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Integrated bike lanes Literature survey

Undertaken: June 2017, Library and Research Services Disclaimer: The following research has been undertaken by the Library and Research Services Unit of Transport Shared Services for the purpose of supporting transport cluster agencies. Whilst every care has been taken in producing the information in this document, Transport suggests it be used as a guide only.

This document may contain information of, or links to, other parties and their opinions are not necessarily those of Transport. The presence of any link or information of other parties should not be construed as an endorsement of those parties or the accuracy of their information.

Databases: ARRB, EBSCO, First, Google scholar, ScienceDirect, Transportation agencies (National & International), TRB.

Search Terms: Bicycle, bicycle lane, bicycle operations, bike lane, cycle lane, dedicated, infrastructure, integrated, integration, model, operational measures, public transportation, shared facilities, shared lane, shared roadway, shared traffic, shared use, shared use facilities, traffic conditions, traffic rules, WCL, wide curb lane, wide outside lane.

1. 6 places where cars, bikes, and pedestrians all share the road as equals Jaffe, E. Atlantic Citylab, March 2015

If you aren't a traffic engineer or an urban planner, the word woonerf probably looks like a typo, or maybe the Twitter handle of whoever runs marketing for Nerf (woo!). But you might want to get familiar with the term—Dutch for "living street"—because the urban design concepts it embraces are on the rise. A woonerf is a street or square where cars, pedestrians, cyclists, and other local residents travel together without traditional safety infrastructure to guide them. Also sometimes called a "shared street," a woonerf is generally free of traffic lights, stop signs, curbs, painted lines, and the like. The basic idea is that once these controls are stripped away, everyone is forced to become more alert and ultimately more cooperative. Through less restraint comes greater focus. (Website)

2. A summary of design, policies and operational characteristics for shared bicycle/bus lanes – final report Hillsman, E., Hendricks, S. & Fiebe, J. University of S. Florida, National Centre for Transportation Research, 2012

This report contains the results of an investigation of the design and operation of shared bicycle/bus lanes in municipalities in the United States and other countries. These lanes are designated for use by public transit buses, bicycles, and usually also for right-turning vehicles. Some municipalities may also allow use of these lanes by taxis and delivery

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vehicles. The purpose of such lanes is to provide a time advantage to public transit service by taking the buses out of the general traffic flow and into a designated lane. Where constrained right-of-way prevents provision of a separate bicycle lane, the intent is to allow bicycles to use the designated bus lane. This is to provide a more direct route for bicyclists, provide greater level of service to bicyclists and provide some degree of space separation between general traffic and bicyclists for their greater safety and comfort. However, this combined use raises many issues of compatibility of bicycles and buses sharing the same road space. The limited available research on the subject of shared bicycle/bus lanes includes informative investigations from the Minneapolis Public Works Department, Minnesota; the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission, Pennsylvania; the City of Ottawa, Canada, the Department for Transport of the United Kingdom and from Austroads, Sydney, Australia. Investigators compiled a list of shared bicycle/bus lanes in cities in the United States and Canada, including facility attributes that are presented in an appendix. Researchers found very few examples of state-level guidance on shared bicycle/bus lanes but more examples at the local and regional levels. These are provided in the report. Through surveys and interviews, the shared bicycle/bus lanes from four cities in the United States were selected for in-depth examination and were developed into case studies: Ocean City, Maryland; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Washington, D.C. As a result of this investigation, an identification and discussion of the contextual factors, design variables, and tools for planning and implementing shared bicycle/bus lanes is presented. The report provides recommendations for further needed research. (First)

3. Bicycle and pedestrian program USDOT Federal Highway Administration

The Federal Highway Administration receives occasional inquiries about what bicycle facilities, signals, and markings are permitted in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). The table below lists various bicycle-related signs, markings, signals, and other treatments and identifies their status (e.g., can be implemented, currently experimental) in the 2009 version of the MUTCD. (Website)

4. Bicycle lane priority: Promoting bicycle as a green mode even in congested urban area Bagloee, S., Sarvi, M. & Wallace, M. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, May 2016, Vol. 87, pp. 102-121

The main obstacles to boosting the bicycle as a mode of transport are safety concerns due to interactions with motorized traffic. One option is to separate cyclists from motorists through exclusive bicycle priority lanes. This practice is easily implemented in uncongested traffic. Enforcing bicycle lanes on congested roads may degenerate the network, making the idea very hard to sell both to the public and the traffic authorities. Inspired by Braess Paradox, the authors take an unorthodox approach to seeking latent misutilised capacity in the congested networks to be dedicated to exclusive bicycle lanes. The aim of this study is to tailor an efficient and practical method to large size urban networks. Hence, this paper appeals to policy makers in their quest to scientifically convince stakeholder that bicycle is not a secondary mode; rather, it can be greatly accommodated along with other modes even in the heart of the congested cities. In conjunction with the bicycle lane priority, other policy measures such as shared bicycle scheme, electric-bike, integration of public transport and bicycle are also discussed in this article. As for the mathematical methodology, the authors

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articulated it as a discrete bi-level mathematical programing. In order to handle the real networks, we developed a phased methodology based on Branch-and-Bound (as a solution algorithm), structured in a less intensive RAM manner. The methodology was tested on real size network of city of Winnipeg, Canada, for which the total of 30 road segments – equivalent to 2.77 km bicycle lanes – in the CBD were found. (ScienceDirect)

5. Bicycle safety at roundabouts Austroads 2017, Publication no.: AP-R542-17, p. 180

This report investigates how the geometric design components of a roundabout may contribute to bicycle crashes. An Australian and New Zealand crash analysis found that most of the crashes occurred at urban local road roundabouts, in 50 km/h speed limit zones. The crashes predominantly occurred on the circulating lane near the entry for an approach road and were right-adjacent type crashes. The study included an in-depth investigation of 17 roundabouts across Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria. (Austroads)

6. Bike lane design: the context sensitive approach Dondi, G., Simone, A., Lantieri, C. & Vignali, V. Procedia Engineering, 2011, Vol. 21, pp. 897-906

In these days of increasing congestion on roads, bicycles continue to provide a valuable contribution to mobility in Europe. Their relatively small size and low cost enable them to blend efficiently into in the traffic flow while needing less space compared to other vehicles. However, cyclists form one of the most vulnerable groups of road users. So the design of safe infrastructures for all travellers categories, included the cyclists, becomes a primary requirement. To obtain these results, a Context Sensitive Design approach is a very useful tool. In this way, in fact, it is possible to examine a project or existing road, reporting its crash potential and safety performances and detecting its deficiencies, taking into consideration communities and lands which it passes through. In this paper the authors, starting from results collected on a bike lane placed in Rimini, provide useful results for designers, construction and maintenance contractors, in order to obtain safe bike lanes.

