LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Jean Aitchison. University of London. London. England

Ellen Broselow. State University of New York, Stony Brook. NY

Harald Clahsen. Dusseldorf University. Dusseldorf, FRG

Francisco d'Introno, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA

Fred Eckman. University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI

Sascha Felix. Passua University. Passua. FRG

Suzanne Flynn. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Cambridge, MA

James W. Gair, Cornell University. Ithaca, NY

Susan Gass. Michigan State University. East Lansing. MI

Liliane Haegeman. University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

Kenneth Hale, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge. MA

Lyle Ienkins. Harvard Medical School, Boston. MA

Juana Liceras, University of Ottawa. Ottawa. Canada

Barbara Lust, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY

Donaldo Macedo, University of Massachusetts. Boston, MA

Gita Martohardjono. Cornell University. Ithaca. NY

Irene Mazurkewich, Memorial University, St. John·s. Newfoundland

Frederick Newmeyer. University of Washington, Seattle, WA

Loraine Obler, City University of New York Graduate Center. New York. NY

Wayne O'Neil. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Cambridge. MA

431

432 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

William Rutherford. University of Southern California. Los Angeles. CA

Michael Sharwood Smith. Utrecht University. Utrecht. The Netherlands

Raj Singh. University of Montreal. Montreal, Quebec

Lisa Travis. McGill University, Montreal. Quebec

Stephen Weinberger, University of Washington, Seattle, WA

Lydia White. McGill University, Montreal, Quebec

INDEX OF NAMES

Adjemian, C. 39. 146. 159. 174-76, 195,200

Aitchison. J. 18. 21. 348, 349, 353. 354. 356. 371. 374. 406. 409

Alatis. J. 35 Albert. M. 118 Allen. C. 200. 206. 208 Andersen, R. 47, 348, 404 Angluin. D. 230 Aoun. J. 106 Arnold. G. 112 Aronoff. M. 298, 364. 365. 369

Badecker, W. 105 Bailey, N. 38, 278. 386 Baker, C. 144. 190 Baker, M. 363 Bates, E. 351. 398 Batistella. E. 128 Beletti,A. 225, 238 Bennis, H. 261 Berent. G. 238 Bergmann. M. 79 Berwick, R. 176, 185, 221,230, 311 Bever, T. 4, 58, 60, 68 Bialystok, E. 175 Bickerton, D. 31, 330. 331, 339,

341,344.349,350 Bley-Vroman, R. 9, 144, 146, 159,

397 Blomm, L. 130, 135, 136 Bloomfield, L. 36 Bolinger. D. 138 Borer, H. 20. 84. 145 Bouchard. D. 129. 139, 140 Bowerman. M. 190 Boxer, S. 112 Brame. M. 128. 138

433

Brandi. L. 225, 238 Bresnan, J. 128, \38,364.365 Broselow. E. 2, 3. 12. 21. 40. 146.

240,296.301,304.307.395 Brown. R. 39. 70, 130. 135. 136,

185,386 Browne. W. 16 Burt. M. 6, 38, 47. 78, 185, 277.

371, 384

Cancino. H. 39 Caplan. D. 93. 95, 96, 98, 104 Caramazza, A. 93, 105. 112 Carter. R. 312 Ceci, S. 312 Chomsky. C. 79 Chomsky, N. I, 4, 8. 9, 12. 14, 26.

27, 28, 31, 37, 40, 48, 49, 69, 77, 90, 106, 109, 128. 129, 147, 148. 149, 165, 174, 175, 176, 177, 182, 194, 195, 100, 201, 219, 220, 221, 225, 227, 228, 229, 230, 232, 233, 234, 235, 245, 247, 252, 253, 255, 256, 260, 261, 272, 277, 278, 279, 280, 282, 292, 310, 312, 324, 330, 331, 332, 339, 344, 365, 369, 373, 396, 405, 417

Church, K. 301 Cinque. G. 221 Clahsen. H. 2. 3. 10, II, IS, 16,

20, 47, 53, 54, 56. 58. 60. 61. 65. 68. 70. 71, 72. 90. 100. 101, 102, 105. 109. III. 119. 120. 122, 124. 146, 177. 191.278.408.410.413

