literaturismcodneobis qrestomaTiaƒ£მბერტო ეკო.pdf111 vinc ki Suasaukuneebs ganixilavs, rogorc silamazisa da grZnobadi Semecnebis moralistur uaryofas, is Zalze zedapirulad

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esTetikuri aRqmis aspeqtebi SuasaukuneebSi

1. Suasaukuneebma Tavisi esTetika metwilad antikuri samyarodan imemkvidra, Tumca qristianulma msoflmxedvelobam mas axleburi mniSvne-loba SesZina. bibliuri tradiciidan da wmida mamaTa swavlebidan Suasa-ukuneebma aiRo kategoriaTa mTeli wyeba da Seitana da danerga isini àxa-li azrovnebis~ mier SemoTavazebul filosofiur msjelobebSi[...]. Sesabamisad, Tu esTetikuri problemebis win wamowevisas da mxatvruli produqciis Sefasebisas antikuri samyaro ZiriTadad bunebaze iyo mijaW-vuli, imave problemebs Suasaukuneebi klasikur siZveleTa Suqze ganixi-lavda. Tumca Suasaukuneebis adamianis msoflaRqma mxolod amiT ar Semoi-fargleboda. im koncefciaTa kultis garda, romlebic Tanamedrove da mom-devno Taobebs Mmiewodeboda rogorc WeSmaritebisa da sibrZnis wyaro, aseve im SexedulebasTan erTad, rom buneba transcendeturi sawyisis gamoxa-tulebaa (rac arcTu iSviaTad amuxruWebda da aferxebda grZnobad aRqmas), am epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo realobisaken dauokebeli swrafva mis yvela gamovlinebaSi, maT Soris esTetikuri tkbobis aspeqtiTac[...].

SuasaukuneebSi arsebobda garkveuli koncefcia silamazis, rogorc wmida inteleqtualuri kategoriis, rogorc moraluri harmoniis, meta-fizikuri naTebis Sesaxeb, romelsac Tanamedrove adamiani mxolod gan-saxilveli epoqis mentalitetsa da grZnobiT aRqmaSi frTxilad SeRwevis Sedegad Tu gaigebs. rodesac sqolastika msjelobs silamazis Sesaxeb, is am sityvis qveS gulisxmobs RmerTis romeliRac atributs. ase rom, sila-mazis metafizikasa da xelovnebis Teorias erTmaneTTan araviTari saerTo ara aqvT. Tanamedrove adamianis mier xelovnebis rolis Sefaseba metis-metad gadaWarbebulia, radganac mas ver ZaluZs Caswvdes silamazis arss, rogorc, vTqvaT, es neoplatonikosebs an Suasaukuneebis moRvaweebs Se-uZliaT. saubaria iseTi saxis silamazeze, romlis esTetikac ar aris dam-yarebuli ama Tu im ideaze. Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom silamazis wvdoma Suasaukuneebis adamianisTvis iyo, pirvel yovlisa, moraluri da fsiqo-logiuri realoba (am faqtoris gauTvaliswineblad SeuZlebelia adekva-turi msjeloba im epoqis kulturaze)[...]. Tanac Suasaukuneebis adamianis esTetikuri interesis sfero gacilebiT farTo iyo, vidre Tanamedrove adamianisa, xolo misi daintereseba saganTa silamaziT xSirad ganpirobe-buli iyo silamazis, rogorc metafizikuri mocemulobis, SegnebiT. garda amisa, gasaTvaliswinebelia gemovneba im epoqis rigiTi adamianisa, romelic iyo xelovnebis qmnilebaTa gamocdili Semfasebeli da, amavdroulad, aq-tiurad miapyrobda yuradRebas yvelafers, risi aRqmac grZnobebiT iyo SesaZlebeli[...].

