LIMITATION OF LIABILITIES IN INTERNATIONAL AIR LAW

LIMITATION OF LIABILITIES IN INTERNATIONAL AIR LAW

BY

H. ORION

II . .

Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V. 1954

© I954 Springer Science+ Business Media Dordrecht OriginaUy published by Matinus Nijlwff, The Hague, Holland in I954

Softcuver reprint rf the hardcuver 1st edition I954

All rights reserved, including the right to translate or to reproduce this book or parts thereof in any form.

ISBN 978-94-017-5751-5 ISBN 978-94-017-6127-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-6127-7

PREFACE

Though the title speaks generally of limitation of liabilities in international air law, this book will only deal with the problems arising in connection with limitation of liability under the Warsaw Convention of 1929 and under the two Rome Con­ventions of 1933 and of 1952 on surface damage. With respect to the latter Conventions most attention will be devoted to the Convention of 1952, for the practical reason that, whatever may be the future of this more recently signed Convention, the interest of its predecessor, notwithstanding the popularity which it has enjoyed with students of air law, now seems mainly to lie in its past.

Since the limitations of liability provisions are as important for the Warsaw Convention as they are for the Rome Con­ventions, and since they raise a number of similar problems, it was thought worth while to devote a combined study to the three conventions, in order to bring out the similarities and the differ­ences. For that purpose it was necessary, in stead of dividing this book in two sections, one devoted entirely to the Warsaw Convention and the other to the Rome Conventions, to discuss with respect to each separate problem arising in connection With limitations of liability, how it has been treated in the three Conventions respectively. This has resulted in a somewhat complicated pattern.

Another source of complications was the necessity of frequent references to national laws. International air law, like one of these huge waringin trees of tropical countries, has its aerial roots hanging down in the soil of as many national systems of laws, as there are countries flown over by aircraft. It is not a self­sufficient closed system, but must feed itself on local law. One cannot transplant it to the hot-house of a textbook without taking also parts of these national laws sticking to its roots.

v

PREFACE

What in other fields might be a more or less superfluous parade of learning, is in a study on international private air law the minimum - or an attempt thereto - for a realistic description of the actual problems arising in this branch of the law. Even to limit the references to the legal systems of England, the U.S.A., France and Germany - as studies in comparative law often do - would be to ignore the fact that civil aviation refuses to be kept within the geographical boundaries of what happen to be the countries with the better known systems of law. The interest of French or English law becomes academical when a flight, say, between Buenos Aires and Amsterdam is involved. Meanwhile it is clearly impossible to deal, be it ever so superficially, with the laws of all or even the majority of countries where aircraft may pass. A choice must be made, and it will be an arbitrary choice, determined by the hazard of available books and of personal preferences. The real purpose of discussing national laws in a study on international air law, therefore, can only be to cultivate a certain awareness as to the existence of possibilities outside the sphere of one's own legal thinking, an awareness which is as essential for the intelligent interpretation of the air law conventions, as it is necessary for the handling of the day­to-day legal problems which arise out of international air transportation. In order not to obscure the international charac­ter of the air law conventions which are the subject of this study, matters of national law have generally been relegated to the footnotes.

Since Latin has ceased to be the accepted medium of communi­cation of the learned world, the language problem has become one of the most difficult in international discussions of legal matters. The loss which the disappearance of the Latin language has been to Western civilization is felt most keenly perhaps by those whose mother tongue happens to be one of the less spoken languages. There was a time that Dutch authors would write their books in Latin and would be understood all over the Western world. Authors and readers would have the same handicap, if any. The Dutch author who now wants to write for a public outside the boundaries of the Dutch language, has to choose one of the international languages and will experience - at least this author did - the kind of frustration suffered by the person

VI

PREFACE

who attends a formal dinner in borrowed clothes which he knows do not fit too well. Moreover, in legal thinking even more than in other matters, choice of a language implies a choice of ap­proach. The mere using of the English language sets its stamp on the way of one's legal thinking.

The writing of this book has been made possible thanks to the generosity of the Van Vollenhovenfonds of Leiden University, of the Harvard Law School, and of the Institute of Air Law of McGill University, as well as to the kind and generous co-oper­ation of the Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij N.V. (K.L.M./ Royal Dutch Airlines). Though it is the direct result of work done at the Institute of Air Law of McGill University, under the inspiring guidance of its Director Professor John Cobb Cooper, much of the materials relating to comparative law were already collected during the author's stay in 1946/1947 (repeated in May 1953) at the Harvard Law School, that paradise for students in comparative law. To work at these institutes and to enjoy the hospitality so liberally offered, was a unique experience. I should also like at this place to express my gratitude for having enjoyed through a number of years the privilege to make use of the fine collections of international law and comparative law at the Library of the Palace of Peace at The Hague, and especially for the never failing helpfulness of the members of the Library Staff.

The writing of this book was completed by the 1st of March, 1954, so that publications and decisions which have appeared after that date could not be taken into account.

