L’INSTITUT D’ARCHEOLOGIE DE L’UNIVERSITE JAGELLONNE DE CRACOVIE

RECHERCHES ARCHEOLOGIQUESNOUVELLE SERIE 1

KRAKÓW 2009

© Copyright by Institute of Archaeology of the Jagiellonian University

Kraków 2009

REDACTIONWojciech Blajer

CONSEIL EN REDACTION

Jan Chochorowski, Krzysztof Ciałowicz, Piotr Kaczanowski, Janusz K. Kozłowski, Ewdoksia Papuci-Władyka, Jacek Poleski, Joachim Śliwa, Paweł Valde-Nowak

TRADUCTION

Piotr Godlewski, Romana Kiełbasińska et auteurs des articles

SECRETAIRE DE LA REDACTIONMarcin S. Przybyła

ILLUSTRATIONS

Urszula Bąk, Elżbieta Pohorska-Kleja, Urszula Socha et auteurs des articles

MAQUETTE DE COUVERTUREJacek Poleski

MISE EN PAGES

Wydawnictwo i Pracownia Archeologiczna “PROFIL” Magdalena Dzięgielewska

EN COUVERTURETrois figurines d’ivoire de site prédynastique de Tell el-Farkha

ADRESSE DE LA REDACTION

Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, ul. Gołębia 11, PL 31-007 Krakówwww.archeo.edu.uj.pl/ra

ISSN 0137-3285

Cette publication est financée aux moyens destinés à l’activité statutaire de la Faculté d’Histoire de l’Université Jagellonne

To Readers and co-Authors of „Recherches Archéologiques”

FOUILLES ARCHEOLOGIQUES EN POLOGNE

Bolesław Ginter, Marta Połtowicz-Bobak: Dzierżysław 35 – an open-air Magdalenian site in Upper Silesia (part III)

Paweł Valde-Nowak: Early farming adaptation in the Wiśnicz Foothills in the Carpathians. Settlements at Łoniowa and Żerków

Piotr Godlewski: Rescue excavations at the multi-cultural site 1 in Grodowice, Kazimierza Wielka district, season 2005

Tobias L. Kienlin, Paweł Valde-Nowak: Bronzezeitliches Siedlungswesen im Vorfeld der polnischen Westkarpaten: Geomagnetische Untersuchungen und Geländebegehungen im Bereich des Dunajectals

Wojciech Blajer: Die Ausgrabungen an der Fundstelle 5 in Lipnik, Kr. Przeworsk (Siedlung der Trzciniec-Kultur, Gräberfeld der Tarnobrzeg-Gruppe), in den Jahren 2004 – 2006 (7.–9. Grabungssaison)

Anna Gawlik, Piotr Godlewski: Rescue excavations at site 1 in Witów, Proszowice district. Seasons 2004 – 2006

Ulana Zielińska: Bone material from the Lusatian culture settlement in WitówKarol Dzięgielewski, Urszula Bąk, Tomasz Kalicki, Barbara Szybowicz: Investigations

in 2004 – 2006 at the Bronze Age cemetery (site 3) at Zbrojewsko, district Kłobuck, voiv. Śląskie

Agnieszka Klimek, Łukasz Oleszczak, Zbigniew Robak: Forschungen an der Fundstelle der Lausitzer Kultur in Sufczyce, Fst. 8, Kr. Staszów, im Jahre 2005

Marcin S. Przybyła: Sondierungsausgrabungen auf der Siedlung aus der Bronzezeit und der römischen Kaiserzeit in Markowa, Kr. Łańcut, Fst. 85

Marzena J. Przybyła: Bericht von den Rettungsausgrabungen in Lipnik, Fst. 3, Gde. Kańczuga, Kr. Przeworsk, Woiw. Podkarpackie. Saison 2003 – 2004

Michał Grygiel, Jacek Pikulski, Marek Trojan: The research on the multicultural site no. 1 in Zagórzyce, com. and distr. Kazimierza Wielka, voiv. Świętokrzyskie during the years 2003 to 2004

Michał Grygiel, Jacek Pikulski, Marek Trojan: Rescue excavations on the Late Roman period settlement on site 3 in Zagórzyce, com. and distr. Kazimierza Wielka, voiv. Świętokrzyskie

