licenta alcaloizi folositi in farmacie.doc

8/10/2019 licenta alcaloizi folositi in farmacie.doc

1/54

CUPRINS

CAPITOLUL I: ALCALOIZII..........................................................................3

1.1. Introducere................................................................................................3

1.2.

Istoric........................................................................................................

5

1.3. Rspndire................................................................................................8

1.4. Localizare si structura.............................................................................121.5. Clasificare................................................................................................1

3

CAPITOLUL II: ALCALOIZI IZOCHINOLINICI......................................16

2.1. Prezentare plante.....................................................................................16

2.2.Papaver somniferum.................................................................................16

2.3 Corte C!inae. "coar# deC!ina..............................................................25

CAPITOLUL III: ALCALOIZI CU NUCLEU PURINIC............................3

3.1.Cafeina!..!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.33

3..Teofi"ina....................................................................................................3#

3.3.Teo$romina...............................................................................................3%

3.4."e$in#e de cafea........................................................................................3%3.5&oliu$ 'icotianae. &runz de tutun..........................................................43

3.6 A&ropina.....................................................................................................#6

3.% '(opa"mina................................................................................................#)

C('CL)*II...................................................................................................53

+I+LI(,R-&I..............................................................................................54

1


2/54

MOTTO:

n momentul admiterii mele n profesia medical, m

angajez s consacru viaa mea n folosul umanitii. Voi

lupta cu toate mijloacele pentru onoarea i nobilele tradiii

ale profesiei mele.

!urm"ntul #niversal propus de $.%.& n '()* +


3/54

ARGUMENT

Lu(rarea *e fa+, pre-in&, fina"u" a(umu",rii no+iuni"or &eore&i(e n ore"e

*e (urs /(o"ar0 referi&oare "a p"an&e0 mo*u" "or *e a(+iune0 une"e neaunsuri a"e

a*minis&r,rii a(es&ora0 (,i"e /i me(anismu" "or *e a(+iune.

2n a"eerea a(es&ei profesii a (on&a& preo(uparea mea pen&ru s&u*iu"

p"an&e"or0 no+iuni"e &eore&i(e ,sin*u4/i ap"i(are n &impu" s&aiu"ui pra(&i(

efe(&ua& n uni&a+i"e 5P"afar.

Am o$serva& impor&an+a (unoa/&erii p"an&e"or n (eea (e prive/&e a(+iunea

/i rea(+ii"e a*verse pro*use.

7in&re (api&o"e"e s&u*ia&e0 m4am opri& "a s&u*ierea aprofun*a&, a p"an&e"or

/i su$s&an+e"or a(&ive0 *in a(eas&, rup, fa(8n* par&e (e"e (are (on+in

a"(a"oi-i.

2n a(eas&, rup, in&r, /i a/a4numi&e"e *rouri0 a*i(, nar(o&i(e"e /i

s&upefian&e"e0 (um sun&: morfina /i *eriva+ii s,i 9eroin,;0 a/i/0 ni(o&ina /i

a"&e"e0 (are *in p,(a&e s(ur&ea-, via+a sau se(er, n fie(are an -e(i sau (iar

su&e *e mii *e vie+i0 n spe(ia" n r8n*u" &ineri"or.

3


4/54

CAPITOLUL I: ALCALOIZII

'.'.ntroducere

A"(a"oi-ii sun& su$s&an+e orani(e a-o&a&e0 n enera"0 *e oriine vee&a",0

e&ero(i("i(e0 a"(a"ine0 (u s&ru(&uri (imi(e (omp"e> *e a"(a"oi-i. Re(en& au fos&

pu/i n evi*en+, /i "a une"e spe(ii *e anima"e.

'pe(&ru" pre-en+ei a"(a"oi-i"or n "umea vee&a", es&e *eose$i& *e

neuniform. La (iuper(i e *in spe(ii (on+in a(es&e

su$s&an+e. 2n (a*ru" a(es&ora0 a"(a"oi-ii sun& fos& r,sp8n*i+i "a *i(o&i"e*ona&e

/i0 n mo* *eose$i&0 "a fami"ii"e: Papavera(eae0 'o"ana(eae0 Ru&a(eae0

Ru$ia(eae0 Apo(?na(eae0 Runan(u"a(eae0 Ber$eri*a(eae0 a$a(eae0

Loania(eae0 Laura(eae0 As&era(eae0 Lo$e"ia(eae0 Er?&ro


5/54

spe(ii"e enu"ui Cin(ona 9ar$orii *e (inin,; se af", n&r4o propor+ie mai

mi(, sau mai mare0 pa&ru &ipuri *e a"(a"oi-i prin(ipa"i: (inina0 (ini*ina0

(in(onina0 (in(oni*ina.

