T I T I L I V I AB URBE CONDITA

L I B E R P R I M U S

L I I I ( i )

W A R W I T H T H E V O L S C I A N S

1 Bu t a l though he was an un jus t k ing in t imes o f peace , never the les s he was no t a dep lo rab le commander in war ; i n fac t he wou ld have r i va l led the k ings be fo re h im in th i s sk i l l i f h i s degenera te na tu re in o the r respec t s had no t b lo t ted ou t t h i s mer i t as we l l .

2 He was the f i r s t to in s t iga te war w i th the Vo l sc i , wh ich was to las t fo r more than two hundred years a f te r h i s t ime , and he took Suessa Pomet ia f rom them by fo rce .

3 There , when he had made fo r ty ta len t s o f s i l ve r f rom the auc t ioned boo ty , he came up w i th the idea o f a Temple o f Jup i te r , o f such g randeur tha t i t wou ld be wor thy o f t he k ing o f gods and o f men , and o f t he Roman empi re , and even o f t he magn i f i cence o f t he s i te i t se l f [Rome] ; he pu t t he money f rom the boo ty as ide fo r t he bu i ld ing o f t h i s temp le .

L I I I ( i i )

T H E I N F I L T R A T I O N O F G A B I I

4 Nex t he engaged in a war [wh ich wen t ] s lower than expec ted , i n wh ich he advanced on Gabi i , a nearby c i t y , and a f te r a t tack ing i t i n va in by fo rce , s ince any hope o f bes ieg ing the c i t y had a l so been los t a f te r he was d r i ven back f rom i t s wa l l s , [he a t tacked i t ] i n the end by a d i s t i nc t l y un -Roman s t ra tegy , dece i t and t r i cke ry .

5 Fo r when he was p re tend ing tha t he was busy w i th lay ing the founda t ions o f h i s temp le and o the r works in the c i t y , as i f he had g iven up the war , h i s son Sex tus , who was the younges t o f t he th ree , f l ed ac ross , as a r ranged , to Gab i i , compla in ing o f h i s fa the r ’ s i n su f fe rab le c rue l ty towards h im : [he dec la red tha t ] he had now sh i f t ed h i s sp i te f rom s t rangers to h i s own fami ly and tha t he was a l so [ so ] t i red o f h i s la rge number o f ch i ld ren , t ha t he was rec rea t ing a l so a t home the s ta te o f be ing a lone wh ich he had c rea ted in the Sena te House , so tha t he d idn ’ t l eave beh ind any o f f sp r ing , nor any he i r to the k ingdom.

6 [Sex tus con t inued tha t ] he in fac t be l ieved , s l ipp ing away th rough the m i s s i l e s and swords o f h i s fa the r , t ha t nowhere a t a l l was sa fe fo r h im excep t among the enemies o f Luc ius Tarqu in iu s . Fo r [he sa id ] they shou ld make no m i s take : t he war wh ich he [Tarqu in iu s ] was p re tend ing had been la id as ide was wa i t i ng fo r them, and he wou ld a t tack them unawares when the oppor tun i t y a rose .

L I I I ( i i i )

T H E D E C E P T I O N I S S U C C E S S F U L

7 Bu t i f [he sa id ] the re was no room among them fo r supp l ian t s , he wou ld wander th roughou t a l l o f La t ium, and wou ld then head ou t to the Vo l sc i and the Aequ i and the Hern ic i , un t i l he came to men who knew how to p ro tec t ch i ld ren f rom the c rue l and w icked pun i shmen t s o f t he i r fa the r s .

8 Pe rhaps [he sa id ] he wou ld even f i nd some pass ion fo r war and arms aga ins t a mos t ma l i c ious k ing and h i s mos t war l i ke peop le .

9 As i t seemed tha t he wou ld go onwards f rom the re , hos t i l e w i th anger , i f t hey d id no t l i s ten to h im , he was k ind ly we lcomed by the men o f Gab i i . They to ld h im no t to be su rp r i sed i f such a man as he [Tarqu in iu s Superbus ] behaved in the end towards h i s ch i ld ren ju s t as he d id aga ins t h i s c i t i zens , and aga ins t h i s a l l i e s ; he wou ld [ they exp la ined] even tua l ly tu rn h i s rage aga ins t h imse l f , i f o the r ob jec t s were unava i lab le .