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vinc ki Suasaukuneebs ganixilavs, rogorc silamazisa da grZnobadi Semecnebis moralistur uaryofas, is Zalze zedapirulad icnobs rogorc am epoqis teqstebs, ise Suasaukuneebis mentalitets. amasTan dakavSirebiT sakmarisia ganvixiloT Suasaukuneebis mistikosTa da asketTa damokide-buleba silamazisadmi. udavoa, rom epoqisgan damoukideblad, asketebsac izidavT miwieri siameni da cdunebani. ufro metic. isini am mizidulobis Zalas grZnoben gacilebiT ufro Zlierad, vidre sxva danarCeni adamianebi: swored miwierebis gancdasa da zeciurisaken miswrafebas Soris kontrasts efuZneba e.w. disciplinis drama. rodesac disciplina imarjvebs, indivi-duums, romelic Trgunavs da akontrolebs Tavis grZnobebs, eZleva SesaZ-lebloba, uSfoTveli mzeriT ganWvritos amqveyniuri movlenebi da Semwy-nareblurad Seafasos isini, ris saSualebasac adre mis arsebaSi mimdinare àsketuri brZolis~ cieb-cxeleba ar aZlevda. Suasaukuneebis asketizmisa da misticizmis istoriaSi SeiZleba moviZioT araerTi magaliTi am org-vari fsiqologiuri mdgomareobisa, iseve rogorc mTeli wyeba saintereso faqtebisa, romlebic warmogviCens esTetikuri aRqmis yofiT mxareebs.

2. XII saukuneSi cistercieli1 da kartuzieli2 berebi CarTulni iyvnen mwvave polemikaSi eklesiebis samSvenisebad saxviTi xelovnebis dax-vewili nimuSebis (abreSumi, oqro, vercxli, feradi vitraJebi, qandakebebi, ferwera, xaliCebi) gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg. wmida bernardi3, aleqsandre nekami4, hugo flavieli5 aSkarad ilaSqrebdnen im `zedmetobaTa~ winaaR-mdeg, romlebsac morwmuneebis yuradReba RvTismosavobisa da locvaze koncentrirebulobidan sxva sagnebze gadahqondaT. Tumca, imavdroulad, isini ar uaryofdnen dekoris silamazes. ufro metic. isini ilaSqrebdnen am silamazis winaaRmdeg mxolod erTi mizeziT: lamaz dekors hqonda wminda adgilisTvis Seuferebeli mimzidveloba. mag. hugo flavieli saubrobda sakvirveli, magram biwieri siamovnebis Sesaxeb. sityva biwieri – perversa – aq, iseve rogorc sxva rigoristebTan, nakarnaxevia rogorc moraluri, aseve sazogadoebrivi mizezebiT – sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Cven gvekiTxe-bian: saWiroa Tu ara eklesiis ase mdidrulad morTva, Tuki uflis Svile-bi cxovroben siRaribeSi, – da mokamaTeTa risxvac swored aqeTken aris mimarTuli. magram meore sityva – sakvirveli – mira – metyvelebs imaze, rom am samSvenisebs esTetikuri Rirebuleba aqvs.

rodesac wmida bernardi ganmartavs, Tu raze amboben uars berebi, rodesac ama soflis amaoebas gaurbian, adasturebs, rom amgvari sulieri ganwyoba vrceldeba amqveyniur silamazeze zogadad: `Cven, romelTac davTmeT wuTisofeli, qristes gamo uari vTqviTY yovelgvar garegnul si-lamazeze, migvaCnia, rom yvelaferi is, rac garegnulad mSvenieria – at-kbobs smenas, afrqvevs naz surnels, tkbilia gemoTi da sasiamovoa SexebiT – anu yvela xorcieli siamovneba – aris biwieri~*. igi savsebiT adamianurad da xelSesaxebad SeigrZnobs, Tumca, imavdroulad mZafrad uaryofs da

* wm. bernardi. Apologia ad Guillelmum. Sancti Theodorici Remensus abbatem//Pl. 182. Col. 914.