2n (e"u"e0 a"(a"oi-ii se a(umu"ea-, n su(u" va(uo"ar n *iferi&e forme:

$a-e0 s,ruri a"e a(i-i"or orani(i0 (om$ina+ii a"e &aninuri"or0 s,ruri a"e a(i-i"or

anorani(i. 2n (eea (e prive/&e "o(a"i-area n p"an&,0 a(e/&ia se (on(en&ra-, n

*iferi&e orane: frun-e 9Tea sinensis0 Er?&ro


6/54

'.-. storic

A(+iunea &o


7/54

n reiunea Lo


8/54

altele $ortale. Dra+iepapirusu"ui*es(operi& in 1%3*e Deor Gori&- E$ers /i

(are *a&ea-, *in anu" 1==>.e.n.0 respe(&iv *in (ea *e a JIII4a *inas&ie,sim

*ove-i in(on&es&a$i"e *espre (unoa/&erea *e (,&re urma/ii "ui Amenopis I a

vir&u+i"or a"u(inoene/i se*a&ivea"e opiu"ui. A(es&papirus(are pe $un, *rep&a&e

poa&e fi (onsi*era& (e" mai ve(i &ra&a& *e me*i(in,a" omenirii0 men+ionea-,

e> *e reme*ii0 n&re (are in&r, (e"e pe $a-a *e opiu0 &oa&e

(onsemna&e inpapirusu"E$ers. Je(ii (re&ania*orau pe o a/a numi&, -ei+, a

ma(i"or0 (are era Gnemos?ne/i (are n a(e"a/i &imp era /i mama Gu-e"or0 iar

ma(u"0 respe(&iv Papaver somniferum0 es&e *up, (um /&im *epo-i&aru" a

numeroase prin(ipii a"u(inoene. P"inius (e" B,&r8n*es(rie n (e"e$ra sa (ar&eIstoria natural efe(&e"e semin+e"or *e ma(0 p"an&a pe (are o a/ea-, n

(a&eoria ier$uri"or care aduc naintea oc!ilor fanto$e i iluzii distractie i

areaile.

O&r,vi&orii *e profesie *in Evu" Ge*iu n&re$uin+au a*esea p"an&e

o&r,vi&oare (a $e""a*ona0 pen&ru a pro*u(e un &ip *e in&o


9/54

'.. /sp"ndire

O*a&, (u a(eas&, *es(operire0 pu&em spune (, n(epe (u a*ev,ra& s&u*iu"

a"(a"oi-i"or0 iar *e a(e/&i (ompu/i a-o&a+i /i "ea, nume"e numero/i oameni *e/&iin+,: (imi/&ii /i farma(i/&ii Pe""e&ier /i Caven&ou0 Mosressensi0 7umas0

Ro$i@ue&0 Lauren&0 Derar*&0 Lassaine0 Roussin0 Tanre&. 2n 11Caven&ou /i

Pe""e&ier *es(oper, s&ri(nina0 pe (are o i-o"ea-, *in nu(a vomi(, 9Nu< vomi(a;.

2n 1>Rune ,se/&e (inina n s(oar+a *e @uin@uina 9Cin(ona su((iru$ra; /i

(afeina n (afea9Coffea ara$i(a;. 2n 1%Diesee reu/e/&e s, e4

1= *in a(es&e p"an&epu&8n* sin&e&i-a a"(a"oi-ii0 une"e fami"ii av8n* (iar o

&en*in+, pronun+a&, *e $iosin&e-,: Annona(eae0 Apo(?na(eae0 As&era(eae

9su$fami"ia 'ene(ioneae;0 Ber$eri*a(eae0 Boraina(eae0 Convo"vu"a(eae0Er?&ro


10/54

1. ami"ii (u (on+inu& *e a"(a"oi-i m,ri&0 a*i(, fami"ii n (are au fos&

i*en&ifi(a&e nu mai pu+in *e > *e enuri *e p"an&e (u (on+inu& *e a"(a"oi-i.

7e e *e enuri *e p"an&e (u (on+inu& *e a"(a"oi-i0

prin&re e"e Crassu"a(eae0 'a


11/54

p"an&ei D"au(ium fim$ri""ierum (on+ine numai e"ere&rin, /i sanuinarin,0 pe

(8n* n p,r+i"e aeriene a"e ei se (on+in numai pro&opin,0 (ori*in, /i

a"o(rip&opin,.

7e o$i(ei a(eia/i p"an&, (on+ine mai mu"+i a"(a"oi-i (u o s&ru(&ur,

asem,n,&oare. As&fe"0 '&r?(ni semina (on+ine a"(a"oi-i0 Cinae (or&e< pes&e

= *e a"(a"oi-i0 Ca&aran&us roseus pes&e 6=. 'un& foar&e rare spe(ii"e (are

(on+in un sinur a"a"oi* 9Den&ianae0 Ri(inum;. La une"e *in&re spe(ii sau

pro*use vee&a"e pre*omin, (an&i&a&iv unu" sau mai mu"&i *enumi+i a"(a"oi-i

prin(ipa"i. In '&r?(ni semina4 s&ri(nina /i $ru(ina0 Cinae (or&e< 4 (inina /i

(ini*ina.Unii a"(a"oi-i se ,ses( numai n anumi&e p"an&e /i sun& (ara(&eris&i(i

pen&ru a(es&e spe(ii. Gorfina se ,se/&e numai n Papaver somniferum0

(inina n spe(ii *e Cin(ona.

A"+i a"(a"oi-i (um sun& ios(iamina /i s(opo"amina se ,ses( n (8&eva

p"an&e *in fami"ia 'o"ana(eae. 'un& unii a"(a"oi-i r,sp8n*i+i n spe(ii *in

fami"ii *iferi&e (a $er$erina 9Ber$eri*a(eae0 Genisperma(eae;0 efe*rina9Epe*ra(eae0 Ga"va(eae0 Ta 9Cinae (or&e


12/54

A"(a"oi-ii se ,ses( n va(uo"e"e p"an&e"or0 su$ forma *e s,ruri (u *iferi+i

a(i-i 9a(i* $en-oi(0 (i&ri(0 me(oni(0 &ar&ri(. e&(;0 sau n (om$ina+ii &ani(e0 ns,

se mai po& ,si /i su$ form, *e $a-e (ua&ernare sau &er+iare.

