L’INSTITUT D’ARCHEOLOGIE DE L’UNIVERSITE JAGELLONNE DE CRACOVIE

RECHERCHES ARCHEOLOGIQUESNOUVELLE SERIE 1

KRAKÓW 2009

© Copyright by Institute of Archaeology of the Jagiellonian University

Kraków 2009

REDACTIONWojciech Blajer

CONSEIL EN REDACTION

Jan Chochorowski, Krzysztof Ciałowicz, Piotr Kaczanowski, Janusz K. Kozłowski, Ewdoksia Papuci-Władyka, Jacek Poleski, Joachim Śliwa, Paweł Valde-Nowak

TRADUCTION

Piotr Godlewski, Romana Kiełbasińska et auteurs des articles

SECRETAIRE DE LA REDACTIONMarcin S. Przybyła

ILLUSTRATIONS

Urszula Bąk, Elżbieta Pohorska-Kleja, Urszula Socha et auteurs des articles

MAQUETTE DE COUVERTUREJacek Poleski

MISE EN PAGES

Wydawnictwo i Pracownia Archeologiczna “PROFIL” Magdalena Dzięgielewska

EN COUVERTURETrois figurines d’ivoire de site prédynastique de Tell el-Farkha

ADRESSE DE LA REDACTION

Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, ul. Gołębia 11, PL 31-007 Krakówwww.archeo.edu.uj.pl/ra

ISSN 0137-3285

Cette publication est financée aux moyens destinés à l’activité statutaire de la Faculté d’Histoire de l’Université Jagellonne

To Readers and co-Authors of „Recherches Archéologiques”

FOUILLES ARCHEOLOGIQUES EN POLOGNE

Bolesław Ginter, Marta Połtowicz-Bobak: Dzierżysław 35 – an open-air Magdalenian site in Upper Silesia (part III)

Paweł Valde-Nowak: Early farming adaptation in the Wiśnicz Foothills in the Carpathians. Settlements at Łoniowa and Żerków

Piotr Godlewski: Rescue excavations at the multi-cultural site 1 in Grodowice, Kazimierza Wielka district, season 2005

Tobias L. Kienlin, Paweł Valde-Nowak: Bronzezeitliches Siedlungswesen im Vorfeld der polnischen Westkarpaten: Geomagnetische Untersuchungen und Geländebegehungen im Bereich des Dunajectals

Wojciech Blajer: Die Ausgrabungen an der Fundstelle 5 in Lipnik, Kr. Przeworsk (Siedlung der Trzciniec-Kultur, Gräberfeld der Tarnobrzeg-Gruppe), in den Jahren 2004 – 2006 (7.–9. Grabungssaison)

Anna Gawlik, Piotr Godlewski: Rescue excavations at site 1 in Witów, Proszowice district. Seasons 2004 – 2006

Ulana Zielińska: Bone material from the Lusatian culture settlement in WitówKarol Dzięgielewski, Urszula Bąk, Tomasz Kalicki, Barbara Szybowicz: Investigations

in 2004 – 2006 at the Bronze Age cemetery (site 3) at Zbrojewsko, district Kłobuck, voiv. Śląskie

Agnieszka Klimek, Łukasz Oleszczak, Zbigniew Robak: Forschungen an der Fundstelle der Lausitzer Kultur in Sufczyce, Fst. 8, Kr. Staszów, im Jahre 2005

Marcin S. Przybyła: Sondierungsausgrabungen auf der Siedlung aus der Bronzezeit und der römischen Kaiserzeit in Markowa, Kr. Łańcut, Fst. 85

Marzena J. Przybyła: Bericht von den Rettungsausgrabungen in Lipnik, Fst. 3, Gde. Kańczuga, Kr. Przeworsk, Woiw. Podkarpackie. Saison 2003 – 2004

Michał Grygiel, Jacek Pikulski, Marek Trojan: The research on the multicultural site no. 1 in Zagórzyce, com. and distr. Kazimierza Wielka, voiv. Świętokrzyskie during the years 2003 to 2004