1 0 [ They sa id tha t ] h i s a r r i va l was indeed p leas ing to them, and tha t t hey be l ieved tha t i n a shor t t ime , w i th h i s as s i s tance , i t wou ld come abou t tha t t he war wou ld be sh i f t ed f rom the ga tes o f Gab i i up to the wa l l s o f Rome.

L IV ( i )

G A B I I I S R O U S E D T O W A R

1 Therea f te r he was admi t ted to the i r pub l i c counc i l s . There , a l though he s ta ted tha t he agreed on some mat te r s w i th the o lder res iden t s o f Gab i i , to whom they were be t te r known, he h imse l f was a p roponen t fo r war over and over aga in , and he c la imed fo r h imse l f a spec ia l exper t i se in th i s , because he was fami l ia r w i th the s t reng ths o f each peop le , and he knew tha t t he a r rogance o f t he k ing , wh ich no t even h i s ch i ld ren had been ab le to bear , was su re ly ha te fu l to the c i t i zens .

2 So , when he was g radua l ly f i r i ng up the leaders o f t he Gab in i to renew hos t i l i t i e s , he h imse l f wou ld go w i th the mos t ho t -headed o f t he young men on ra ids and sk i rm i shes , and by cons t ru ing a l l h i s words and deeds fo r dece iv ing , t he i r m i sp laced t ru s t i nc reased ; in the end he was chosen as the i r commander in the war .

3 There , w i th the popu lace unaware o f wha t was go ing on , when sma l l s k i rm i shes were tak ing p lace be tween Rome and Gabi i , i n wh ich the cause o f Gab i i mos t l y came ou t on top , t hen bo th the h ighes t and the lowes t o f t he men o f Gab i i en thus ias t i ca l l y be l ieved tha t Sex tus Tarqu in ius had been sen t to them as a g i f t o f t he gods to be the i r l eader .

L IV ( i i )

A C O V E R T C O M M A N D T O S T R I K E

4 I ndeed , among the so ld ie r s , by undergo ing the i r dangers and harsh ips a longs ide them, by heap ing boo ty upon them generous ly , he was so be loved tha t h i s fa the r Tarqu in iu s was no more power fu l i n Rome than h i s son was in Gab i i .

5 And so , a f te r he saw tha t enough power had been ga thered fo r any th ing he a t tempted , then he sen t one o f h i s se rvan t s to h i s fa the r in Rome to ask wha t he wan ted h im to do , s ince the gods had gran ted i t to h im tha t one man shou ld have power over a l l t h ings in the s ta te a t Gab i i .

6 To th i s messenger , because , I suppose , he seemed to be o f doub t fu l loya l ty , no rep ly was made by word o f mou th ; t he k ing , as i f deep in though t , passed in to the garden o f h i s house w i th h i s son ’ s messenger fo l lowing ; t he re wa lk ing a long w i thou t a word , he i s sa id to have cu t o f f t he ta l le s t heads o f t he popp ies w i th h i s s t i ck .

7 The messenger , t i red o f ask ing and wa i t i ng fo r an answer , re tu rned to Gab i i as i f h i s m i s s ion were unaccompl i shed ; he repor ted wha t he h imse l f had sa id and wha t he had seen ; [and tha t ] whe ther in anger o r in ha t red o r because o f t he a r rogance ingra ined in h i s na tu re , he had no t u t te red a word .

L IV ( i i i )

T H E F A L L O F G A B I I

8 When i t was c lear to Sex tus wha t h i s fa the r was wan t ing and wha t he was in s t ruc t ing by h i s s i l en t h in t s , he e l im ina ted the leaders o f t he s ta te by accus ing some be fo re the peop le , wh i le o the r s made themse lves easy ta rge t s by the i r own unpopu la r i t y . Many were k i l l ed open ly , wh i le ce r ta in o the r s , aga ins t whom an accusa t ion was l i ke ly to be le s s p laus ib le , were k i l l ed in sec re t .

9 F l igh t was made open to ce r ta in men who wan ted i t , o r t hey were d r i ven in to ex i le , and the p roper ty o f t hose who were no longer a round as we l l as o f t hose who had been e l im ina ted was ava i lab le fo r d i s t r ibu t ion .