August, 1954. H.DRION

VII

TABLE OF CONTENTS

References are to pages

TABLE OF CASES . . . . xn LIST OF BOOKS . . . . . xxu LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xxv

I. THE GROUNDS FOR LIMITATION OF LIA­BILITY IN PRIVATE AIR LAW

§ I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS • . • . . • . • • •

§ 2. RATIONALESOFTHEVARIOUSFORMSOFLIABILITY 6 § 3. RATIONALES OF LIMITATION OF LIABILITY . 12

a) Analogy with maritime law . . . . . . . . 13 b) Protection of a financially weak industry . . I 4 c) Catastrophical risks should not be borne by

aviation alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 7 d) Desirability that the carrier or operator be able

to insure his liability risks . . . . . . . . 20 e) Possibility for the potential claimants to take

insurance themselves . . . . . . . . . . 2 I f) Limitation of liability as a counterpart of the

aggravated system of liability imposed upon the carrier and operator . . . . . . . . . . . 28

g) A voidance of litigation by facilitating quick settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

h) Unification of the law with respect to the amounth of damages to be paid . . . . . . 4 I

§ 4. EXCEPTIONS TO LIMITATION OF LIABILITY:

WILFUL MISCONDUCT . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

II. SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF THE LIMITATION OF LIABILITY PROVISIONS 51

§ I. WARSAW CONVENTION . • . • . • • . 5 I A) Scope of Application of the Convention 5 I

IX

TABLE OF CONTENTS

B) Scope of Application of Article 22 69 § 2. THE ROME CONVENTIONS 87 § 3. RECOURSE ACTIONS . . . 99

A) Warsaw Convention. 99 B) Rome Conventions. . 107

§ 4. LEGAL INTERESTS AND LEGAL EXPENSES . 112

III. EXTENT OF DAMAGES FOR WHICH LIA­BILITY IS TO BE LIMITED 116 § I . REMOTENESS OR UNFORESEEABILITY OF DAMAGES 117 § 2. CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE • . . . • • . • 123 § 3. EFFECT OF CONVENTIONAL LIMITS ON LOWER

LIMITS IN APPLICABLE MUNICIPAL LAWS • • • • 125

IV. PERSONS PROTECTED BY THE LIMITATION PROVISIONS 132 § 1. CARRIER AND OPERATOR 133

A) Warsaw Convention . I33 B) Rome Conventions 143

§ 2. OTHER PERSONS BURDENED WITH LIABILITY BY

MUNICIPALLAW • . . • . . . • . . . . • 146 § 3. SERVANTS, AGENTS AND OTHER THIRD PARTIES 152

V. CALCULATION OF LIMITS 163 § 1. WARSAWCONVENTION • • • . . • . . 163 § 2. ROME CONVENTIONS • • . • • • . • • 174 § 3. CONVERSION INTO NATIONAL CURRENCIES 182

VI. WILFUL MISCONDUCT AND GROSS NEGLI­GENCE: THEIR EFFECT ON LIMITATION OF LIABILITY 195 § 1. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS . • • 195 § 2. KIND OF MISCONDUCT REQUIRED I 97

A) Warsaw Convention . . . . 197 B) Rome Conventions . . . . 232

§ 3. MISCONDUCT BY SERVANTS OR AGENTS 236 A) Warsaw Convention . . . 236 B) Rome Conventions 255

§ 4. EFFECT OF THE CARRIER'S OR OPERATOR'S

WILFUL MISCONDUCT • •

A) Warsaw Convention . B) Rome Conventions

X

260 260 263

TABLE OF CONTENTS

VII. SPECIAL CASES OF UNLIMITED LIABILITY 265 § 1. UNLIMITED LIABILITY AS A SANCTION FOR NON­

COMPLIANCE WITH REQUIREMENTS CONCERNING

TRAFFIC DOCUMENTS {WARSAW CONVENTION) 265 A) Contractual Clauses Unaffected . . . . . . 265 B) Choice of Law As To Validity of Contractual

Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 C) Municipal Laws As To Validity of Con­

tractual Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 D) Requirements To Which Sanction Is Attached 299

§ 2. DECLARATION OF VALUE {WARSAW CONVENTION) 314 § 3. WRONGFUL TAKING OF AIRCRAFT (ROME CON­

VENTION, 1952) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

VIII. DISTRIBUTION OF LIMIT IN CASE OF PLU­RALITY OF CLAIMANTS 324 § 1. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS • • • • • • • . • . 324 § 2. DISTRIBUTION OF AMOUNT OF LIMIT AMONGST

VARIOUS CLAIMANTS . . • 327 § 3. APPLICATION OF LIMITS IN CASE OF CLAIMS BEING

BROUGHT BEFORE MORE THAN ONE COURT 334

ANNEX I: WARSAW CONVENTION . • 346 ANNEX II: ROME CONVENTION, 1952. 367 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380

XI

TABLE OF CASES*

The numbers refer to paragraphs and the footnotes thereto

Actonv. Castle Mail Co. (1895) ............ 2351

AirFrancev.NordiskTransport(1953) . . 101 4,1454,1631,1731 Aktieselskabet Cuzco v. Steamship Sucarseco (1934) . . . . 991

American Airlines, Inc. v. Ulen (1949) . . 1755 , 1781, 1822, 1882 Amstelhoeden N. V. v. Pan American World Airways Inc.

