ; 78.=5%

%;?=>7

>?>5788 ; 8.6=66 788 ; 6=.66%

Jbvma lm pcormzg Fgjtblgl Xcrfmjtg`m

Jc pcorms 626> =54 78.=5 %

Xcorms jc mxtrmkcs ?=>7 6=.66 %

\ctga >?>5 788 %


92/270


47

6. Fcacfgr ma ttuac y ag eumjtm lm ag tgoag, lgtcs bkpcrtgjtms pgrg bjlbfgr lm

qu sm trgtg ag bjecrkgfbj qum sm mst utbabzgjlc, qu vgrbgoams sm lmtgaagj,

fujlc sufmlbmrcj acs lgtcs, mj qu pgs, lmpgrtgkmjtc, kujbfbpbc c galmg

y pcr atbkc lm ljlm cotuvbkcs ag bjecrkgfbj, yg smg lm ujg bjstbtufbj,

mjfumstg, mtf.

Jbvma lm pcormzg Fgjtblgl Xcrfmjtg`m

Jc pcorms 626> =54 78.=5 %

Xcorms jc mxtrmkcs ?=>7 6=.66 %

\ctga >?>5 788 %

\goag ?

Dgobtgjtms pcr jbvma lm pcormzg y pcrfmjtg`ms. Nugtmkgag, ?885


M`mkpac ?0

G fcjtbjugfbj mjfcjtrgr ma fuglrc lm pcoagfbj cfupglg smnj ma smxc, mlgl,

nrupc tjbfc, pcsbfbj mj ma dcngr y mstglc fcjyunga0



93/270

BNM_ \gfgj

4?

Fckc pclmkcs cosmrvgr, ma fuglrc lm ag pnbjg gjtmrbcr fcjtbmjm ogstgjtm

bjecrkgfbj. Mjtcjfms pgrg mkpmzgr dgrmkcs ujg tgoag, tckgjlc jbfgkmjtm

ag vgrbgoam "smxc" lma tctga lm ag pcoagfbj jgfbcjga.

Mjtcjfms, sbnubmjlc acs pgscs vbstcs, prbkmrc sm mxtrgm ag bjecrkgfbj qum

bjtmrmsg, sm crlmjg mj ags y fcaukjgs, sm fgafuag ma tctga lm dckorms y ku`mrms,

sm gnrmng ujg fcaukjg tbtuaglg Xcrfmjtg`m, sm gpabfg ag erkuag, sm gjctgj acs

rmsuatglcs fcj ma skocac lm pcrfmjtg`m y jgakmjtm sm fcacfg ma ttuac y ageumjtm lm ag tgoag.

Vmxc \ctga jgfbcjga Xcrfmjtg`m

Dckorm 6 >=8 822 5


94/270


46

%;Ugacr lm ag fmalg

\ctga 788

Ma pcrfmjtg`m ms tba pgrg fckpgrgr fgjtblglms. Mj ganujgs tgoags mstglstbfgs sm prmsmjtgj ags

fgjtblglms tctgams gfckpgglgs lm acs pcrfmjtg`ms pgrg qum pclgkcs fckpgrgrags y fckprmjlmr acs

lgtcs lm kgjmrg ks rpblg y smjfbaag.

Xgrg fgafuagr acs pcrfmjtg`ms lmjtrc lm ujg tgoag, sm gpabfg ag sbnubmjtm erkuag0

% ;Ugacr lm ag fmalg

\ctga 788

_msukmj

Ucfgouagrbc osbfc

fmalg0 ms ag ujblgl osbfg lm ujg tgoag, lcjlm sm bjtrclufmj lgtcs, vgacrms y erkuags.

fcaukjg0 fmalgs uobfglgs mj ecrkg vmrtbfga mj ujg tgoag.

eag0 fmalgs uobfglgs mj ecrkg dcrbzcjtga mj ujg tgoag.

eumjtm0sm rmmrm ga aungr c bjstbtufbj lm lcjlm sm cotuvbmrcj acs lgtcs. Vb ustml rmfcpba acs lgtcs,

mjtcjfms ag eumjtm lmom lmfbr0 magocrgfbj prcpbg.

pcrfmjtg`m0mxprmsg ag prcpcrfbj lm ujblglms lm fglg fbmj.

ttuac0ma ttuac lmom bjlbfgr qu, fkc, ljlm y fujlc sm cotuvbmrcj acs lgtcs prmsmjtglcs. Ma ttuac

tgkobj fcjtbmjm ma jkmrc qum ag tgoag tbmjm lmjtrc lma bjecrkm c bjvmstbngfbj, smnj ma crlmj mj

qum gpgrmfm.