Renata Madyda-Legutko, Judyta Rodzińska-Nowak, Joanna Zagórska-Telega: Prusiek, Fst. 25, Gde. und Kr. Sanok, Woiw. Podkarpackie – das erste Gräberfeld der Bevölkerung der Przeworsk-Kultur in den polnischen Karpaten

Renata Madyda-Legutko, Elżbieta Pohorska-Kleja, Judyta Rodzińska-Nowak: Pakoszówka, Gde. und Kr. Sanok, Woiw. Podkarpackie, Fst. 1 (Siedlung aus der Römischen Kaiserzeit)

Marcin Biborski: Abschließende Grabungsuntersuchungen an der Fundstelle 8 in Mokra, Gde. Miedźno, Kr. Kłobuck, Woiw. Śląskie

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CONTENU

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Jacek Poleski: Results of excavations conducted on the stronghold at Damice, commune Iwanowice, district Kraków, in the years 2004 – 2006

Dariusz Niemiec: Fragment der städtischen Wehrmauer des Krakauer Kazimierz, freigelegt 2005 an der Podgórska-Straße im Bereich des Spitals der Barmherzigen Brüder

Dariusz Niemiec: Archäologische Grabungen im Bereich des Wróblewski-Collegium der Jagiellonen Universität in Kraków in den Jahren 2003 – 2005

Dariusz Niemiec: Archäologisch-architektonische Untersuchungen im Hof des Collegium Novum der Jagiellonen-Universität in Kraków in den Jahren 2005–2006

RECHERCHES ARCHEOLOGIQUES A L’ETRANGER

Valery Sitlivy, Krzysztof Sobczyk, Margarita Koumouzelis, Panagiotis Karkanas: The New Middle Palaeolithic Human Occupations in Cave 1 in Klissoura, Greece. The Investigations in 2004 – 2006

Małgorzata Kaczanowska, Janusz K. Kozłowski, Adamantios Sampson: Results of investigations into the Early Mesolithic site of Maroulas on the island of Kythnos (Western Cyclades)

Marek Nowak, Magdalena Moskal-del Hoyo, Maria Lityńska-Zając, Tomasz Kalicki, Janusz K. Kozłowski, Georgiy I. Litvinyuk, Marian Vizdal: A settlement of the early Eastern Linear Pottery Culture at Moravany (Eastern Slovakia) – Preliminary report on seasons 2004 and 2006

Krzysztof M. Ciałowicz: Excavations of the Western Kom at Tell el-Farkha in 2006Joanna Dębowska-Ludwin: The catalogue of graves from Tell el-FarkhaEwdoksia Papuci-Władyka, Eugenia F. Redina, Jarosław Bodzek, Wojciech Machowski: The

Koshary Project (Ukraine, Odessa province), seasons 2004 – 2006Wiesław Koszkul, Jarosław Źrałka, Bernard Hermes: Archaeological Investigations

at Nakum, Peten, Guatemala: New Data on the Site’s Development and the Discovery of a Royal Tomb

Radosław Palonka, Kristin Kuckelman: Goodman Point Pueblo: Research on the Final Period of Settlement of the Ancestral Pueblo Indians in the Mesa Verde Region, Colorado, USA. The Preliminary Report, 2005–2006 Seasons

THESES DE DISSERTATIONS

Jacek Poleski: Frühmittelalterliche Burgen am DunajecGrażyna Bąkowska: Oriental elements in the iconography of magical gems

(1st – 3rd centuries A.D.)Marcin Biborski: Schwerter aus der jüngeren und spätrömischen Kaiserzeit sowie der

Frühphase der Völkerwanderungszeit aus dem Gebiet des europäischen Barbaricums und des Römischen Kaiserreichs. Typologie, Chronologie, Identifizierung römischer Erzeugnisse

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Mikołaj Budzanowski: The cult niches on the upper court of the temple of Hatshepsut in Deir el-Bahari. Royal cult aspects in the Temple of Millions of Years Djeser-Djeseru during the reign of Queen Hatshepsut

Joanna Dębowska-Ludwin: Burial custom in Lower Egypt in the Pre- and Early Dynastic period