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SeaCvenebs yovelive imas, razec sakuTari nebiT Tqva uari. am dros is ganicdis raRac sinanulis msgavs grZnobas, Tumca asketuri sikerpis wya-lobiT mamacurad umklavdeba mas. `vilhelmis apologiaSi~ (Apologia ad Guillelmum) wmida bernardi ilaSqrebs uSvelebeli qandakebebiT gadat-virTuli taZrebis winaaRmdeg [...], Tumca imisi detaluri aRwerisas, rasac igi gmobs, warmoCndeba, Tu ramdenad paradoqsulia misi siZulvili. amasTan erTad, igi Zalze faqizad da detalurad aanalizebs im sagnebs, romelTa Wvretac ar surs. àq ar movyvebi saubars taZrebis uCveulo simaRleze, dausrulebeli sigrZesa Tu uzomo siganeze, eklsiebis mdidrul mamuleb-ze, daxvewil moxatulobaze, romlebic locvisas ipyroben mrevlis mzeras da xels uSlian mlocvelebs yuradRebis koncentrirebaSi. es yovelive Zvel iudaistur wes-Cveulebebs magonebs~. gana amis msgavsi simdidre imi-tom ar aris saqveynod gamotanili, rom ufro meti simdidre miizidos da xeli Seuwyos eklesiaSi SemowirulobaTa mozRvavebas? òqroTi dafaruli wmida nawilebi aRagznebs mzeras, relikviebi gamoaqvT sayovelTao demon-strirebisTvis, xalxs aCveneben wmindanis mSvenier saxes da ramdenadac is lamazia, miT metad swamT misi~. es mkafiod formulirebuli inveqtiva mis-aRebia Tavisi mTavari sabuTebiT: aq sakamaTodaa gamxdari ara sakuTriv esTetikuri faqti, aramed misi gamoyeneba arasakulto miznebisTvis, ker-Zod, dagmobilia swrafva gamdidrebisaken. àdamianebi Cqaroben, emTxvion siwmindes, maT sTavazoben SemowirulobaTa gaRebas, Sesabamisad, adamiani ufro tkbeba siwmindeTa silamazis WvretiT, vidre loculobs maT winaSe~. da ai, sanukvari sityvebic: rogorc Cans, oqros varays mlocvelis yurad-Reba locvidan sxva raimeze gadaaqvs!

`ra saWiroa, rom monastrebSi Zmobis wevrTa mzera mipyrobili iyos uazro simaxinjisken, uxamsi moxdenilobisa Tu moxdenili uxamsobisken? ra saWiroa aq sazizRari maimunebi an mZvinvare lomebi? vis raSi sWird-eba SiSismomgvreli kentavrebi, naxevradadamianebi Tu zoliani vefxvebi? ra saWiroa mebrZolebi an sayviriani monadireni? xedav erT Tavze mibmul mraval sxeuls da, piruku, erT sxeulze – ramdenime Tavs. erTgan oTxfexa cxovels gvelis kudi aqvs, sxvagan – Tevzs oTxfexa nadiris Tavi adgas. ager, is cxoveli winidan cxenia, uknidan – Txa; am rqosani pirutyvisTvis ki cxenis ukanali miubamT. aq gamosaxulebaTa iseTi gasaocari mravalfe-rovnebaa, rom gibiZgebs, wignis nacvlad qvaze ikiTxo, mTeli dRe gaataro mxolod am gamosaxulebaTa cqeraSi da ara saRvTo werilze fiqrSi. Rmer-To, Tu sakuTari sisulelis ara grcxvenia, gaweuli xarji xom mainc unda dainano?~

es abzaci nimuSia daxvewili stilisa, romelic, ferdovani rito-rikiT damSvenebuli, gansazRvrebebiTa da kontrastebiT gamdidrebuli, SesaniSnavad esadageba imdroindel warmodgenebs. amgvari pozicia tipu-ria mistikosebisTvisac, rasac mowmobs wmida petre damianes6 swavleba. mistikosebi gmoben poezias da plastikur xelovnebas, Tumca am mizniT iye-neben daxvewili ritorikis xerxebs. es arc unda iyos gasakviri, radgan Sua-

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saukuneebis moazrovneni, abeliaridan moyolebuli wmida bernardamde [...], siWabukisas xSirad `varjiSobdnen~ poetikaSi, razec metyvelebs rogorc Cvenamde SemorCenili Suasaukuneebis laTinuri poeziis sakmaod maRali nimuSebi, ise wmida Tomas evqaristuli locva.

rigoristebi gamudmebiT kamaToben imis Sesaxeb, rac maT gansakuT-rebiT izidavT, damoukideblad imisa, ra grZnobas aRZravs maTSi es `ra-Rac~ – aRtacebasa Tu mRelvarebas. zemoTqmulis naTeli magaliTia netari avgustines drama, romelic naTlad warmogviCens im Sinagan ganxeTqile-bas, romelic gamefebulia morwmune adamianis sulSi: episkoposi gamudme-bul SiSSia – vaiTu, saRmrTo musikis tkbilxmovanebam acdunos igi locvis dros. wmida Toma akvineli saocari simSvidiT wyvets analogiur problemas – misi azriT, liturgikuli miznebisTvis ar aris rekomendebuli instru-mentuli musikis gamoyeneba. musikaluri instrumentebi msmenelSi udides siamovnebas aRZravs, es ki morwmunis suls `mkveTrad aSorebs~ saeklesio musikis Tavdapirvel daniSnulebas. es ukanaskneli realizdeba simReriT, romelic ùbiZgebs~ morwmuneTa sulebs, kidev ufro meti yuradReba mi-marTon locvisken, maSin rodesac `musikaluri instrumentebi suls ani-Weben mxolod siamovnebas da ar aRviZeben masSi keTil zraxvebs~ [...].*