95/270

BNM_ \gfgj

4 7>

4 77 ??

7? 7= ?6

75 72 ?6

7. G fcjtbjugfbj sm prmsmjtgj acs lgtcs lm ag pcoagfbj bjegjtba y `uvmjba lm ag galmg Ma \goaj. Fgafuam

ma pcrfmjtg`m lm pmrscjgs lm fglg mlgl.

Gftbvblgl 7

Eumjtm0 Magocrgfbj prcpbg

\goag ?Umjtg lm vmdfuacs jumvcs mj Nugtmkgag. Mjmrc @ujbc ?878

?. Ag tgoag qum sm prmsmjtg g fcjtbjugfbj kumstrg ag fgjtblgl lm vmdfuacs jumvcs vmjlblcs mj

Nugtmkgag mj ma prbkmr smkmstrm lm ?878. Fcj acs lgtcs lm mstg tgoag fgafuam acs pcrfmjtg`ms.

Kgrfg Fgjtblgl Xcrfmjtg`m

Ibg 2=8

Jbssgj 27=

Kgzlg >85

Dyujlgb 77?7

\cyctg ??28

Eumjtm0 Vupmrbjtmjlmjfbg lm Ogjfcs

Gutcfcjtrca


96/270


4=

\goag 6_msuatglcs mj ag prumog lm Wukbfg

_msuatglcs Fgjtblgl Xcrfmjtg`m

Gprcoglcs ?>

_mprcoglcs 7?

\ctga 62

Amg acs fgscs sbnubmjtms y rmgabfm ags gftbvblglms.

7. ]j fgtmlrtbfc lm qukbfg gpabf ag prumog pgrfbga g acs mstulbgjtms. Mstcs eumrcj acs rmsuatglcs0 ?>

gaukjcs gprcogrcj y 7? rmprcogrcj.

Mjfumjtrm ma pcrfmjtg`m pgrg fglg fgsc y msfrogac mj ag fcaukjg lm ag tgoag sbnubmjtm.

Gftbvblgl ?

Eumjtm0 Magocrgfbj prcpbg

g. Xcrfmjtg`m lm mstulbgjtms gprcoglcs0

o. Xcrfmjtg`m lm mstulbgjtms rmprcoglcs0

Vmxc lm acs mstulbgjtms Fgjtblgl Xcrfmjtg`m

?. Ag fagsm lm 6. prbkgrbg lm ag msfumag "Ma Vgomr" dgr ujg mxfursbj ga zccanbfc Ag Gurcrg. Gjtms

lm suobr ga ous, ag kgmstrg fumjtg g acs gaukjcs qum tbmjmj pmrkbsc lm sus pglrms pgrg dgfmr mstg

vbsbtg. Jmfmsbtg sgomr fujtcs jbcs y fujtgs jbgs brj pgrg jc pmrlmracs lm vbstg mj ma zccanbfc.

Mstc ms bkpcrtgjtm, pums jc g tclcs acs gaukjcs lm msg fagsm rmgabzgrj ag vbsbtg.

Ma fcjtmc lbc fckc rmsuatglc0 Jbgs0 7= Jbcs0 7?

Magocrm ujg tgoag tckgjlc mj fumjtg ma smxc lm acs mstulbgjtms. Aumnc, fgafuam ma pcrfmjtg`m lm

fglg nrupc.

\goag 5

Jbcs y jbgs qum gsbstbrj ga zccanbfc

g. Xcrfmjtg`m lm jbgs0 o. Xcrfmjtg`m lm jbcs0


97/270

BNM_ \gfgj

45



prcfmscjc

acnrglc

Lmspuslmmstulbgr...

Gjgabzc lgtcs lm pcrfmjtg`ms prmsmjtglcs mj tgoags.

Fgafuac pcrfmjtg`ms fcj lgtcs lm ujg tgoag.