Anna Gawlik: Scythian influences on the western and north-western borderlands of Great Scythia

Dorota Gorzelany: Burial form vs. ideologia funeraria. Formation of monumental tombs in Macedonia in the Classical and Hellenistic periods and their impact on the funerary complexes of Alexandria

Wojciech Machowski: Kurgans in the necropoleis of ancient cities on the Black Sea northern coast

Jacek Pierzak: Mittelalterliche Topfhelme auf polnischem Boden im Hinblick auf WesteuropaAleksandra Zięba: The Middle Palaeolithic in Kraków region: Piekary IIa and Kraków

ul. Księcia Józefa sites, in European contextLeszek Zinkow: Legacy of the Ancient Egypt in Polish literature (until 1914)Jarosław Źrałka: Terminal Classic Occupation in the Maya sites located in the Triangulo Park

area and the problem of their collapseEwdoksia Papuci-Władyka, Wojciech Machowski, Marta Kania: Black Sea links: exhibition

and conference in Cracow

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Recherches ArchéologiquesSN 1, 2009, 397 – 406

ISSN 0137 – 3285

Małgorzata Kaczanowska, Janusz K. Kozłowski, Adamantios Sampson

Results of investigations into the Early Mesolithic site of Maroulas on the island of Kythnos (Western Cyclades)

In the years 2001–2006 excavations were conducted at the Early Mesolithic sites of Maroulas situated on the island of Kythnos. This is a small island about 100 sq m in area, in the Cyclades, about 52 nautical miles to south-east of Pireus and about 30 nautical miles of the Sunion Paeninsula.

The site of Maroulas (Fig. 1) is situated on the coast, in the north-east part of the island, about 4 km north of the locality of Lutra. It was discovered in the mid-seven-ties by an American archaeologist K. Honea who collected from the site surface a fairly large number of artefacts, mainly from ob-sidian. Archaeological rescue excavations, were resumed in the second half of the 1990s and, subsequently, since 2001 exca-vations have been systematically continued. The investigations were conducted by the Aegean University in cooperation with the Jagiellonian University and the Cyclades Eforate in Athens. A rich series of chipped stone artefacts has been obtained and a se-ries of samples has been taken to do micro-morphological, palaeobotanical and other examinations. Organic fraction from two features yielded two AMS dates: for struc-ture C16 – 9440±40 BP. (Poz-2200) and 9420±50 BP (Poz-6486) for structure C15. These are the oldest dates for the Aegean Mesolithic.

The promontory where the site is situated measures at the moment only 1650 sq m in

area. Observations made around the prom-ontory indicate that a considerable part of the site was inundated when the sea level changed. In the periods when settlements functioned the sea level was 30 – 40 m lower than it is today. Thus, in all likelihood the entire site area was larger, but the site was not situated directly on the shore – as it is today.

On the present surface of the promon-tory circular or oval stone structures have been preserved: rings of large stone blocks around the floor made from flat shale tiles, small stone plaquettes and pebbles (Fig. 2). The structures measure about 3 to 5 m in diameter (Fig. 3). The excavations at the site revealed various construction elements. Some features are sunk in natural basin-de-pressions in the carbonate substratum (cali-che type). The inner shape of these depres-sions was adjusted: their walls show, some-times, traces of work with a tool resembling a kind of pick. The floors were paved with flat slabs of local, epi- and mesometamor-phic shale. Sometimes, the shale plaquettes were hammered round the edges and their shape modified to cover the floor tightly. The walls were the natural faces of depres-sions or larger, vertically positioned slabs. In some features there were several levels of floors which indicates that the structures were used several times in consecutive mul-tiseasonal occupations (e.g. in feature C15

398 Małgorzata Kaczanowska, Janusz K. Kozłowski, Adamantios Sampson

four consecutive stone pavements were reg-istered – Fig. 4). The structures were peri-odically abandoned and were partially filled with mineral and organic material supplied from the surrounding terrain by colluvial processes. Then, the structures were re-built and used again.