1 0 A l loca t ions and p lunder then [ fo l lowed] ; and w i th the swee tness o f per sona l ga in the fee l ings o f pub l i c unease were removed , un t i l be re f t o f counse l and a id , t he s ta te o f Gab i i was de l i ve red in to the hand o f t he k ing o f Rome w i thou t any res i s tance .

LVI ( i )

C O N S T R U C T I O N O F T H E C L O A C A M A X I M A

1 I n ten t on comple t ing h i s temp le , he ca l led in workmen f rom every par t o f E t ru r ia , and he no t on ly used pub l i c money fo r i t , bu t a l so laboure r s f rom the lower c las s .

2 A l though th i s work , hard ly l igh t i n i t se l f , was added to the i r m i l i ta ry se rv ice , never the les s the lower c las s regarded i t a s le s s work tha t t hey were comple t ing the temp les o f t he gods w i th the i r own hands , t han [ they d id ] a f te r t hey were t rans fe r red to o the r works as we l l , wh ich , wh i le they were le s s i n appearance , ye t were o f somewhat g rea te r exer t ion : t he mak ing o f benches in the c i rcus and pu t t i ng the Grea t Sewer underground , the recep tac le o f a l l t he re fuse o f t he c i t y ; t h i s new sp lendour [o f modern t imes ] can hard ly have ma tched these two works a t a l l .

3 Whi le the lower c las s was employed on these tasks , bo th because he [Tarqu in iu s ] t hough t t ha t t he popu lace was a burden on the c i t y , where the re was no use [ fo r t hem] , and because he was wan t ing the boundar ies o f t he empi re to be secured more w ide ly by send ing ou t co lon i s t s , he sen t co lon i s t s to S ign ia and to C i rce i i , wh ich wou ld be p ro tec t ion fo r the c i t y by land and sea .

LVI ( i i )

A D R E A D F U L P O R T E N T I N T H E P A L A C E

4 A te r r ib le por ten t appeared to h im as he was engaged in these ma t te r s : when a snake wh ich s l i t he red ou t f rom [beh ind] a wooden co lumn had caused pan ic and f l igh t i n the pa lace , i t d idn ’ t unnerve the hear t o f t he k ing h imse l f w i th sudden f r igh t so much as f i l l i t w i th anx ious fo rebod ings .

5 And so a l though on ly E t ru scan soo thsayers used to be employed fo r pub l i c p rod ig ies , te r r i f i ed by th i s househo ld v i s ion , as i t were , he de te rm ined to send to the mos t renowned orac le on ear th a t De lph i .

6 And no t dar ing to en t rus t t he rep ly o f t he o rac le to any o the r , he sen t h i s two sons th rough lands unknown a t t ha t t ime , and seas even more unknown, to Greece .

LVI ( i i i )

A N E X P E D I T I O N S E T S O U T

7 T i t u s and Ar runs se t ou t ; added to them as the i r compan ion was Luc ius Jun ius B ru tus , t he son o f Ta rqu in ia , t he s i s te r o f t he k ing , a young man o f a na tu re fa r [ vas t l y ] d i f fe ren t t han wha t he had assumed the appearance o f . When he had heard tha t t he leaders o f t he s ta te , among whom had been h i s own bro the r , had been k i l l ed by h i s unc le , he de te rm ined no t to leave e i the r any th ing fo r t he k ing to fear in h i s charac te r , o r to cove t i n h i s fo r tune , and to be sa fe by be ing over looked , a t a t ime when the re was too l i t t l e p ro tec t ion in j u s t i ce .

8 He the re fo re de l ibe ra te ly assumed an appearance o f s tup id i ty , and s ince he a l lowed h imse l f and h i s p roper ty to be p lunder fo r the k ing , he a l so d id no t re fuse the su rname Bru tus — the Du l la rd — so tha t under the cover o f t ha t su rname tha t sp i r i t , [wh ich was to be] the l ibe ra to r o f t he Roman peop le , shou ld l i e h idden , wa i t i ng fo r i t s own t ime .

9 Led then by the Tarqu in i i to De lph i , more t ru ly as the i r joke/spor t t han as the i r compan ion , i t i s sa id tha t he car r ied as a g i f t fo r Apo l lo a go lden s ta f f enc losed w i th in a s ta f f o f co rne l -wood, ho l lowed ou t fo r t ha t pu rpose , an en igmat ic represen ta t ion o f h i s own m ind .

