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LING 40030 - General Linguistics
• Weeks 10-12: Production, Perception and
Patterning of Sounds
(Phonetics and Phonology)
Dr. John Wogan
• Office: A201 Newman Building
• E-mail: [email protected]
• � 716 8215
• Office hours: Tues 1-3, Thurs 1-2
Schedule of Topics
• Week 10: Articulatory Phonetics
How do we classify sounds?
• Week 11: Speech Perception
What is involved in perceiving speech? How can
we capture the process?
• Week 12: Phonological Processes
How can we describe the patterns found in
speech? How can we explain the processes?
Description and Classification of Sounds
• Ladefoged, P. (2006), A Course in Phonetics.
London: Thomson & Wadsworth.
• Gussenhoven, C. & H. Jakobs (2005)
Understanding Phonology. London: Arnold.
• Plenty of other introductory Phonetics and
Phonology textbooks in library.
Internet Resources
• Customisable Vocal Tract
www.chass.utoronto.ca/~danhall/phonetics/sammy.html
• Flash Animation of Vocal Tract
www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/
• UCLA Phonetics Archive
www.phonetics.ucla.edu
Phonetics and Phonology
• Phonetics is the study of speech sounds, how
they are articulated, their acoustic properties,
and how they are perceived
• Phonology is concerned with how sounds
function within a language system, their
distributions, arrangements and the processes
that effect them.
Speech Communication
Continuous versus Discrete
• Phonetically, sounds are continuous.
• Sounds continuously exhibit the influence of
neighbouring sounds (coarticulation) e.g. caw
[k�] versus key [k�i]
• Phonologically, sounds are discrete.
• However, at a phonological level the sounds
[k] and [k�] function alike: they are both /k/
Spectrogram: “She said sushi”
Sh e s ai d s u sh i
“We were away a year ago”
w e w ere a w ay a y ea r a g o
How many sounds?
Bilabial Labio-
Dental
Dental Alveolar Post-
Alveolar
Velar Glottal
Plosive p b t� d� t d k g
Nasal m n �Fricative f v s z � h
Approxi
mant
Lateral l
Consonant chart (Irish English)
Bilabial Labio-
Dental
Dental Alveolar Post-
Alveolar
Velar Glottal
Plosive p b t� d� t d k g
Nasal m n �Fricative f v s z � h
Approxi
mant
Lateral l
Consonant chart (Irish English)
Bilabial Labio-
Dental
Dental Alveolar Post-
Alveolar
Velar Glottal
Plosive p b t� d� t d k g
Nasal m n �Fricative f v s z � h
Approxi
mant
Lateral l
Consonant chart (Irish English)
Bilabial Labio-
Dental
Dental Alveolar Post-
Alveolar
Velar Glottal
Plosive p b t� d� t d k g
Nasal m n �
Fricative f v s z � h
Approxi
mant
Lateral l
The International Phonetic Alphabet
• Since the 16th century attempts have been made to devise a universal system for transcribing speech sounds. The IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) has been developing since 1888.
• Avoids the problem of orthography, one IPA symbol = one sound.
