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Lighting Control Strategies
to meet code requirements
save energy
and improve building performance
1
Lighting Control Strategies Agenda
• Why Lighting Control
• Manual Light Reduction
• Scheduling
• Occupancy Sensing
• Daylight Harvesting
• Digital Lighting Control Example
• Summary
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Why Lighting Control?
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Energy management Sustainability
Visual needs
Why Lighting Control?
Energy Management & Sustainability
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2006 Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Energy End-Use
2006 Commercial Energy End-User Expenditures ($2006 Billion)
Source: U.S. Department of Energy, 2009
Why Lighting Control?
Energy Management & Sustainability… increasing energy rates
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0
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4
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10
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1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Cents per kWh
Source: US Dept. of Energy, Energy Information Administration
Why Lighting Control?
Energy Management & Sustainability… Standards & Codes
6Source: U.S. Department of Energy, 2010
Why Lighting Control?
Energy Management & Sustainability… requirements for lighting control
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Mandatory Control Requirements in Energy
Codes
Automatic Shutoff of Indoor Lighting
Automatic Shutoff of Outdoor Lighting
Space Controls for Indoor Lighting
IECC: Light Reduction Control IECC 2009: Separate control of daylight zones
90.1: Display Lighting Control
Why Lighting Control?
Energy Management & Sustainability
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Utility demand response Green buildings movement
Why Lighting Control?
Visual Needs… the right lighting for the task & flexible spaces
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Why Lighting Control?
Popular Lighting Control Strategies
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Strategy Suitable Applications Demonstrated Energy Savings
Manual light reduction Any application requiring flexibility, particularly applications where lighting can be adjusted without irritating other occupants
8-22%
Occupancy sensing Smaller, enclosed, intermittently occupied spaces
35-55%
Scheduling Larger, open spaces regularly occupied on a predictable schedule, or intermittently occupied spaces where the lights must stay ON when occupied for safety or aesthetics
No estimate
Daylight harvesting Spaces adjacent to windows and skylights with significant daylight availability
40-70%
Manual Light Reduction
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Users adjust controls manually
Adjusts light levels until
desired level is achieved
Controller
Overview
Manual Light Reduction
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• Individual control of lighting to increase satisfaction; and
• Multiuse group spaces such as conference rooms and classrooms
Manual Light Reduction
Energy Savings
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Lighting Controls Effectiveness Assessment, ADM Associates, May 2002. Multilevel switching:
• 22% in private office• 16% in open office• 8% in classroom• 15% in retail environment
National Research Council study on integrated lighting controls in open office, 2007. Personal dimming control:
• 11% in open office
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Astronomical time clock
implements programmed
schedule
Dims or switches lights at
programmed times
Controller
Scheduling
Overview
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• Manages light status based on time of day• Good for larger open spaces; and• Occupied most of the time; or• Lights cannot be turned OFF during
normal operating hours without hurting safety or security
Scheduling controls comply with commercial building energy codes requiring automatic lighting shutoff.
Scheduling
Occupancy Sensing
Occupancy Sensor
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Detects presence or absence of
people
Lowers or turns OFF lights when people absent
Controller
Vacancy Sensor
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Detects absence of people
Lowers or turns OFF lights when people absent
Controller
Occupancy Sensing
Overview• Turn off lights in an empty room
• Vacancy sensors, manual on, make light use purposeful
• Occupancy and vacancy sensors comply with commercial building energy codes requiring automatic shutoff
• Ideal applications– smaller, enclosed spaces
– spaces that operate on an unpredictable schedule
– spaces that are intermittently occupied
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Occupancy Sensing
Energy Savings
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Space Type
Lighting Energy Savings Demonstrated in Research or Estimated as Potential
Study Reference
Private Office 38%
An Analysis of the Energy and Cost Savings Potential of Occupancy Sensors for Commercial Lighting Systems, Lighting Research Center/EPA, August 2000.
Classroom 55%
Restroom 42%
Conference room 23%
Break room 15%
Open Office 15% Lighting Controls: Patterns for Design, R. A. Rundquist Associates, Electric Power Research Institute, 1996.
Open Office (individualfixture control)
35% Canada National Research Council study on integrated lighting controls in open office, 2007.
Occupancy Sensing
Calculating Potential Energy Savings
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• Service offered by some manufacturers
• Records activity of building’s lighting and occupancy patterns
• Data presented in “Lights ON vs. Occupancy” timeline
• Customized reports quantify energy savings from sensors
Data loggers
Occupancy Sensing
Detection Methods
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Passive infrared
“I see you.”