LVI ( iv )

T H E R E P L Y O F T H E O R A C L E

1 0 A f te r t hey go t t he re and had car r ied ou t t he i r fa the r ’ s i n s t ruc t ions , a des i re en te red the young men’ s m inds to inqu i re to wh ich o f t hem the ru le o f Rome was go ing to come. They say tha t f rom the dep ths o f t he cave th i s u t te rance was g iven in rep ly : ‘ The h ighes t power a t Rome sha l l be h i s , who sha l l be the f i r s t o f you , o young men , to g ive h i s mo ther a k i s s . ’

1 1 The Tarqu in i i , so tha t Sex tus , who had been le f t beh ind a t Rome, wou ld be unaware o f t he answer and wou ld have no share in the power , o rdered tha t t he inc iden t shou ld be kep t qu ie t w i th the u tmos t sec recy ; t hey themse lves dec ided be tween them by lo t wh ich wou ld be the f i r s t , when he had re tu rned to Rome, to g ive h i s mo ther a k i s s .

1 2 B ru tu s , t h ink ing tha t t he Py th ian u t te rance was d i rec ted e l sewhere [had a d i f fe ren t mean ing] , as i f he had s tumb led and fa l len , touched the ear th w i th h i s l ip s , because o f cour se tha t was the common mo ther o f a l l mor ta l s .

1 3 Then they re tu rned to Rome, where war aga ins t t he Ru tu l i was be ing p repared w i th the u tmos t v igour .

LVI I ( i )

T H E S I E G E O F A R D E A

1 The Ru tu l i u sed to occupy Ardea , a na t ion , fo r t ha t reg ion and fo r t ha t t ime , wh ich was ve ry power fu l i n wea l th ; and tha t was the ve ry cause o f t he war , because the Roman k ing was eager bo th tha t he h imse l f shou ld become r i ch , dep le ted [as he was ] by the sp lendour o f h i s pub l i c works , and to soo the the resen tmen t o f t he peop le w i th boo ty , fo r bes ides h i s u sua l a r rogance they were a l so hos t i l e to h i s ru le because they were d i sp leased tha t t hey had been kep t by the k ing fo r such a long t ime in the se rv ice o f c ra f t smen and in the work o f s laves .

2 A p lan was t r ied , to see i f A rdea cou ld be taken a t t he f i r s t a t tack : when tha t d idn ’ t ge t fa r enough [when th i s me t w i th l i t t l e success ] , t he enemy began to be assa i led w i th a b lockade and s iege -works .

3 I n th i s permanen t camp, as happens in a long war more than a f ie rce ly fough t one , leave -passes were f ree enough , bu t fo r t he men o f h igh rank more than fo r the so ld ie r s ; i ndeed the young roya l s some t imes used to spend the i r spare t ime w i th one ano ther in banque t s and drunken par t ie s .

LVI I ( i i )

T H E C O N T E S T O F W O M A N L Y V I R T U E

4 By chance as these men were d r ink ing w i th Sex tus Ta rqu in iu s , where Co l la t i nus Tarqu in iu s , t he son o f Eger iu s , was a l so d in ing , men t ion was made abou t the i r w ives . Each one p ra i sed h i s own en thus ias t i ca l l y ; t hen the r i va l ry hea ted up , and Co l la t inus sa id tha t t he re was no need fo r words ; t ha t i ndeed i t cou ld be known in a few hours how much h i s own Luc re t ia ou t shone the o the r s .

5 “Why do we no t , i f t he v igour o f you th i s i n us , ge t on our hor ses and go and see in person the na tu res o f ou r w ives? Le t t ha t wh ich mee t s ou r eyes a t t he unexpec ted a r r i va l o f he r husband be the de f in i t i ve p roo f fo r each .”