( 1953) . . . . . . . . . . . 1491, 2023

Askey v. Golden Wine Co. Ltd. (1948) .......... 171 5

Assad v. Latendresse ( 1941) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031

Associazione Calcio di Torino v. Societa Platte Riunite A.L.I. (1952) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641

Atlantic Fish and Oyster Co. v. P.A.A. (1950) . . . . . . . 497

Austin v. The Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway Co. (1852) . . . . . . . . . . 1717

BaltimoreandO.R.Co.v.Felgenhauer(1948). 1865

Behrensv.G.N.Ry.(1861) . . . . . . . . 2791

Bhikagee v. South Aviation Pty. Ltd. (1949) . . . . . 2372, 2402

Bracket v. Bellows Falls Hydro. Electric Corp. (1934) . . . . 1043

British Columbia Towage and Transport Co. v. Sewell . . . 81 6

Broche-Hennessy v. Camp. Air France (1952, 1954) 641, 1755, 1841

Brooke v. Pickwick ( 1827) . . . . . 171 5

Brown and Co. v. Harrison ( 1927) . . . . . . . . . . . . 2073

See also: Hour ani v. Harrison. Burnsv.CorkandBandonRy.Co. (1863) ...... 341,1982

Caffat Chaddoud a.o. v. Anglo Mexican Petroleum Co. Ltd. and Shell M ex. Argentina Camp. Ltd. ( 1948)

The Cairnbahn ( 1914) . . . . . . . . . . Canada Steamship Lines Ltd. v. Regem (1952)

964

23!3

*) For a chronological list per country of the cases which are only referred to by their date (civil law countries) see the end of this Table.

XII

TABLE OF CASES

Canadian Pacific Railways Co. v. Parent (1914) . . . . . 2304

Carlin Construction Camp. et al. v. Heany and State In-dustrialBoard (1936). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541

Carrv. Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Co. (1852) 1717, 2181

Century Insurance Co. v. N. Ireland Road Transport Board ( 1942) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2084

Chartered Mercantile Bank of India, London and China v. The Nether lands India Steam Navigation Camp. Ltd. 71 1

Chattahoochee (1899) . . . . . . . .. . . . . 941, 2489

ChoyAdm'xv.P.A.A. (1942) ............. 1141

Camp. Air France v. Nordisk Transport (1953) 101 4, 1454, 1631, 1731

Comp. di Assecurazione v. Sidarma (1952) . . . . . . . 23P Conklin v. Canadian Colonial Airways Inc. (1935) . 2303, 2461° Cortiv.ElCondor(1949) . . . . 8P Cosgrove v. Horsfall (1945) . . . 1394

Croaker v. Chicago etc. Ry. ( 1875) 2066

Crooks v. Allan (1879) . . . . . 2331

Crowellv. M.R. andR. Trucking Co. (1946) 1827

C.S.A.R. v. McLaren (1903) . . . . . . 2372

Curtiss v. The Rochester and Syracuse Rd. Co. N.Y. 341, 1981

Dart v. Pure Oil Co. (1947) . . . . . . . 1883•&

De Vito Adm'x v. United Air Lines (1951) 341, 1981

Dominion Air Lines, Ltd. v. Strand (1933) 1882

The Dundee (1823) . . . . . . . . . . 156

Elder Dempster and Co. v. Paterson Zochonis and Co. (1924) 139, 2487

Employer's Insurance Co. v. United Parcel Service of Cin­cinnati ( 1950) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1396

Erie R. Co. v. Erie Western Transport Co. ( 1907) . . . . . 991

Evens v. Texas Pac. Missouri Pac. Terminal R.R. of New Orleans (1943) ........ .

Favre v. Etat Belgique and Sabena (1950) T. P. de Fontania v. FAMA (1951) .. Francis v. South Pacific Comp. ( 1948) Garcia v. P.A.A. (1945) . . . . . . Georgia Ry. and Banking Co. v. Auchinachie (1914) Gibaud v. G. E. Raiiway ( 1921) . . . . . . . . 61, 2432

Glennv. Cia. CubanadeAviaci6nandP.A.A. (1952). 497, 2392

XIII

TABLE OF CASES

Goepp,Adm'xv.AmericanOverseas Airlines, Inc. (1951) . 1802,

1828, 1887, 1901, 191 Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Co. v. Roch (1931) 2061

Greco v. Sisal ( 1950) . . . . . . . . . 2341 Green e.a. v. Elmhurst Dairy Ltd. ( 1953) . 811

Grein v. Imperial Airways Ltd. ( 1937) 497

Greyv.AmericanAirlinesinc. (1950). . 2512 Grote v. Chester and Holyhead Ry. (1848) 341

Hadley v. Baxendale ( 1854) . . . . . . 1051

Haegv.Sprague, WarnerandCo. (1938). 1083

Heyn v. Ocean S.S. Co. (1927) . . . . • 2001

Hoebeev.Parkman,Howee.a. (1953) . . 1934

Hogan v. Bentinck West Hartley Colleries Ltd. ( 1948) 1041

Horabinv.B.O.A.C. (1952) ... 1782,1831,1871,1882,189,1901 Horn v. North Brit. Ry. Comp. (1878) 2484

Hour ani v. Harrison ( 1927) . . . . 2001

See also: Brown v. Harrison. Hyde v. Scyssor (1620) . . . . . . Hymanv.Nye(1881) ..... .

2922

198 ]eantelot-Pilleboue v. C.A.M.A.T., Michelson et Cie e.a.