The floor levels were separated by layers of loamy-clayey material with a large admix-ture of an organic substance that gave this formation its dark-brown colour (e.g. in fea-tures C15 and C16). These layers contained artefacts, animal and fishbones, and – first of all – shells of land snails namely: Helix figulina which accounted for more than 90% of all registered molluscs species (Alexan-drowicz 2006). Now these snails inhabit mainly the areas around the eastern basin of the Mediterranean, the grassy habitat, well exposed to sunshine, with individual bushes or trees. These snails must have been gath-ered and consumed by the inhabitants of the Mesolithic settlement, but do not inhabit the site area now. Besides the snails repre-senting Helix figulina shells of other, small molluscs were also registered such as Xero-tricha apicina, and Oxychlius hydratinus that lived in early Holocene in the site area. These two species favour dry, open, slightly shaded environment (Alexandrowicz 2006).

Their occurrence indicates that in the early Holocene the environmental conditions at the site differed somewhat from the condi-tions today. One can assume that the site was grown over with bushes or even indi-vidual trees.

In addition to the remains of structures lo-cated in the natural depressions there were two flat pavements directly on the surface of the rock (C6 and C19). The pavements are round, regular in outline, made from fairly small stones. No traces of posts or other sup-porting structures were recorded but – on the other hand – a considerable concentration of artefacts was discovered (e.g. in feature C19 more than 500 artefacts).

Within the area of stone structures, some-times underneath them skeletal graves with-out furnishing were discovered. There were several types of burials:1. The body was buried in a contracted po-sition, on the back, with the head oriented to the north. The body was surrounded by a stone ring, and a large flat stone slab sup-ported the head.2. The body was buried in a contracted posi-tion, on the left or right side, the head was oriented to the south, the face turned to the west, the body was buried underneath the stone pavement.3. A double burial, with the bodies in a contracted position, and heads oriented to north-west. The heads and upper parts of body were placed on large flat stone slabs that ring structure C21 (Fig. 5).4. the body is placed in a contracted posi-tion, in a burial pit covered by a flat stone slab, underneath the dwelling structure (feature C16).

The burials underneath dwelling struc-tures can be interpreted as foundation of-ferings. Moreover, individual long bones or skull fragments were discovered within the area of pavements and in the filling of struc-tures between the pavements (structures

Fig. 1. View of the Maroulas site, Kythnos, from the south

399Results of investigations into the Early Mesolithic site of Maroulas

Fig. 2. Map of the Maroulas site with stone structures

400 Małgorzata Kaczanowska, Janusz K. Kozłowski, Adamantios Sampson

C14, C15, C16). These human remains, that occurred individually, could be traces of symbolic practices. Because they occur in the top portions of features, they are associ-ated with the phase when the settlement was being abandoned.

The site yielded an extremely rich series of lithic artefacts of more than 6 thousand items. Local quartz was the raw material most frequently used (56.3%) for tool pro-duction, also white patinated flint probably originating from continental Greece (10.6%), and obsidian (31.1%) from deposits on the island of Melos at a distance of about 80 km. Other raw materials, among them quartzites and sandstone, were rarely used.

All the raw materials were worked on-site, although separate workshop zones of the lithic production have not been identi-fied. The technique of blank production shows a little variations between different row materials. The material that was most intensively exploited was obsidian which was brought to the site as partially decor-ticated nodules. Cores from obsidian were usually rejuvenated and strongly exhausted. Also larger flakes were worked into cores. Blanks were detached by means of a soft hammer. The chunks of local quartz which were exploited without any special prepara-tion, were often discarded after detaching one or two flakes. To detach quartz blankes hard hammer has been used.

The size of flakes depended on the raw material: the smallest and thinnest specimens were made – as a rule – from extralocal raw materials (obsidian and white-patinated flint), whereas the biggest, short and robust, are flakes from quartzite. Analysis of dimensions of flakes made from local quartz, i.e. easiest available raw mate-rial, shows that the objective of production was to obtain blanks of standardized size (length – 20–30 mm, width – 24–35 mm, thickness – about 4 mm).

Blades and bladelets account for only 1.9% (119 specimens) of the inventory. Ma-jority of specimens (62 items) were made from obsidian. Blades are fairly small and their proportions are robust.