6 They had grown [ f l u shed] warm wi th the w ine ; “Come on then ,” they a l l [ c r ied ] ; [and] spur r ing the i r hor ses they f lew away to Rome. When they had reached the re ju s t as the f i r s t shadows were deepen ing , t hey con t inued f rom the re to Co l la t ia , where they found Luc re t ia by no means as the roya l daugh te r s - i n - law, whom they had seen wh i l i ng away the i r t ime a t a banque t and in l uxu ry w i th the i r compan ions , bu t t hough i t was la te a t n igh t , [ t hey found her ] i n ten t upon her woo l [ sp inn ing] , s i t t i ng in the m idd le o f t he house among her handmaidens , work ing by lamp l igh t . The honour o f t he con tes t be tween the women was awarded to Luc re t ia .

7 Upon h i s a r r i va l he r husband and the Tarqu in i i were warmly we lcomed; the w inn ing husband cour teous ly inv i ted the young roya l s i n .

8 There a fou l [ v i le ] des i re to de f i l e Luc re t ia by fo rce se ized Sex tus Tarqu in iu s ; bo th he r f igu re [beau ty ] and her p roven chas t i t y in f lamed h im . And then indeed they re tu rned f rom the i r you th fu l n igh t jaun t to camp.

LVI I I ( i )

S E X T U S T A R Q U I N I U S V I S I T S L U C R E T I A

1 A f te r a few days had passed by , Sex tus Tarqu in iu s came to Co l la t ia w i th one compan ion w i thou t Co l la t inus ’ knowledge .

2 And the re when he had been k ind ly we lcomed by those who were unaware o f h i s p lan and had been led [escor ted] a f te r d inner to the gues t bedroom, burn ing w i th pass ion , a f te r eve ry th ing a round seemed sa fe enough and everyone seemed to be s leep ing , he d rew h i s sword and came to Luc re t ia , who was as leep , and press ing upon the woman’s b reas t w i th h i s le f t hand , he sa id , “Keep qu ie t , Luc re t ia ; i t i s I , Sex tus Tarqu in iu s ; my sword i s i n my hand ; you w i l l d ie , i f you u t te r a sound .”

3 When the woman, te r r i f i ed ou t o f s leep , saw no he lp , [on ly ] dea th th rea ten ing nearby , t hen Tarqu in iu s began to con fes s h i s love , and begged her , and m ing led th rea t s w i th p leas , and appea led in every fash ion to he r woman ly hear t .

LVI I I ( i i )

T H E R A P E O F L U C R E T I A

4 When he saw tha t she was unwaver ing and was no t t u rned even by the fear o f dea th , he added d i shonour to he r fear : he wou ld cu t t he th roa t o f h i s s lave and pu t h i s naked body w i th the dead woman, he sa id , so tha t i t wou ld be sa id tha t she had been murdered in d i sgus t i ng adu l te ry .

5 When , a t t h i s t h rea t , h i s conquer ing lu s t had overcome her unwaver ing chas t i t y as i f by fo rce , and Tarqu in iu s had se t ou t f rom the re e la ted a f te r v io la t ing her woman ly honour , Luc re t ia , g r ie f - s t r i cken a t so te r r ib le an ev i l , sen t t he same message to he r fa the r a t Rome and to he r husband a t Ardea , t ha t t hey shou ld each come wi th a fa i th fu l f r i end ; t ha t t hus the re was a need fo r qu ick ac t ion ; [and] tha t a te r r ib le c r ime had been commi t ted .

6 Spur iu s Luc re t iu s came w i th Pub l iu s Va le r iu s , t he son o f Vo lesus , and Co l la t inus came w i th Luc ius Jun ius B ru tus , w i th whom he had been me t fo r tu i tous ly by h i s w i fe ’ s messenger as he was re tu rn ing to Rome. They found Luc re t ia s i t t i ng b roken -hear ted in he r bedroom.

LVI I I ( i i i )

L U C R E T I A R E V E A L S T H E C R I M E

7 A t t he a r r i va l o f he r loved ones he r tear s we l led up , and when her husband asked her , “ I s eve ry th ing a l r igh t?” , she sa id , “Far f rom i t , fo r wha t i s a l r igh t fo r a woman when her honour i s lo s t ? The t races o f ano ther man , Co l la t inus , a re in your bed ; bu t a l though my body has been so g rea t ly v io la ted , my m ind i s i nnocen t ; dea th w i l l be my w i tness . Bu t g ive me your r igh t hands as a p ledge tha t i t w i l l no t go eas i l y fo r the adu l te re r .