7. Case study; wide cycle lanes on main radial route: Hills Road, Cambridge Department for Transport, London, March 2016

Case study that examines the effect of reallocating road space to suit the primary traffic flow in order to improve cyclist safety. Cambridge City Council redesigned a dual carriageway bridge as two cycle lanes and three traffic lanes. The £500,000 scheme was opened in 2011, and improves cyclist safety on this busy route into Cambridge. (Website)

8. Characterising the speed and paths of shared bicycle use in Lyon Jensen, P., Rouquier, J. & Ovtracht, N. Transportation research – Part D: Transport and Environment: 2010, Vol. 15, No. 8, pp. 522-524

Data gathered relating to the Lyon’s shared bicycling system, Vélo’v, is used to analyse 11.6 million bicycle trips in the city. The data show that bicycles now compete with the car in terms of speed in downtown Lyon. It also provides information on cycle flows that can be of use in the planning of dedicated bicycle lanes and other facilities. (First)

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9. Comparison of five bicycle facility designs in signalized intersections using traffic conflict studies Madsen, T. & Lahrmann, H. Transportation Research – Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, April 2017, Vol. 46, Part B, pp. 438-450

The purpose of this study is to compare the safety of cyclists in five bicycle facility layouts in signalized intersections at various traffic volumes in order to assess if some layouts are better than others with regards to cyclist safety and to develop methods to facilitate this comparison. The five layouts included two full-length bicycle tracks with and without separate right-turning lane, two truncated bicycle tracks – one in which cyclists and right-turning vehicles merge in the right-turning lane, one continued into a narrow bicycle lane – and a recessed bicycle track. Using two different definitions of traffic conflicts the safety of cyclists in each layout is calculated as the risk of a cyclist being involved in a conflict with left- and right-turning vehicles at low, medium and high vehicle volumes, respectively. In total, around 35,500 left-turning vehicles, 38,000 right-turning vehicles and 16,000 cyclists going straight ahead were observed, resulting in 12 left-hook and 25 right-hook traffic conflicts for the reaction-based indicator and 25 left-hook and 80 right-hook traffic conflicts for the time-based indicator. The results show that regardless of which of the two conflict indicators were used, the number of conflicts was too small to make firm conclusions about which layout is safest for cyclists at various traffic volumes, although the study was based on 80 h of video recordings from each of the five intersections. However, a recessed bicycle track seems to be safer than the other geometric layouts. In order to facilitate the detection of conflicts, we developed watchdog video analysis software to reduce the amount of video. This software compressed 400 h of video into 64 h, i.e. 16% of its original length. The use of this software is particularly important to provide enough conflicts for an analysis if even larger traffic conflict studies should be carried out. (ScienceDirect)

10. Conversions of wide curb lanes: the effect on bicycle and motor vehicle interactions Hunter, W., Feaganes, J. & Srinivasan, R. Transportation Research Record, 2014, No. 1939, pp. 37-44

This paper examines the operational effects of converting a 14-ft-wide curb lane to an 11-ft-wide travel lane with a 3-ft-wide undesignated lane at various locations in Broward County, Florida. Six midblock sites with various configurations were selected for study. Two of the midblock sites had previously been striped with the 3-ft undesignated lane, and these served as comparison sites. Videotapes were taken of bicyclists riding through the midblock and intersection locations before and after placement of the 3-ft undesignated lane striping. At the locations where the 3-ft stripe was already in place, the videotaping was done to examine whether changes were occurring over time. Software was used to extract images at all midblock locations so that before and after lateral spacing measurements could be obtained. After the new striping, (a) bicycles were ridden, on average, 7 to 9 in. further away from the gutter pan seam; (b) motor vehicles were driven, on average, 6 to 12 in. farther away from the gutter pan seam; (c) passing motor vehicles were driven, on average, 3 to 5 in. closer to bicycles at curb and gutter sites; conversely, passing motor vehicles were driven, on average, 4 to 5 in. farther away from bicycles at the sites where the stripe was already in place; and (d) the addition of the stripe at new locations had the effect of reducing

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the amount of motor vehicle encroachment into the adjacent lane on these multilane roadways. (TRB)

11. Copenhagen city of cyclists: The bicycle account 2014 The City of Copenhagen Technical and Environmental Administration Mobility and Urban Space, 2015, p. 13

Copenhagen is one of the top bicycle-friendly cities in the world. The story is told again and again around the world, and no wonder the media, tourists, urban planners and politicians flock to Copenhagen from far and wide to study the secret of our success. Many cities are eager to follow our example. This year's Bicycle Account, for example, shows that fully 45% of all journeys to places of work or education in Copenhagen are made by bicycle. This is an increase of 25% as compared to two years ago. An impressive result, and no wonder others wish to learn from us. A well-functioning city has an efficient transport system. It is consequently of vital importance that the bicycle should continue to be the transport mode of choice in the future: the greater the number of trips involving space-saving transport modes, the greater the overall passability of goods and people. For this reason the expansion of capacity in the city's most heavily trafficked sections will continue to be a focus area. (Website)

12. Cycle infrastructure design Department for Transport London Local transport note 2/08

This design guide brings together and updates guidance previously available in a number of draft Local Transport Notes and other documents. Although its focus is the design of cycle infrastructure, parts of its advice are equally appropriate to improving conditions for pedestrians. The guidance covers England, Wales and Scotland. Where the text refers to highway authorities (for England and Wales), the equivalent term in Scotland is a road authority. (Website)

13. Cycle lanes: their effect on driver passing distances in urban areasStewart, M. Transport, July, 2014, Vol.29, No.3

The current literature in the field of cycle lanes has often shown contradictory evidence as to the benefits and risks of cycle lanes and previous work has specifically shown that on higher speed roads, drivers may pass closer to a cyclist when a cycle lane is present. Utilising an instrumented bicycle, we collected information as to the passing distance demonstrated by drivers when overtaking a cyclist within the urban (30 mph/40 mph) environment. The presented analysis shows that when a driver encounters a cyclist mid-block (i.e. not at a junction), there are more significant variables than the presence of a cycle lane that determines the overtaking distance. The three most significant variables identified are: absolute road width, the presence of nearside parking and the presence of an opposing vehicle at the time of an overtaking manoeuvre. The analysis also demonstrated that there is a larger unknown factor when it comes to overtaking distances. We postulate that this unknown variable is the driver himself and will vary by area, site and even time of day (i.e.