Michał Grygiel, Jacek Pikulski, Marek Trojan: Rescue excavations on the Late Roman period settlement on site 3 in Zagórzyce, com. and distr. Kazimierza Wielka, voiv. Świętokrzyskie

Renata Madyda-Legutko, Judyta Rodzińska-Nowak, Joanna Zagórska-Telega: Prusiek, Fst. 25, Gde. und Kr. Sanok, Woiw. Podkarpackie – das erste Gräberfeld der Bevölkerung der Przeworsk-Kultur in den polnischen Karpaten

Renata Madyda-Legutko, Elżbieta Pohorska-Kleja, Judyta Rodzińska-Nowak: Pakoszówka, Gde. und Kr. Sanok, Woiw. Podkarpackie, Fst. 1 (Siedlung aus der Römischen Kaiserzeit)

Marcin Biborski: Abschließende Grabungsuntersuchungen an der Fundstelle 8 in Mokra, Gde. Miedźno, Kr. Kłobuck, Woiw. Śląskie

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CONTENU

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Jacek Poleski: Results of excavations conducted on the stronghold at Damice, commune Iwanowice, district Kraków, in the years 2004 – 2006

Dariusz Niemiec: Fragment der städtischen Wehrmauer des Krakauer Kazimierz, freigelegt 2005 an der Podgórska-Straße im Bereich des Spitals der Barmherzigen Brüder

Dariusz Niemiec: Archäologische Grabungen im Bereich des Wróblewski-Collegium der Jagiellonen Universität in Kraków in den Jahren 2003 – 2005

Dariusz Niemiec: Archäologisch-architektonische Untersuchungen im Hof des Collegium Novum der Jagiellonen-Universität in Kraków in den Jahren 2005–2006

RECHERCHES ARCHEOLOGIQUES A L’ETRANGER

Valery Sitlivy, Krzysztof Sobczyk, Margarita Koumouzelis, Panagiotis Karkanas: The New Middle Palaeolithic Human Occupations in Cave 1 in Klissoura, Greece. The Investigations in 2004 – 2006

Małgorzata Kaczanowska, Janusz K. Kozłowski, Adamantios Sampson: Results of investigations into the Early Mesolithic site of Maroulas on the island of Kythnos (Western Cyclades)

Marek Nowak, Magdalena Moskal-del Hoyo, Maria Lityńska-Zając, Tomasz Kalicki, Janusz K. Kozłowski, Georgiy I. Litvinyuk, Marian Vizdal: A settlement of the early Eastern Linear Pottery Culture at Moravany (Eastern Slovakia) – Preliminary report on seasons 2004 and 2006

Krzysztof M. Ciałowicz: Excavations of the Western Kom at Tell el-Farkha in 2006Joanna Dębowska-Ludwin: The catalogue of graves from Tell el-FarkhaEwdoksia Papuci-Władyka, Eugenia F. Redina, Jarosław Bodzek, Wojciech Machowski: The

Koshary Project (Ukraine, Odessa province), seasons 2004 – 2006Wiesław Koszkul, Jarosław Źrałka, Bernard Hermes: Archaeological Investigations

at Nakum, Peten, Guatemala: New Data on the Site’s Development and the Discovery of a Royal Tomb

Radosław Palonka, Kristin Kuckelman: Goodman Point Pueblo: Research on the Final Period of Settlement of the Ancestral Pueblo Indians in the Mesa Verde Region, Colorado, USA. The Preliminary Report, 2005–2006 Seasons

THESES DE DISSERTATIONS

Jacek Poleski: Frühmittelalterliche Burgen am DunajecGrażyna Bąkowska: Oriental elements in the iconography of magical gems

(1st – 3rd centuries A.D.)Marcin Biborski: Schwerter aus der jüngeren und spätrömischen Kaiserzeit sowie der