8 “ I t i s Sex tus Tarqu in ius , who , an enemy in s tead o f a gues t , la s t n igh t a rmed w i th fo rce took away f rom here h i s joy , fa ta l fo r me , and fo r h im , i f you a re men .”

LVI I I ( iv )

L U C R E T I A K I L L S H E R S E L F

9 They a l l p ledged the i r fa i t h i n o rder ; t hey comfor ted her , d i s t re s sed in he r m ind , by tu rn ing the gu i l t away f rom her who had been fo rced on to the per son respons ib le fo r t he wrong : [and they sa id tha t ] i t was the m ind tha t s in s , no t t he body , and tha t t he re was no b lame where the re has been no in ten t .

1 0 “You ,” she sa id , “ see to wha t i s owed to tha t man ; a l though I acqu i t myse l f o f t he s in , I do no t f ree myse l f f rom pun i shmen t ; no r he rea f te r sha l l any woman l i ve unchas te ly , fo l low ing the example o f Luc re t ia . ”

1 1 A kn i fe , wh ich she he ld concea led under he r d ress , she p lunged [ i t ] i n to he r hear t , and fa l l i ng fo rward over he r wound , she co l lapsed dy ing . Her husband and fa the r ca l led her name in mourn ing .

L IX ( i )

B R U T U S S W E A R S R E V E N G E

1 Whi le they were absorbed w i th g r ie f , B ru tus pu l led the kn i fe ou t o f Luc re t ia ’ s wound , d r ipp ing w i th gore , and ho ld ing i t i n f ron t o f h im he sa id , “ I swear on th i s b lood , mos t pu re be fo re the roya l ’ s v io la t ion , and I make you , o gods , w i tnesses tha t I w i l l pu r sue Luc ius Tarqu in iu s Superbus a long w i th h i s w icked w i fe and the who le b rood o f h i s ch i ld ren w i th sword , w i th f lame , and w i th wha tever fo rce I can , f rom th i s t ime fo r th , and tha t I w i l l no t su f fe r e i the r them or anyone e l se to re ign a t Rome.”

2 Then he handed the kn i fe to Co l la t i nus , and then to Luc re t iu s and Va le r iu s , who were s tand ing dumbfounded in wonder o f t he who le a f fa i r , [wonder ing] where th i s new reso lve in B ru tus ’ hear t [had come] f rom.

3 They swore as had been in s t ruc ted ; and a l l o f t hem tu rn ing f rom gr ie f to rage , t hey fo l lowed as the i r l eader B ru tus , who s t ra igh taway ca l led upon them to over th row the monarchy .

L IX ( i i )

A N U P R I S I N G I S F O R M E D

4 They b rough t ou t Luc re t ia ’ s body f rom her house and car r ied i t to the Forum, and they d rew toge ther men in wonder , as happens , o f t h i s new tu rn o f even t s and in ou t rage . Each one dep lo res fo r h imse l f t he roya l c r ime and the v io lence [ the v io len t c r ime o f t he roya l ] .

5 Bo th the so r row o f the fa the r moved them, as we l l as B ru tus , who c r i t i c ized the i r tear s and use les s lamen t s , and adv i sed them, as became men , as became Romans , to take up a rms aga ins t t hose who had dared hos t i l e deeds .

6 A l l t he mos t sp i r i t ed o f t he young men were p resen t w i th the i r weapons as vo lun tee r s ; t he res t o f t he young peop le a l so fo l lowed them.

7 Thereupon leav ing her fa the r beh ind as a guard [a t t he ga tes ] a t Co l la t ia , and when they had s ta t ioned sen t r ie s , so tha t no -one wou ld repor t t h i s upr i s ing to the roya l s , t he res t o f t he a rmed men se t ou t to Rome w i th B ru tus as the i r l eader .

L IX ( i i i )

B R U T U S I N F O R M S T H E P E O P L E

8 When they go t t he re , wherever the a rmed mob wen t , i t caused pan ic and con fus ion ; bu t aga in , when they saw the leaders o f t he s ta te tak ing the lead , they conc luded tha t , wha tever i t was , i t was no t w i thou t good reason .

9 Such a te r r ib le even t caused no le s s an upr i s ing o f resen tmen t/an imos i t y a t Rome than i t had done a t Co l la t ia ; consequen t ly f rom a l l par t s o f t he c i t y the re was a rush in to the fo rum.