Ultrasonic
“I feel you.”
Acoustic
“I hear you.”
Occupancy Sensing
Detection Methods
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Passive infrared
Passive infrared (PIR) Technology• Passive technology• Senses body heat in motion• Requires line of sight• Field of view can be adjusted• Most sensitive to lateral motion (across sensor)• Sensitivity to movement decreases with distance• Avoid mounting near sources of heat
Occupancy Sensing
Detection Methods
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Passive infrared
Passive infrared (PIR) Applications• Smaller, enclosed indoor spaces such as private offices,
utility closets, storage rooms • “Captive” outdoor spaces such as building perimeter• Spaces where sensor has a line of sight to activity• Spaces requiring limited field of view, such as
corridors, perimeter circulation zones in open office plans, warehouse aisles
Occupancy Sensing
Detection Methods
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Passive infrared
Passive infrared (PIR) Placement• Can be mounted at wall switch, wall, ceiling and as
part of a light fixture• Sensor should detect occupancy immediately• Sensor should not detect occupancy outside controlled
space• Position sensor above or close to the main areas of
activity in a space• View should not be obstructed by door swing• Do not place within 6-8 ft. of a heat source such as an
HVAC air diffuser• Ensure proper coverage based on range and coverage
pattern• Most sensitive to lateral motion
Occupancy Sensing
Detection Methods
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Ultrasonic
Ultrasonic Technology• Active technology• Emit ultrasonic sound waves and sense frequency
changes in waves reflected back to the sensor• Can “see” around obstacles• Field of view cannot be adjusted• Most sensitive to motion to and from sensor• More sensitive than PIR to minor motion• Avoid mounting near sources of air flow
Occupancy Sensing
Detection Methods
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Ultrasonic Applications• Open indoor spaces, such as open offices• Spaces with obstacles, such as bathrooms, private
offices• Spaces requiring greater sensitivity (ultrasonic) and
reliability (dual-technology), such as classrooms, conference rooms
Ultrasonic
Occupancy Sensing
Detection Methods
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Ultrasonic Placement• Can be mounted at wall switch, wall, ceiling• Sensor should detect occupancy immediately• Sensor should not detect occupancy outside controlled
space• Position sensors above or close to the main areas of
activity in a space• View should not be obstructed by door swing• Do not place near airflow or on sources of vibration• Avoid mounting on very high ceilings (>14 ft.)• Hard surfaces ideal; soft surfaces such as fabric partition
walls can reduce sensitivity• Ensure proper coverage based on range and coverage
pattern• Most sensitive to motion to and from sensor
Ultrasonic
Occupancy Sensing
Detection Methods
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Acoustic
Acoustic Technology• Passive technology• Microphone listens for sounds caused by typical
motion• Uses on-board intelligence to distinguish between
white noise and human activity
Occupancy Sensing
Detection Methods
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Passive infrared
Ultrasonic
Active dual technology• Combines ultrasonic and PIR technologies• PIR must detect occupancy to turn lights ON• Only one must detect occupancy to keep lights ON• Recommended for applications requiring greater
reliability than single technology
Occupancy Sensing
Detection Methods
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Passive infrared
Passive dual technology• Combines acoustic and PIR technologies• PIR must detect occupancy to turn lights ON• Only one must detect occupancy to keep lights ON• Lower power consumption than active dual technology• Recommended for applications requiring greater
reliability than single technology
Acoustic
Occupancy Sensing
Detection Methods
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Passive infrared
Ultrasonic
Acoustic
Dual-technology Applications• Open indoor spaces, such as open offices• Spaces with obstacles, such as bathrooms, private
offices• Spaces requiring greater reliability, such as classrooms,
conference rooms
Occupancy Sensing
Detection Methods
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Passive infrared
Ultrasonic
Acoustic
Dual-technology Placement• Can be mounted at wall switch, wall, ceiling, high-bay
light fixtures• Sensor should detect occupancy immediately• Sensor should not detect occupancy outside controlled
spaces• Position sensors above or close to the main areas of
activity in a space• View should not be obstructed by door swing• Do not place within 6-8 ft. of a heat source such as an
HVAC air diffuser• Ensure proper coverage based on range and coverage
pattern• Acoustic detection facilitated by hard floors and lack of
white noise
Occupancy Sensing
Connection to Power
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Occupancy Sensing
Mounting Options
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Wall switch
Wall switch• Easiest method of adding occupancy detection• Replaces toggle switch without additional wiring• 30-50% energy savings• Lowest-cost approach for individual room control
Occupancy Sensing
Wall-mount Coverage Pattern
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Passive infrared (PIR) wall-mount sensor
Occupancy Sensing
Wall-mount Coverage Pattern