Clark. E. 79. 84 Clark. H. 79. 84

434 INDEX OF NAMES

Comrie, B. I 1,226,352,396.418 Cook. V. I I Coopmans. P. 418 Corder. S.P. 37, 174, 183,385 Cross, C. 79 Culicover. P. 179, 181,331 Curtiss, S. 347

d'Anglejan. A. 38 da Vinci. L. 41 Davison. A. 226, 227 de Abrew, K. 79 de Villiers, J. 39 Dingwall, W. 36 d'Introno, F. 21, 332, 337 Di Pietro. R. 36 Dulay. H. 6, 38. 47, 78. 178, 185,

188,252.271,277,371,384 Du Plessis, J. 10

Eckman, F. 3. 15. 22, 39. 40, 42, 144, 234, 237, 238, 241, 277, 395,417,427

Emonds, J. 66, 101, 177, 178, 195, 263

Engdahl, E. 14 Espinal, I. II, 68, 78, 82, 87

Fanselow, G. 280, 282, 292 Farmer, A. 28 Feirtag, M. 312 Felix, S. 3, 9, 12, 14, 17, 21, 42,

47, 69, 70, 145, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 185, 277, 278, 282, 290, 309, 31 I, 312, 319, 320,364.408,409,411,413

Ferguson, C. 36, 234 Fillmore, C. 38 Finer. D. 146. 240 Fisiak, J. 34, 385 F1ege, J. 40, 393, 394 Flynn, S. 2, 3, 4. 6, 7. I I, 12,

13, 14, 17, 20, 31, 40, 68, 69, 77, 78, 79, 81. 82, 83, 87. 90. 102. 104. 109. 110. 117. 120. 121. 122. 146. 165. 187, 230, 239. 279. 311. 312. 322, 346, 354. 407. 417. 418.

426 Fodor, 1. 9. 183.310.352 Ford. A. 362.369, 371. 372, 375 Frazier. L. 185 Fries. C. 5. 35. 78 Futter, C. 93. 98

Gair. J. 15.21. 79. 317 Galaburda. A. II. 123. 124,312 Galileo. 41 Garman. M. 48 Garret, M. 4 Gass, S. 3. 6, 15, 22, 40. 144.

145. 186. 371, 392, 394. 417. 418

Gerald. P. 114 Geschwind. N. 123, 124,312 Gleitman. H. 135 Gleitman. L. 135,312,347 Gold. E.M. 179 Goodluck, H. 79. 190 Goodman, M. 31, 349 Gordon, H. 118 Greenberg, J. 226, 227, 234, 246,

396,412,417.419 Grodzinsky, Y. 95, 96, 104, 105

Haegeman, L. 2. 13, 14, 21, 254, 259, 261, 263. 265, 266. 270. 309,311,315,316,317,318, 319,320,321

Haider, H. III, 112,280 Hale, K. 8. 18, 77, 110, 338, 339,

348 Halle, M. 27,357,365 Hammer, J. 35 Hamp, E. 37 Hanlon, C. 185 Hart, J. 112 Hawkins, J. 352, 354, 412, 418 Heidolph, K. 50 Hermans, D. 270 Higginbotham. J. 339 Hillenbrand. J. 40 Hilles. S. 146. 407 Hirschbiihler. P. 200. 203, 204.

208.209.215.237 Hiscock. M. 312

INDEX OF NAMES 435

Hohle. T. 70 Homer. 354 Hornstein. N. 144. 185. 200. 206.

207. 208. 209. 272. 277. 364. 405

Howard-Peebles. P. 114 Howe. M. 312 Huang. J. 87 Hyams. N. 17. 48. 49. 72. 73. 146.

152. 231. 236. 241. 346. 354. 407

Hyltenstam. K. 144. 389. 417. 418. 425

Hyman. L. 298

Jackendoff. R. 356. 364. 372 Jaeggli. O. 200. 205 Jakobson. R. 225. 226. 227 James. C. 36 Jenkins. L. 3. 18. 20. 117. 1I8.

\19 Jerne. N. 115 Jespersen. O. 138 Johnson. J. 19. 2\. 3 12 Jordens. J. 17. 189.370.371

Kahn. D. 301, 302 Kandel, E. 121 Kayne, R. 148, 150, 159. 200, 207.