1 0 A t t he same t ime tha t t hey reached the re , a he ra ld summoned the peop le to the t r ibune o f t he Ce le res , wh ich by chance was the o f f i ce tha t B ru tu s he ld a t t ha t t ime . There a speech was de l i ve red , no t a t a l l o f t ha t sen t imen t and na tu re wh ich had been fe igned up to tha t day , abou t t he v io lence and lu s t o f Sex tus Tarqu in ius , abou t h i s unspeakab le de f i lemen t o f Luc re t ia and her so r rowfu l murder , abou t the bereavemen t o f T r i c ip i t i nus , fo r whom the reason fo r h i s daugh te r ’ s dea th was more shamefu l and so r rowfu l t han the dea th [ i t se l f ] .

1 1 Added was the a r rogance o f t he k ing h imse l f , and the m i se r ie s and hardsh ips o f t he lower c las s wh ich had been sen t underground to d ra in the d i t ches and sewers ; [and he po in ted ou t t ha t ] Roman men , conqueror s o f a l l t he su r round ing peop les , had been made laboure r s and s tone -cu t te r s i n s tead o f war r io r s .

1 2 Reca l led was the shamefu l murder o f K ing Serv iu s Tu l l i u s , and h i s daugh te r who had dr i ven over the body o f he r fa the r in he r w icked char io t , and the gods who avenge paren t s were ca l led upon .

L IX ( iv )

T H E P E O P L E R I S E U P

1 3 When he had reca l led these and o ther , I t h ink , more appa l l i ng even t s , wh ich the in su f fe rab le s ta te o f a f fa i r s a t t he t ime sugges t s , t hough no t a t a l l easy fo r h i s to r ians to re la te , he u rged the in f lamed c rowd to abroga te ( take away) the power f rom the k ing and to o rder Luc ius Ta rqu in iu s a long w i th h i s w i fe and ch i ld ren to be ex i le s .

1 4 He h imse l f , a f te r se lec t ing and arm ing the younger men who were g iv ing the i r names vo lun ta r i l y , se t ou t fo r t he camp a t Ardea to ga ther [mus te r ] an a rmy f rom the re aga ins t t he k ing : he le f t t he command in the c i t y w i th Luc re t iu s , who had a l ready been appo in ted P re fec t o f t he C i ty ear l ie r by the k ing .

1 5 Amids t t h i s con fus ion Tu l l ia escaped f rom her home, w i th husbands and w ives cu r s ing her wherever she headed and ca l l i ng upon the aveng ing sp i r i t s o f paren t s .

LX ( i )

T H E D E M I S E O F T H E K I N G S

1 S ince the k ing , when the news o f t hese even t s had been b rough t to the camp, a la rmed by the unexpec ted tu rn o f even t s , was has ten ing to Rome to que l l t he upr i s ings , B ru tus changed h i s rou te — fo r he had marked h i s approach — so tha t he wou ld no t mee t h im ; and a t a lmos t t he same t ime , t hough by d i f fe ren t ways , B ru tus came to Ardea , and Tarqu in ius to Rome.

2 The ga tes were shu t to Tarqu in iu s , and h i s ex i le was p roc la imed : the camp joyous ly we lcomed the de l i ve re r o f t he c i t y , and the ch i ld ren o f t he k ing were d r i ven ou t f rom the re .

3 Two fo l lowed the i r fa the r , and wen t i n to ex i le a t Caere in the te r r i to ry o f t he E t ruscans . Sex tus Tarqu in ius , a f te r se t t i ng ou t fo r Gab i i as though fo r h i s own k ingdom, was k i l l ed by those aveng ing o ld feuds , wh ich he had brough t upon h imse l f by h i s murders and robber ies .

4 Luc iu s Tarqu in iu s Superbus ru led fo r twen ty - f i ve years . There were k ings in Rome fo r two hundred and fo r ty - fou r years f rom the found ing o f t he c i t y to i t s de l i ve rance .

5 Two consu l s were then e lec ted in the Comi t ia Cen tu r ia ta by the P re fec t o f t he C i ty , accord ing to the b r ie f s o f Se rv iu s Tu l l i u s , [and they were ] Luc ius Jun ius B ru tus and Luc ius Ta rqu in iu s Co l la t i nus .