'.). 0ocalizare si structura

A"(a"oi-ii se ,ses( n va(uo"e"ep"an&e"or0 su$ forma *e s,ruri(u *iferi+i

a(i-i9a(i* $en-oi(0 (i&ri(0 me(oni(0 &ar&ri(. e&(;0 sau n (om$ina+ii &ani(e0 ns, se mai

po& ,si /i su$ form, *e$a-e(ua&ernare sau &er+iare.1
http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuol%C4%83http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarehttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_benzoichttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_citrichttp://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid_meconic&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid_tartric&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taninhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baz%C4%83http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuol%C4%83http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarehttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_benzoichttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_citrichttp://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid_meconic&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid_tartric&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taninhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baz%C4%83


13/54

A"(a"oi-ii au (e" pu+in un a&om*e a-o&e&ero(i("i(0 a(es&a fiin* *e (e"e mai

mu"&e ori &er+iar0 mai rar (ua&ernar. He&ero(i("uri"ese po& (on*ensa n&re e"e sau

(u a"&e (i("uri as&fe" n(8& mo"e(u"e"ea"(a"oi-i"or po& *eveni *e &ip po"i(i("i( sau

ma(ro(i("i(. 7a&ori&, ref,rii pe nu("eu a numeroase rup,ri fun(+iona"e0 unii

a"(a"oi-i po& pre-en&a (ara(&er feno"i( 9morfina;0 a"+ii *e &ipu" a&ropinei 0

reserpineipo& forma es&eri0 e&eri 9(o*eina; sau a"(a"oi-i "i(o-i*a&i 9so"anina *in

(ar&of;. 7e o$i(ei au a(&ivi&a&e op&i(,0 fiin* "evoiri9(ei mai *es n&8"ni+i /i (u

(ea mai mare a(&ivi&a&e farma(o"oi(,; sau *e


14/54

7enumirea a"(a"oi-i"or se &ermin, (u sufiH1#N Ni(o&iana &a$a(um0E@uise&um arvense0 A&ropa

$e""a*onna

Ri(inina CHON Ri(inus (ommunis

Lo$e"ina CH%ON Lo$e"ia inf"a&a

Lo$e"anina CH=ON Lo$e"ia inf"a&a

Lo$e"ani*ina CH>ON Lo$e"ia inf"a&a

'.Alcaloizi cu nucleu troanic

A&ropina C1%H3O3N A&ropa $e""a*onna

Be"a*onina C3#H#O#N A&ropa $e""a*onna

Apoa&ropina C1%H1ON A&ropa $e""a*onna0 7a&uras&ramonium0 H?os(?amus

nier

'(opina CH13ON '(opo"ia (arnio"i(a1#


15/54

Tropina CH1=ON '(opo"ia (arnio"i(a

Hios(iamina C1%H3O3N H?os(?amus nier0 A&ropa$e""a*onna0 7a&ura

s&ramonium0 '(opo"ia(arnio"i(a

'(opo"amina C1%H1O#N A&ropa $e""a*onna0H?os(?amus nier0 7a&ura

s&ramonium0 '(opo"ia(arnio"i(a

(.Alcaloizi cu nucleu chinolinic

7i(&amnina C1H)ON 7i(&amnus a"$us

).Alcaloizi cu nucleu izochinolinicPapaverina C>H1O#N Papaver somniferum

Co*eina C1H1O3N Papaver somniferum

Gorfina C1%H1)O3N Papaver somniferum

Te$aina C1)H1O3N Papaver somniferum

Lau*anina C>H=O#N Papaver somniferum

Nar(o&ina CH3O%N Papaver somniferumNar(o&o"ina C1H1O%N Papaver somniferum

Ber$amina C3%H#>O6N Ber$eris vu"aris

OO6N Ber$eris vu"aris

Ganof"orina C>H#O#N Ber$eris vu"aris

Ce"i*onina C>H1)O=N Ce"i*onium maus

Ce"eri&rina C1

H1

O#N Ce"i*onium maus

*.Alcaloizi cu nucleu chinolizi!inic

Ber$eru$ina C1)H1=O#N Ber$eris vu"aris

Ci&isina C11H1#ON C?&isus sp.0 La$urnumana?roi*es

O(&a"upina C1#H#ON Lupinus po"?p?""us

Lupanina C1=H#ON Lupinus anus&ifo"ius0

Lupinus a"$us1=


16/54

'par&eina C1=H6N 'par&ium un(eum0'aro&amnus s(oparius0

Lupinus a"$us +.Alcaloizi !e tiul rotoinei

Crip&opina (13o=n Papaver somniferum

Pro&opina (61)o=n Papaver somniferum

,.Alcaloizi cu nucleu in!olic

Bufo&enina C1H16ON Amani&a mus(aria

C"ivonina C1%H1)O=N C"ivia minia&a

Hipeas&rina C1%H1%O=N Da"an&us niva"is0

Leu(oum aes&ivumHomo"i(orina C1H1O#N Leu(oum aes&ivum

Li(orenina C1H3O#N Nar(issus poe&i(us0Amar?""is $e""a*onna0Leu(oum aes&ivum

Gasonina C1%H1%O#N Da"an&us niva"is

Niva"ina C1H1)O=N Da"an&us niva"is

A"(a"oi-ii mai impor&an&i sun& : coniina0 nicotina0 tropanul0 atropina0 cocaina0c!inina0papaerina0 $orfina0 codeina0stricnina0 cofeinae&(.