208,209 Kean. M.L. 105. 187. 199.409 Keller-Cohen. D. 389 Kellerman. E. 180, 186. 189, 242.

270,371,385.386,391 Kemper. T. 114 Kinsbourne. M. 312 Kiparsky, P. 363, 364. 369, 373 Koopman, H. 31. 91, 284 Kopke, K-M. 61. 62, 63. 70. 73 Koster. J. 51, 128. 138.228. 254.

282, 292 Krashen. S. 7. 38. 41. 42. 69. 177.

185.277.278.371. 386 Kratzer. A. 49. 50. 52. 66 Krause. M. 190 Kuczaj. S. 136

Lado. R. 5. 35, 78. 384

Lakoff. G. 38 Landau. B. 312 Langacker. R. 29 Lapointe. S. 105 Lasnik. H. 14.29.30. 149.312 Lefebvre. C. 343 Lenerz. J. 52 Lenneberg. E. 19. 38. 41. 42. 86.

278.312.347 Levett. W. 320 Li. C. 105 Liceras. J. 2. 3. 9. 1 I. 13. 21.

146. 176. 187. 191. 199. 200. 210. 211. 213. 214. 221. 222. 238.406.418

Lightbown. P. 185 Lightfoot. D. 144. 185. 255. 277.

364.405 Limber. J. 79. 84. 130. 135 Luhsinger. R. 112, 1I3 Lust. B. 3. 4. 9. 11. 16. 21. 77.

79. 84. 85. 87. 230. 231. 232. 233. 239. 310. 319. 321. 322. 324. 346. 354

Lyons. J. 227

Macedo. D. 21 Mackey. W. 37 Madden, C. 7, 38. 278. 386 Mangione. L. 77. 85 Mann, L. 122 Manzini. R. 227. 230. 233. 235.

237.240 Marler. P. 312 Marslen-Wilson. W. 356 Martohardjono. G. 21, 230. 239 May, R. 128, 138 Mazurkewich. I. 2. 3. 7. 13. 15.

20. 90. 102. 109. 110. 181. 187. 238. 239. 242, 243. 244. 406.417.418

McCarthy. J. 105. 144. 298.299 McKusick. V. 113 Meisel. J. 56 Mims. M. 114 Mohanan. K.P. 31 Moravcsik. E. 226. 227. 245 Muysken. P. 47. 53. 54.60.61. 65.

436 INDEX OF NAMES

68, 100, 101, 102. 105, 109, Ill, 146, 177, 191, 408, 410

Nakatani. L. 303, 304 Nauta, W. 312 Nemser. W. 174 Newman, S. 26 Newmark, L. 42 Newmeyer. F. 5,20, 145 Newport. E. 19,20, 135,312 Nicol, J. 104

Obler. L. 19,21,105,118,122, 123

Ojemann, G. 118 Oller. J. 35, 152 O'Neil. W. 69. 73, 77, 312 Orwell. G. 31. 32 Otsu, Y. 151, 152

Paradis, M. 104, 105, 117 Peirce, C.S. 346 Penfield. W. 38 Phinney, M. 16. 146, 231, 238, 240,

241,244 Pica, T. 185 Pienneman, M. 56. 278 Pinker, S. 20, 47. 48, 130, 135,

136, 179,181,331 Plato. 26, 31,310 Platzack, C. 49, 52, 68, 73, 261 Prince, A. 298 Pullum, G. 355

Reinhart, T. 29 Reuland, E. 130, 138 Rice, F. 35 Ritchie, W. 29, 146 Rivero, M. 200, 203, 204, 208, 209,

215, 237 Rizzi, L. 14, 28, 32, 95, 105, 149,

165,225,231,233,238,292 Roberts. L. 38 Roeper, T. 4, 68. 138, 152. 183.