Retouched tools are 10.8% of the inven-tory (568 tools and 140 fragments). Speci-mens with denticulated retouch are the most numerous group (25.9%). End-scrapers (17.9%) and retouched flakes (16.9%) are also fairly numerous. A distinctive group are robust perforators, alternate perfora-tors (15.9%) and geometrical microliths. The two latter categories were, as a rule, made from obsidian and white patinated flint. Quartz and quartzite also metamorphic shale, on the other hand, were exploited in the production of macrotools such as axes, tranchets and macro-side scrapers.

Splintered pieces, too, were used as tools. When raw materials were scarce they were exploited for the production of microlithic flakes (splinters). At Maroulas 538 splin-tered pieces from quartz, obsidian and white patinated flint were discovered. Many spec-imens have been preserved as fragments. Some, in the final phase of exploitation, were re-worked into retouched tools.

Moreover, fragments of lower grinding stones were also present. They were worked by means of pecking technique and partially smoothed. All the grinding stones were first intensively used and, then, intentionally broken. A fragment of a basin miller about 30 cm in diametre, with a carefully worked and smoothed outer surface comes from fea-ture C16 (Fig. 6). Besides basin millers there were also oval or elongated stones with a flat or slightly concave working surface. They were used for crushing organic substances (seeds?) with the use of spherical, ovaloid or edge-grinders-hammerstones. Some of them, notably those made from quartz peb-bles, were also used for crushing mineral dyes (red ochre).

401Results of investigations into the Early Mesolithic site of Maroulas

Artefacts related to symbolic culture are relatively few. Of interest is a fragment of a discoidal stone pendent (Fig. 7), perforated in the centre, a heart-shaped pendent with an unfinished perforation, and several perfo-rated or pierced sea shells (Fig. 8).

Because the site surface was strongly damaged analysis of scatter-pattern of finds distributed outside the features could not be done. The data obtained from the investigat-ed, multiphase dwelling structures (C15) in-dicate that in the oldest phase the proportion

Franchthi, phase Vii

Franchthi, phase Viii Maroulas Gioura

Klisoura, le-Vels 6 and 5a

c-14 dates9200±110 BP9280±110 BP

8740±110 to8530±90 BP

9440±40 BP 9420±50 BP

92250±60 to 8282±27 BP 9150±220 BP

denticulated-notched tool

33.0% 26.4% 25.9% Present Present

retouched FlaKes 32.3% 22.2% 16.9% Present Present

end-scrapers 10.8% 6.6% 17.9% Present Present

perForators 3.3% 2.3% 15.8% Present Present

GeoMetric and non-Geo-Metric inserts on FlaKes

10.00% 57.5% 8.3% Few Few

Microliths on bladelets Present Present Few Present Present

splintered pieces Absent Absent 8.5 (from the total inventory) Present Present

Macrotools Absent Absent 3.8% Present Absent

obsidian 0.001% 2.8% 31.1% 8.3%* Present

Ground stone arteFacts Absent Absent Present Absent Absent

of obsidian was higher than in the young-est phase. It can, therefore, be assumed that the site was settled by a group who arrived bringing with it a large supply of this raw material.

Chipped stone industry from Maroulas shows general similarity to lithic phase VII from the Franchthi Cave. Comparison of in-ventories from Maroulas with other sites in the region is provided in Table 1.

It should be emphasized that at Marou-las appear artefacts that are not known from

Tab. 1

*only in Upper Mesolithic layers

402 Małgorzata Kaczanowska, Janusz K. Kozłowski, Adamantios Sampson

The proportion of obsidian at Marou-las – in comparison to other Early Holo-cene sites – is exceptionally high, much higher than its proportion in layer X in the Franchthi Cave which – unquestionably – ex-hibits elements of Neolithic economy (Perlès 1990). The presence of obsidian is the evi-dence of systematic contacts and sea-faring in between the communities that inhabited the islands of the Aegean Sea. Possibly, also other inventions spread via the sea, sometimes from remote territories. This was, for example, stone architecture on a round plan which was adapted to local con-ditions. Stone buildings on a round plan were registered in the Near East and, also, in the Pre-ceramic Neolithic of Cyprus (J. Guilaine, Le Brun ed., 2003).

We can assume, therefore, that the ma-terials from the site at Maroulas document the early spread by sea of some elements of food-producing economy that were selectively assimilated by local foraging communities. This process, in all likelihood, paved the way for Neolithization proper of the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea basin.