CAPITOLUL II: ALCALOIZI IZOC-INOLINICI

16


17/54

-.-. 3rezentare plante

'.'.1. Paaer "o$ni/eru$

Ga(u" *e ra*ina 9Papaver somniferum; es&e o p"an&a perena0

(unos(u&a pen&ru frumuse&ea f"ori"or sa"e *e (u"oare rosie0 vio"e&0

a"$a0 sau ro-. Pe "ana aspe(&u" *e(ora&iv0 ma(u" es&e (u"&iva& a&a&

pen&ru semin&e"e sa"e $oa&e in u"ei0 (are au in&re$uin&are in*us&ria"a

si a"imen&ara0 *ar si pen&ru seva pro*usa0 *in (are se e


18/54

P"an&, ier$oas,0 anua",0 &u"pin, ere(&,0 p8n, "a 1 m n,"+ime0 pu+in

ramifi(a&,

run-e a"uni&4ova&e0 marini nereu"a& *in+a&e0 (u"oare ver*e4

a"$,s&ruie

"ori so"i&are mari0 (u # pe&a"e a"$e0 ro- sau "i"ia(ii0 (u o pa&, mare

vio"e&4n(is, "a $a-, Opium4 Opiu4 O$&inere

Opera+ie manua",0 "a$orioas,

Perioa*a op&im, *e re(o"&are a (apsu"e"or es&e a&un(i (8n* &re( *e "a

(u"oarea ver*e4a"$,s&ruie spre a"$en0 pe &imp frumos us(a&0 spre sear,

Capsu"e"e se in(i-ea-, (u "ame as(u+i&e sau (u+i&e spe(ia"e S

'CARIICARE

'e in(i-ea-, "a& i(ifere"e *in me-o(arp0 f,r, a a&ine en*o(arpu" pen&ru

(, e


19/54

ALCALOIZI 1>4>

A(i-i orani(i 9a(i* "a(&i(0 a(i* fumari(0 a(i* me(oni(;

D"u(i*e >

R

e -in

e

C

a u(i

u (

=41>

'u$s&an+e minera"e

Ap, 1>43>

ALCALOIZII *in OPIU sun& 7ERIJAI IZOCHINOLINICI:

Gorfinani90%4>;: GORINA0 CO7EINA0 TEBAINA

Ben-i"i-o(ino"ine 9>0=41;: PAPAJERINA0

LAU7ANIN

Te&rai*roi-o(ino"ine: NO'CAPINA 9NARCOTINA;

Aporfine: IZOBOL7INA

Pro&opine: PROTOPINA CRIPTOPINA

Pro&o$er$erine: BERBERINA COPTI'INA

Opiu" (on&ine (ir(a > *e a"(a"oi-i0 *in&re (are morfina 91>; si (o*eina

9>0=; sun& (ei mai impor&an&.

Gorfina are a(&iune ana"e-i(a in&ensa si e"e(&iva0 $a-a&a pe me(anisme

(e imp"i(a sis&eme"e pep&i*e"or opioi*e0 sero&onineri( si nora*reneri(0 (e 1)


20/54

in&ervin in (on&ro"u" (en&ra" a" sen-a&iei *e *urere. Gorfina *eprima (en&ru"

respira&or prin s&imu"area unor re(ep&ori miu *e "a a(es& nive" si ii s(a*e

rea(&ivi&a&ea "a a(&iunea e


21/54


22/54

Ora": (omprima&e re&ar* *e 1>0 3>0

6>0 1>> m

HI7ROGORONAS*eriva& semisin&e&i( a" morfinei (u a(+iuneana"e-i(, mai pu&erni(, : HI7ROGORON fio"e >0>0

HI7ROGORON4ATROPIN fio"e0 HI7ROGORON4

'COPOLAGINA fio"e


23/54

A"&e ana"e-i(e opioi*e sun& ana"oi semisin&e&i(i sau sin&e&i(i ai morfinei:

9(ei sin&e&ii(i poar&e"e *e opioi-I; (are au efe(&e ana"e-i(e uneori superioare0 *ar

&o&i au efe(&e *epriman&e respira&orii si ris( (res(u& *e *epen*en&a.

Pe&i*ina 9mia"iN; es&e primu" ana"e-i( opioi* (omp"e& sin&e&i(0 avan* un

nu("eu feni"piperi*ini(0 o s&ru(&ura in&errne*iara in&re morfina si a&ropina. Are

efe(& *e *ura&a mai re*usa *e(a& a" morfinei. 'e fo"oses&e mai a"es in (o"i(i.

Ge&a*ona es&e un opioi* *eriva& *e *ifeni"me&an0 (u po&en&a ana"e-i(a

asemana&oare morfinei. 'e ine(&ea-a su$(u&ana& in *ureri (roni(e.

3


24/54

Trama*o"u" es&e un ana"e-i( (u efe(& (ompara$i" (u (e" a" (o*einei0 u&i"

in *ureri a(u&e sau (roni(e *e in&ensi&a&e me*ie.