• Independent of any particular language:
e.g.Eng: sharp Ir: Seán Fr: chambre
- all begin with [ � ]
IPA Good, Orthography Bad
• Orthography can have a one letter (or letter sequence)
to many sounds relationship e.g. in English ou can be
[�] in cough, [�] in thought, [au] in loud, [�] in
journal, [o] in soul, [ ] in couple, [�] in could or [u]
in youth
• There are also one sound to many letters relationships
e.g. in French [ �� ] can be written temps ‘weather’,
tant ‘so much’, tan ‘tan’, taon ‘horsefly’, tend
‘tighten’, Caen (name of a city), champ ‘field’,
grand ‘big’, emporter ‘take’ or en ‘in’
The International Phonetic Alphabet
The International Phonetic Alphabet
jkjkjkjkjkjjjk
Initiation
Phonation
Articulation
Initiation: Airstream Mechanism• Pulmonic
– Egressive (outwards) versus Ingressive (inwards)
• Glottalic Airstream
– Egressive: Ejectives (Navajo, Quechua)
• Quechua [t�aka] bridge [t�’aka] ‘hoarse’ [kujui]
‘move’ [k’ujui] ‘twist’
– Ingressive: Implosives: Sindhi (Indo-Aryan), Igbo
• Igbo [iba] ‘rich’ [i�a] ‘gather’ [ida] ‘cut’ [i�a] ‘chew’
• Velaric Airstream: Clicks
– Ingressive: Zulu, Xhosa (Bantu), Khoi, San (Khosian)
• Nama [|o] ‘play music’ [!oas]‘belt’ [�aos]‘strike’
And so begins our tour of the Vocal Tract
• The Larnyx houses the Vocal Folds
• The Vocal Folds may be kept apart. A sound
with this configuration is termed voiceless or
unvoiced.
• The Vocal Folds may be oscillating, (opening
and closing). A sound with the Vocal Folds
vibrating is termed a voiced sound.
Phonation: Vocal folds
• All languages possess voiced and voiceless
sounds
• Important to be able to distinguish voicing
from voicelessness
• easy for most consonants
• Not so easy for a class of consonants
called stops [ p, t, k ]
• In English, voiceless stops are accompanied
by aspiration, a slight puff of air
-Pan [ p�æn ]
-French pain [ p�� ]
Voiced or Voiceless?
• [ m ]
• [ � ]
• [ f ]
• [ p ]
• [ g ]
• [ d� ]
• [ x ]
voiced
voiceless
voiceless
voiceless
voiceless
voiced
voiced
The Many Lives of the Larynx
• Phonation Types
• Modal voicing
• Depending on muscular and other
configurations within the larynx:
• whispery voice
• creaky voice
• breathy voice
• falsetto voice
San Lucas Quiavini
(a Zapotec language)‘gets
bitter’
‘gets
ripe’
‘lets go
of’
modal
breathy
creaky
‘daa’
‘dah’
‘ddààà’
Other lives of the Larynx
• Controls pitch (fundamental frequency, f0)
• average 100 Hz (male), 200 Hz (female)
• Intonation (suprasegmental feature): the use of
pitch distinctively over a phrase
• Declarative versus Interrogative
• Grammatical function
• Paralinguistic/Expressive
“Do you like phonetics?”
• Yes. (low fall): neutral, detached
• Yes. (level): bored, sarcastic
• Yes? (low rise): “what’s the catch?”
• Yes! (high rise): surprise
• Yes!! (high fall): emotional involvement
• may vary across dialects
• does vary across languages
Other lives of the Larynx
• Tonal languages (e.g. Chinese) possess lexical
items (i.e words) which contrast exclusively in
terms of pitch
• ma high level “mother”
• ma high rising “hemp”
• ma low falling rising “horse”
• ma high falling “scold”
To boldly go...beyond the larynx
• Air may be obstructed anywhere in the vocal
tract by the various articulators.
• If the vocal folds are not vibrating, this is all
we hear
• If the vocal folds are producing voicing, we hear
a mixture voicing and the “obstruction noise”
• Where the obstruction takes place is termed
Place of Articulation
Passive Articulators
Active Articulators
• Articulator Phonetic Label Example
• Lips Bilabial [ p b m ] Labiodental [ f v ]
• Teeth Dental [ t� d� % & ]• Alveolar Ridge Alveolar [ t d s z ]• Hard Palate Palatal [ j ]• Soft Palate Velar [ k ) ]
(Velum)
• Uvula Uvular [ * ]• Pharynx Pharyngeal
• Vocal Folds Glottal [ h ](Glottis)
Postalveolar Sounds
• Sounds may also be produced just behind the
Alveolar Ridge: Postalveolar
• [ � ] Sheep
• [ ] leisure, azure
• PostAlveolar = Palato-Alveolar = Alveolo-
Palatal
Recap: Places of Articulation for
Irish Englishp b t� d� t d k )
f v % & s z
Some Practice
• Indicate letters corresponding to Alveolar sounds:
• It’s quite a simple question you know.