Magocrc tgoags fcj pcrfmjtg`ms.

Kbjbstmrbc lm Vgaul Xoabfg y Gsbstmjfbg Vcfbga (KVXGV)

Ma Kbjbstmrbc lm Vgaul fumjtg fcj ma Vbstmkg lm Bjecrkgfbj Nmrmjfbga mj Vgaul (VBNVG), qum rmfcamftg

lgtcs scorm ag sbtugfbj lm sgaul mj ma pgs, acs fugams crngjbzg y gjgabzg pgrg nmjmrgr bjecrkgfbj qum

ngrgjtbfm ag sgaul lm acs dgobtgjtms. Ubsbtm ag pnbjg0 ncc.na/nPn


\bpc lm fckoustboam Fgjtblgl Xcrfmjtg`m

Amg ma sbnubmjtm fgsc y magocrm ujg tgoag fcj acs lgtcs scabfbtglcs.

6. Mj ag ngscabjmrg lm Lcj @uabc sm vmjlb mj ujg smkgjg0 28 ngacjms lm lbmsma, 7?8 ngacjms lm

ngscabjg rmnuagr, 48 ngacjms lm ngscabjg spmr.

g. Lbmsma0

o. Ngscabjg rmnuagr0

f. Ngscabjg spmr0

Xcrfmjtg`m lm fckoustboam vmjlblc0


98/270


4>

Nrfgs mstglstbfgs

Wu mjfcjtrgr mstg smkgjg3 Vbstmkg lm fccrlmjglgs fgrtmsbgjgs

Nrebfgs mstglstbfgs

Mstg smkgjg acnrgr0

Acfgabzgr pujtcs mj uj sbstmkg lm fccrlmjglgs fgrtmsbgjgs.

]tbabzgr ag bjecrkgfbj lm ags tgoags pgrg fcjstrubr lbgnrgkgs lm ogrrgs, lmajmgs y fbrfuagrms.

Fgafuagr nrglcs pgrg magocrgr uj lbgnrgkg fbrfuagr.

Ugacrgr ma usc lm nrebfgs pgrg prmsmjtgr lgtcs mstglstbfcs.

5


99/270

BNM_ \gfgj

44

Xgrg fckmjzgr!

Vbstmkg lm fccrlmjglgs fgrtmsbgjgs

Ags fccrlmjglgs fgrtmsbgjgs tckgj su jckorm mj dcjcr g _mj Lmsfgrtms

(7=25 75=8), kgtmktbfc, acsec y esbfc ergjfs, fcjsblmrglc fckc ujc lmacs bjtmamftugams ks lmstgfglcs lm ag rmvcaufbj fbmjtfg. Lmsfgrtms eum ma

prbkmrc mj usgr uj pagjc fgrtmsbgjc, fuyg eujfbj ms uobfgr fugaqubmr pujtc

mj uj pagjc.

]j sbstmkg lm fccrlmjglgs fgrtmsbgjgssm fckpcjm lm lcs ajmgs pmrpmjlb-fuagrms, qum ecrkgj fugtrc rmgs aagkglgs fuglrgjtms.

Ma pujtc mj lcjlm sm ùjtgj c bjtmrsmfgj ags lcs ajmgs sm lmjckbjg crbnmj y sm

rmprmsmjtg fcj ma fmrc (8). Lm kgjmrg qum acs jkmrcs pcsbtbvcs sm mjfumjtrgj

dgfbg ag lmrmfdg y dgfbg grrbog lma crbnmj y acs jkmrcs jmngtbvcs dgfbg ag

bzqubmrlg y dgfbg gog`c lma crbnmj. Xcr mstg rgzj, ags lcs ajmgs c m`ms scj rmftgsjukrbfgs.

Ag ajmg qum vg mj lbrmffbj dcrbzcjtga,sm lmjckbjg m`mxy ag ajmg qum vg mjlbrmffbj vmrtbfgasm lmjckbjg m`my. Lm mstg fumjtg, ags fccrlmjglgs fgrtmsbgjgssmgagj uj pujtc qum sm fckpcjm lm lcs fccrlmjglgs, y sm rmprmsmjtg (x, y).

78

4

5

.>4

ùjbc ?876 >.4?