Rezultaty badań wczesnomezolitycznego stanowiska Maroulas na wyspie Kythnos (zachodnie Cyklady)

W latach 2001-2006 były prowadzone badania wykopaliskwe stanowiska Maroulas na wyspie Ky-thnos. Stanowisko to, datowane AMS ok. 9400 lat BP, pod względem taksonomicznym może być zaliczone do „mezolitu egejskego”, nawiązującego do tradycji późnopaleolitycznego epigravettienu wschodniej części basenu Morza Sródziemnego. Od innych dotychczas znanych stanowisk mezoli-tycznych różni je:a) Obecność kamiennych budowli na planie kolistym oraz bruków kamiennych. Część tych konstruk-cji była używana wielokrotnie, co poświadczają sekwencje bruków; wskazuje to na półosiadły tryb życia.b) Obecność kamiennych żaren i rozcieraczy sugeruje z kolei większą rolę pokarmu roślinnego.Poza tym mieszkańcy osady polowali na ssaki i ptaki, łowili ryby morskie oraz zbierali ślimaki lądowe, których nagromadzenia występują w obrębie obiektów mieszkalnych, pomiędzy brukami kamienny-mi. Obecność znacznej ilości obsydianu importowanego z wyspy Melos wskazuje na systematyczne kontakty morskie w obrębie basenu Morza Egejskiego.

other Mesolithic sites in the region were discovered, namely: heavy tools of the type of choppers, cleavers and axes. These tools could have been related to specific activity of Mesolithic groups that inhabited the is-land in the Early Holocene e.g. the working of wood which was used for building dwell-ings. On the other hand, similar tool types were discovered at PPN sites in the Near East and were assigned to the Nemrikian (Mazurowski 1994). Another territory where such macrotools were registered are areas south of the Dead Sea e.g. at the site of Messad Mazzal (Taute 1994) dated to PPNB – that is slightly younger than the settlement at Maroulas. Heavy axe-like tools, bifacially worked are also known from the sites of the Syro-Palestinian coast where they co-occur with denticulated tools.

Of interest at Maroulas is the presence of querns for crushing plant foods, notably ba-sin millers with carefully worked surfaces. In their shape and execution they resemble specimens known from the Pre-ceramic Neolithic of the Near East (Aurenche, Kozłowski 1999).

403Results of investigations into the Early Mesolithic site of Maroulas

References

Alexandrowicz S.W., 2006 Malakologiczne badania stanowiska archeologicznego na wyspie Kyth-nos (Zachodnie Cyklady, Grecja), Rocznik PAU 2005/2006, pp. 268 – 272.

Aurenche O., Kozlowski S.K., 1999 La naissance du Neolithique au Proche Orient ou le paradis perdu, Paris.

Guilaine J., Le Brun A. Ed., 2003 Le Neolithique de Chypre, Bulletin de Correspondance Hellen-ique, suppl. 43.

Mazurowski R., 1994 Flint bolas, balls and choppers/chopping tools from Nemrik and M’lefaat, (in:) G. Gebel, S.K. Kozłowski (eds.), Neolithic Chipped Stone industries of the Fertile Crescent, Berlin, pp. 173 –188.

Perles C., 1990 Les industries lithiques taillees de Franchthi (Argolide, Grece), Tome II: Les indus-tries du Mesolithique et du Neolithique initial, Bloomington.

Taute W., 1994 Pre-Pottery Neolithic flint mining and flint workshop activities southwest of the Dead Sea, Israel, (in:) G. Gebel, S. K. kozłowski (eds.) Neolithic Chipped Stone industries of the Fertile Crescent, Berlin, pp. 495 – 510.

404 Małgorzata Kaczanowska, Janusz K. Kozłowski, Adamantios Sampson

Fig. 3. Maroulas, structure C3

Fig. 4. Maroulas, structure C15. Sequence of stone pavements (arrows) and accumulations of mollusques (A)

405Results of investigations into the Early Mesolithic site of Maroulas

Fig. 5. Maroulas. Double grave in construction C21

Fig. 6. Maroulas. Basin miller

406

Fig. 8. Maroulas. Perforated sea shells

Fig. 7. Maroulas. Unfinished stone pendant