udavoa, rom Suasaukuneebis mistika, romelic undoblobiT ekide-boda garegnul silamazes, efloboda wmida teqstebis analizSi an sia-movnebiT ganWvretda RvTaebrivi madliT moculi sulis Sinagan moZrao-bas. `Sinagani mSveniereba bevrad ufro mimzidvelia, vidre garegnuli si-lamaze, Tundac es samefo samkaulebi iyos~, – am frazaSi Cadebulia cister-cielTa esTetika (sokrates moZRvrebis msgavsi), romelic sulieri silamazis Wvretazea dafuZnebuli. saSineli wamebis Semdegac ki martvilTa sxeulebi Sinagani mSvenierebis naTels asxiveben. saerTod, garegnul da Sinagani si-lamazis dapirispireba Zalze popularuli iyo SuasaukuneebSi. Tumca, amis miuxedavad, miwieri silamazis warmavloba yovelTvis sinanulis grZnobiT iyo gancdili (rac gansakuTrebiT naTlad Cans boeciusTan – `garegnuli silamaze warmavali da gazafxulis yvavilobaze ufro xanmoklea~, – werda igi sicocxlis miwuruls `filosofiiT nugeSiscemaSi~). ra aris es? – esTe-tikuri variacia moralistur Temaze – `sad arian isini amJamad?~ – rome-lic Zalze gavrcelebuli iyo SuasaukuneebSi? anu sad arian Zveli drois gamoCenili adamianebi, sad gaqra didebuli qalaqebi, sad wavida aw ukve gardacvlil dampyrobelTa auracxeli simdidre, sadRaa didebuli saqme-ni ZlierTa ama qveynisaTa?.. sikvdilis rokvis scenis ukana planze Sua-saukuneebi xangamoSvebiT warmogvidgens Semodgomis nostalgias silamazi-sadmi, romelic WknobisTvisaa ganwiruli. da, miuxedavad imisa, rom mtkice rwmena exmareba adamians, sikvdilis rokvas mokrZalebuli imediT uyuros, yvelaferi mainc melanqoliis vualSia gaxveuli, rac esoden naTladaa aR-beWdili fransua viionis ritorikul striqonebSi: `sad gaqra SarSandeli Tovli?~ (`baladebi gardasul droTa qalbatonebze~) (hoizinga 1988: T. XI).

* S.Th. II-II. 91.


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garegnuli silamazis warmavlobis winaSe mdgomi adamiani sasoebiT Sehyurebs mxolod Sinagan silamazes, romelsac sikvdili ar uweria. am si-lamaziT tkboba SuasaukuneebSi aaRorZinebs warmodgenebs esTetikuri Rirebulebisadmi. adamianebs iseTive maxvili mzera rom hqondeT, rogoric linkeoss7, – ambobs boeciusi, – isini ueWvelad SeamCnevdnen, ramdenad bilwi suli aqvs lamaz alkibiades8, romlis garegnobasac isini aRtace-bis Rirsad miiCneven. Tumca boeciusi TavSesafars eZebda im silamazeSi, romelic arsebobs maTematikisa da musikis TanafardobaSi. Cven SeiZleba araerTi magaliTi movitanoT `swor~ sxeulSi davanebuli `swori~ sulis silamazis Sesaxeb, anu patiosani sulis Sesaxeb, romelic gamovlindeba idealuri qristianis garegnobaSi. wmida bernardi gvarwmunebs: `rodesac am silamazis naTeli aRavsebs guls, is uciloblad gamoaRwevs gareT ms-gavsad monetiT dafaruli sanTlis alisa, vinaidan sinaTle wyvdiadSi ver daimaleba. swored amgvarad aRivseba sxeuli gonierebis SuqiT da ga-dascems am naTels Tavis yvela asos, grZnobaTa organoebs, rac gamovlinde-ba moZraobaSi, metyvelebaSi, garegnobasa da mixvra-moxvraSi da RirsebiTa da zneobriobiT aRsavse RimilSi~[...].*