Co!eina 4 Actiune

An&i&usiv,

Brono(ons&ri(&oare

Efe(& ana"e-i( mai s"a$ *e(,& morfina

Po&en+ea-, a(+iunea a"&or ana"e-i(e (u (are se aso(ia-, 9para(e&amo"0

aspirin,;

'PECIALITI ARGACEUTICE:

CO7AGIN0 'OLPA7EINE0 A'CONAL

CO7EIN0 CO7EIN O'AT#


25/54

DOZA: 10-20 mg / p.o. efect antitusiv (inhiba centrul tusei

Contrain!ica5ii

4 insufi(ien+a respira&orie0 &usea as&ma&i(,0 "a (opii su$ = ani

E/ecte "ecun!are:

4 rea+,0 ver&i0 (ons&ipa+ie0 rea(+ii a"eri(e0 $rono(ons&ri(+ie

Paaerina

425#67 87/437#829ANTI'PA'TIC: re"a


26/54

'e o$+ine *e "a *iverse spe(ii *e Cin(ona /i i$ri-i ai a(es&ora0 *ar mai a"es

*e "a spe(ii"e Cin(ona su((iru$ra Pavon0 Cin(ona (a"?sa?a Me**e""0 Cin(ona

offi(ina"is L. /i Cin(ona "e*eriana Goens. 4 ar$ore"e *e (inin, 4 9Ru$ia(eae;.

7enumirea *e (ina vine *e "a nume"e in*ian ina0 (are nsemnea-, s(oar+,.

Rspndire eorafic. 'pe(ii"e sun& oriinare *in reiunea mun+i"or(or*i"ieri *in nor*u" Ameri(ii *e 'u*0 *in Bo"ivia0 Peru0 E(ua*or0Jene-ue"a0

un*e (res( /i as&,-i "a n,"+imi *e 1>>>43=>> m.

La sf8r/i&u" se(o"u"ui &re(u&0 spe(ii *e Cin(ona au fos& in&ro*use n (u"&ur,

n In*ia /i Ce?"on0 apoi n Vava0 un*e (u"&ura "or s4a e *in ne(esaru" mon*ia" se o$+inea *in Vava.

>escrierea plantei.'pe(ii"e *e Cin(ona sun& ar$ori sau ar$u/&i *e 1=4> m

n,"+ime0 (e (res( r,s"e+i nu formea-, p,*uri. run-e"e sun& opuse0 pe+io"a&e0

prev,-u&e "a $a-, (u *ou, mi(i s&ipe"e (a*u(e". Lim$u" es&e n&re0 e"ip&i( sau

ova"0 (u nerva+iune pena&,. "ori"e sun& reu"a&e0 pe &ipu" =0 *e (u"oare a"$, sau6


27/54

ro-0 p",(u& mirosi&oare0 rupa&e n (ime &ermina"e. ru(&u"0 o (apsu", mi(, ova",0

(on+ine numeroase semin+e.

(#inerea droului.'e re(o"&ea-, s(oar+a &run(iu"ui0 a ramuri"or /i (iar ar,*,(ini"or. As&,-i pro*usu" (omer(ia" se o$+ine numai *in (u"&ur,0 *e "a i$ri-i

foar&e $oa+i n a"(a"oi-i0 (are po& fi re(o"&a+i *ea "a 64% ani. 2nain&e0 *in f"ora

spon&an,0 se re(o"&a numai s(oar+a ar$ori"or *e 1=4= ani. Ar$orii &ineri sun&

*esr,*,(ina+i (u &ra(&oru" /i *e(oi+i (u &oporu"0 apoi (u (u+i&e *e os sau *e o+e"

ino


28/54

Cinina es&e o su$s&an+, (ris&a"i-a&, n a(e fine0 in(o"or,0 ino*or, /i foar&e

amar,0 foar&e pu+in so"u$i", n ap,0 so"u$i", n so"ven+i orani(i0 ("oroform0 e&er0

a"(oo".

2n p"an&, a"(a"oi-ii se a(umu"ea-, n spe(ia" n s(oar+,. run-e"e (on+in *e

asemenea a"(a"oi-i0 *ar (u nu("eu in*o"i(0 *e &ipu" (in(onaminei. Con+inu&u"

s(oar+ei n a"(a"oi-i varia-, (u spe(ia /i provenien+a0 n&re 341=. Rapor&u" n&re

a"(a"oi-i varia-, *e asemenea. 2n s(oar+a spe(iei Cin(ona "e*eriana0 (inina

repre-in&, mai mu"& *e > *in &o&a"u" *e a"(a"oi-i0 pe (8n* n s(oar+a spe(iei

Cin(ona su((iru$ra (in(onina /i (in(oni*ina repre-in&, mai mu"& *e => *in

&o&a". Cini*ina nu repre-in&, ni(io*a&, mai mu"& *e 1 *in &o&a".2n (e"u"a vie0 a"(a"oi-ii se ,ses( "ea+i (u a(.(ini( /i &anin (a&ei(0 numi&

a(.(ino&ani( A(es&a *in urm, se ,se/&e n propor+ie *e 34= /i n &imp se

&ransform, n f"o$afene numi&e ro/u *e (ina0 (e *au (u"oarea (ara(&eris&i(, a

*rou"ui.

'(oar+a mai (on+ine o "i(o-i*, amar,0 numi&, (inovosi*, sau (inovin,0

(e se *e*u$"ea-, prin i*ro"i-, n (inovo-,0 (are es&e 64*eso


29/54

ns, *up, i-o"area (ininei 91>; (, a"(a"oi-ii sun& r,spun-,&ori *e a(eas&,

a(+iune0 prepara&e"e a"eni(e au fos& n"o(ui&e (u (inina.