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different driving cultures, congestion, or frustration during peak times, etc.) making it difficult to quantify. (EBSCO)

14. Cycling network guidance – planning and design NZ transport Agency, 2015

Cycling Network Guidance – planning and design (CNG) aims to promote a consistent, best-practice approach to cycling network and route planning throughout New Zealand. It sets out a principles-based process for deciding what cycling provision is desirable, and provides best-practice guidance for the design of cycleways. (Website)

15. Cycling to work in 90 large American cities: new evidence on the role of bike paths and lanes Buehler, R. & Pucher, J. Transportation, March 2012, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 409-432

This article analyses the variation in bike commuting in large American cities, with a focus on assessing the influence of bike paths and lanes, which have been the main approach to increasing cycling in the USA. To examine the role of cycling facilities, we used a newly assembled dataset on the length of bike lanes and paths in 2008 collected directly from 90 of the 100 largest U.S. cities. Pearson’s correlation, bivariate quartile analysis, and two different types of regressions were used to measure the relationship between cycling levels and bikeways, as well as other explanatory and control variables. Ordinary Least Squares and Binary Logit Proportions regressions confirm that cities with a greater supply of bike paths and lanes have significantly higher bike commute rates—even when controlling for land use, climate, socioeconomic factors, gasoline prices, public transport supply, and cycling safety. Standard tests indicate that the models are a good fit, with R2 ranging between 0.60 and 0.65. Computed coefficients have the expected signs for all variables in the various regression models, but not all are statistically significant. Estimated elasticities indicate that both off-street paths and on-street lanes have a similar positive association with bike commute rates in U.S. cities. Our results are consistent with previous research on the importance of separate cycling facilities and provide additional information about the potentially different role of paths vs. lanes. Our analysis also revealed that cities with safer cycling, lower auto ownership, more students, less sprawl, and higher gasoline prices had more cycling to work. By comparison, annual precipitation, the number of cold and hot days, and public transport supply were not statistically significant predictors of bike commuting in large cities. (TRB)

16. Decision support systems and consensus building: the case study of the first bike lane in the City of Napoli in Italy Pagliara, F. & Biggiero, L. Procedia – Social and Behavioural Sciences, February 2014, Vol. 111, pp. 480-487

Informed debate can generate democratic consensus over controversial issues, effective engagement can bring about better policy directions, improved local services, possibly new ways to initiate or plan for a particular situation and a better understanding of the local context by technical experts and community members. Moreover, any transport policy should be simulated first and its impacts assessed with a proper DSS. A case study in which local authority did not work in this direction is represented by the new bike lane in the city of

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Napoli in the south of Italy. Indeed this intervention was introduced without making first any impact evaluation (i.e. on traffic or on the local economy) or reaching the consensus among the retailers where the lane was designed. Furthermore the bike lane was not built as part of the wider traffic master plan and thus no political consensus was achieved as well. This paper attempts to analyse the effects of this way of acting and supports the philosophy that “mobility to be sustainable” should be conceived in this way.

17. Developing crash modification functions to assess safety effects of adding bike lanes for urban arterials with different roadway and socio-economic characteristics Park, J., Abdel-Aty, M., Lee, J. & Lee, C. Accident Analysis & Prevention, January 2015, Vol. 74, pp. 179-191

Although many researchers have estimated crash modification factors (CMFs) for specific treatments (or countermeasures), there is a lack of studies that explored the heterogeneous effects of roadway characteristics on crash frequency among treated sites. Generally, the CMF estimated by before–after studies represents overall safety effects of the treatment in a fixed value. However, as each treated site has different roadway characteristics, there is a need to assess the variation of CMFs among the treated sites with different roadway characteristics through crash modification functions (CMFunctions). The main objective of this research is to determine relationships between the safety effects of adding a bike lane and the roadway characteristics through (1) evaluation of CMFs for adding a bike lane using observational before–after with empirical Bayes (EB) and cross-sectional methods, and (2) development of simple and full CMFunctions which are describe the CMF in a function of roadway characteristics of the sites. Data was collected for urban arterials in Florida, and the Florida-specific full SPFs were developed. Moreover, socio-economic parameters were collected and included in CMFunctions and SPFs (1) to capture the effects of the variables that represent volume of bicyclists and (2) to identify general relationship between the CMFs and these characteristics. In order to achieve better performance of CMFunctions, data mining techniques were used. (Google Scholar)

18. Economic impact of investments in bicycle facilities: case study of North Carolina's northern outer banks Meletiou, M., Lawrie, J., Cook, T., O'Brien, S. & Guenther, J. Transportation Research Record, 2014, No. 1939, pp. 15-21

The northern Outer Banks coastal area in North Carolina is well suited to drawing bicycle tourism because of its geography, climate, and attractions. In 2003, the North Carolina Department of Transportation commissioned a study to examine the value of public investment in bicycle facilities that have been constructed in this area over the past 10 years at a cost of approximately $6.7 million. A particular challenge in conducting this study was that tourists visited the Outer Banks for a variety of reasons, not just for cycling. Thus, the collection of information on the amount and nature of bicycling activity and on the spending patterns of bicyclists in the area was critical for the development of an economic impact analysis. Researchers surveyed cyclists using the bicycle facilities (shared-use paths and wide paved shoulders) and obtained data from self-administered surveys of tourists at visitor centres during the primary tourist season. The data collected were then used to determine the economic impact of bicycling visitors to the area. Seventeen percent of tourists to the area reported that they bicycled while there; this translates to 680,000 people annually. The

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economic impact of bicycling visitors is significant: a conservative annual estimate is $60 million, with 1,407 jobs created or supported per year. This is almost nine times greater than the one-time expenditure required to construct the facilities. Continued investment in bicycle facilities is expected to increase this favourable economic impact and is therefore recommended. (TRB)

19. Estimating level of service of mid-block bicycle lanes considering mixed traffic flow Bai, L., Liu, P., Chan, C. & Li, Z. Transportation Research – Part A: Policy and Practice, July 2017, Vol. 101, pp. 203-217