(1952, 1953) ....... . ] efferson v. Derbyshire Farmers ( 1921) ] ohnston v. Elmslie ( 1939) . . . . . Jones v. Manchester Corp. et al. (1952)

81 2, 1397

2084

2082

1106

Kelly v. Louisiana Oil Refining Co. (1933) Kelly v. Stockport Corporation (1947) . . Kennedy v. Travelers Ins. Co. (1926) . . Komlos Adm'xv. Comp. Nat. Air France (1952) 1141

2651

. 81 2, 1305, 131,245 Kraus v. K.L.M. ( 1949) Lamoriciere ( 1951) . . . . . . . Lemmer boot ( 1950) . . . . . . . Lennard's Co v. Asiatic Co. (1915) Lewis v. Great Western Ry. Co. (1877). Lichten v. Eastern Airlines Inc. ( 1949). The Linseed King ( 1932) . . . . . L. & N.W. Ry. Co. v. Neilson (1922) . Longworth v. Hope & Cook (1865) Luddittv. GingerCooteAirwaysLtd. (1947) Lygo v. Newbold {1854) . . .

XIV

7 }1' 2351' 2462' 2481 2121

1753, 231 2

61 2, 2433

61 5, 2432

81 4

231 2,2372,2461

. . . . . 51 2

TABLE OF CASES

Marine Insurance Co. v. N.V. Stoomvaart Mij. ,Oostzee" (1951) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1396

Marshallv. York, Newcastle and Berwick Ry. Co. (1851} 2931

Mayers v. K.L.M. (1951} . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2772

McLean v. Pettigrew (1945) . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031 McKay and Craigie v. Scottish Airways Ltd. (1948} 231 3,2461,2484

Meek v. Fowler . . . . . . 1827

Melbyv. Anderson (1936} . . 186 Merryweather v. N ixan ( 1799) 91 2

Mintzv. Silverton (1920} . . 2069, 2071

M'Namara v. Laird Line Ltd. (1924} 2484

Morrison Steamship Co. v. Owners etc. Cargo on Board Greystoke Castle (1946} . . . . . . . . . . .

Morrittv. N. E. Railway Comp. (1876) ..... . N.V. De Nederlandsche Lloyd Ongevallen v. N.V. West-

Indische Bananen Import Compagnie (1953) 1884

North Pacific Ry. Comp. v. Adams (1904} 2483

Norwich Co. v. Wright (1871) . 162

Nystad v. Wings, Ltd. etc. (1942) 341, 1982

, Ooievaar" ( 1936) . . . 2181, 2305

Parkerv.S.E.Ry(1877) . . . 2351

Pauwelsv. Sabena (1950) . . . 333,641,2481,251 2,2981 Peek v. North Staffordshire Railway Comp. (1863) . . . . . 171 5

Pekelis Adm'x v. Transcontinental and Western Air, Inc. (1951) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1833, 1862

Peterson v. Denevan (1949) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1865

Pettigrew v. Australian Steam Navigation Co. Ltd. (1864) . . 171 5

Philippine Air Lines Inc. v. Texas Engineering and Manu-facturing Co. Inc. ( 1950) . . . . . .

Philippson v. Im:perial Airways Ltd. (1939} Rasmussen A dm' x v. Benson ( 1937} Read v. ]. Lyons & Co. Ltd. ( 1945) . . . . Readheadv. TheMidlandRy. Comp. (1869) Ritts v. American Overseas Airlines, Inc. ( 1949} Rosev. Ford (1937} ........... .

1301

341, 1982

1801, 1824, 1882 1123

Ross v. Pan American Airways Ltd. (1949} . . . 521, 2531

Rotterdamsche Bank N. V. and Banque de t'Indochine v. B.O.A.C. and Aden Airways (1953) . 61 6, 123

Rowev.GatkeCorp.(1942) . . .......... 1823

XV

TABLE OF CASES

Royal Indemnity Co. v. Comp. Nat. Air France (1952) Ryanv. Clarkin (1935) ........ . Ryan v. New York Cent. Railway Co. (1866) Rylandv. Fletcher (1868) ... Sanibv. UnitedFruitCo. (1947) .. . Salamonv. K.L.M. (1951) .... . Sassaman v. Pennsylvania Railway Co. The Satanita (1897) . . . . . . . . Shaw v. Great Western Railway Co. (1894) Shortley v. North Western Airlines (1952) Smith v. Condry (1843) . . . . . . . . Smith v. Horne (1919) . . . . . . . . Soc. Transports Aeriens v. Kunzewa (1942). Sofimexv. R.U.T. and T.W.A. (1948) Spencer Kellog and Sons v. Hicks Adm'x et al. (,The Leenseed

King") (1932) ........... . Stag Line Ltd. v. Foscolo, Mango and Co. (1932) Stevens v. Woodward ( 1881) . . . . . Thomas v. American Airlines ( 1952) . Tomlinson v. Railway Executive ( 1953) Tomlinson v. Sharpe (1942) . . . . . Twine v. Bean's Express Ltd. (1946) Union and National Assurance Co. of S. Africa Ltd. v. Mate

201

1301

2351

1397

2392

( 1952) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1083

Union Trust Co. v. Eastern Air Lines et al. (1953) 201 2

Union Trust Co. v. U.S.A. (1953) . . . . . . 201 2

U.S. v. Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co. (1952) 2489

Vadyak et alv. Lehigh and New England R. Co. (1935) 2061

Viziozv. Air France (1953) . . . . . . . . . . . 366, 2452

Wahlebergv. Young (1876) . . . . . . . . . . . 81 6

Wandererv.SabenaandP.A.A.(1949) . .. 695,1344 , 1364,20!3 Warren v. H enleys Ltd. ( 1948) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2069