A(+iunea (ea mai impor&an&, a s(oar+ei *e (ina /i a a"(a"oi-i"or ei es&e

a(+iunea &o


30/54

7in&re (ei"a"+i a"(a"oi-i0 (ini*ina a ,si& u&i"i-are &erapeu&i(,0 pen&ru

a(+iunea sa mai pronun+a&, asupra inimii. Ea *iminuea-, e


31/54


32/54

3


33/54

CAPITOLUL III: ALCALOIZI CU NUCLEU PURINIC

Nu("eu" purini( poa&e fi (onsi*era& o (on*ensare n&re un ine" pirimi*ini( /i

unu" imi*a-o"i(. Nume"e *e purin, *eriv, *e "a nume"e ve(i a" a(i*u"ui uri(

9purum uri(um;0 (are a fos& primu" *eriva& purini( i-o"a& n(, n 1%%6. 7eriva+ii

purini(i sun& r,sp8n*i+i a&8& n renu" vee&a"0 (8& /i n (e" anima" /i oa(, un ro"

*eose$i& pen&ru fi-io"oia fiin+e"or vii. A*enina /i uanina *e e;. 7in&re

a(e/&ia (ei mai impor&an+i /i &erapeu&i( u&i"i-a+i sun& (afeina0 &eofi"ina /i

&eo$romina. Ei sun& *eriva+i ai


34/54

+ioenez.A"(a"oi-ii purini(i sun& $iosin&e&i-a+i *in a(eea/i pre(ursori (a

ori(e $a-, purini(, n&8"ni&, n sis&emu" $io"oi( /i anume *in uni&,+i s&ru(&ura"e

/i rupe mo"e(u"are mi(i0 (e se rupea-, n uru" "i(o(o"u"ui.

-c#iune far$acoloic7 utilizare. A"(a"oi-ii purini(i s&imu"ea-, sis&emu"

nervos (en&ra"0 in&ensifi(8n* fun(+ii"e in&e"e(&ua"e0 s&imu"8n* a(&ivi&a&ea mo&orie

/i s(,-8n* o$osea"a. Ei s&imu"ea-, *e asemenea (en&rii respira&or /i vasomo&or

*in $u"$. 2n *o-e mari provoa(, (re/&erea e


35/54

3. Teo/ilina

3=


36/54

Es&e (ea mai a(&iv, asupra apara&u"ui (ar*iovas(u"ar. Ea s&imu"ea-, mio(ar*u"

*ire(&0 (u (re/&erea amp"i&u*inii /i a fre(ven+ei $,&,i"or inimii. A(+iunea *iure&i(,

es&e (ea mai pu&erni(,0 *ar *e s(ur&, *ura&,. Are a(+iune re"a


37/54

(ar*ia(e.

Contrain!icatii 2 Teo/ilina retar! co$ri$ate

Hemoraie (ere$ra"a0 infar(& mio(ar*i( a(u&0 insufi(ien&a rena"a a(u&a0

epi"epsie0 a"erie "a &eofi"ina.

Ma"uri !e recautie 2 Teo/ilina retar! co$ri$ate

'e a*minis&rea-a (u pre(au&ie in u"(er as&ri( si *uo*ena"0 (ar*ia(i0 iper&ensivi0

iper&iroi*ieni0 rena"i si epa&i(i0 "a $a&rani si "a nou4nas(u&i. 'ar(ina si a"ap&are:

se a*minis&rea-a (u pru*en&a "a ravi*e si in perioa*a *e a"ap&are0 *eoare(e

&eofi"ina &re(e in "ap&e"e ma&ern si &raversea-a p"a(en&a. In&era(&iuni

me*i(amen&oase: nu se a*minis&rea-a (on(omi&en& (u a"&e prepara&e


38/54


39/54

Mo! !e aciune

A"(a"oi*u" are asupra omu"ui0 o a("iune asem,n,&oare (ofeinei0 *ar (u efe(&

mai re*us:

*iure&i(

vaso*i"a&a&or

s&imu"an& (ar*ia(

re"a


40/54

&eo$romin, "a om es&e *e > mY reu&a&e (orpora",0 pe (8n* "a pisi(, es&e *e

>> mY0 iar "a (8ine *e 3>> mY0 o um,&a&e *e &a$", *e (io(o"a&, omar, un

(8ine. A"(a"oi*u" es&e fo"osi& n me*i(in, (a !i (a"man& a" &usei0 n"o(uin* &rep&a&

(o*eina.

.). &emen 2offeae. &emine de cafea

'e o$+ine *e "a spe(ia Coffea ara$i(a L.

/i a"&e 6pe(ii *e Coffea (u"&iva&e0 4 ar$ore"e

*e (afea4 9Ru$ia(eae;.

