LING-09 English Stops and Fricatives rev2-3-2011

8/7/2019 LING-09 English Stops and Fricatives rev2-3-2011

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English Stop PhonemesEnglish Stop Phonemes

/p/ /t/ /k//p/ /t/ /k/

/b/ /d/ /g//b/ /d/ /g/


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/p/English bi/p/English bi--labial voiceless stoplabial voiceless stop

Articulated by firmly touching the lipsArticulated by firmly touching the lipstogether, causing the breath stream totogether, causing the breath stream tobecome compressed in the oral cavitybecome compressed in the oral cavity

Its sudden release is accompanied by aIts sudden release is accompanied by aslight aspirate pop in the word medialslight aspirate pop in the word medial

positionposition


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Distribution of/p/Distribution of/p/

The word medial /p/ isThe word medial /p/ is unaspiratedunaspirated[p[p--] and the word final /p/ is] and the word final /p/ issometimes unreleased [p=]sometimes unreleased [p=]

The distribution of /p/ is word initialThe distribution of /p/ is word initial pinpin

//ppnn/ word medial/ word medial stopperstopper//staperstaper/ and word/ and word

finalfinal toptop /tap//tap/

Proof from minimal pair /Proof from minimal pair /ppnn/ // /bbnn//


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/t/English apico/t/English apico--alveolarralveolarr

voiceless stopvoiceless stop articulated by touching the tip of thearticulated by touching the tip of the

tongue against the alveolarridge,tongue against the alveolarridge,completely stopping the breath streamcompletely stopping the breath streambehind the closure.behind the closure.

The breath stream is released with aThe breath stream is released with a

slight aspirate pop in the word initialslight aspirate pop in the word initialpositionposition


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Distribution of/t/Distribution of/t/

This consonant is found in word initialThis consonant is found in word initial tonetone

/ton/ medial/ton/ medial litterlitter//llterter/ and final/ and final coatcoat//kotkot//

positionspositions

The allophone [The allophone [tHtH] occurs in the word] occurs in the word

initial positioninitial position

TheThe unaspiratedunaspirated [t[t--] occurs in the medial] occurs in the medial

and final positionsand final positions

The tap allophone [ t^ ] occurs in the wordThe tap allophone [ t^ ] occurs in the word

medial position between vowelsmedial position between vowels


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Proof by minimal pairProof by minimal pair

/t/ and /d/ contrast in the same/t/ and /d/ contrast in the same

environmentenvironment//ttnn/ contrasts with // contrasts with /ddnn//


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/k/English Dorso velar Stop/k/English Dorso velar Stop

Articulated by pressing the dorsum ofArticulated by pressing the dorsum ofthe tongue against the velum, causingthe tongue against the velum, causingthe breath stream to be stopped behindthe breath stream to be stopped behindthe point of closurethe point of closure

When the breath stream is released, aWhen the breath stream is released, a

slight aspirated pop will occurslight aspirated pop will occur


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Distribution of/k/Distribution of/k/

The distribution is wordThe distribution is word initalinital killkill //kkll//medialmedial actoractor//ktorktor/ and final/ and final crackcrack//krkkrk//

positionspositions

AnAn unaspiratedunaspirated allophone [kallophone [k--] occurs in] occurs inthe word medial and final positionsthe word medial and final positions

An unreleased allophone [k=]An unreleased allophone [k=]sometinessometines occurs in the word finaloccurs in the word finalpositionposition


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/k/ contrasts from /g/ in/k/ contrasts from /g/ in camecame

/kem/ and/kem/ andgamegame /gem//gem/


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//b/English Voiced Bilabial Stopb/English Voiced Bilabial Stop

Articulated in the same manner as theArticulated in the same manner as thevoiceless stop /p/, except that the vocalvoiceless stop /p/, except that the vocalbands in the larynx are caused tobands in the larynx are caused tovibrate and the breath stream is notvibrate and the breath stream is notaspirated.aspirated.


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Distribution of/b/Distribution of/b/

The distribution is word initialThe distribution is word initial barkbark/bark/ word medial/bark/ word medial robberrobber /raber//raber/

and word finaland word final robrob /rab/ positions/rab/ positions


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//b/ contrasts with /g/ inb/ contrasts with /g/ in bet /bet /bbtt/ and/ and

get /get /ggtt//


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/d/ English Voiced Apico/d/ English Voiced Apico--

alveolar Stopalveolar StopArticulated in the same manner as itsArticulated in the same manner as its

voiceless counterpart /t/ except thatvoiceless counterpart /t/ except that

the vocal bands in the larynx arethe vocal bands in the larynx arecaused to vibrate and the breath streamcaused to vibrate and the breath streamis not as forcefully aspiratedis not as forcefully aspirated