Westminster Bank Ltd. v. Imperial Airways Ltd. (1936) 26P, 2772

Wilkie v. L.P.T.B. (1946) . . . . . . . . . . . 7P Williams v. Jones ( 1865) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2084

Wyman and Bartlett v. Pan American Airways (1943) 333 , 1141

XVI

TABLE OF CASES

Argentina Tribunal Supremo (24.6.1936) . . . . . . Tribunal Supremo (9.8.1940) . . . . . . Cam., 2a civ. y com. de La Plata (26.7.1949)

Austria

1022

1882

8!1

Oberste Gerichtshof (2.11.19 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031

Belgium Cass. (26.11.1908) Cass. (4.1.1926) . Cass. (2.4.1936) . Appel Brussels (23.11.1946} . Cass. (4.12.1947) . . . . . Trib. Com. Brussels (7.10.1949) Appel Ghent (9.3.1950) . . Trib. civ. Brussels (6.5.1950} Appel Brussels ( 10.6.1950} . Trib. civ. Brussels (30.6.1950)

Brazil Supr. Trib. Fed. (1.8.1944) Apel. Rio de Janeiro (28.1.1947) Supr. Trib. Fed. (3.9.1948} ..

1031

1082

9!1 2363, 2412

2121

... 2486

81 2

333,641,2481,251 2

. . . . . . 743

101 4, 1454, 15911, 16!1

Apel., (civ. reun.) Rio de Janeiro (23.9.1948) . Apel. civ. Rio de Janeiro (10.12.1948)

541

Il, 167

331

168,992, 171 3 1023

. . . . 1796 Supr. Trib. Fed. (13.4.1951) ....... .

Egypt Cass. crim. (28.11.1946) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2061

France Cass. (9.7.1837) . . . . 1985

Appel Lyon (22.1.1847) 1985

Appel Paris (27.11.1866) 1985

Appel Paris (18.5.1872) 1985

Cass. civ. ( 17 .5.1892} . I 061

Cass. civ. (9.12.1902) . 1043 Cass. crim. (12.3.1903} 51 2

XVII

TABLE OF CASES

France (continued) Cass. (21.11.1911} . Cass. req. (2.1.1912} Cass. crim. (5.2.1915) Cass. civ. (12.4.1923) . Cass. civ. (12.7.1923) . Cass. civ. (16.1.1924} . Cass. civ. (14.4.1924) . Cass. (20.1.1925) Appel Paris ( 14.3.1930} Cass. civ. ( 12.5.1930) Cass. civ. (11.2.1931} . Cass. req. ( 18.4.1932) Cass. req. (24.10.1932) Cass. civ. ( 6.12.1932) . Cass. civ. (24.3.1933) . Cass. req. (4.4. 1933} . Cass. req. (19.6.1933) Cass. crim. (22.6.1933} Appel Paris (28.2.1935) Appel Lyon ( 14.1.1937) Appel Paris (23. 7 .1937) Cass. civ. ( 1.2.1939} . . Cass. civ. (15.10.1940} . Cass. ch. n~un. (15.7.1941} Cass. ch. n~un. (2.12.1941) Cass. civ. (9.3.1942} . Cass. req. (3.11.1942} Cass. req. (22.12.1942} Cass. civ. (16.3.1943} . Cass. civ. (21.12.1943) Cons. d'Etat ( 16.6.1944} Cass. civ. (23.1.1945} . . Cass. civ. (7.5.1945} . . Cass. crim. (18.10.1946} Cass. civ. (21.10.1946} . Cass. civ. (22.10.1946} . Appel Bordeaux (20.1.1947} Cass. civ. (4.2.1947} . . .

XVIII

331

1071

2061

1903

2262,2471

2351

2262

693

892

2468

2468

892

1721

81 2

812 1892 812 512

1731

1397

2381

1741

1741, 2322

. . . 1741

. . . 1304

2351,2381

1304

2924

9P 9Jl

1741

1041

2472 512

1062

2924

2341

1022

TABLE OF CASES

France (continued) Cass. req. (28.4.1947). Cass. civ. com. (2.12.1947). Cass. crim. ( 11.5.1948) . . Trib. com. de la Seine (30.7.1948) Cass. civ. ( 15.12.1948) . . Trib. de la Seine (2.4.1949) Appel Paris (3.5.1949) . . Appel Algers (25.5.1949) . Cass. civ. com. (31.5.1949).

•'

Trib. com. de la Seine (22.12.1949) . Cass. com. (8.5.1950) . . Appel Paris ( 11.5.1950) . Cass. ( 12.6.1950) Appel Algers (23.2.1951) Cass. com. (19.6.1951) . Cass. civ. (19.3.1952) .. Trib. civ. de la Seine (24.4.1952) . Appel Paris (6.6.1952) . Trib. Nice (24.11.1952) . Appel Paris ( 11.12.1952) Appel Paris (28.1.1953) . Appel Paris (28. 2. 1953) Trib. civ. Bordeaux (29.6.1953) Cass. civ. (14.10.1953) ....