ùabc ?876 >.4?

gncstc ?876 >.4=

smptbmkorm ?876 >.27

cftuorm ?876 >.2=

jcvbmkorm ?876 >.4>

lbfbmkorm ?876 >.4=

mjmrc ?87< >.48

emormrc ?87< >.>=

kgrzc ?87< >.>6

Xgrg rmgabzgr ag nrebfg lmomkcs0

Magocrgr uj sbstmkg lm fccrlmjglgsfcj acs m`ms pcsbtbvcs, ga bnuga qum malbgnrgkg lm ogrrgs.

Fcacfgr acs vgacrms mj ma m`m (y) c vmrtbfga. Xgrg ac fuga ms jmfmsgrbc blmjtbebfgrfua ms ma vgacr kmjcr y fua ma kgycr, mj mstm fgsc ma kmjcr ms >.>6 y ma kgycr

ms >.2=. Lm kgjmrg qum ma m`m (y) lmomr gogrfgr mscs vgacrms mj su jukmrgfbj.

Xgrg qum sm vmg km`cr ag nrebfg ms fcjvmjbmjtm fcacfgr vgacrms qum tmrkbjmj

mj fmrc. Mj mstm fgsc pumlm smr lmslm >.>8 dgstg 4.88. Ac bkpcrtgjtm ms qum

acs vgacrms kgycr y kmjcr mstj fcjtmjblcs mj mstm m`m.

Eumjtm0 OGJN]G\


105/270

BNM_ \gfgj

2.27>.2=

>.4>>.4=

>.48

>.>=>.>6

>.48

>.2=

4.88

>.28

>.4=

>.48

>.>=

>.>8


106/270


2=

7.6 Lbgnrgkg lm smftcrms, fbrfuagr c pgstma

Ma lbgnrgkg lm smftcrms ms ujc lm acs ktclcs nrfcs ks sbkpams, lglc

qum pgrmfm uj pgstma rmlcjlc fcrtglc mj pmlgzcs qum `ujtcs sukgj ma 788

pcr fbmjtc. Mstg nrfg ms kuy tba pgrg vbsugabzgr ags lbemrmjtms ermfumjfbgs fcj

rmspmftc g uj tctga. Acs pgscs pgrg fcjstrubr scj0

Magocrgr ujg tgoag, ga bnuga qum ags ctrgs nrebfgs sm pgrtm lm ujg tgoag, pcrac tgjtc amgkcs ag bjecrkgfbj lma fuglrc sbnubmjtm0

\goag 2Jkmrc lm pmrscjgs smnj ma jbvma lm pcormzg. Nugtmkgag, ?885

Jbvma lm pcormzg Fgjtblgl

Jc pcorms 626>

Xcorms mxtrmkcs >54

Xcorms jc mxtrmkcs ?=>7

\ctga >?>5

Eumjtm0 Bjstbtutc Jgfbcjga lm Mstglstbfg (BJM),Mjfumstg Jgfbcjga lm Fcjlbfbcjms lm Ublg ?885 (MJFCUB?885)

Gvmrbnugr qu pcrfmjtg`m fcrrmspcjlm g fglg ujg lm ags fgjtblglms.Xcr ac tgjtc, tmjlmrmkcs qum lbvblbr 626> (fgjtblgl) mjtrm >?>5 (tctga) y

kuatbpabfgrac pcr 788, qum lg fckc rmsuatglc = =54 78.== %

Xcorms jc mxtrmkcs ?=>7 6=.6< %

\ctga >?>5 788.88 %

Fgafuagr fujtcs nrglcs am fcrrmspcjlm g fglg pcrfmjtg`m,gpabfgjlc agerkuag sbnubmjtm0

Jc. lm nrglcs% lm fgtmncrg 658

788;

Jc. lm nrglcs;% lm fgtmncrg 658

788

=


107/270

BNM_ \gfgj

25

Jbvma lm pcormzg Fgjtblgl Xcrfmjtg`m Nrglcs

Jc pcorms 626> =54 78.== % 64

Xcorms jc mxtrmkcs ?=>7 6=.6< % 7?>

\ctga >?>5 788.88 % 658

\ckm mj fumjtg qum ag sukg lm acs nrglcs pumlm lgr uj jkmrc lbemrmjtm lm

658 pcr ags gprcxbkgfbcjms qum sm lgj, ac fuga jc bjlbfg jbjnj prcoamkg.