rogorc Cans, asketuri disputebis centrSi aRmoCnda warmodgenebi adamianisa da bunebis silamazis Sesaxeb. mistikaSi uSfoTveli gonebisa da siyvarulis misaRwevad bunebrivi silamaze mTlianad reabilitirebulia. hugo sen-viqtoreli9 intuituri Wvretis unars gonebis Tvisebad miiCnevs, romelic gamovlindeba ara mxolod wmida mistikur momentebSi, aramed samyaros grZnobiTi aRqmisasac. Wvreta, misi azriT, es aris `Tavisufali sulis maxvili mzera, mimarTuli mosaxilveli sagnebisadmi~, romelic re-alizdeba im sagnebTan sasiamovno da amaRelvebeli SerwymiT, romelTa cqeriTac vtkbebiT. sinamdvileSi esTetikuri siamovneba aRiZvreba imis gamo, rom suli swvdeba materiis struqturis harmoniulobas: `dastkbi samyaroTi da yoveliveTi, rac masSia da ixilav uamrav mSveniersa da mac-dunebels... oqroSi – brwyinvalebas, xorciel silamazeSi – mSvenierebas, moxatulobasa da ferad tansacmelSi – ferebs~.**

rogorc vxedavT, Suasaukuneebis epoqis esTetikuri paeqroba mimar-Tulia ara mxolod mSvenierebis, silamazis bunebis axsnisken. masSi gamo-xatulia aRfrTovanebac (rac, zogadad, axasiaTebs mistikosTa teqstebs), rac kidev erTxel metyvelebs grZnobiTi aRqmisa da mecnieruli msjelobis urTierTSerwymaze. magaliTad, SuasaukuneebSi sakmaod xSirad msjelob-dnen iseT Temaze, rogoricaa qalis silamaze. rodesac maTe vandomeli10 Tavis `leqsTwyobis xelovnebaSi~ warmogvidgens mSvenieri qalis gareg-nobis mWevrmetyvelurad aRweris gzebs, es faqti Cvenze gansakuTrebul STabeWdilebas ar axdens. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs, erTi mxriv, ritorikuli figurebiT TamaSi da erudiciaSi Sejibri, anu klasikis imitacia, meore

* wmida bernardi. Pl. 182. Col.1193 ** Pl. 176. Col. 951. Cp.: Et.II. P.5.

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mxriv ki, bunebis Tavisufali aRqma, rac saero poetebisTvisa damaxasiaTe-beli da razec metyvelebs Suasaukuneebis mTeli laTinuri poezia.

ai, saeklesio mwerlebi komentars ukeTeben qeba qebaTais, ikvleven ra sabedos, anu sacolis silamazes. miuxedavad imisa, rom mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs bibliur teqstSi Casmuli alegoriuli epiTetebi, aseve gogonas garegnobis calkeuli mxareebis arabunebrivi Sesabamisoba (igi Savia, mag-ram ulamazesi) – komentatori, TiTqos wmida didaqtikuri mizniT, yovel-Tvis warmogvidgens qalis silamazis sakuTar ideals, amJRavnebs ra am dros spontanur, uSualo grZnobas, romelic wmindaa, magram savsebiT mi-wieri. uneblieT gvaxsendeba is xotba, romelsac balduin kenterberieli11 aRavlens nawnavad Sekruli qalis Tmebis mimarT. misi alegoriuli pasaJe-bi imas mowmobs, rom avtori SesaniSnavad erkveva modis moTxovnilebebSi, ufro metic, is imasac ki uSvebs, rom aseTi silamaze Seqmnilia wmida esTe-tikuri mizniT [...].