Germany Reicnsgericht ( 4.1.1 908) Reichsgericht (29.11.1909). . Reichsgerlcht (24.9.1910) .. Reichsgericht (22.12.191 0) Reichsgericht (9.12.1913) Reichsgericht (30.4.1914) . Reichsgericht ( 14.6.1915) Reichsgericht (4.12.1919) . Reichsgericht ( 19.2.1921) . Reichsgericht (27 .4.1921) . Reichsgericht (3.6.1921) . Reichsgericht ( 14.1.1931) .

XIX

1464

1061

2064

1397

91 5

892

2351, 2412 13Jl 441

1903

2472

2071

683

1903

. 81 2, 1305, 131 2

. .... 2472 (641, 1731 , 1756, 1771, 1841

441

. . 2067

81 2, 1397

. . 1454

101 4, 1631

366' 2452' 2481

. . . . . 1022

. . . 1986

1031, 1041

7Jl, 951

884

7Jl 951

1031

2071

2071, 2074

1991

1041

2393

TABLE OF CASES

Germany (continued) Landesgericht Frankfort/Main (8.3.1939) Reichsgericht (31.1.1941) . . . . . . . Oberste Gerichtshof Cologne (2. 9.1950) . Oberste Gerichtshof Cologne (22. 9 .1950) Bundesgerichtshof ( 19.1.1951) Bundesgerichtshof (5.1 0.1951) Bundesgerichtshof (24. 9 .1952)

Italy Appello Genoa (23.11.1925) Cass. civ. (2.8.1935) . Cass. civ. (27.7.1939) . Cass. civ. (31.7.1939) . Cass. civ. (21.6.1940) . Appello Milan ( 13.6.1941) Cass. civ. (2.1.1950) . . . Cass. civ. ( 14.4.1950) . . . Appello Napels (29.8.1950) Appello Turin (23.1.1952) Cass. civ. (31.3.1952) . . . Cass. (Combined Chambers) ( 15.5.1952) . Appello Triest (31.5.1952) . . . . . .

Mexico Trib. Supr. (14.2.1942) Trib. Supr. ( 19.8.1942) Trib. Supr. (27.8.1943) Trib. Supr. (20.6.1951) Trib. Supr. ( 11.1.1952)

Netherlands Hoge Raad (20.4.1882) RechtbankAssen (4.11.1919) Hoge Raad (26.3.1920) HogeRaad(18.5.1923) ... Hoge Raad (6.3.1924) . . . GerechtshofThe Hague (18.12.1924) Hoge Raad (26.6.1925) . Hoge Raad (30.1 0.1925) . .

XX

333

2394

1192

1081

2394

2394

2394

1903

51 3

2481

1901, 19P 51 2

1882, 1901

161 2

2341

1612 641

2842

161 2

231 1

8P 8P 81 1

2476

2476

1454

2351, 241 2

2181, 2421

1791

51 2

241 2, 2421

2412, 2421

9P

TABLE OF CASES

Netherlands (continued) Hoge Raad (5.6.1931) . . . . . . . . . Gerechtshof The Hague ( 12.6.1931) Gerechtshof 's-Hertogenbosch (24.5.1932) . Gerechtshof The Hague (28.12.1934) Recht bank The Hague (28.2.1935) . Gerechtshof The Hague ( 17.2.1936) Hoge Raad (2.4.1936) . . . . . Gerechtshof The Hague ( 1.2.1937) Hoge Raad (21.5.1937) . . . . . Rechtbank Arnhem (27.5.1937) . Gerechtshof The Hague (13.1.1938) Hoge Raad (18.3.1938) ..... . Hoge Raad (3.6.1938) . . . . . . Recht bank Amsterdam (24.3.1943) Recht bank Amsterdam (2.1.1946) . Gerechtshof The Hague (5.12.1946) Recht bank Rotterdam ( 18.1.1949) . Gerechtshof Leeuwarden (8.3.1950) Hoge Raad ( 14.4.1950) . . . . . Hoge Raad (22.12.1950) .... Recht bank Amsterdam (7 .3.1951) Recht bank Amsterdam (7 .1.1953) Rechtbank The Hague (21.1.1953) Hoge Raad (22.5.1953) . Hoge Raad (8.1.1954) . Hoge Raad (12.3.1954) .

Norway H~jesterett (22.10.1921) H~jesterett (25. 9.1923) .

Spain Trib. Supr. (7.4.1881) . Trib. Supr. (18.2.1914) . Trib. Supr. (30.11.1932) Trib. Supr. (4.3.1944) . Trib. Supr. (28.12.1945)

Sweden K.M.'sDom (20.9.1933)

XXI

1884

1791

1031

1031

2306

2181, 2306

2921

2306

2061

2421

331

2181, 2305

366, 2181, 2421

1461

1461

1073

2063

71 1, 2351, 2363, 2481

366

2462, 2481

1396, 2487 1491, 2023

543

1884

1024

81 6, 1791

1031

1031

1351

1351

8Jl 8Jl

1351

LIST OF BOOKS AND ARTICLES WHICH HAVE BEEN CITED BY THE NAME OF THE

AUTHOR ONLY

Ambrosini ( 1928) : A. Ambrosini, Limitazione legale della re­sponsabilita aeronautica, in 5 II Diritto Aeronautico ( 1928) 1 sq.

Charlesworth (1947): Charlesworth, On Negligence, 2d ed. London, 1947.

