lifeprocess-140823022842-phpapp02

8/17/2019 lifeprocess-140823022842-phpapp02

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Shwetank

Kushal

HarishAkas

h

Swapnil

MADE BY


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N u t r i

t i o n


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Life processes :-

Life processes are the basic

processes in living organismswhich are necessary formaintaining their life. The

basic life processes are n!trition" respiration"

transportation" an# e$cretion.


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&!trition is the process of ta'ingfoo# by an organism an# its

!tilisation by the bo#y to b!il#

the bo#y" for growth" to repairthe #amage# parts of the bo#y

an# for energy.

Life on earth #epen#s on carbonbase# molec!les an# most of the

foo# are also carbon base#

molec!les. The o!tsi#e raw

What is Nutrition (


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There are two main mo#es of

n!trition. They are a!totrophicn!trition an# heterotrophicn!trition.A!totrophic n!trition :- is n!trition in

which organisms prepare their own foo#from simple inorganic s!bstances li'e

carbon #io$i#e an# water in the presenceof s!nlight an# chlorophyll.

)eterotrophic n!trition :- isn!trition in which organisms gettheir foo# #irectly or in#irectly fromplants.


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&!trition in plants :-

*hotosynthesis :- is the process bywhich plants prepare foo# by !singcarbon #io$i#e an# water in the

presence of s!nlight an# chlorophyll.The foo# prepare# is carbohy#ratewhich is store# in the form of starch.+$ygen is release# in this process.

E,!ation of photosynthesis :- !nlight

/+0 1 20)0+ /)20+


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*rocess ofphotosynthesis :- *hotosynthesis ta'es place in threemain steps. They are :-

i3 Absorption of light energy bychlorophyll.ii3 /onversion of light energy into

chemical energy an# splitting !p ofwater molec!les into hy#rogen an#o$ygen.iii3 4e#!ction of carbon #io$i#e byh #ro en to form carboh #rates.


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/hlorophyll :- are the green

pigments present in the leaves. 5fwe observe a cross section of aleaf !n#er a microscope" we can

see cells containing green #otli'e str!ct!res calle# chloroplastswhich contain chlorophyll.


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tomata :- are tiny pores present in theleaves thro!gh which e$change of gasesta'es place. Each stoma has a pair ofg!ar# cells which controls the openingan# closing of the stomatal pore. 6henwater enters the g!ar# cells" it swells

an# the pore opens an# when the g!ar#cells lose water" it shrin's an# the porecloses.


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&!trition in animals :-

&!trition in amoeba :-

Amoeba is a !nicell!lar animal living inwater. 5t ta'es in foo# by forming 7nger li'epro8ections calle# pse!#opo#ia an# forms afoo# vac!ole. 5nsi#e the foo# vac!ole the

foo# is #igeste# an# absorbe#. The!n#igeste# foo# is then sent o!t thro!ghthe s!rface of the cell.


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&!trition in )!man beings :-

&!trition in h!man beingsta'es place in the #igestivesystem. 5t consists of thealimentary canal an#glan#s which pro#!ce

en9ymes which brea's#own foo# into smallermolec!les. The main organs of the

#igestive system aremo!th" oesophag!s"stomach" small intestine"large intestine" an# an!s.

The main glan#s are


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5n the mo!th :- the foo# is bro'en#own into smaller particles by theteeth an# mi$e# with saliva from the

salivary glan#s. aliva contains theen9yme salivary amylase whichconverts starch into s!gar. Then the

foo# passes thro!gh the oesophag!sinto the stomach.

