• Listing Multiple Items with the Particle to

• Expressing What You Have

• Expressing the Location of People and Things

• Using the Verb irasshaimasu to Show Respect

• The Numbers Eleven to Ninety-Nine

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Class Session 7b Chapter 5

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Listing Multiple Items with the Particle to

• List multiple items in the same sentence with the particle to

• Place to after each item except the last

• Examples:

kono kaban no naka ni wa kasa to saifu ga arimasu.In this bag there are an umbrella and a wallet.

watashi no heya ni wa beddo to, sofā to, tēburu ga arimasuIn my room there is a bed, a sofa, and a table.

nihon-go no kurasu ni wa amerika-jin to, chūgokui-jin to, kankoku-jin ga imasu.In the Japanese (language) class there are Americans, Chinese and Koreans.

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Expressing What You Have

• In addition to expressing what and who exist, the verbs imasu and arimasu also express what human relationships, schedules, and plans one has

• In such cases, the topic can be a person or date

• Examples:

watashi wa ani ga imasu. I have an older brother.

ani wa chūgoku-jin no tomodachi ga imasu. My older sister has a Chinese friend.

kyō wa nihon-go no kurasu ga arimasu. (I) Have a Japanese (language) class today.

• It is also possible to add the particle ni after the person:

watashi ni wa ani ga imasu

• Use the negative forms of imasu and arimasu (imasen and arimasen ) to express what you don’t have:

yamada-san (ni) wa kyōdai ga imasen. Ms. Yamada does not have any siblings.

otōto (ni) wa okane ga arimasen. My younger brother does not have any money.

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• When talking about the location of people and things, use this construction:

X wa Y ni imasu/arimasu.X is at Y.

• The following construction expresses what exists (the location is the topic and is known by both the speaker and the listener; the new information is that there is a dog behind it):

sofā no ushiro ni wa inu ga imasu.There is a dog behind the sofa.

•If you just want to express location of the dog, change the topic to the dog, so the new piece of information can be the dog’s location:

inu wa sofā no ushiro ni imasu.The dog is behind the sofa.

Expressing the Location of People and Things

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Using the Verb irasshaimasu to Show Respect

• For superiors (teacher, boss, elders) you can use the verb irasshaimasu instead of imasu:

sensei wa toshokan ni irasshaimasu. (honorific form)The teacher is in the library.

• You can use irasshaimasu for someone else’s mother (but never for your own):

yamada-san no okaasan wa asoko ni irasshaimasu. (honorific form)Ms. Yamada’s mother is over there.

haha wa asoko ni imasu. (humble form)My mother is over there.

• More on polite/humble language in Chapter 20 (Japanese 1105).

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The Numbers Eleven to Ninety-Nine

• Counting with numbers greater than 10 is fairly simple

• 11 is jū-ichi; 12 is jū-ni; 13 is jū-san (10+1, 10+2, 10+3, etc.)

• 20 is ni-jū; 30 is san-jū, 40 is yon-jū (2x10, 3x10, 4x10, etc.)

• 21 is ni-jū-ichi, 22 is ni-jū-ni, 23 is ni-jū-san (2x10+1, 2x10+2, 2x10+3, etc.)

• Some “irregularities” include:

17 can be jū-nana or jū-shichi

19 can be jū-kyū or jū-ku

90 is kyū-jū-kyū