Rspndire eorafic. 'pe(ia Coffea

ara$i(a nu es&e oriinar, *in Ara$ia0 (i *e pe

p"a&ouri"e na"&e a"e E&iopiei0 un*e se ,se/&e

/i a(um n f"ora spon&an,. 'e (u"&iv, n

numeroase reiuni (u ("ima &ropi(a", *in

Afri(a0 Asia0 Ameri(a0 In*one-ia0 n reiuni#>


41/54

mun&oase. ,ri"e (e"e mai mari pro*u(,&oare *e (afea sun& Bra-i"ia0 Co"um$ia0

apoi Ano"a0 Geescrierea plantei.'pe(ia es&e un mi( ar$ore *e =46 m n,"+ime0 (are n

(u"&ur, es&e men+inu& su$ form, *e ar$us&0 pen&ru a *a (8& mai mu"+i ",s&ari /i a

m,ri as&fe" pro*u(+ia. run-e"e sun& persis&en&e0 ova"e0 "u(ioase0 iar f"ori"e a"$e

sun& rupa&e (8&e 41= "a su$+ioara frun-e"or. ru(&u" es&e o *rup, ovoi*, sau

"o$u"oas,0 ro/ie "a ma&uri&a&e0 (u *ou, semin+e n&r4un me-o(arp (,rnos /i

*u"(e.

(#inerea droului.'e re(o"&ea-, fru(&e"e "a ma&uri&a&e0 manua". Pen&ru ao$+ine semin+e"e *e$arasa&e *e me-o(arpu" (,rnos *e en*o(arpu" peramen&os /i

*e &eumen&u" semina"0 e41= mm "unime /i 64 mm ",rime0

(uprin* un a"$umen (ornos0 (u suprafa+a ne&e*,0 (onve


42/54

Co$pozi#ie c!i$ic.Cafeaua ver*e (on+ine >0%40= (afeina /i urme *e

&eo$romina0 ;0 n&re (are a(.("oroeni( es&e

(omponen&u" maor. Boa$e"e *e (afea mai (on+in 1>41= "ipi*e0 =4 "u(i*e0

34= &anin /i (ir(a 1 &rione"in,0 o $e&ain, a a(i*u"ui ni(o&ini(.

Prin &orefiere se pro*u( mo*ifi(,ri n (ompo-i+ia (imi(,. Cafeina se

e"i$erea-, *in (omp"e


43/54

Cafeaua so"u$i",0 (are permi&e prepararea ins&an&anee a $,u&urii0 se o$+ine

prin e


44/54

erau i cultiate din ti$puri strec!i de indienii precolu$ieni. Prin cultur

ndelunat s9au creat o serie de ariet#i i !irizi7 foarte reu de siste$atizat

taono$ic. n co$er# se deoseesc sorturi7 nu dup apartenen#a taono$ic7 ci

dup #ara de unde proin ;tutun de ?irinia7 tutun de @acedonia etc


45/54

2n (u"&ur, se urm,re/&e a se o$+ine soiuri s,ra(e n a"(a"oi-i0 sau n (are

pre*omin, norni(o&ina0 (are es&e farma(o"oi( mai pu+in a(&iv, (a ni(o&ina.

A(es&e soiuri s,ra(e n ni(o&in, se (rea-, n in&eresu" fum,&ori"or. Pen&ru

u&i"i-area frun-e"or *e &u&un n fi&ofarma(ie0 sau "a e6 .

Ni(o&ina0 /i prin ea /i &u&unu"0 au a(+iune inse(&i(i*, /i vermifu,0 n (are

s(op sun& u&i"i-a&e n me*i(ina ve&erinar, /i mai a"es n fi&ofarma(ie. Pen&ru

(om$a&erea inse(&e"or *aun,&oare p"an&e"or se fo"oses( frun-e"e su$ form, *epu*r,0 *ar mai a"es (a e


46/54

(.+ Atroina

A&ropina es&e un a"(a"oi* na&ura" e


47/54

La nive"u" inimii0 a&ropina *e&ermin, (re/&erea fre(ven+ei (ar*ia(e0 iar "a

nive"u" ar&ere"or *e&ermin, apari+ia vaso*i"a&a+iei0 mai a"es (8n* es&e a*minis&ra&,

n *o-e mari.

Gus(u"a&ura ne&e*, as&ro4in&es&ina",0 eni&o4urinar, sau $ron/i(,0

r,spun*e "a a&ropin, prin re*u(erea &onusu"ui mus(u"ar. La persoane"e (u as&m

$ron/i( apare $rono*i"a&a+ie. .

A&ropina *e&ermin, sen-a+ia *e ur, us(a&,0 ini$8n* pu&erni( se(re+ia

"an*e"or sa"ivare /i a "an*e"or su*oripare0 provo(8n* us(area &eumen&e"or.

A*minis&rarea *e *o-e mai mari ini$, se(re+ii"e "an*e"or *ies&ive.

La nive"u" sis&emu"ui nervos (en&ra" a&ropina (om$a&e efe(&e"e pro*use *eopia(ee /i pro*u(e re"a -i"e *e "a a*minis&rare 9n &re(u&0

a&ropina era fo"osi&, *e femei pen&ru a(es& efe(&0 *e un*e *eriv, /i nume"e p"an&ei

$e""a*onna0 femei"e (u pupi"e mari fiin* (onsi*era&e mai frumoase;. Into8ica5ia cu atroin0

In&o>> *e m0 "a

a*u"&0 in&o> *e m0 &o& "aa*u"&0 s4a so"*a& (u *e(esu" pa(ien&u"ui.