5n the stomach :- the gastric glan#spro#!ce gastric 8!ice which contains theen9yme pepsin" hy#rochloric aci# an#

m!co!s. *epsin brea's #own proteins.)y#rochloric aci# ma'es the me#i!maci#ic an# helps in the action of pepsin.M!co!s protects the walls of the stomach

from the action of the aci#. Then the foo#


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5n the small intestine :- the glan#s the wallsof the small intestine pro#!ces intestinal

8!ice. The en9ymes of the intestinal 8!icecoverts carbohy#rates into gl!cose" fatsinto fatty aci#s an# glycerol an# proteinsinto amino aci#s. The walls of the small

intestine has several 7nger li'e pro8ections

5n the !pper part of the smallintestine :- the foo# is mi$e# with bile

from liver an# pancreatic 8!ice fromthe pancreas. Bile brea's #own fats

into smaller glob!les. *ancreatic 8!icecontains the en9ymes trypsin an#

lipase. Trypsin brea's #own proteinsan# lipase brea's #own fats.


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4 E - * 5 4 A

T 5 + &


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4espiration is the process by which foo# is b!rnt in

the cells of the bo#y with the help of o$ygen torelease energy. 5t ta'es place in the mitochon#riaof the cells. The energy release# #!ring respiration is !se#

to ma'e AT* molec!les A#enosine tri phosphate3from AD* molec!les A#enosine #i phosphate3 an#inorganic phosphate. Energy AD* 1 *hosphate AT*

from respiration Energy is store# in the cells in the form of AT*molec!les. 6hen the cells nee# energy" AT* isbro'en #own in the presence of water to form AD*

an# energy is release#.

6hat is

respiration (


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Types of respiration :-

Aerobic respiration :- ta'es place in the presence ofo$ygen. 5t pro#!ces more energy. The en# pro#!ctsare carbon #io$i#e" water an# energy. 5t ta'esplace in most organisms. 5n aerobic respiration gl!cose is converte# intopyr!vate in the cytoplasm in the presence ofo$ygen an# then in the presence of o$ygen"pyr!vate is converte# into carbon #io$i#e" wateran# energy in the mitochon#ria.Anaerobic respiration :- ta'es place in the absence

of o$ygen. 5t pro#!ces less energy. The en#pro#!cts are lactic aci# or ethanol" carbon #io$i#e"an# energy. 5t ta'es place in m!scle cells an#yeast. 5n anaerobic respiration in m!scle cells" gl!coseis converte# into pyr!vate an# in the absence of


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4espiration in )!mans :-

The main organs of the respiratorysystem are nostrils" nasal cavity"pharyn$" laryn$" trachea" bronchi"

bronchioles" l!ngs an# #iaphragm.


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Air enter thro!gh the nostrils.The hairs an# m!co!s traps the

#!st particles. 5t then passesthro!gh the phrayn$" laryn$"

trachea" bronchi an# enters thel!ngs. The trachea has rings of

cartilage which prevents itfrom collapsing when there is

no air in the trachea. Thebronchi #ivi#es into smaller

t!bes calle# bronchioles whichen#s in tiny air sacs calle#

alveoli. The alveoli is s!pplie#with bloo# vessels thro!gh

which e$change of gases ta'es

place. The alveoli helps to


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Mechanism of breathing :-

6hen we breathe inair" the m!scles of the#iaphragm contractsan# moves #ownwar#an# the chest cavity

e$pan#s an# air entersinto the l!ngs.6hen we breathe o!t

air" the m!scles of the

#iaphragm rela$es an#moves !pwar# an# thechest cavity contractsan# air goes o!t of thel!ngs.


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a n s p o r t a t i

o n


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Transportation in )!manbeings :-

The main transport system in h!man beings is thecirc!latorysystem. 5t consists of bloo#" arteries" veins capillaries

an# heart.i3 Bloo# :- transports foo#" o$ygen an# wastepro#!cts. 5t consists ofplasma" re# bloo# cells 4B/3" white bloo# cells

6B/3 an# platelets.*lasma transports foo#" water" carbon #io$i#e"nitrogeno!s waste etc.4e# bloo# cells transports o$ygen. 6hite bloo# cells'ills harmf!l microbes an# protects the bo#y.