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Passive dual-technology wall-mount sensor
Occupancy Sensing
Wall-mount Application Example
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PIR wall-mount sensor: storage closet
Passive dual-technology wall-mount sensor: small restroom
Occupancy Sensing
Mounting Options
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360º and wide view
360º and wide view• Ceiling and high wall/corner• Economical for control of large zones• Also good for spaces where line of sight is blocked• Can be connected for control of areas larger than can be
controlled by single sensor
Occupancy Sensing
Ceiling-mount Coverage Pattern
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Passive infrared (PIR) ceiling-mount sensor with extended-range lens
Occupancy Sensing
Wide View Coverage Pattern
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Passive infrared (PIR) sensor with wide view lens
Occupancy Sensing
Ceiling-mount Application Example
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PIR ceiling-mount sensor: private office
Passive dual-technology ceiling-mount sensor: classroom
Occupancy Sensing
Wide View Application Example
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PIR wide view sensor: large classroom
Occupancy Sensing
Mounting Options
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Narrow view
Narrow view PIR• Typically mounts at either end of long corridors• Capable of long-distance detection• More sensitive at longer than shorter distances• Can be connected for control of larger areas
Occupancy Sensing
Narrow View Coverage Pattern
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Passive infrared (PIR) sensor with narrow view lens
Occupancy Sensing
Narrow View Application Example
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PIR narrow view sensor: hallway
Occupancy Sensing
Mounting Options
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High-bay• Build with same features as 360º and wide view
sensors but optimized for high-bay fixture mounting• Ideal for spaces where high mounting is important
High bay
Occupancy Sensing
High Bay Coverage Pattern
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Passive infrared (PIR) sensor with high-bay 360 lens
Occupancy Sensing
High Bay Application Example
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PIR high bay sensor: warehouse aisle coverage
Occupancy Sensing
High Bay Application Example
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Occupancy Sensing
Configurations
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Vacancy sensing
Occupancy Sensing
Bilevel switching
A
B
Configurations
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A B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A B
Occupancy Sensing
Dimming
Configurations
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Occupancy Sensing
Sensitivity
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• Field-adjustable setting on sensor that expresses how responsive sensor is to movement
• Sensor should detect major and minor motion as needed
• Too high = false-ON triggering• Too low = false-OFF triggering• Changing sensitivity can change range and
coverage pattern• Self-calibrating sensors require little or no
adjustment of sensitivity
Occupancy Sensing
Time Delay
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• Field-adjustable setting on sensor that expresses how much time will pass before lights are turned OFF after last motion detected
• Time delays help avoid false triggering• Long delay = Longer lamp life, lower energy
savings• Short delay = Higher energy savings, shorter
lamp life
Occupancy Sensing
Time Delay
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• Industry recommends 10-15 minutes• Energy codes: maximum 30 minutes• Digital system enables longer time delay
during normal hours and shorter delay after hours to increase savings
• Self-calibrating sensors require little or no adjustment of time delay and ensure the best balance between delay and lamp life
Occupancy Sensing
Overview… introduction to daylighting
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Daylight Harvesting
Toplighting Sidelighting
Overview… benefits of daylight
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Daylight Harvesting
• Numerous studies link daylight and views to higher levels of satisfaction and productivity
• Maximum 40% increase in sales in retail study
• Students with highest levels of daylight progressed 20-26% faster on math and reading tests in school study
• Office workers performed 10-25% better on tests and recall when they had the best possible view in office study
Energy Savings
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Daylight Harvesting
Space Type
Lighting Energy Savings Demonstrated in Research or Estimated as Potential
Study Reference
Private Office (sidelighting)
50% (manual blinds) to 70% (optimally used manual blinds or
automatic shading)Effect of Interior Design on the Daylight Availability in Open Plan Offices, National Research Council of Canada, 2002.Open Office
(sidelighting)40%
Classroom (sidelighting)
50% Sidelighting Photocontrols Field Study, Heschong Mahone Group, 2003.
Typical Daylight Harvesting System
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Daylight Harvesting
The photosensor monitors daylight levels.
When daylight level exceeds target threshold, signal sent to controller, which may be dimmer, relay or ballast.
Controller switches or dims lights to maintain target light level.
Switch enables local override of automatic controls.