The primary objective of the study was to identify the factors that influenced the comfort perception of e-bike, e-scooter and bicycle riders in mid-block bicycle lanes on urban streets and to estimate the bicycle level of service (BLOS) of a mid-block bicycle lane with mixed two-wheeled traffic. Data were collected at thirty locations on thirty different streets in Nanjing area in China. Pearson’s Chi-square tests were conducted to make comparisons of the comfort perception among different cyclist groups. The factors that significantly affected the comfort perception of the cyclists included the age of the cyclists, the type of two-wheeled vehicles, the volume of two-wheeled vehicles, the width of mid-block bicycle lanes, the proportions of e-bikes and e-scooters in two-wheeled vehicles, the physical separation between motorized, bicycle and pedestrian lanes, the slope of bicycle lanes, the roadside access points and the roadside land use. Ordered probit models were developed to quantitatively evaluate the impacts of different contributing factors on the comfort perception of the riders of e-bikes, e-scooters and bicycles. The results showed that compared to the riders of bicycles, the riders of e-bikes and e-scooters were more likely to perceive a poor comfort level. The comfort perception of the cyclists increased with an increase in the width of the mid-block bicycle lane, whereas it decreased with an increase in the volume of two-wheeled vehicles. The proportions of e-bikes and e-scooters in two-wheeled vehicles negatively affected the comfort perception of the cyclists. In addition, the presence of physical separation between the motorized, bicycle and pedestrian lanes significantly increased the comfort perception of the cyclists. With the comfort perception models, a procedure was developed and insights were gained to help transportation professionals estimate the BLOS of a mid-block bicycle lane with mixed two-wheeled traffic. (ScienceDirect)

20. Evaluating the effectiveness of on-street bicycle lane and assessing risk to bicyclists in Charlotte, North Carolina Pulugurtha, S. & Thakur, V. Accident Analysis & Prevention, March 2015, Vol. 76, pp. 34-41

The objectives of this manuscript are (1) to evaluate the effectiveness of on-street bicycle lane in reducing crashes involving bicyclists on urban roads, (2) to quantify and compare risk to bicyclists on road segments with and without on-street bicycle lane, (3) to evaluate the effect of on-street bicycle lane on other road network users (all crashes), and, (4) to assess the role of on-network characteristics (speed limit, the number of lanes, the width of on-street bicycle lane, the width of the right-most travel lane, and, the numbers of driveways, unsignalised approaches and signalized intersections per unit distance) on risk to bicyclists. Data for thirty-six segments with on-street bicycle lane and twenty-six

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segments without on-street bicycle lane in the city of Charlotte, North Carolina were extracted to compute and compare measures such as the number of bicycle crashes per centre-lane mile, the number of bicycle crashes per annual million vehicle miles travelled (MVMT), the number of all crashes per centre-lane mile, and the number of all crashes per MVMT. The results obtained from analysis indicate that bicyclists are three to four times at higher risk (based on traffic conditions) on segments without on-street bicycle lane than when compared to segments with on-street bicycle lane. An analysis conducted considering all crashes showed that on-street bicycle lanes do not have a statistically significant negative effect on overall safety. An increase in annual MVMT (exposure) and the number of signalized intersections per mile increases the number of bicycle crashes, while an increase in on-street bicycle lane width or right-most travel lane width (if on-street bicycle lane cannot be provided) decreases the number of bicycle crashes. Installing wider on-street bicycle lanes, limiting driveways to less than 50 per mile and unsignalised approaches to less than 10 per mile, increasing spacing between signalized intersections, and, facilitating wider right-most travel lane if on-street bicycle lane cannot be provided reduces occurrence of bicycle crashes and lowers risk to bicyclists on roads.(ScienceDirect)

21. Evaluation of shared-use facilities for bicycles and motor vehicles Harkey, D. & Stewart, J. Transportation Research Record, January 1997, Vol. 1578, No. 1, pp. 111-118

This study was conducted for the Florida Department of Transportation with an objective of evaluating the safety and utility of shared-use facilities to provide engineers and planners comprehensive results that can be used in planning, designing, and constructing roadways to be shared by motorists and bicyclists. The results were developed from an analysis of observations of bicyclists and motorists interacting on different types of roadways. The evaluation included roadways with wide curb lanes, bicycle lanes, and paved shoulders. Locations from both rural and urban environments were included and varied in terms of motor-vehicle speed, traffic volume, lane width, and number of lanes. The operational measures of effectiveness used in evaluating the different types of facilities included (a) lateral placement of the bicyclist, (b) lateral placement of the motor vehicle, (c) separation distance between the bicycle and the motor vehicle, and (d) encroachments by the motorist or bicyclist during the passing manoeuvre. Results of the analysis showed that the type of facility (wide curb lane versus bicycle lane versus paved shoulder) does have a significant effect on the separation distance between bicyclists and motor vehicles; this distance ranged from 1.80 to 1.95 m (5.9 to 6.4 ft). The findings also indicated that paved shoulders and bicycle lanes generally result in similar interactions between motorists and bicyclists and that when compared with wide curb lanes they offer some distinct advantages to both user groups. The results also indicated that bicycle lanes as narrow as 0.92 m (3 ft) provide sufficient space for motorists and bicyclists to interact safely. At the same time, a 1.22-m (4-ft) wide bicycle lane tended to optimize operating conditions because there were very few differences in the measures of effectiveness when 1.22-m lanes were compared with wider lanes. (EBSCO)

22. Examining the impact of cycle lanes on cyclist-motor vehicle collisions in the city of Toronto Bhatia, D., Richmond, S., Loo, C., Rothman, L., Macarthur, C. & Andrew, H. Journal of Transport & Health, December 2016, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 523-528

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A pre-post design was used to evaluate the frequency of cyclist-motor vehicle collisions (CMVCs) pre- and post-installation of 7 cycle lanes in Toronto, Canada. Study data was obtained from Toronto Police Service reports for collisions occurring between 1991 and 2010. A zero-inflated Poisson model was used to determine the effect of cycle lane installation on CMVC frequency. Over the study period (January 1, 1991–December 31, 2010), a total of 23,959 collisions between cyclists and motor vehicles were reported in Toronto. Of these collisions, 329 occurred on the 7 lane segments included in this analysis. There was no statistically significant change, pre to post implementation of painted cycle lanes; however, a 19% reduction in the frequency of collisions per segment-month (IRR=0.82, 95% CI: 0.65, 1.03) was observed. There were also no statistically significant differences in the frequency of collisions that resulted in minimal/minor injuries (IRR=0.84, 95% CI: 0.59, 1.20) or in major/fatal injuries (IRR=0.72, 95% CI: 0.51, 1.01). There was a statistically significant increase in collisions that resulted in no injuries (IRR=5.00, 95% CI: 1.44, 17.28). The implementation of painted cycle lanes had a non-significant effect in reducing collisions between cyclists and motor vehicles. Cycle lanes could be considered as a means to facilitate active transportation while reducing risk for cyclists, given the conservative nature of our estimate. Further research is needed on intersection treatments, cycle tracks, and bike volumes. (ScienceDirect)

23. Making cycling safer and more attractive: the NZ Transport Agency’s cycling safety action plan NZ transport Agency, 2015

Outlines New Zealand’s ‘whole-of agency’ approach to cycling.