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Distribution of/d/Distribution of/d/

The distribution of this phoneme isThe distribution of this phoneme isword initialword initial dartdart /dart/ medial/dart/ medial raiderraider

//rederreder/ and word final/ and word final redred //rrdd//positionspositions


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/d/ contrasts with /t/ in //d/ contrasts with /t/ in /ddmm/ and/ and

//ttmm//


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/k/English Dorsovelar Stop/k/English Dorsovelar Stop

Articulated similarly to the voicelessArticulated similarly to the voicelesscounterpart /k/ except that the vocalcounterpart /k/ except that the vocal

bands are caused to vibrate while thebands are caused to vibrate while thebreath stream is not vigorouslybreath stream is not vigorouslyaspiratedaspirated


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Distribution for/g/Distribution for/g/

The distribution for this phoneme areThe distribution for this phoneme areword initialword initialgoatgoat /got/ word medial/got/ word medial

angryangry //grigri/ and word final/ and word final bag/bag/bgbg//


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/g/ contrasts to /t/ in/g/ contrasts to /t/ ingalegale /gel/ and/gel/ and

tailtail//teltel//


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English Fricative ConsonantsEnglish Fricative Consonants

/f/ /P/ /s/ //f/ /P/ /s/ ///

/v/ /D/ /z/ //v/ /D/ /z/ ///


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/f/English Labio/f/English Labio--DentalDental

FricativeFricativeArticulated by forcing the breath streamArticulated by forcing the breath stream

through a narrow slit formed bythrough a narrow slit formed by

touching the lower lip to the uppertouching the lower lip to the upperteeth.teeth.


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Distribution of/f/Distribution of/f/

The distribution of this phoneme isThe distribution of this phoneme isword initialword initialfailfail //felfel// cafcaf //kfekfe//andand

finalfinal roofroof //rufruf//


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/f/ contrasts with /v/ in/f/ contrasts with /v/ infailfail /fel/ and/fel/ andvailvail /vel//vel/


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////English VoicelessEnglish Voiceless InterdentalInterdental

FricativeFricativeArticulated by placing the tip of theArticulated by placing the tip of the

tongue in very light contact with thetongue in very light contact with the

upper teeth.upper teeth.

The breath stream is forced through aThe breath stream is forced through anarrow slit opening between the tonguenarrow slit opening between the tongue

and the teethand the teeth


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Distribution ofDistribution of////

The distribution ofThe distribution of thth ee interdentalinterdental fricativefricative

is word initialis word initial thick/thick/ikik//word medialword medial etherether

//ii r/ and word finalr/ and word final wreathwreath //riri// position.position.


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Proof by Minimal PairProof by Minimal Pair

/s/ contrasts to /l/ in/s/ contrasts to /l/ in thickthick //ikik/ and/ andlicklick//llkk//


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//s/English Apicoalveolars/English Apicoalveolar

FricativeFricativeArticulated by placing the apex of theArticulated by placing the apex of the

tongue on the alveolarridge, allowingtongue on the alveolarridge, allowing

no breath stream to escape except for ano breath stream to escape except for anarrow groove along the tonguenarrow groove along the tonguemidline.midline.

Other phonetic terms for this sound areOther phonetic terms for this sound aresibilant and groove fricative.sibilant and groove fricative.


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Distribution of/s/Distribution of/s/

The distribution of this phoneme isThe distribution of this phoneme isword initialword initial salesale //selsel/ word medial/ word medial

assumeassume //asumasum/ and word final kiss/ and word final kiss//kkss//positions.positions.


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/s/ contrasts with /p/ in //s/ contrasts with /p/ in /sskk/ and // and /ppkk//


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// //EnglishEnglish FrontopalatalFrontopalatal

FricativeFricative Articulated with the front of the tongueArticulated with the front of the tongue

touching the palatetouching the palate

The sides of the tongue are pressed upwards,The sides of the tongue are pressed upwards,forming a groove down the center of theforming a groove down the center of thetonguetongue

Like the sibilant /s/, the frontopalatalLike the sibilant /s/, the frontopalatalfricative is a groove fricative, forcing thefricative is a groove fricative, forcing thebreath stream through a large vertical groovebreath stream through a large vertical groovedown the tongue centerdown the tongue center


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Distribution of/Distribution of///

The distribution of the EnglishThe distribution of the English

FrontopalatalFrontopalatal Fricative is word initialFricative is word initial shakeshake

//ekek/ word medial/ word medial assureassure // aaurur/ and word/ and wordfinal /rfinal /r / position/ position


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// / contrasts with /s/ in shin // contrasts with /s/ in shin / nn/ and/ and

sin /sin / ssnn//

Documents

LING-09 English Stops and Fricatives rev2-3-2011