Chauveau ( 1951): P. Chauveau, Droit aerien. Paris, 1951. Cleveringa (1946): R. P. Cleveringa, Het nieuwe zeerecht, 4e

druk. Zwolle, 1946. Coquoz ( 1938): R. Coquoz, Le droit prive international aerien.

Paris, 1938. A. de Cupis (1946): A. de Cupis, II Danno. Milano, 1946. Gay de Montella (1950): R. Gay de Montella, Principios de de­

recho aeronautico. Buenos Aires, 1950. Goedhuis (1933): D. Goedhuis, La Convention de Varsovie. La

Haye, 1933. Goedhuis (1937): D. Goedhuis, National Airlegislations and the

Warsaw Convention. The Hague, 1937. Goedhuis (1943): D. Goedhuis, Handboek van het luchtrecht.

's-Gravenhage, 1943. Van Houtte (1940): J. Van Houtte, La responsabilite civile dans

les transports aeriens interieurs et internationaux. Louvain­Paris, 1940.

] oerges ( 1933) : H. J oerges, Die rechtliche Behandlung der Frei­zeichnungsklauseln im deutschen und franzosischen Recht. Inaugural-Dissertation Gottingen. Quakenbriick, 1933.

]uglart (1952): M. de Juglart, Traite elementaire de droit aerien. Paris, 1952.

Kamminga ( 1953) : M.S. Kamminga, The Aircraft Commander in Commercial Air Transportation. The Hague, 1953.

XXII

LIST OF BOOKS

Knauth (1935): A. W. Knauth, Aviation and Admiralty, in 6 A.L. R. ( 1935) 226 sq. and 309 sq.

Knauth (1953): A. W. Knauth, American Law of Ocean Bills of Lading, 4th ed. Baltimore, 1953.

Koffka (1937): 0. Koffka, H. G. Bodenstein and E. Koffka, Luft­verkehrsgesetz und Warschauer Abkommen. Berlin, 1937.

Lefebvre d'Ovidio and Pescatore (1949): A. Lefebvre d' Ovidio and G. Pescatore, Manuale di diritto della navigazione. Milano, 1950.

Lemoine (1947): M. Lemoine, Traite de droit aerien. Paris, 1947. Litvine ( 1953) : M. Litvine, Precis elementaire de droit aerien.

Bruxelles, 1953 (Extrait du Repertoire du droit beige, vol. XIV).

Losecaat Vermeer (1939): C. Asser, Handleiding tot de beoefening van het Nederlandsch burgerlijk recht. 3e Deel: Verbinte­nissenrecht, 1e Stuk, bewerkt door P. A. J. Losecaat Ver­meer. Zwolle, 1939.

Mayne (1946): Mayne, On Damages, 11th ed. by W. G. Earengey. London, 1946.

M azeaud I ( 1948), II ( 1949), III ( 1950) : H. and L. Mazeaud, Traite theorique et pratique de responsabilite civile delic­tuelle et contractuelle, 4e ed. Paris, 1948-1950, 3 vols.

McNair (1953): A. D. McNair, The Law of the Air, 2d ed. by M. R. E. Kerr and R. A. MacGrindle. London, 1953.

Mechem ( 1952) : F. R. Mechem, Outlines of the Law of Agency, 4th ed. by Ph. Mechem. Chicago, 1952.

Muller (1932): H. Muller, Das internationale Privatrecht der Luftfahrt. Inaugural-Dissertation Kiel. Dortmund, 1932.

Ndndssy (1946): B. de Nanassy, Le droit international des trans­ports par chemins de fer. Commentaire a la Convention internationale concernant le transport des marchandises par chemins de fer (C.I.M.) du 23 novembre 1933. Trad. de !'allemand par E. Ruffy. Bale, 1946.

Neuner (1941): R. Neuner, Respondeat Superior in the Light of Comparative Law, in 4 Louisiana Law Rev. (1941), 1 sq.

Planiol-Ripert ( 1947) : M. Planiol, Traite elementaire de droit civil, revu et complete par G. Ripert. II (2e ed.). Paris, 1947.

Prosser (1941): W .L. Prosser, Handbook of the Law of Torts. St. Paul, Minn., 1941.

XXIII

LIST OF BOOKS

Riese ( 1949): 0. Riese, Luftrecht; das internationale Recht der zivilen Luftfahrt unter besonderer Beriicksichtigung des schweizerischen Rechts. Stuttgart, 1949.

Ripert (1952): G. Ripert, Traite de droit maritime. Vol. II (4e ed.) Paris, 1952.

Robinson (1939): G. H. Robinson, Admiralty Law. St. Paul, Minn., 1939.

Salmond ( 1945): Law of Torts. lOth ed. by W. T. Stallybrass. London, 1945.

Schleicher-Reymann (1937): Schleicher and F. Reymann, Recht der Luftfahrt; Kommentar zur deutschen Luftfahrtgesetz­gebung. 2. erw. Aufl. Berlin, 1937.

Scrutton ( 1948): Th. E. Scrutton, The Contract of Affreightment as expressed in Charterparties and Bills of Lading, 15th ed. by W. L. MeN air and A. A. Mocatta. London, 1948.

Shawcross and Beaumont (1951): C. N. Shawcross, K. M. Beau­mont and P. R. E. Browne, On Air Law, 2d. ed. London, 1951. With Suppl. 1952.

Stanesco (1951): P. Stanesco, La responsabilite dans la navigation aerienne (dommages causes aux tiers a la surface). Paris, 1951.