Frühphase der Völkerwanderungszeit aus dem Gebiet des europäischen Barbaricums und des Römischen Kaiserreichs. Typologie, Chronologie, Identifizierung römischer Erzeugnisse

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Mikołaj Budzanowski: The cult niches on the upper court of the temple of Hatshepsut in Deir el-Bahari. Royal cult aspects in the Temple of Millions of Years Djeser-Djeseru during the reign of Queen Hatshepsut

Joanna Dębowska-Ludwin: Burial custom in Lower Egypt in the Pre- and Early Dynastic period

Anna Gawlik: Scythian influences on the western and north-western borderlands of Great Scythia

Dorota Gorzelany: Burial form vs. ideologia funeraria. Formation of monumental tombs in Macedonia in the Classical and Hellenistic periods and their impact on the funerary complexes of Alexandria

Wojciech Machowski: Kurgans in the necropoleis of ancient cities on the Black Sea northern coast

Jacek Pierzak: Mittelalterliche Topfhelme auf polnischem Boden im Hinblick auf WesteuropaAleksandra Zięba: The Middle Palaeolithic in Kraków region: Piekary IIa and Kraków

ul. Księcia Józefa sites, in European contextLeszek Zinkow: Legacy of the Ancient Egypt in Polish literature (until 1914)Jarosław Źrałka: Terminal Classic Occupation in the Maya sites located in the Triangulo Park

area and the problem of their collapseEwdoksia Papuci-Władyka, Wojciech Machowski, Marta Kania: Black Sea links: exhibition

and conference in Cracow

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Recherches ArchéologiquesSN 1, 2009, 37 – 47ISSN 0137 – 3285

Archeological site at Grodowice was dis-covered in May 2005, during the action of field prospect conducted by Michał Grygiel from the Institute of Archeology of the Ja-Ja-giellonian University. The site is situated on a hilltop in a small hamlet called Argen-tyna, on fields belonging to Mr. J. Szczudło (Fig. 1, Photo 1). During fieldwalking, hu-man bones and pottery fragments were found on the surface of a ploughed field. A small, shallow survey trench was made to preserve the bones. As a result, a destructed skeleton burial was discovered. Small tem-ple ring was found close to the bones, which allowed dating the grave for Middle Ages.

As the site was continuously destructed by a plough, decision was made to start rescue excavations the same year. These excavations, led by the author of this paper, covered an area of 250 m2 (Fig. 2). Trench-es were located close to the hilltop, so that they encompassed the earlier survey trench as well. This location was partially adjusted to crops arrangement, on account of objec-tions formulated by the proprietor. As a re-sult, the excavations yielded 35 archeologi-cal features. Because of the weather con-ditions, some features have not been fully explored – part of them (e.g. features 28, 29) were documented on the level of their recording and filled in again.

Analysis of the material acquired in 2005 allowed distinguishing three phases of occupation:– settlement from the Neolithic (Funnel Beaker culture)– single grave from the Early Iron Age (Po-meranian culture)– medieval cemetery (second half of the 11th century)

Eighteen settlement features were discov-ered in 2005. This number comprised small features, up to 50 cm deep, as well as large pits, reaching 250 cm in diameter at the bot-tom and more than 200 cm deep. Ceram-ics dominated among the findings. Animal bones and a small number of flint artifacts were also found.

Pottery constitutes the most numerous group of finds at the site. It is a rather ho-mogenous set in respect of technology and stylistics, without any significant differenc-differenc-es between individual features. Preserved fragments did not allow reconstructing any complete vessel form. Most of characteristic elements come from beakers, represented are also collared flasks (Fig. 3:4), pots, and probably bowls and cups. In feature 11, a part of a broken spindle whorl was found (Fig. 3:7). Among decoration motifs domi-nate stamp impressions on the vessels rims, known mainly from beakers. Both single

Piotr Godlewski

Rescue excavations at the multi-cultural site 1 in Grodowice, Kazimierza Wielka district, season 2005

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(e.g. Fig 4:8 – 9) and doubled row of stamps (Fig. 5:6) occur, as well as – more seldom – stamp impressions with accompanying zigzag motif (Fig. 4:6). The decoration of rims with finger impressions (e.g. Fig. 4:12, 5:1– 2) is also present. In the case of one of vessels from feature 19 (Fig. 5:1– 2), finger impressions are accompanied by stamp dec-oration on the very lip of a vessel. In some cases finger impressions form the so called “arcade” ornament (Fig. 3:8).