Xgrg trgzgr fglg smftcr dgy qum utbabzgr uj trgjspcrtglcr.

\rgzgr ujg fbrfujemrmjfbg y fcacfgr ujg ajmg ogsmmj fugaqubmr lbrmffbj.

Am gnrmngkcs ujg fcaukjg g ag tgoag mj ag qum msfrbobkcs acs nrglcs.

Fcacfgr ma trgjspcrtglcr y kmlbr dgfbg grrbog acs nrglcs9mj mstm prbkmrfgsc, 72=.

\rgzgr ag ajmg g acs 72= nrglcs y kcvmr ma trgjspcrtglcr dgfbg ag jumvgajmg ogsm y kmlbr acs sbnubmjtms nrglcs, (64).Fckc scac dgy trms fgtmnc-rgs, ag atbkg qumlgr fcj 7?> nrglcs, pcrqum ag sukg ms 658.


108/270


2>

Bjtmrprmtgfbj, fckc sm pumlm cosmrvgr ma


109/270

BNM_ \gfgj

24

_msukmj

]j sbstmkg lm fccrlmjglgs fgrtmsbgjgs mst fckpumstc pcr lcs ajmgs pmrpmjlbfuagrms qum smfruzgj mj uj pujtc lm crbnmj, ecrkgjlc fugtrc fuglrgjtms, fcj jkmrcs pcsbtbvcs dgfbg ag lmrmfdg

y dgfbg grrbog y jkmrcs jmngtbvcs dgfbg ag bzqubmrlg y dgfbg gog`c.

Ags nrfgs scj ag rmprmsmjtgfbj vbsuga lm ujg tgoag lm lgtcs. Acs trms tbpcs ks fckujms lmnrfgs scj0 lbgnrgkg lm ogrrgs, lbgnrgkg lm ajmgs y lbgnrgkg fbrfuagr c pgstma.

Ma lbgnrgkg lm ogrrgssm rmgabzg gsbnjgjlc ags vgrbgoams ga m`m (x) y acs pcrfmjtg`ms mj ma m`m ( y). Gfcjtbjugfbj, sm lmtmrkbjg ma gatc, sb ags ogrrgs scj vmrtbfgams, c ma agrnc, sb ags ogrrgs scj dcrbzcjtgams,

smnj ma vgacr lm fglg lgtc g rmprmsmjtgr.

Ma lbgnrgkg lm ajmgssm magocrg g pgrtbr lm ujg tgoag fcjtmjbmjlc ujg smrbm dbstrbfg lm lgtcs mj agqum fglg lgtc sm rmprmsmjtg pcr uj pujtc. Aumnc, sm ujmj tclcs acs pujtcs fcj ujg ajmg.

Ma lbgnrgkg fbrfuagrsm magocrg g pgrtbr lm ujg tgoag lm ermfumjfbg y rmprmsmjtg ma pcrfmjtg`m lm fglglgtc rmspmftc ga tctga. Xgrg lbou`gr ma smftcr c pcrfbj qum rmprmsmjtg fglg lgtc, sm utbabzg ag sbnubmjtm

erkuag0

Jc. lm nrglcs% lm fgtmncrg 658

788;

Ucfgouagrbc osbfc

lbgnrgkg lm ogrrgs0 nrfg qum utbabzg ogrrgs, mj pcsbfbj dcrbzcjtga c vmrtbfga, pgrg rmprmsmjtgrnrfgkmjtm uj fcj`ujtc lm lgtcs c vgacrms.

lbgnrgkg lm ajmgs0nrfg qum ujm kmlbgjtm ajmgs acs pujtcs lm ujg smrbm lm lgtcs pgrg kcstrgr mafckpcrtgkbmjtc lm ujg vgrbgoam g trgvs lma tbmkpc.

lbgnrgkg fbrfuagr0 nrfg mj ecrkg lm frfuac qum kumstrg ag prcpcrfbj lm acs lgtcs c vgrbgoamsrmspmftc g uj tclc.

nrfg0 tbpc lm rmprmsmjtgfbj lm lgtcs, nmjmrgakmjtm jukrbfcs, mj ecrkg lm ajmgs, vcakmjms,nurgs y supmrfbms qum egfbabtgj ag vbsugabzgfbj y fckpgrgfbj lm lgtcs.

sbstmkg lm fccrlmjglgs fgrtmsbgjgs0 pagjc fckpumstc pcr lcs ajmgs pmrpmjlbfuagrms qum sm fcrtgjmjtrm s ecrkgjlc uj pujtc lm crbnmj. Vbrvm pgrg trgzgr pujtcs mj uj pagjc.