Controller
Energy Standards & Codes
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Daylight Harvesting
• Define daylight control zone: Lighting next adjacent to skylights and windows
• Require separate control of daylight control zone: Lighting must be controlled separately from other general lighting in the space
LEED
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Daylight Harvesting
• Daylight 75% of Spaces (IEQ, Credit 8.1, 1 LEED point): Introduce daylight into at least 75% of regularly occupied building areas with a minimum of 25 fc
• Views for 90% of Spaces (IEQ, Credit 8.2, 1 LEED point): Introduce views in at least 90% of regularly occupied building areas—a direct line of sight to the outdoor environment via vision glazing
• Daylight harvesting (Green Interior Design & Construction) (2 points): Introduce daylight harvesting controls in all daylighted areas (1 point) and/or on 50% of the lighting load (1 point)
Zoning
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Daylight Harvesting
Dimming vs. Switching… Dimming Example
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Daylight Harvesting
Enables control to be transparent to occupants Ideal for reducing lighting to reduce costs in spaces occupied by people performing critical tasks Retailers, offices, classrooms
Dimming vs. Switching… Switching Example
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Daylight Harvesting
Multizonal (daylight zone turned OFF) or multilevel (lighting in control zone reduced in steps) Ideal for spaces where gradual lighting response will not distract occupants Warehouses, concourses, lobbies, atria, corridors
Switching… alternate lamps method
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Daylight Harvesting
Switching… inboard/outboard lamps method
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Daylight Harvesting
Switching… alternate fixtures
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Daylight Harvesting
Switching… alternate rows of fixtures
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Daylight Harvesting
Centralized vs. Distributed Systems
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Daylight Harvesting
Centralized
Distributed
Centralized Systems
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Daylight Harvesting
Distributed Systems
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Daylight Harvesting
Digital vs. Analog Controls
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Daylight Harvesting
Digital Analog
Photosensor Basics
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Daylight Harvesting
Standalone Photosensors
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Daylight Harvesting
Standalone Photosensors
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Daylight Harvesting
System Based Photosensors
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Daylight Harvesting
Indoor Outdoor
Photosensor Placement… open loop
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Daylight Harvesting
Photosensor Placement… open loop
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Daylight Harvesting
Photosensor Placement… closed loop
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Daylight Harvesting
Photosensor Placement… north facing facade
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Daylight Harvesting
Photosensor Placement… south facing facade
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Daylight Harvesting
Photosensor Placement… east/west facing facade
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Daylight Harvesting
Photosensor Placement… top exposure
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Daylight Harvesting
Photosensor Placement… mixed exposures
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Daylight Harvesting
Photosensor Placement… indirect lighting
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Daylight Harvesting
Ceiling mounted Fixture mounted
Networked Lighting Control Example
Networked Lighting Control Example
Embedded Digital Technology …
• Digital Lumen Management saves 20% energy out-of-the-box
• Dimming control standard
• “Plug and play” network & controls upgrade capability w/ CAT5 cable
• The best way to increase ROI for LED
• Compatible with other networked sensors and controls
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Networked Lighting Control Example
LED or fluorescent luminaire
Wall Dimmer
Manual On / Automatic Off• Manual Raise/Lower• Personal Controls on Desktop• 35% - 50% energy savings
Automatic “dim” On / Automatic OffOcc Sensor “dims up” to 50%• Manual Raise/Lower• Personal Controls on Desktop• 25% - 35% energy savings
Automatic Daylight HarvestingManual On / Automatic Off• Manual On – activates the photocell• Manual raise or lower• Personal Controls on Desktop• 50% - 65% energy savings
Occupancy SensorCombined Photocell & Occupancy Sensor
Private Office
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Networked Lighting Control Example
Entry Switch: Turns on lights and engages the photocell (automatic daylight harvesting).
Occupancy Sensor: Turns lights off after room is vacant
Teacher Controls: Provides teacher with the capability to override and set lighting levels for:
• Presentation Mode• Movie Mode:• White Board – Toggle On/Off
Primary Daylit Zone: Provides greatest amount of dimming next to windows
Secondary Daylit Zone: Provides less dimming than Primary Daylit Zone…usually a percentage of Primary.
White Board Zone: Provides the capability to control the lights next to the white board differently the rest of the room.
White Board Zone
Primary Daylit Zone
Secondary Daylit Zone
Entry Switch #1
Teacher Controls
EntrySwitch #2
Occupancy Sensor
Photocell
Classroom
Networked Lighting Control Example
Summary
• Manual control, scheduling, occupancy sensing, and daylight harvesting are the primary lighting control strategies
• Combining lighting control strategies increases energy savings, building performance, occupant productivity, and sustainable design goals
• Modern lighting control systems simplify system design, specification, and support
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