Both in respect of forms and decoration, pottery from Grodowice refers explicitly to materials from the classic phase of the

Fig. 1. Grodowice, Kazimierza Wielka district, location of the site 1

Piotr Godlewski

south-eastern group of the Funnel Beaker culture (FBC) (Burchard, Jastrzębski, Kruk 1991, fig. 3; Kulczycka-Leciejewiczowa 2002, 91). Artifacts find numerous analo-gies on most of FBC sites. Due to territo-rial proximity, the best comparative material comes from two excavated and published settlements: at Bronocice (Kruk, Milisaus-kas 1991; 1999) and at Zawarża (Kulczy-cka-Leciejewiczowa 2002). The latter site makes a particularly good reference point thanks to the large scale of excavations and almost full publication of material. On the other hand, references to Bronocice allow

39Rescue excavations at the multi-cultural site 1 in Grodowice, Kazimierza Wielka district...

Fig. 2. Grodowice, site 1, plan of excavations in 2005.a – settlement features; b – inhumation graves; c – urn grave; d – modern trench

placing the acquired findings within the pe-riodization system worked out for the Lesser Poland loess zone.

Flint inventory obtained in 2005 was not very numerous. It comprises 22 artifacts in total, from which only 7 were found within features.

Material from Grodowice, particularly pottery, finds the closest parallels in as-semblages of phase BR II, dated generally

to period 3650 – 3500 BC (Nowak 2004; Włodarczak 2006). Only single elements could suggest different chronology. Beak-ers decorated with zigzag motif (wavy line) (Plate 3:6) are characteristic of phase BR III (Kruk, Milisauskas 1991, fig. 4), while fragments with notched rims (Plate 4:1– 2) occur in phase BR I (Kruk, Milisauskas 1991, fig. 2). However, both the above-mentioned ornament types may be found in

40 Piotr Godlewski

Fig. 3. Grodowice, site 1. Selected material from feature 11 (1– 9)

phase BR II as well. Therefore, consider-ing the whole of material, the site at Grodo-wice should be dated within the phase BR II. Any more detailed statements, as well as conclusions concerning the size, spatial layout and duration of site occupation are

not eligible for the moment due to the small excavated area.

Among the Neolithic features discovered in 2005, one can particularly distinguish pit 19 (Photo 3, Photo 4). It was first recorded at the level 40 cm, as a round structure 180 cm

41Rescue excavations at the multi-cultural site 1 in Grodowice, Kazimierza Wielka district...

Fig. 4. Grodowice, site 1. Selected material from feature 19 (1– 14)

in diameter. Further exploration showed it to be a large feature, with rectangular or slightly trapezoid profile. Its bottom was recorded 200 cm below the present ground level, where the diameter reached 250 cm. The fill in the lower part of pit 19 was light-brown colored, strongly stratified, with

small loess intrusions. Upper part of the fill was more homogenous, dark-brown color-ed. Of all features discovered at Grodowice, pit 19 yielded the most numerous collection of artifacts. These were most of all pottery shards (Fig. 4, 5:1– 8). The pit yielded also a numerous set of animal bones, including

42 Piotr Godlewski

cattle and small ruminants. Five flint flakes were found there as well.