221,310.373 Rosansky, E. 39 Ross, J.R. 27,29. 147 Rothstein, S. 92, 106

Rubach. J. 40 Rutherford. W. 3. 6, 18, 19. 22,

60. 186. 23S. 277. 392, 393. 404.411

Safir. K. 128.239 Saito, M. 149 Scalise. S. 234 Schachter. S. 3. 385. 397 Schaffer, J. 303. 304 Schuetz. E. 79 Schumann. J. 17S, 278 Schwartz, B. 177 Scovel. T. 40 Selinker, L. 40. 144. 145. 174.

175, 177.371,418 Sharwood Smith, M. IS, 19.20. 146.

175. 180, 181. 183. IS6. 18S. IS9, 220, 221, 230. 237. 241. 243, 385

Shattuck-Hufnagel. S. 356 Silverberg, R. 118 Singh, R. 21, 362, 365, 366, 371,

372,375 Skinner, B.F. 37 Sloan, R. 112 Slobin, D. 57, 68, 73, 135, 185 Snyder, N. 106, 149, 165,284 Sobin. N. 159. 164,247 Solan. L. 77, 79 Sportiche, D. 106, 149, 165,284 Steele, S. 71 Stockwell, R. 36, 354 Stoddard, G. 114 Stowell, T. 28, 77, 128, 129, 136,

137, 138, 139, 181, 184, 188, 221

Taft, L. 303 Taraldsen, T. 14 Tarone, E. 40, 421 Tavakolian, S. 77, 79, 84 Thiersch, C. 51 Thompson. S. 105 Townsend. D. 58. 60 Travis, L. 3. IS. 20. 91. 95. 109.

110. III. 112. 117. 118,119. 175. 234. 272

INDEX OF NAMES

Troubetzkoy. N. 225.226. 227 Tucker. R. 38 Tyler. L. 356

Van Berkel. A. 187 Van Buren. P. 146. 181. 188. 189.

195.220.221 Van Riemsdijk. H. 190, 200, 205.

206. 208. 209, 226, 254. 259, 261, 265, 266

Vergnaud, J-R. 282, 357

Wakayama. T. 79. 232 Wanner. E. 135,312 Wasow. T. 138 Waugh. L. 226, 227, 236 Webelhuth. G. 71 Weinberg, A. 176, 185. 200, 206,

207,208,209.221,311 Weinberger. S. 5, 19,42, 145 Wekker, H. 270 Wexler. K. 19, 84, 145. 179, 18t.

227, 230, 233. 235, 237, 240. 331

White, L. 2, 3. 13, 14. 17, 21, 32, 42, 90. 102, 104, 109. 110, 144. 146. 152, 159, 176, 184, 187. 237, 238, 240. 241, 242, 243, 244, 278. 279, 290, 291, 364,405,413,417,418,424

Williams, E. 4, 92, 340, 231, 235 Wirth, J. 226, 227, 245 Wode, H. 47, 187, 271, 230, 370,

271,288 Woods, B. 312 Woolford, E. 349, 353 Wunderlich, D. 70

Zobl, H. 144, 181. 185, 187, 385, 388,407,409-13

Zubizarreta, M-L. 255 Zurif, E. 93

437

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Accessibility of SUBJECTs 232 Agrammatic speech 90, 93f Agreement 50. 61, 67

development of 63 Ambisyllabicity in English 302 American Sign Language (ASL) 18 Anaphora 11, 12, 28, 31, 76, 79,

129.235.240 forward/backward preference 79,

81, 85,407 L 1 acquisition of 79 L2 acquisition of 79f. 85. 321

Aphasia 112. 117 see also Broca's aphasia

and bilingualism ) 18 Arabic 12, 296f

minimal word constraint of 299 transfer to L2 297, 300

Argument structure 91, 92 Automaticity 121 Auxiliary verbs (AUX) see Modals Avoid Pronoun Principle 200, 205,

209 Avoidance of L2 structures 390,

395,396

Behaviourism I, 6, 35, 373, 386, 391

Bijection Principle 284 Bilingualism, theories of 122 Binding theory 29, 30. 128, 254.

266 Argument (A) binding 337, 344

Biology see UG. Critical period Bounding nodes 14, 30. 149. ]59.