110/270


22

Gftbvblgl 7Magocrm mj su fuglmrjc ags tgoags jmfmsgrbgs pgrg rmgabzgr acs lbgnrgkgs scabfbtglcs mj fglg bjfbsc.

Amg fcj gtmjfbj ag bjecrkgfbj.

7. Mj ag Mjfumstg Jgfbcjga lm Fcjlbfbcjms lm Ublg ?885 (MJFCUB?885) sm am prmnujt g acs mjtrmvbstglcs

sb ag fgsg lcjlm vbvgj mrg prcpbg c jc. Acs lgtcs mj ag tgoag rmeam`gj qu fcjtmstgrcj ags pmrscjgs

mjtrmvbstglgs g ag prmnujtg gjtmrbcr.

Ag nrebfg lmom tmjmr tclcs acs mamkmjtcs0 ttuacs (nmjmrga, m`ms y smftcrms), eumjtm, mtf. _mgabfm0

lbgnrgkg lm ogrrgs

lbgnrgkg lm smftcrms

Gutcfcjtrca

?. Mj ag Mjfumstg Jgfbcjga lm Fcjlbfbcjms lm Ublg ?885 (Mjfcvb ?885) sm lmtmrkbj sb lcjlm vbvg

ag kgycrg lm pmrscjgs, mrg rmg rurga c urogjg. Acs lgtcs mj ag tgoag rmeam`gj qu fcjtmstgrcj ags

pmrscjgs mjtrmvbstglgs g ag prmnujtg gjtmrbcr.

_mgabfm ags nrebfgs scabfbtglgs, rmfumrlm qum lmom tmjmr tclcs acs mamkmjtcs0 ttuacs (nmjmrga, m`ms y

smftcrms), eumjtm, mtf.

lbgnrgkg lm ogrrgs


_nbkmj lm tmjmjfbg DcngrmsFgsg jc prcpbg 745

\goag 7\mjmjfbg lm dgobtgfbj

rmg Dcngrms

_urga 64=?

]rogjg 65

\goag ?rmg lcjlm vbvmj ags pmrscjgs mjtrmvbstglgs

6. Mj uj guag lm ag msfumag Ma Xcrvmjbr gsbstm ag sbnubmjtm fgjtblgl lm mstulbgjtms0 7= ku`mrms y 7>

dckorms.

Fcj ag bjecrkgfbj prcpcrfbcjglg rmgabfm mj su fuglmrjc acs lbgnrgkgs bjlbfglcs.

lbgnrgkg lm ogrrgs



111/270

BNM_ \gfgj

788



prcfmscjc

acnrglc

Lmspuslmmstulbg

r... Acfgabzc pujtcs mj uj sbstmkg lm fccrlmjglgs fgrtmsbgjgs.

]tbabzc ag bjecrkgfbj lm ags tgoags pgrg fcjstrubr lbgnrgkgs lm

ogrrgs, lm ajmgs y fbrfuagrms.

Fgafuac nrglcs pgrg magocrgr uj lbgnrgkg fbrfuagr.

Ugacrc ma usc lm nrfgs pgrg prmsmjtgr lgtcs mstglstbfcs.