Close to the large Neolithic pit presented above (feature 19), a heavily destroyed urn burial (feature 24) was discovered (Pho-to 3). The feature was recoded as a round-shaped pit 50 cm in diameter, containing fragments of broken pottery vessels and some charred human bones. The preserved part of the feature was only 5 cm thick. All vessels were strongly fragmented and pre-served only partially. Three forms have been reconstructed:1) large, thick-walled vessel with coarsened outer surface. Preserved part comprises the bottom and fragments of walls 15 cm high, which did not allow the complete reconstruc-tion of vessel form to be made (Fig. 5:9);2) bowl with inverted rims. Preserved in fragments. Most shards bear traces of sec-sec-ondary burning (Fig. 5:11);3) large fragments of thin-walled cup with a handle (Fig. 5:10).

The first two forms are not characteristic enough to determine their cultural attribu-tion. But the third, together with the general content of the inventory as a whole, permit to consider object 24 as an urn burial of the Pomeranian culture. Vessel no. 1 could be a cloche. Cups similar to vessel no. 3 are known from numerous Pomeranian culture sites (Dąbrowska 1977; Węgrzynowicz 1984). It should be stressed though, that due to the significant ruination of this fea-ture, we cannot be sure if the grave equip-ment is complete. Therefore, conclusions about precise chronology of the grave are not possible.

In the north-eastern part of the excavated area 16 inhumation graves were discovered (three of them were only recorded and exca-vated during the next season). The dead were laid straight, in rectangular pits oriented along east-west axis, with their heads to the west. Both the burial rite and artifacts found

in graves allow connecting the discovered cemetery with the period of Middle Ages. Burials were recorded on various depths. Close to the hilltop, human bones occurred already on the surface or just beneath it, in topsoil (Photo 2). But 10 –15 meters further down the slope, grave pits were recorded only at the depth of 50 – 60 cm. However, these latter burials were also battered to a various degree, probably by the agricultural works (plough). The observed situation sug-gests that the large part of erosion processes causing “flattening” of a hilltop and accu-mulation on the slopes took place during the last century. This could have resulted from the advancing mechanization of agriculture in the second half of the 20th century.

The depth of grave pits themselves shows considerable variation as well. Taking into account that deeply deposited burials often adjoined the shallow ones, this phenomenon cannot be explained solely by the destruc-tion of upper parts of grave pits.

Eight out of thirteen burials explored yielded no elements of equipment at all. In two graves the temple rings were found. Four coins come from graves 2, 4 and 5. Three of them were found in situ. They were deposited near the waist of the deceased. Second coin from grave 2 has no precise localization, as it was found while sieving the soil from the grave pit’s fill. Therefore it cannot be excluded that its appearance in grave 2 results from the mechanical destruc-tion of one of neighbouring burials. How-ever, if this coin is indeed the element of grave 2 equipment, it would be one of rare cases when more than one coin was placed to the grave. After conservation, all discov-ered coins were identified as silver “cross denarii”. They belong to series dated to the second half or the close of the 11th century (Gumowski 1939; Kiersnowski 1960; Su-Gumowski 1939; Kiersnowski 1960; Su-chodolski 1973). Such chronological frames should be accepted for the whole cemetery

43Rescue excavations at the multi-cultural site 1 in Grodowice, Kazimierza Wielka district...

Fig. 5. Grodowice, site 1. Selected material from features 19 (1– 8) and 24 (9 – 11)

at Grodowice. Remaining artifacts from 2005 season are the forms with broad dat-ing, though not contradicting the chronol-ogy suggested by coins. In respect of both the burial ritual and grave equipment, the site presented here reveals strong similarity to cemetery from site 1 at Witów, commune Koszyce, located ca. 25 kilometers to the south (see Gawlik, Godlewski in this vol-ume). This latter site is also dated to the sec-ond half of the 11th century based on coins from emissions of king Bolesław the Bold.

The first season of excavations at Grodo-wice confirmed the multi-culture character of this site, as well as its significant scien-tific value. Unfortunately, the site is being continuously destructed by agricultural works. This makes it necessary to continue rescue excavations during next seasons. Par-ticularly endangered are inhumation graves, due to their relatively shallow deposition. Therefore, further investigation of the dis-covered medieval cemetery should be one of the main goals for the following season.