24. Multicriteria analysis for evaluation of bike lane routes integrated to public transportation Ana, S., Pinto, I., Ribeiro, D. & Delgado, J. Procedia Social and Behavioural Sciences, December 2014, Vol. 162, No. 1, pp. 388-397

The integration of the bicycle with the passenger public transportation is efficient to increase the sustainable urban mobility strategy and improves quality of life. The objective of this paper is the development of a method to assist in evaluating the “best” cycling route integrated to public transportation and to consider among other criteria, the factors of individual choice of cyclists. To validate the proposed method was used as case study Mussurunga Station, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. The results showed that in the perception of the cyclist the main criteria that influence the choices of their paths are related to safety aspects. (EBSCO)

25. National cycle network design guidance stage 1 report – best practice review Southey-Jensen, B., Fowler, M., Groundwater, C., Wilke, A. & Ward, J. NZ transport agency, 2015, p. 1843

The Cycling Safety Panel identified the need for further guidance in cycle facility design; an action that is supported by the industry. In response to this, the NZ Transport Agency (’the Agency’) initiated the National Cycle Network Design Guidance Project, which includes guidance for both planning cycle networks and designing facilities. The project aim is to

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develop a ‘framework’ that identifies and consolidates the appropriate guidance into a resource that is ’fit for purpose’ for the sector. The ‘framework’ will be an online tool that is aligned with the One Network Road Classification (ONRC) approach. (NZ Transport Agency)

26. No bicycle lanes! shouted the cyclists - a controversial bicycle project in Curitiba, Brazil Duarte, F. & Procopiuck, M. Transport Policy, March 2014, Vol. 32, pp. 180-185

After many years without any substantial improvement in bicycle infrastructure in Curitiba, a 4-km Leisure Bicycle Lane was implemented in the central area of the city in 2011. The project was one of several that City Hall hurriedly implemented following pressure from bike activists. On the Sunday the project was launched, more than three thousand cyclists are estimated to have used the bicycle lane; of these, 300 cycled alongside the lane, outside it, against it. They made the front pages of newspapers, disrupted the sociotechnical framework of bicycle policy in the city and put bicycles on the political agenda of the municipal elections. This paper discusses why, in a city renowned worldwide for its public transportation system and for having more than a 100 km of bicycle lanes, a bicycle project failed after being sabotaged by cyclists and was definitively abandoned in February 2013. Based on interviews with key actors, including public officials, journalists, and bicycle activists, this paper concludes that the failed bicycle lane unveils the profound and urgent social and political dimensions embedded in what had been presented by municipal authorities as a neutral technical solution.

27. Part 1: Bicycles: how pavement markings influence bicycle and motor vehicle positioning: Case study in Cambridge, Massachusetts Houten, R. & Seiderman, C. Transportation Research Record, 2014, No. 1939, pp. 1-14

The purpose of this study was to determine how pavement markings influence bicyclist and motorist positioning, particularly how far bicyclists travel from parked cars. The research examined the effects of the sequential addition of the component markings of a bicycle lane on a road with on-street parking in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The data measured were the distance that cars parked from the curb, the distance that bicyclists rode from the curb, and the distance that traveling motor vehicles drove from the curb. Data on bicyclists and moving motor vehicles were gathered by videotaping. The three pavement marking treatments—an edge line demarcating the travel lane, the edge line and bicycle symbols, and a full bicycle lane—were all effective at influencing bicyclists to ride farther away from parked cars than when no pavement markings were present. All three treatments significantly increased the percentage of cyclists riding more than 9 and 10 ft from the curb; these distances were used as benchmarks for where cyclists should ride to be farther from the opening-door zone of a parked car. There was variation between the signalized and the uncontrolled intersections. Before-and-after intercept surveys of cyclists and motorists were administered. In the before survey, cyclists most often responded that the best way to improve bicycling on Hampshire Street was to add bicycle lanes. Cyclists also rated the full bicycle lane most favourably in the after survey. There was no change in cyclist comfort levels between the before and the after surveys. When motorists were asked what made

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them most aware of cyclists on the street; the most common response in the before survey was "nothing." In the after survey, the most common response was "the bicycle lane." (TRB)

28. Physically separated bikeways: A game changer for bicycle mode split? DuBose, B. Institute of Transportation Engineers Journal, Vol. 81, No. 4, pp. 54-58

The Institute of Transportation Engineers Pedestrian and Bicycle Council is currently producing an information report that presents findings on the current state of practice for installing separated bikeways in North America. The purpose of this report is to assist in determining the current and potential utility of separated bikeways in the United States and Canada and to develop research statements for further investigation of the safety and latent demand for separated bikeways. The report will be available later this year. As a category, physically separated bikeways fit somewhere between pathways and bike lanes. Though commonly used around the world, most notably Denmark and the Netherlands, they are not explicitly discussed in transportation manuals in the United States. Alternatively, two-way shared use paths adjacent to roadways are fairly common in the United States. (First)

29. Planning for Cycling Gallagher, R. & Parkin, J. Chartered Institution of Highways and Transportation, 2014

Cycling is an important part of urban transport. However, for many years its role has been neglected in the UK, with the focus mainly on the needs of motor traffic. Cycling is one of the most sustainable forms of transport, and increasing its use has great potential. To release this potential, highways, public spaces and other rights-of-way need to be organised accordingly. Planning for cycling is discussed in these guidelines; detailed design of infrastructure and facilities for cycle users will be examined elsewhere. (Website)

30. Portland Bicycle plan for 2030 – a world class bicycling city Portland Bureau of Transportation, 2010

Having more Portland residents choose to bicycle for transportation will address numerous public objectives. The Portland Bicycle Plan for 2030 positions Portland for the tremendous growth in bicycling that the City expects over the next 20 years. A major theme of the new plan is that the City must plan and design for people who are not yet riding, and must create conditions that make bicycling more attractive than driving for short trips. The Portland Bicycle Plan for 2030 includes a list of capital projects and recommended actions. It recommends strengthening City policies in support of bicycling, providing more and better bicycle parking, expanding educational and encouragement programs and developing ongoing measures of success. The plan recommends expanding the network of planned bikeways from 630 to 962 miles, based on three key strategies. (Website)

31. Potential risk and its influencing factors for separated bicycle paths Xu, C., Yang, Y., Jin, S., Qu, Z. & Hou, L. Accident Analysis & Prevention, February 2016, Vol. 87, pp. 59-67

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In this paper, we propose two potential risk indicators to define and evaluate the safety of bicycle path at the microscopic level. Field bicycle data were collected from three survey sites under different traffic conditions. These two risk indicators based on speed dispersion were proposed and calculated during each 5-min interval. The risk influences of various widths of bicycle path and traffic conditions were analysed by using one-way ANOVA. We further proposed a generalized linear model (GLM) for modelling and analysing the relationships between bicycle risks and v/c ratio and percentages of electric bicycles, male cyclists, young cyclists, and loaded cyclists. The stepwise regression models were applied for determination of coefficients. The results show that the influences of gender and age of cyclists on potential risks are not significant. The risks increase with the width of bicycle path and percentage of electric bicycles, while only for wider bicycle path (4-lane case in this study), the risks are associated with whether or not cyclists are loaded. The findings could contribute for analysis and evaluation of the safety for bicycle path. (ScienceDirect)