Bjstbtutc Nugtmkgatmfc lm \urbskc (BJN]G\)

Ma Bjstbtutc Nugtmkgatmfc lm \urbskc (BJN]G\) ms ag bjstbtufbj mjfgrnglg lm eckmjtgr y prckcvmr malmsgrrcaac turstbfc lm Nugtmkgag g jbvma jgfbcjga m bjtmrjgfbcjga. Ma turbskc nmjmrg mkpamcs m bjnrmscs

pgrg kufdcs nugtmkgatmfcs, mj ag ecrkg lm prmstgfbj lm smrvbfbcs lm dctmams, rmstgurgjtms, trgjspcrtm,

gs fckc magocrgfbj lm grtmsgjgs, mjtrm ctrcs. Ma turbskc glmks pmrkbtm ma bjnrmsc lm lbvbsgs, ms lm-

fbr kcjmlg lm ctrcs pgsms. Lmoblc g ag bkpcrtgjfbg lma turbskc mj ag mfcjckg jgfbcjga, ma BJN]G\aamvg

rmnbstrcs mstglstbfcs scorm ag cemrtg dctmamrg, ma bjnrmsc lm turbstgs ga tmrrbtcrbc jgfbcjga, acs tbpcs lm

vbg`mrcs qum jcs vbsbtgj, lm ljlm vbmjmj y ma lbjmrc qum lm`gj mj ma pgs. Vb lmsmg fcjcfmr ks lgtcs

scorm ma turbskc jgfbcjga m bjtmrjgfbcjga, vbsbtm ag pnbjg mamftrjbfg0

www.bjnugt.nco.nt/mstglbstbfgs.pdp



112/270

Mstglstbfg Lmsfrbptbvg Vmkgjg >

787

Lbstrboufbj lm ermfumjfbgs (B)


Mamkmjtcs lm uj fuglrc pgrg vgrbgoam fugjtbtgtbvg

]sc lm bjtmrvgacs mj mjfumstgs

Lbstrboufbj lm ermfumjfbgs

Mstg smkgjg acnrgr0

Lbemrmjfbgr acs tbpcs lm tgoags smnj acs lgtcs qum prmsmjtgj.

Magocrgr tgoags fcj lgtcs fugjtbtgtbvcs.

Fcjstrubr ujg lbstrboufbj lm ermfumjfbgs.

>


113/270

BNM_ \gfgj

78?

Xgrg fckmjzgr!

Mamkmjtcs lm uj fuglrcpgrg vgrbgoams fugjtbtgtbvgs

Ag rmfcamffbj lm lgtcs fcjstbtuym ag kgtmrbg prbkg fcj qum sm trgog`g mj acsfafuacs mstglstbfcs, pcr ac tgjtc rmsuatg kuy bkpcrtgjtm ag ecrkg mj qum

crngjbzgkcs ag bjecrkgfbj pums pcr ac nmjmrga sm gjgabzg nrgj fgjtblgl lm

lgtcs.

Mj vgrbgs sbtugfbcjms lm ag vblg fctblbgjg fckc, pcr m`mkpac, acs grtmsgjcs

trgjsecrkgj ag kglmrg, ma ogrrc, ma kmtga y ctrcs kgtmrbgams mj kumoams, crmrcs,

msfuaturgs, mtf.9 tgkobj fugjlc fcfbjgkcs, lmspus lm vgrbcs prcfmlbkbmjtcs

acs gabkmjtcs frulcs sm fcjvbmrtmj mj pagtcs gpmtbtcscs qum sm sbrvmj mj ag kmsg.

G trgvs lm uj prcfmsc sbkbagr, ags bjvmstbnglcrgs m bjvmstbnglcrms fcj ag gyulg

lm "rmfmtgs" aagkglgs erkuags y tfjbfgs, bjtmjtgj trgjsecrkgr ag bjecrkgfbj

rmfcamftglg mj rmsuatglcs qum ams pmrkbtgj prcogr sus dbptmsbs y gkpabgr susfcjcfbkbmjtcs.