*latelets help in clotting of bloo# an# prevents loss


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ii3 Arteries :- carry p!re bloo# from the heart to all partof the bo#y.They are thic' walle# an# #o not have valves.

iii3 ;eins :- carry imp!re bloo# from all parts of the bo#to the heart. They are thin walle# an# have valves.iv3 /apillaries :- are very narrow bloo# vessels whichconnectsarteries an# veins together. The e$change of foo#"

water" o$ygen"carbon #io$i#e etc. between the bloo# an# cells ta'eplace thro!ghthe capillaries.

v3 )eart :- is a m!sc!lar organ which p!mps bloo#to all parts of the bo#y. 5t has fo!r chambers. The

!pper chambers are calle# atria an# the lower

hambers are calle# ventricles. ince the ventriclesp!mp bloo# to the #i


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bloo#3 :-

6hen the left atri!m rela$es o$ygenate#bloo# from the l!ngs =ows into itthro!gh the p!lmonary vein. 6hen itcontracts" the left ventricle e$pan#s an#

the bloo# =ows into it. Then the leftventricle contracts an# the o$ygenate#bloo# is p!mpe# o!t thro!gh the aorta

to all parts of the bo#y. After circ!latingthro!gh all parts of the bo#y the#eo$ygenate# bloo# enters the rightatri!m thro!gh the vena cava. 6hen theright atri!m contracts" the right ventricle


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Lymph :- is a colo!rless =!i# present inintercell!lar spaces. 5t is forme# from theplasma which escapes from the capillaries.Lymph #rains into lymphatic capillaries which

forms lymph vessels an# 8oins into largeveins. Lymph transports #igeste# fats an# #rainse$cess =!i#s from intercell!lar spaces bac'

into the bloo#. 5t contains lymphocytes which

Then the right ventricle contracts an# the bloo#is p!mpe# to the l!ngs thro!gh the p!lmonaryartery. 5n the l!ngs carbon #io$i#e is remove#

an# o$ygen is absorbe# an# the o$ygenate#bloo# again enters the left atri!m an# theprocess repeats. ince bloo# =ows thro!gh the heart twice in

one cycle" it is calle# #o!ble circ!lation.


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Transportation in plants :-

5n plants" transportation of materials li'e foo#"

water an# minerals ta'es place thro!ghcon#!cting tiss!e calle# $ylem an# phloem.i3 >ylem :- transports water an# minerals fromthe roots to all parts of the plant. 5t consists of

$ylem vessels an# trachei#s. 6ater an# mineralsenter the roots by #i


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E $ c r e

t i o n


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E$cretion in )!man

beings :-The e$cretory system consists of a pair of

'i#neys " a pair of !reters" !rinary bla##er an#!rethra. Each 'i#ney has a n!mber of e$cretory!nits calle# nephrons.&ephron :- Each nephron has a c!p li'e str!ct!re calle# Bowman@s

caps!le containing a b!n#le of capillaries calle#glomer!l!s. The Bowman@s caps!le lea#s into a t!b!larstr!ct!re which 8oins into a collecting #!ct. The renalartery brings the nitrogeno!s waste li'e ammonia" !rea"!ric aci# !rine3 along with e$cess water" salts etc. into

the nephron. 5t 7lters the nitrogeno!s waste" water an#salts which passes thro!gh the t!b!lar str!ct!re into thecollecting #!ct.The waste then passes thro!gh the !reters into the!rinary bla##er an# is then sent o!t thro!gh the!rethra as !rine. The !sef!l pro#!cts li'e amino aci#s" gl!cose" saltsetc. are reabsorbe# by the capillaries aro!n# thet!b!lar str!ct!re an# goes into the real vein.


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E$cretion in

plants :-

5n plants the gaseo!s waste pro#!ctspro#!ce# #!ring respiration /+03 an#

photosynthesis +03 are remove# thro!gh

the stomata. E$cess water is remove#thro!gh the stomata. This process is calle#transpiration.

ome waste pro#!cts are store# in the leaves an#remove# when the leaves #ry an# fall o


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