32. Recommended bicycle lane widths for various roadway characteristicsNational Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), 2016, Report. 766, p. 73

This volume presents an analysis of the research and design guidance for bicycle lane widths on existing travel lane widths and parking lane widths. The conclusions are most applicable to urban and suburban roadways with level grade and a posted speed limit of 30 mph and should be used cautiously for the design of roadways with motor vehicle speeds outside of the range of 25 to 35 mph, and in particular for higher-speed roadways. (TRB)

33. Safety impacts of bicycle infrastructure: A critical review DiGioia, J., Watkins, K. E., Xu, Y., Rodgers, M. & Guensler, R. Journal of Safety Research, June 2017, Vol. 61, pp. 105-119

This paper takes a critical look at the present state of bicycle infrastructure treatment safety research, highlighting data needs. Safety literature relating to 22 bicycle treatments is examined, including findings, study methodologies, and data sources used in the studies. Some preliminary conclusions related to research efficacy are drawn from the available data and findings in the research. While the current body of bicycle safety literature points toward some defensible conclusions regarding the safety and effectiveness of certain bicycle treatments, such as bike lanes and removal of on-street parking, the vast majority treatments are still in need of rigorous research. Fundamental questions arise regarding appropriate exposure measures, crash measures, and crash data sources. This research will aid transportation departments with regard to decisions about bicycle infrastructure and guide future research efforts toward understanding safety impacts of bicycle infrastructure. (ScienceDirect)

34. Safety perceptions and reported behaviour related to cycling in mixed traffic: a comparison between Brisbane and Copenhagen Chataway, E. S., Kaplan, S., Nielsen, T. A. S. & Prato, C. G. Transportation Research – Part F, 2014, Vol. 23, pp. (2014) 32-43

This study explores the differences in safety perceptions and reported behaviour of cyclists in mixed traffic between an emerging cycling city (Brisbane, Australia) and an established cycling city (Copenhagen, Denmark). Perceptions and reported behaviour were retrieved

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from a custom-designed web-based survey administered among cyclists in the two cities. Elicited items concerned perceived risk of infrastructure layouts, fear of traffic, cycling while distracted, use of safety gear, cycling avoidance due to feeling unsafe, and avoidance to cycle in mixed traffic conditions. The data were analysed with structural equation models. Results show that, in comparison with cyclists in Copenhagen, cyclists in Brisbane perceive mixed traffic infrastructure layouts as less safe, feel more fear of traffic, and are more likely to adopt cycling avoidance as a coping strategy. Results also show that cyclists in Copenhagen tend to use less helmets and to cycle more while being distracted.(ScienceDirect)

35. Shared road is double happiness: Evaluation of a “Share the road” sign Høye, A., Fyhri, A. & Bjørnskau, T. Transportation Research – Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, October 2016, Vol. 42, Part 3, pp. 500-508

A road sign with the text «Share the road» and a picture of a smiling cyclist and a passing car was evaluated in a before–after study with surveys among cyclists and car drivers. The sign was set up at two sites on a test road near Oslo in summer 2014. A similar road was used as a comparison. About two thirds of the participants on the test road had noticed the sign. The majority liked it and agreed with its message. Cyclists have more often noticed the sign than car drivers have and they were somewhat more positive towards the sign. Effects on self-reported behaviour and the perceived behaviour of others were evaluated by comparing changes from the before- to the after-period between test and comparison road. Self-reported behaviour of both cyclists and car drivers has improved on the test road after the sign was set up, especially in overtaking situations, and these results are in accordance with how cyclists and car drivers perceived each other’s behaviour. The general perception of other road users has improved as well. The results are most likely representative of similar roads with a large proportion of car traffic that is related to recreation and a relatively low level of conflict. (ScienceDirect)

36. Shared roadway implementation guidance Robertson, J. & Hawkins, G. Journal of Transportation Engineering, August 2013, Vol. 139, No. 8, pp. 833-839

Shared roadways have automobiles and bicycles operating in the same travelled way, which may negatively affect traffic operations; there is limited guidance on appropriate shared roadway implementation. To provide guidance on shared roadway implementation, this paper uses microsimulation models and a sensitivity analysis to evaluate automobile quality of service on shared roadways. After the sensitivity analysis, automobile quality of service is compared to bicycle quality of service on shared roadways. Using the results of the sensitivity analysis and comparison, guidance is provided on the implementation of shared roadways. This study finds that outside lane width and bicycle volume affect automobile quality of service on shared roadways. Additionally, higher values for unsignalised access points per kilometre (per mile), heavy vehicle percent, and signalized intersection crossing distance result in bicycle quality of service being less than automobile quality of service. Using this study’s findings, shared roadway implementation guidance is provided for four-lane divided urban street segments. Future research should develop shared roadway

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implementation guidance using microsimulation models calibrated to observed data. (EBSCO)

37. Sharing is (s)caring? Interactions between buses and bicyclists on bus lanes shared with bicyclists Ceunynck, T., Dorleman, B., Daniels, S., Laureshyn, A., Brijs, T., Hermans, E. & Wets, G. Transportation Research – Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, April 2017, Vol. 46, Part B, pp. 301-315

This paper presents the results of an observation study of interactions between bicyclists and buses on shared bus lanes. The aim of the paper is to analyse bicyclists’ safety on bus lanes shared with bicyclists. Straight sections of two bus lanes shared with bicyclists in Belgium are observed. All interactions between bicyclists and buses over two full weeks are recorded and analysed. Additionally, the lateral position and riding speed of bicyclists that are in interaction with buses are compared with the behaviour of bicyclists that are not in interaction with buses. One of the observed bus lanes is in line with road design guidelines in a number of countries that state that a sufficiently narrow bus lane (<3.5 m) is hypothesised to be safer than a somewhat wider bus lane; the other observed bus lane is deemed too wide according to these guidelines and is hypothesised to lead to close overtaking manoeuvres. The results show that close interactions between bicyclists and buses are relatively frequent on both types of analysed bus lanes. Close overtaking manoeuvres (a bus overtakes a bicyclist with a lateral distance less than 1 m) as well as close bicycle-following situations (a bus drives behind a bicyclist with a time gap less than 2 s) are quite common on both analysed bus lanes. The analyses could not confirm the hypothesis that a sufficiently narrow bus lane is safer than a wider bus lane. On the contrary, close interactions seem even slightly more common on the narrower bus lane. Slightly more close overtaking manoeuvres take place on the narrower bus lane, but the difference is not statistically significant. Additionally, more bicycle-following situations take place on the narrower bus lane because overtaking is more difficult. The results show that buses often maintain a close time gap in these situations. The overtaking speed of the buses is, however, significantly higher on the wider bus lane compared to the narrower one. Moreover, the presence of a bus has an influence on the behaviour of bicyclists. Bicyclists who get overtaken by a bus ride more closely to the edge of the road than bicyclists who are not in interaction with a bus. While the road design guidelines assume that bicyclists take up a width of one meter from the edge on bus lanes shared with bicyclists, the observations show that bicyclists take up much less space while being overtaken. The presence of a bus does not have a significant influence on the standard deviation of the lateral position of the bicyclist. On the narrower bus lane, some findings suggest that bicyclists who are involved in an interaction with a bus ride faster than bicyclists who are not involved in an interaction with a bus. (ScienceDirect)