Ussing (1939): H. Ussing, Responsabilite en droit danois, in: Premier Congres International de 1' Association Henri Ca­pitant. Montreal, 1939, pp. 109 sq.

Williams (1951): G. L. Williams, Joint Torts and Contributory Negligence. London, 1951.

Williston (1936): S. Williston, Treatise on the Law of Contracts. Revised edition. New York, 1936. 8 vols.

Winfield (1950): P. H. Winfield, Textbook of the Law of Torts, 5th. ed. London, 1950.

W olfsbergen ( 1946) : A. Wolfs bergen, Onrechtmatige daad. Lei den, 1946.

Woltman ( 1936) : J. J. Woltman, De beperkte aansprakelijkheid van den reeder. Proefschrift-Leiden, 1936.

XXIV

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Air L. Rev. = Air Law Review, 1930 sq. (U.S.A.). A.L. = Archiv fiir Luftrecht (Germany). A.L.R. = American Law Reports, Annotated (U.S.A.). Am. Dec. = American Decisions. Am. J. Comp. Law= American Journal of Comparative Law. Appel= Cour d'Appel (French and Belgian Court of Appeal). B.G.B. = Biirgerliches Gesetzbuch (German Civil Code). B.G.H. = Bundesgerichtshof (Supreme Court of postwar Western

Germany). B.T.I. = Bulletin des Transports Internationaux par Chemins de

Fer publie par l'Office Central a Berne (French and German texts.)

Cal. L. Rev.= California Law Review (U.S.A.). Cass. = Cour de Cassation (French, Belgian and Egyptian Court

of highest Jurisdiction) or Corte di Cassazione (Italian). C.I.T.E.J.A. = Comite international technique d'experts juri-

diques aeriens. Constituted by the Paris Conference 1925. C.J.S. = Corpus Juris Secundum (U.S.A.). Cod. Nav. = Codice della Navigazione, 1942 (Italy). Col. L. Rev.= Columbia Law Review (U.S.A.). D. = Recueil Dalloz (France). D.L.R. =Dominion Law Reports (Canada). D.M.F. = Droit Maritime Fran<;ais. E.R. = English Reports. Giur. Ital. = Giurisprudenza italiana. GIUnF = Entscheidungen des K.K. Obersten Gerichtshofes,

Neue Folge (Austria). G.P. = Gazette du Palais (France). Harv. L. Rev.= Harvard Law Review (U.S.A.). H.G.B. = Handelsgesetzbuch (German Code of Commerce). I.A.T.A. = International Air Transport Association. The post-

XXV

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

war organization of the world's large scheduled airlines, replacing the prewar International Air Traffic Association, comprising only the European airlines.

I.C.A.O. = International Civil Aviation Organization (created by the International Civil Aviation Conference of Chicago, 1944).

Ill. L. Rev. = Illinois Law Review (U.S.A.) Ir. Jur. = Irish Jurist. I.U.A.I. = International Union of Aviation Insurers. J.A.L. =Journal of Air Law. After 1945 continued as J.A.L.C.

(U.S.A.). J.A.L.C. = Journal of Air Law and Commerce, 1946 sq. (U.S.A.). Journ. Comp. Law. = Journal of Comparative Law and Juris-

prudence (England). J.W. = Juristisches Wochenschrift (Germany). L.C. = Legal Committee. L.R.Q.B. = Law Reports - Queens Bench (England). L.T. =Law Times (England). Minn. L. Rev.= Minnesota Law Review. (U.S.A.). N.J. = Nederlandse Jurisprudentie (Netherlands). N.J.B. = Nederlands Juristenblad (Netherlands). R.B.D.A. = Revista brasileiro de direito aeronautico (Rio de

Janeiro) 1951 sq. (Brazil). R.C. 1933 ( 1952) = Rome Conference 1933 ( 1952). Rd. = Railroad. R.D.N. = Rivista di diritto della navigazione (Italy). Resp. civ. = Responsabilita civile (Italy). Rev. crit. = Revue critique de jurisprudence belge. Rev. for. = Revista forense (Brazil). Rev. Jur. Arg. = Revista de Jurisprudencia Argentina. R.F.D.A. = Revue fran~aise de droit aerien (France). R.G. = Reichsgericht (German Supreme Court). R.G.A. =Revue generale de l'air (France). R.G.D.A. = Revue generale de droit aerien, 1932 sq. Continua­

tion of Droit Aerien (France). R.G.Z. = Entscheidungen des Reichsgerichts in Zivilsachen

(Germany). Ry. = Railway. S. = Recueil Sirey (France).

XXVI

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Transport= Internazionales Transport Zeitschrift (also published as Revue internationale de Transport).

U.S. Av. R. = United States Aviation Reports (Baltimore) since 1952 as: U.S. & C.Av.R.

U.S. & C.Av.R. =United States and Canadian Aviation Reports. W. = Weekblad van het Recht (Netherlands). W.C. = Second Conference of International Private Air Law

at Warsaw 1929 (published: Warsaw, 1930). W.v.K. = Wetboek van Koophandel (Netherlands Code of

Commerce). Z.G.L. = Zeitschrift fiir das gesamte Luftrecht, 1930 sq. (Ger­

many). Z.L. = Zeitschrift fiir Luftrecht (Germany).

XXVII