202f,233 Broca's aphasia 90, 93f. 103

Capeverdean 339f

438

Case. theory of 28, 91, 97, 233. 253, 254

Case filter 288 C-command 92.97. 101.269 Change. language 364. 384 Chinese II. 12. 13. 15. 79f Chromosomes. sex and verbal

disorders 114 Cloze tests 130. ]52 Cognition. general and language

learning 16, 76. 84. 102. 109. 113, 117. 178, 181. 186,278

COMP/INFL parameter 14, 49, 52. 65.68.261. 315

Complements of verbs 127. 130 Complementizers 67 Competence I. 4, 6, 93, 98, 151.

175,177 Competition model 177 Compounds, transfer of 392 Conditionals, counterfactual 265 Conservatism in production 190 Constraints in cognitive develop-

ment 84, 85 Constraints in UG 147 Continuity hypothesis 21. 48, 65 Contrastive Analysis 5, 7, 34, 35,

39, 40, 78. 83, 239. 252, 318,385.391.395,404

Contrastive-transfer approach to markedness 238

Control verbs 13. 127. 128,281 Core/periphery distinction 199.

20 If, 208. 229. 230. 232, 243.331. 332. 341. 396

Co-reference. pronominal 29 Creative construction 6. 7. 3 I .

78.83. 188.239.386.397

INDEX OF SUBJECTS 439

Creoles see Pidgins and creoles Critical period of UG 15. 38, 39.

41, 48, 69. 99. 100. 123. 145, 146,278.312,347,410

Cross-category harmony principle 352. 354

Czech 392

Dative in English 102. 242 Deafness, hereditary 113 Decreolization 341 Deep Structure 68. 128 Destabilization of grammars 117f Determiners 388 Developmental Nonconformity hypo-

thesis 179 Discourse grammar 338, 393 Do-Insertion 260, 315 Double-movement in German 51 Doubling strategy 271, 319, 325 Dutch 190,254

verb movement in 257-61

Elicited production tests 81 Empiricism 4 Empty categories 96. 98, 334. 336 Empty Category Principle (ECP) 27,

103, 148, 149, 164. 188, 207,256.280,291

English 9, 11. 14, 52. 61, 98. 102. 111. 149, 406

as L2 76f. 80.84. 112. 130. 150f. 240, 252. 281. 318. 322, 342, 393, 396. 407. 424

Epenthesis by Arabic speakers 296. 395

Epistemological primitives 98 Error analysis 37. 145. 295f. 318.

323 Evidence 174. 185. 186 see alsa

Poverty of Stimulus. Negative evidence

Exceptional Case Marking (ECM) verbs 13.281

Experience 49.65.67. 178.331 Expletives 49. 184.407 Extended Standard Theory (EST) 91

First language acquisition (Ll) development 4. 9, 48, 49. 101,

130,239.271 and L2 acquisition (interfer­

ence. transfer) 5. 76. 17. 85, 86. 102. 110, 118. 119. 121, 130. 145, 146. 175, 180f. 238, 240. 244, 252f. 263f, 280. 297. 311. 321. 346, 384-403. 409-12. 425

steady state of 5. 41. 69. 76 Fragile-X syndrome 114 French 12, 102. 149,257,337,406 Functional theories of language

351. 353

Generalized learning strategies 14.47. 57,67.68.69. 103. 279, 310. 311, 317. 319. 347,357.373.408.410

Generative semantics 38 German 10. 12. 16, 17. 47f,

99- 101, 110, 366f as L2 56-58. 100 as non-configurational 111 preposing constituents in 10,

113 verb placement in 51, 53f. 64,

65.68. 71. 100. 180.410 Gerunds 15. 127f. 137.243 Government, theory of 28, 92. 97,

129. 149 Government and binding theory see

Principles and Parameters, Parameters. Universal Grammar. Chomsky. Binding theory

Grammar conception of 30. 253 deficits in 97. 112 development of 4. 113. 175,

179.182.336.338 stabili ty of 175 see also Universal Grammar

Head-direction parameter (head-initial/head final) 10. 14. 30. 40. 77, 79. 83.

440 INDEX OF SUBJECTS

91, 230. 253. 32 I, 407 Heavy syllables 298 Hebrew 119 Hierarchies of parameters 335f

Icelandic 52 Idioms 189 Induction. inadequacy of in

acquisition 12. 13 Inductive learning strategies see

Generalized learning strategies

Infinitives 15. 63. 101. 127f. 243 INFL in child language 71 INFL parameter 49. 52. 53. 65, 66.