38. Should state DOTs prefer bicycle lanes or wide curb lanes? – final report Dennison, A. FHWA-AZ-2008, No. 598

This report investigates collisions between bicycles and motor vehicles to ascertain their relationship (if any) to a Bicycle Lane or Wide Curb Lane for the purpose of informing State

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Departments of Transportation. A literature review describes progress of Federal legislation supporting bicycle travel and implementation of bicycle facilities, their application in various jurisdictions, agency liability, and the debate between advocates of Wide Curb Lanes and Bicycle Lanes. A survey of DOT officials nationwide reveals the importance of available space and input from municipalities in designing bicycle facilities. An examination of fatal bicyclist/motorist collisions in Arizona suggests strong relationships to human error and “failure to yield” infractions, and negligible relationships to road conditions or mechanical failure. Based on the evidence, this report cannot determine that a relationship exists between collisions, Bicycle Lanes, or Wide Curb Lanes. Further investigation of this topic is recommended. (FIRST)

39. Signposts for cyclists Holland-Cycling.com, 2017

Internet guide to cycling in Holland. I.e. “Dutch cycle paths are so well signposted, that even if you might not always know precisely where you are, you can hardly get lost. Just cycle on to the next signpost which will point you in the right direction. The distances given on the signposts are in kilometres. If you don’t know the area, it can be useful to have a map so you know the location of the destinations on the signposts”.

40. Street design manual New York City Department of Transportation, 2015, p. 248

Chapter 2: Bike lane and paths

41. Study of bicycle lanes versus wide curb lanes Hunter, W., Stewart, J. & Stutts, J. Transportation Research Record, January 1999, Vol. 1674, No. 1, pp. 70-77

A comparative analysis of bicycle lanes (BLs) versus wide curb lanes (WCLs) was done. The primary analysis was based on videotapes of almost 4,600 bicyclists from 48 sites in Santa Barbara, California; Gainesville, Florida; and Austin, Texas. The videotapes were coded to evaluate operational characteristics and conflicts with motorists, other bicyclists, or pedestrians. Significant differences in both operational behaviours and conflicts were associated with BLs and WCLs, but they varied depending on the behaviour being analysed. Wrong-way riding and sidewalk riding were much more prevalent at WCL sites compared to BL sites. The aggregated data showed that significantly more motor vehicles passing bicycles on the left encroached into the adjacent traffic lane from WCL situations compared to BL situations. Proportionally more bicyclists obeyed stop signs at BL sites; however, when a stop sign was disobeyed, the proportion of bicyclists with both "somewhat unsafe" and "definitely unsafe" movements was higher at BL sites. The vast majority of observed bicycle-motor vehicle conflicts were minor, and there were no differences in the conflict severity by type of bicycle facility. Bicyclists in WCLs, however, experienced more bike-pedestrian conflicts, whereas bicyclists in BLs experienced more bike-bike conflicts. The overall conclusion is that both BL and WCL facilities can and should be used to improve riding conditions for bicyclists. The identified differences in operations and conflicts appeared to be related to the specific destination patterns of bicyclists riding through the intersection areas studied and not to characteristics of the bicycle facilities. (EBSCO)

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42. Sustrans design manual for cycle friendly designApril 2014, p. 36

This handbook contains a concise illustrated compendium of technical guidance relating to cycling: it can stand alone as a ‘tool box’ of ideas but also links to a library of relevant on line resources. It is very visual but contains the essential technical details, and was inspired by earlier guidance produced by the City of Edinburgh Council.

43. The politics of bicycle lane implementation: The case of Vancouver's Burrard Street Bridge Siemiatycki, M., Smith, M. & Walks, A. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, March, 2016, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 225-235

Shifting commuters out of cars and into active modes of transportation such as bicycling is necessary if communities and cities are to become more environmentally sustainable. Coupled with the resistance of drivers to change modes is a resistance on behalf of the politicians they elect to support the building of infrastructure for active transportation, particularly when this means taking resources away from the dominant automobile-based mode. Before scholars promote specific policies or methods for dealing with such issues, it is necessary to understand what strategies have been successful and unsuccessful in attaining a shift of resources into active transportation infrastructure such as bicycle lanes. Vancouver presents a case study of both such strategies. In 1996 a pilot project aimed at transferring a lane on the Burrard Street Bridge from cars to bicycles failed and ended in political acrimony. However, another such pilot attempted in 2009 was successful with the lanes made permanent shortly afterward. This article documents what transpired and analyses the reasons for the initial failure and the subsequent realization 13 years later. The Burrard Street Bridge story provides lessons for how bicycle lanes, even those that take space away from cars, might be implemented in other contexts, given the reality of a politics that favours a status quo dominated by automobility. (EBSCO)

44. The possibility of solving cycling transport in central urban areas Kalašová, A. & Krchová, Z. Transport Problems, 2011, Vol. 6, No. 2

The rapid urban development in recent years has been reflected not only by the change in structure and size of towns, but especially by the increase in population mobility, which is strongly reflected by the fact that urban centres are clogged with individual transport, therefore, experts are dealing with possibilities of alternative solutions. Especially bicycle transport for its significant reach, readiness to ride, easy operation and relatively high cruising speed has the appropriate conditions for further successful development. In our contribution we would like to outline some problems with the equality issues of bikes in the street area. (Google Scholar)

45. The space race: a framework to evaluate the potential travel-time impacts of reallocating road space to bicycle facilities Burke, C. & Scott, D. Journal of Transport Geography, October 2016, Vol. 56, pp. 110-119