In&o


48/54

An&i*o&u" in&o *e minu&e "a fo( *omo"0 apoi se s&re(oar,. run-e"e us(a&ese po& fo"osi (a +i,ri0 mai a"es pen&ru persoane"e (u as&m $ron/i(0 *eoare(e

pro*u(e $rono*i"a&a+ie.

ru(&e"e *e-tropa elladonnasun& foar&e &o


49/54

Un fe" *e a"(a"oi-i &ropane0 (are e.m (omprima&. Ine(&area: ie(are >03 m 91

m";0 >0= m 91 m" (omprima&e *e $oa", *e mi!(are: ie(are (omprima& (on"ine

pro*usu" >.m0 so*iu feno$ar$i&a" 3>m0 a&ropin, >.1=m0 *in (au-a

&ur$u"en"e"or (au-a&e;. R,u *e mi!(are efi(ien&0 fie(are servin* un ] 0 o

um,&a&e *e or, *up, re-u"&a&e"e. 7e(i0 Bao*in 9TT 'COPO7ERG; fie(are

ap"i(a& (u 10= m.

'(opo"aminei es&e un "i(i* siropos v8s(os amars

i pi(an&. 2n so"u&iia"(a"ine *i"ua&e ^i ra(emi-area enera 70 L4s(opo"amina0 pier*eri op&i( a(&iv.

Rea(&ia *e ("orur, *e mer(ur si un pre(ipi&a& a"$.

.

'(opo"aminei n prin(ipa" efe(&e"or farma(o"oi(e a"e a"(a"oi-i $e""a*onna

pu&erni(e0 poa&e fi fo"osi& pen&ru a $"o(a parasimpa&i(0 *e asemenea0 u&i"i-a& (a

*eprim, sis&emu" nervos (en&ra". A(es&a a(&ionea-, (a a&ropina0 *ar ro"u" *e un#)


50/54

pu&erni( si re"a&iv s(ur&. U&i"i-area ("ini(, enera", a s,rii sa"e $romi*ra&0 poa&e

fi u&i"i-a& pen&ru ana"e-ia0 &use0 as&m0 r,u *e mis(are pen&ru efi(a(e0 poa&e fi *e

asemenea fo"osi& pen&ru a (on&ro"a rii*i&a&ea si $oa"a &remor Parinson.

Efe(&e farma(o"oi(e

An&imus(arini(s &er&iar, pro*us amine. Ro"u" s,u n enera"0 simi"ar (u a&ropin,0

a&8& pe efe(&e"e (en&ra"e si periferi(e. A&ropina *e(8& efe(&u" pu&erni( a" se(retiei

sa"iva0 n(e&ini ri&mu" (ar*ia( nu es&e0 *e o$i(ei0 a((e"erea-, ri&mu" (ar*ia(0 mai

a"es n u&i"i-area unor *o-e mi(i. '(opo"amina si efe(&e periferi(e a&ropin,

simi"are pen&ru sa"e sa"ivare0 $ronsi(0 iar "an*e"e su*oripare ini$area pu&erni(,

*e(8& a&ropina0 mi*ria-, si para"i-ie a efe(&u"ui *e o(i mai repe*e *e(8&

a&ropina0 *ar efe(&u" a *isp,ru& repe*e0 inima0 in&es&ina"e si a mus(u"a&urii ne&e*e

$ronsi(e Ro"u" s"a$. Ea are0 *e asemenea0 s(u&i spasm si ro"u" *e

mi(ro(ir(u"a&iei. 2n *o-e &erapeu&i(e enera"e ini$a& semnifi(a&iv pe (en&ra",.

7o-e"e mari po& pro*u(e efe(&e ipno&i(e.

arma(o(ine&i(a

A$sor$&ia ora", *in &ra(&u" as&roin&es&ina" rapi*. Aproape (omp"e& me&a$o"i-a& n

fi(a&0 *oar o mi(a par&e *in *rouri oriina" n urin,. A(es&a poa&e fi0 prin $ariera

ema&o 4 (reier si p"a(en&a. ormu"area &rans*ermi( a" a(es&ui pro*us es&e *e

asemenea usor *e a a$sor$i. T1 s,u Y a fos& .)0 vo"umu" *e 1.%LY

*is&ri$u&ie. 'o"utie *e >0= *in a(es& pro*us0 o(i0 >min pro*u( un efe(&

mamin si *urea-a apro

*e minu&e0 % res&aura& &rep&a&. 7up, ine(&area *e s(opo"amin, >0= ] 10

p"asma es&e *e apro0= *in suma &o&a", a in&ro*us0 *up, (e a a&ins

(on(en&raia *e v8rf s(,-u& rapi*0 &1 Y *e 1.3=. 7is&ri$u&ia a(es&eia n=>


51/54


52/54

Be""a*onna poa&e fi ap"i(a& (a un an&i*o&. 9; s&a$i"i&a&e si feno$ar$i&a"u"0 po&

*erana Be""a*onna s&imu"en& (en&ra"e0 poa&e fi fo"osi& pen&ru &ra&amen&u"

o&r,virii Be""a*onna. 93; su"fa& *e >03 ] >0= 0 se *i-o"v, n 1>> ] => m" ap,0

poa&e fi fo"osi& (a ora", $e""a*onna eme&i( in&o


53/54

A(es&e p"an&e fiin*:

Papaver somniferum

Cor&e< Cinae '(oar+, *e Cina

2n *o-e mari0 (ina *eprim, sis&emu" nervos (en&ra"0 (eea (e e


54/54

#. Be"*i( A. "ora Rom8niei. 7e&erminan+i0 i"us&rar a" p"an&e"or vas(u"are0

vo"umu" I /i II0 E*i&ura A(a*emiei R'R0 Bu(ure/&i0 1)%)

=. Buor O. A"e

Documents

licenta alcaloizi folositi in farmacie.doc