260,264.315 Input/intake distinction 183 Instantaneous models of language

learning 86, 324 Integral listing model of

morphology 364 Interference see First language

acquisition (L1) Interlanguages 144, 145, 150, 152.

174, 199, 241, 253, 369, 371, 392, 404, 405, 409, 412,418f

Interrogatives ill Finnish, Japanese 389

Inuktitut 102, 130 Island constraints 14 Islands in syntax 147f Italian 14, 149

Japanese 9, 11-15, 35, 79f, 98, 232,237

Kannada 300 Knowledge of language. assessing

empirically 4

LI see First language acquisition L2 see Second language acquisition Language loss 18 Learnibility 128, 129f. 185f.

199f, 331, 338£. 355. 407 Lexicon 28, 30. 49. 91. 112. 129.

184, 233, 264, 314. 333.

348. 355. 356 Localization of language in brain

103 Logical form in the grammar 28.

253

Makassarese 298 Markedness in language 17 -18. 31.

32. 102, 129, 174, 181. 187. 188, 200. 209, 225f. 330. 331. 339, 391. 406. 412. 418

Maturational hypothesis of UG 21 . 145

Mental representations 90. 183 Mentalism 4 Methodology 17f. 284. 322. 323 Minimal word constraints 298-99 Modals (auxiliary verbs) 255f.

268,315.316.390 Modularity of grammar 28, 91. 92,

179. 183.253,343.373 Monosyllabic word elongation 304 Moraic structure of syllables 298 Morphological Agreement 335 Morphological strategy 362 Morphology, integral listing model

of 364 Movement in syntax (move alpha,

move-wl7) 28, 30, 91, 97, 149, 254, 279, 333, 354

Natural language, notion of 174 Negation in Spanish and English

388 Negative evidence of acquisition

90, 185, 189, 230, 235. 311, 338

Neurolinguistics 90, 93f, 99, 103, 109-15. 117-24

Nonconformity J SOf Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy

425 Null subject (pro-drop) parameter

14. 32, 49. 72, 102. 231, 236. 241. 255. 292. 337. 342. 397. 407. 424

On-line processing 184

INDEX OF SUBJECTS 441

Onsets see Syllable structure Orwell"s problems 31. 32

Parameters constraint by 14-15 deductive consequences 15-17 Identification Property of 16 marked values of 14. 229-30 morphological parameter of INFL

52.65 ordering of 333 resetting 82. 110. 120. 123.

164. 186, 187. 238. 242, 268. 309. 311. 318. 319, 397.406,413.423

setting 14. 77. 117f. 174. 187. 188f.316

see also Principles and Parameters. Universal Grammar, Null Subject parameter, COMP/INFL parameter

Parasitic gaps 12. I II. 148, 281. 282. 284

Parsing 184 Pedagogy see Teaching Perception errors 30 I f Periphery, parameters of 332 Permeability of grammars 175 Phonetic cues in speech recognition

301,393 Phonology and acquisition 39. 40,

136, 177, 225, 296f, 310. 370-72, 393-95

LI transfer in 40, 310 Phrase structure see X-bar theory,

Rules of phrase structure Piagetian strategies 69, 410 Pidgins and creoles 330. 331, 339,

340. 346, 348, 353 and child langauge 349

Plato's problems 26. 310 see also Poverty of stimulus

Poverty of stimulus argument 26. 1099, 144. 178, 185. 277. 310.331. 403. 411. 418

Prague school 226 Preposition stranding 181. 1896.

187. 190,201. 282. 335. 406 Principle branching direction 87.