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When building a cycling network, planners have the option of constructing bicycle facilities at different design widths. However, increasing the width of bicycle facilities reduces lane space for motor vehicles, in turn impacting a road's level of service. Presently, no framework exists to systematically measure the potential travel time consequences of employing wider bicycle facilities on a road network. In this paper, we demonstrate how the Network Robustness Index (NRI) can be used to identify the bicycle facility design that limits traffic disruption for any road link in an urban network. To demonstrate the utility of the new approach, we use a theoretical, generalizable network and compare it against an approach used in current bike lane planning practice. The results show that if a planner is challenged to build a road network of wider bicycle facilities while at the same time minimizing potential impacts on motor vehicle traffic, their decision-making power improves when using the NRI to support this aim. If widely adopted, this new evaluation framework may lead to the development of better urban cycling networks that consist of wider bicycle facilities. (ScienceDirect)

46. Trails, lanes, or traffic: Valuing bicycle facilities with an adaptive stated preference surveyTransportation Research – Part A: Policy and Practice, May 2007, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 287-301

This study evaluates individual preferences for five different cycling environments by trading off a better facility with a higher travel time against a less attractive facility at a lower travel time. The tradeoff of travel time to amenities of a particular facility informs our understanding of the value attached to different attributes such as bike-lanes, off-road trails, or side-street parking. The facilities considered here are off-road facilities, in-traffic facilities with bike-lane and no on-street parking, in-traffic facilities with a bike-lane and on-street parking, in-traffic facilities with no bike-lane and no on-street parking and in-traffic facilities with no bike-lane but with parking on the side. We find that respondents are willing to travel up to twenty minutes more to switch from an unmarked on-road facility with side parking to an off-road bicycle trail, with smaller changes associated with less dramatic improvements.

47. Trucks and bikes: sharing the roads Pattinson, W. & Thompson, R. Procedia – Social and Behavioural Sciences, March 2014, Vol. 125, 20, pp. 251-261

More cycling in urban areas could alleviate congestion that would benefit logistics operations as well as provide health and environmental benefits to the community at large. However, cycling within many Australian cities is currently being impeded due to poor road design and the absence of best practice freight vehicle standards (amongst other deterrents). Rising levels of fear and road trauma are creating the opportunity to address safety issues associated with the interaction between trucks and bicycles in urban areas. Those involved in city logistics can help to promote cycling and other forms of active transport by participating in the development and implementation of measures that increase the level of safety for cyclists. Measures that could be supported include: intersection design, design modifications for trucks, education of drivers, cyclists and road managers, enforcement aimed at behavioural change, as well as logistics customers requiring the use of safer trucks. Road management approaches with integrated safety benefits include designating routes and times for the movement of freight vehicles to avoid cyclists and requiring the trucks used in urban areas to have better visibility (e.g. lower driver position).

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This paper discusses several measures for improving the safety of cyclists including freight vehicle engineering and truck driver training programs as well as environmental management and land use changes. (ScienceDirect)

48. Urban bikeway design guide National Association of City Transportation Officials

The purpose of the NACTO Urban Bikeway Design Guide (part of the Cities for Cycling initiative) is to provide cities with state-of-the-practice solutions that can help create complete streets that are safe and enjoyable for bicyclists. The NACTO Urban Bikeway Design Guide is based on the experience of the best cycling cities in the world. The designs in this document were developed by cities for cities, since unique urban streets require innovative solutions. Most of these treatments are not directly referenced in the current version of the AASHTO Guide to Bikeway Facilities, although they are virtually all (with two exceptions) permitted under the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). The Federal Highway Administration has posted information regarding MUTCD approval status of all of the bicycle related treatments in this guide and in August 2013 issued a memorandum officially supporting use of the document. All of the NACTO Urban Bikeway Design Guide treatments are in use internationally and in many cities around the US. (Website)

49. User Perceptions of the Quality of Service on Shared Paths Hummer, J., Rouphail, N., Hughes, R., Fain, S., Toole, J., Patten, R., Schneider, R., Monahan, J. & Do, A. Transportation Research Record, 2014, 1939, pp. 28-36

Shared-use paths are becoming increasingly busy across the United States. Path designers need guidance on how wide to make new or rebuilt paths and on whether to separate the different types of users. The current guidance is not specific, has not been calibrated to conditions in the United States, and does not accommodate the range of modes found on a typical path. The purpose of this project, sponsored by FHWA, was to develop a level-of-service (LOS) estimation method for shared-use paths that overcomes these limitations. The focus of this paper is on the collection of the perceptions of path users and the development of a model relating those perceptions to operational and path variables. Companion papers describe the efforts made to develop equations explaining path operations and to develop an LOS estimation tool based on the perception model. For this effort, the project team collected the perceptions of 105 volunteers viewing 36 video clips from 10 paths. Analysis showed that variables related to path operations and the path width had the strongest relationships to the overall quality of the trail experience. The recommended model for overall rating included terms for path width, the number of meeting and passing events, and the presence of a centre-line. The model was statistically sound; it should be easy to use. Analysts should be able to use the model and the procedure for determination of the LOS, which is based on the model, with confidence, knowing that it is well grounded on the perceptions of a large sample of trail users.

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50. We can all get along: the alignment of driver and bicyclist roadway design preferences in the San Francisco Bay Sanders, R. Transportation Research – Part A: Policy and Practice, September 2016, Vol. 91, pp. 120-133

Two trends in the United States – growth in bicycling and enthusiasm for complete streets – suggest a need to understand how various roadway users view roadway designs meant to accommodate multiple modes. While many studies have examined bicyclists’ roadway design preferences, there has been little investigation into the opinions of non-bicyclists who might bicycle in the future. Additionally, little research has explored the preferences of the motorists who share roads with cyclists – despite the fact that motorists compose the vast majority of roadway users in the United States and similarly developed countries. This paper presents results from an internet survey examining perceived comfort while driving and bicycling on various roadways among 265 non-bicycling drivers, bicycling drivers, and non-driving bicyclists in the San Francisco Bay Area. Analysis of variance tests revealed that both drivers and bicyclists are more comfortable on roadways with separated bicycling facilities than those with shared space. In particular, roadways with barrier-separated bicycle lanes were the most popular among all groups, regardless of bicycling frequency. Striped bicycle lanes, a common treatment in the United States, received mixed reviews: a majority of the sample believed that they benefit cyclists and drivers through predictability and legitimacy on the roadway, but the lanes were rated significantly less comfortable than barrier-separated treatments – particularly among potential bicyclists. These findings corroborate research on bicyclists’ preferences for roadway design and contribute a new understanding of motorists’ preferences. They also support the U.S. Federal Highway Administration’s efforts to encourage greater accommodation of bicyclists on urban streets. (ScienceDirect)