44 Piotr Godlewski

Ratownicze badania wykopaliskowe na wielokulturowym stanowisku 1 w Grodowicach, pow. Kazimierza Wielka, w sezonie 2005

Stanowisko archeologiczne w Grodowicach zostało odkryte wiosną 2005 roku w trakcie badań po-wierzchniowych. Obecność niszczonych przez prace rolne grobów szkieletowych spowodowała pod-jęcie latem 2005 roku ratowniczych badań wykopaliskowych. Przebadano obszar 250 m2, odkrywając 35 obiektów archeologicznych. Wyróżniono trzy horyzonty chronologiczne: osadę neolityczną (KPL), pojedynczy grób popielnicowy kultury pomorskiej, oraz cmentarzysko szkieletowe z XI wieku. Do najciekawszych zabytków należą srebrne denary krzyżowe z grobów średniowiecznych, datowane na drugą połowę XI wieku. Ze względu na ciągłe zagrożenie stanowiska niezbędna jest kontynuacja prac ratowniczych.

References

Burchard B., Jastrzębski S., Kruk J., 1991 Some questions at Funnel Beaker culture south-eastern group – an outline, (in:) D. Jankowska (ed.), Die Trichterbecherkultur. Neue Forschungen und Hypothesen, pp. 95 –101, Poznań.

Dąbrowska T., 1977 Próba ustalenia chronologii względnej cmentarzysk kloszowych z obszaru Ma-zowsza, Wiadomości Archeologiczne, 42, pp. 117 – 136.

Gumowski M., 1939 Corpus nummorum Poloniae, Kraków.

Kiersnowski R., 1960 Pieniądz kruszcowy w Polsce wczesnośredniowiecznej, Warszawa.

Kruk J., Milisauskas S., 1991 Neolithic upland settlement at Bronocice, (in:) D. Jankowska (ed.), Die Trichterbecherkultur. Neue Forschungen und Hypothesen, pp. 173 –180, Poznań.

1999 Rozkwit i upadek społeczeństw rolniczych neolitu, Kraków.

Kulczycka-Leciejewiczowa A., 2002 Zawarża. Osiedle neolityczne w południowopolskiej strefie les-sowej, Wrocław.

Nowak M., 2004 Udział elementów lendzielsko-polgarskich w formowaniu się kultury pucharów lejkowatych w Małopolsce, Materiały Archeologiczne Nowej Huty, 24, pp. 121–138.

Suchodolski S., 1973 Mennictwo polskie w XI i XII wieku, Wrocław.

Tunia K. (ed.), 1997 Z archeologii Małopolski. Historia i stan badań zachodniomałopolskiej wyżyny lessowej, Kraków.

Węgrzynowicz T., 1984 Uwagi o kulturze grobów kloszowych na Mazowszu i Podlasiu w świetle próby typologicznej klasyfikacji ceramiki, Wiadomości Archeologiczne, 49, pp. 3 – 16.

45Rescue excavations at the multi-cultural site 1 in Grodowice, Kazimierza Wielka district...

Włodarczak P., 2006 Chronologia grupy południowo-wschodniej kultury pucharów lejkowatych w świetle dat radiowęglowych, (in:) J. Libera, K. Tunia (eds.), Idea megalityczna w obrządku po-grzebowym kultury pucharów lejkowatych, Lublin-Kraków, pp. 27 – 66.

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Photo 2. Grodowice, site 1. Medieval graves

Photo 1. Grodowice, general view of the site before exploration

Piotr Godlewski

47Rescue excavations at the multi-cultural site 1 in Grodowice, Kazimierza Wielka district...

Photo 3. Grodowice, site 1. Neolithic pit 19 and adjoining Early Iron Age grave 24

Photo 4. Grodowice, site 1. Cross-section of feature 19