230 see a/so Head direction parameter

Principle of Minimum Falsifiability 235

Principles and parameters of UG 2. 8, 9, 12f. 26f. 30. 40. 52. 64. 69. 77. 90. 91. 100. 102, 110. III. 113. 144f. 255-79, 330. 332. 396,407

PRO (phonetically null pronoun) 128-29

Pro-drop parameter see Null subject parameter

Projection problem 144 Pronominalization 29 Prosody 295f Psychological reality 364-65 Psychotypology 392

Question formation 109

Reanalysis in syntax 207 Recognition of words 356 Reiterant speech 304 Relative clauses in Spanish 334,

337 Resumptive pronouns 425 Resyllabification rules 301 Retrieval, word 356 Routes of acquisition 387, 404 Rules of grammar 27, 36, 65, 66,

68, 70, 90, 333, 338, 387 of phrase structure 27. 65. 71,

91,95,260,332,352 Russian 392

Scope assignment 259. 266 Scrambling of constituents 71 Second language acquisition (L2)

and developmental principles 47f. 127

in children 127f. 312 failure of attainment 408. 411.

413 markedness in 239f and negative evidence 185f. 311

442 INDEX OF SUBJECTS

parameters in 14. 114 and phonology 39-40 plateaus in I 8 rate of 312 skilled learners of 123 without active UG 15. 176 see also First language

acquisition and L2. Universal Grammar. Pidgins and creoles

Semantic Bootstrapping hypothesis 136

Sentence interpretation, strategies of 398

Simplification theory of pidginization 330

"Snowballs" of language change 353

Sociolinguistics 348 Spanish I I, 13, 14, 79. 149. 199f,

208, 334f, 388, 406 Specified subject constraint 282 Stage transition 411 Stages of development 53, 57 Strategies

developmental 177 , 189f, 336, 408

extralinguistic 96, 99, III, 114,369

of processing 58, 60, 85, 93, 111, 114,369

Unmarkedness strategy 243 Word Formation strategy 362 see also Sentence interpretation

Stress patterns in English 303 Structuralism 26, 35, 36, 39 Structure dependence I I, 16,

94-95,97-99, 109, 110 Structure preservation hypothesis

66. 101. 177. 178, 180 Subordinate clause placement 79 Subjacency condition 27, 28, 30,

110, 147. 149. 164. 188, 203,279,292.311. 333. 406

Subject condition 282 Subset principle 230f Substitution errors 114 Superiority effects 12,281,287

Superheavy syllables see Syllable structure

Surface structure 2. 14 Swedish 52 Syllable structure 295, 296. 395.

421 weight 298

Teaching L2s 34-36. 4\. 42. 291. 384. 386

Telegraphic speech 93 Tense of verbs 128, 265 see also

INFL That-trace effects

281 13, 148, 280.

Theta theory 28.91. 93. 97. 103. 117,233

Tok Pisin 349 Tough-movement 392 Traces see Empty categories Transfer

failure of 61. 130, 280, 285 theories of 384-403

Turing machines 311 Turkish 12,61 Twins. studies of 112, 114. 118 Typological control 412 Typologies of languages 392f. 4] 7

Universal Grammar (UG) I, 8. 9, 26f, 37, 278, 338, 365, 417, 421

and aggramatism 93 biology and 4, 9, 27, 77, 78,

110, 112, 113, 115, 144, 310,312,346,347

components of 16 constraints in 147 core/periphery distinction 199,

201r. 208. 229. 230. 232. 243.331.332.341.396

critical period of UG 15, 38, 39, 41. 48. 69. 99. 100. 123. 145. 146. 278. 312. 347.410

invariance of 9 not active in L2 acquisition

9. 69. 101. 109, 200, 398

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

and L2 acquisition 1. 4. 5, 8. 9, 12. 13. 31. 47. 76. 77. 90.99.102.110. III. 114. 119, 120. 144. 150. 174f. 241. 255. 278. 286. 309. 310, 348 . 386. 397. 406

maturational hypothesis of 145 in pidginization 331 see also Grammar. Principles and

Parameters, Parameters, Chomsky. Binding theory, Theta theory

Unmarkedness strategy 243. 270 "Upper language" of pidginization

330.344

[VP] parameter II I VP' analysis of complements 128.

138 Verb placement see German. Dutch Voice onset time (VOT) ,

exaggeration of 394 Vowel length 298, 305

quality 298, 305

Wernicke's area of the brain 114 WI1-island constraints 15. 279 Word formation strategy 362. 373 Word. minimal 298

X-bar theory 27,77,91,106,110. 129, 254, 407 see also Rules of phrase structure

Yokuts 26

443