• Indicate letters corresponding to Bilabial sounds:
• Place that pebble in the bin, mister.
• Indicate letters corresponding to Voiceless sounds:
• Sleep is a good goal to aim for.
• Indicate letters corresponding to Velar sounds:
• Keep thinking about going home
Consonant Specification
• For Consonants, you need to specify:
• Voicing: voiced or voiceless
• Place of Articulation: it’s always Location,
Location, Location!
• Manner of Articulation: it ain’t what you do,
it’s the way that you do it
Articulatory Phases
• Articulations consist of three distinct phases:
• Approach Phase: articulators are moved
towards their intended target
• Hold Phase: articulators reach target and
maintain that configuration
• Release Phase: articulators move away from
the target position
Manner of Articulation
(or Degrees of Stricture)
Nasal/Oral
Bilabial Stops
[ p ] [ b ]
Labio-dental Fricatives
[ f ] [ v ]
Bilabial Stop versus Nasal
[ b ] [ m ]
Dental Stops
[ t� ] [ d� ]
Dental Stop: Another Example
[ t� ]
Dental Fricatives
[ % ] [ & ]
(Inter)Dental Fricative
[ & ]
Alveolar Stops
[ t ] [ d ]
Alveolar Fricatives
[ s ] [ z ]
Alveolar Stop versus Nasal
[ d ] [ n ]
Alveolar (Retroflex and Lateral) Approximants
[ ] [ l ]
Postalveolar Fricatives
[ � ] [ ]
Palatal Approximant (glide)
[ j ]
Velar Stops
[ k ] [ ) ]
Velar Stop versus Nasal
[ ) ] [ � ]
Labio-velar approximant (glide)
[ w ]
What’s this sound?
[ . ] voiceless pharyn)eal fricative
And this sound?
[ 4 ] voiced palatal nasal
How about this sound?
[ 5 ] voiceless retroflex stop
Voicing/Place/Manner
• [ p ]
• [ z ]
• [ l ]
• [ � ]
• [ d ]
• [ h ]
• [ v ]
voiceless bilabial stop
voiced alveolar fricative
voiced alveolar lateral approximant
voiced velar nasal
voiced palato-alveolar/postalveolar affricate
voiceless glottal fricative
voiced labio-dental fricative
Vowel Specification
• For Vowels, you need to specify:
• Height (high, mid, low)
• Fronting: Front, Central or Back
• Lips: rounded or unrounded
Vowel Space
[i] [u]
high high
front back
unrounded rounded
[æ] [�]
low low
front back
unrounded rounded
Vowel Quadrilateral =
Abstraction of Vowel Space
Vowel Quadrilateral for
Irish English
i u
e o
�
æ �
�
�
high
mid-high
mid low
lowfront back
Rounding/front-back/height
• [ æ ]
• [ � ]
• [ u ]
• [ 7 ]
• [ o ]
• [ � ]
• [ � � ]
low front unrounded
mid central unrounded
high back rounded
high (lowered) front (retracted) unrounded
mid-high back rounded
low back unrounded
nasalised mid-low front unrounded
Vowel Quadrilateral for
Irish English
Diphthongs
i u
a
Transcription – individual words
[)em] [es] [t��is]
[s7�] [dæm] [d7m]
[l7kw7d] [t��iz] [�aut]
[main] [p7t�] [d�]
[pit�7z] [æmb��] [f�n�tiks]
Transcription - phrases
[ �is7ts7ntæfikdæmz�viivn7� ]
[ �i s7ts 7n tæfik dæmz �vi ivn7� ]
She sits in traffic jams every evening.