Mjtcjfms, qu dgfmr pgrg trgjsecrkgr nrgj fgjtblgl lm lgtcs mj uj rmsukmj

efba lm mjtmjlmr3

Vb acs lgtcs scj fugabtgtbvcs, pclmkcs fcjstrubr ujg tgoag fckc ags qum

gprmjlbkcs mj ag smkgjg 5. M`mkpac0

Vmxc Fgjtblgl

Dckorms 78

Ku`mrms ?8

\ctga 68

Vb acs lgtcs scj fugjtbtgtbvcs, pclmkcs fcjstrubr ujg lbstrboufbj lm ermfumjfbgs

mj ecrkg lm tgoag lm bjtmrvgacs. M`mkpac0

Fagsm Ermfumjfbg

8 7 =

? 6 4

< = 78

5 > 5

\ctga (j) ?2


114/270

Mstglstbfg Lmsfrbptbvg Vmkgjg >

786

7. Lbstrboufbj lm ermfumjfbgs

Ag lbstrboufbj lm ermfumjfbgs ms ujg crngjbzgfbj, mj ecrkg lm tgoag, lm lgtcs

mstglstbfcs gnrupglcs9 mj ag tgoag sm kumstrg ag ermfumjfbg fcj qum gpgrmfmj

acs lgtcs mj fglg bjtmrvgac. Vm utbabzg fugjlc sm tbmjmj lgtcs fugjtbtgtbvcs, tgams

fckc fgabfgfbcjms, pmsc, mstgturg, mlgl, sgagrbc c fugaqubmr lgtc qum pumlg

mxprmsgrsm lm ecrkg jukrbfg.

Ga bnuga qum ags tgoags pgrg vgrbgoams fugabtgtbvgs, mst ecrkglg pcr fcaukjgs y

ags. Ag prbkmrg fcaukjg fcjtbmjm ags fagsms c bjtmrvgacs y ag smnujlg kumstrg

fujtcs lgtcs dgy mj fglg bjtmrvgac, ms lmfbr, ag ermfumjfbg. Umgkcs uj m`mkpac

pgrg mjtmjlmr km`cr.

Vm gpabfg uj mxgkmj g 7?5 mstulbgjtms y sm fcjstruym ag lbstrboufbj lmermfumjfbgs pgrg ags fgabfgfbcjms.

Magocrgr uj fuglrc fckpumstc pcr lcs fcaukjgs. Ag prbkmrg fcaukjg

lmomr aamvgr ma ttuac"fagsm c bjtmrvgac"y ag smnujlg "ermfumjfbg e",fckc

sm cosmrvg mj ma fuglrc sbnubmjtm0

Fagsm c bjtmrvgac Ermfumjfbg e

82 78

7872 7=

?8?2 75

6862 7?

2 78

4842 2

2822 =

\ctga (j) 7?5

78 fagsms c bjtmrvgacs

Xrbkmrg eag c fagsm

Wubjtg eag c fagsm



115/270

BNM_ \gfgj

78

78=

?. Fcjstruffbj lm ujg lbstrboufbj lmermfumjfbgs

]jc lm acs prcfmlbkbmjtcs pgrg fcjstrubr ujg lbstrboufbj lm ermfumjfbgs ms ma

sbnubmjtm0

Fgafuagrag gkpabtul tctga lm acs lgtcs ; lgtc kgycr lgtc kmjcr

Lmfblbr fujtgs fagsms sm utbabzgrj.Vcorm mstm gspmftc, sm rmfckbmjlg utbabzgr

jckmjcs lm = fagsms c bjtmrvgacs, jb ks lm ?8. Mxbstmj erkuags pgrg gyulgr g

lmfblbr mj fujtgs fagsms sm dgr ag lbstrboufbj lm ermfumjfbgs0

Jc. fagsms ; 7 + 6.6 acn j

Mj lcjlm jms ma jkmrc lm lgtcs qum sm tbmjmj. Ma acngrbtkc (acn) sm fgafuag

utbabzgjlc ujg fgafuaglcrg fbmjtebfg.

Lbvblbr ag gkpabtul tctga mjtrm ma jkmrc lm fagsms lmfblblc,pgrg cotmjmruj tgkgc lm fagsm gprcxbkglc.

Lmfblbr ma tgkgc lm fagsm c bjtmrvgac gprcxbkgjlc ma vgacr cotmjblc

gjtmrbcrkmjtm.

Lmfblbr ljlm bjbfbgr ag lbstrboufbj. Ac jbfc bkpcrtgjtm ms qum ags

fagsms lmomj fcjtmjmr ga jkmrc ks pmqumc y ga jkmrc ks nrgjlm.

Jc jmfmsgrbgkmjtm sm lmom bjbfbgr mj maacs.

Msfrbobr ags fagsmsfcacfgjlc ma jkmrc lma akbtm bjemrbc

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Libro Tacaná Estadística Descriptiva 1er. Sem