3. Tu Tavs davanebebT mistikosebs da mivubrundebiT, zogadad, Sua-saukuneebis kulturas, rogorc saeros, ise sasulieros, CvenTvis savse-biT ueWveli faqti gaxdeba am epoqis adamianis mier rogorc bunebrivi, ise mxatvruli mSvenierebis aRqmisa da SeTvisebis unari.

rogorc ukve iTqva, Suasaukuneebma ver SeZlo silamazis metafizi-kuri kategoriis gaerTianeba im wmida teqnikur saSualebebTan, romelTa meSveobiTac es mSveniereba xelovnebaSi unda asaxuliyo. amgvarad, Camo-yalibda ori savsebiT gansxvavebuli samyaro, romlebsac erTmaneTTan ara-viTari kavSiri ar hqonda. aqve, albaT, saWiroa gamoikveTos is aspeqtebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba grZnobad aRqmasa da yoveldRiur salaparako enas, romlis wiaRSic terminebi lamazi (pulcher) da mSvenieri (formosus) Zalze bune-brivad asocirdeba xelovnebisa da xelosnobis (ars) nimuSebTan. teqstebSi, romlebic warmogvidgens arqiteqturis istorias, qronikebSi, romlebic mogviTxrobs taZrebis mSeneblobis Sesaxeb, CanawerebSi xelovnebaze, Sek-veTebSi, romlebsac aZlevdnen arqiteqtorebs, moqandakeebsa Tu mxatv-rebs, metafizikuri esTetikis kategoriebi xSirad aRreulia im gansazR-vrebebTan, romlebiTac Sefasebulia xelovnebis nimuSebi[...].

aq dgeba kidev erTi sakiTxi: SeeZlo Tu ara Suasaukuneebis adamians, romelic mzad iyo, xelovneba utilitaruli da didaqtikuri miznebis-Tvis gamoeyenebina, xelovnebis nimuSebis cqeriT uangarod damtkbariyo? es problema ukavSirdeba im faqts, Tu rogori iyo Susaukuneebis adamianis mxatvruli gemovneba da ramdenad ganviTarebuli iyo igi [...].

i. huizinga aRniSnavs, rom èsTetikuri siamovnebis Secnoba da misi sityvebiT gamoxatva sakmaod gvian daiwyo. XV saukunis adamians SeeZlo xelovnebis nimuSebiT aRtaceba mxolod im sityvebiT gamoexata, romlebi-Tac Sedgeboda, vTqvaT, Cveulebrivi àRtacebuli~ burJuas leqsikoni~. es sityvebi mxolod nawilobriv aris samarTliani: ar SeiZleba uzusto-bani ama Tu im kategoriebis gansazRvrebisas gavaigivoT esTetikuri Wvre-tis poziciis arqonasTan. amasTan, gauCnda Tu ara adamians mxatvruli


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silamazis aRqmis unari (am faqts huizingac gamudmebiT usvams xazs), is maSinve gadaiqca ufalTan erTianobisa da yofierebiT aRtacebis grZno-bad – Suasaukuneebis adamiani swored am gziT uaxlovdeboda mSveniere-bas, swored es faqti uwyobda xels misi faseulobebis energiul integri-rebas. XII saukunem aCuqa samyaros gemovnebiani adamianisa da xelovnebis Tayvanismcemlis prototipi sen-denis abatis, politikuri moRvawisa da daxvewili humanistis, sigeris saxiT, romelic iyo STamagonebeli il-de-fransis yvelaze didi saxviTi da arqiteqturuli srulyofilebisa. Tavisi fsiqologiiTa da moraliT sigeri iyo kluneli asketebis12 antagonisti. sen-denis abatisTvis RvTis saxli unda yofiliyo silamazis sauflo. misi ideali iyo mefe solomoni, romelmac aago cnobili taZari, xolo grZno-ba, romliTac is xelmZRvanelobda, iyo ùflis saxlis silamaziT tkboba~. sen-denis taZris morTuloba Seicavs uamrav xelovnebis numuSsa da oqros nivTs, romelTac abati sigeri gulmodgined da udidesi siamovnebiT aR-wers, `radgan SiSobs, rom daviwyeba, WeSmaritebis es eWviani metoqe, Caereva da waSlis yovelive naqnaris kvals, momaval diad naqnarTa sasargeblod~. magaliTad, is mogviTxrobs às ormoci uncia oqrosgan damzadebuli, Zvirfasi qvebiT – hiacinTebiTa da topazebiT – Semkuli mozrdili Tasis Sesaxeb, romelmac Secvala sxva Tasi, misi (abat sen-denis m.e.) winamorbedis dros dakarguli~[...]. yvela am simdidris CamoTvlisas abats ar ZaluZs Tavi Seikavos da aRfrTovanebisa da siamovnebis SeZaxili ar aRmoxdes imis gamo, rom taZari Semkulia aseTi araCveulebrivi samSvenisebiT: `xSirad eklesi-isadmi sruliad bunebriv siyvarulTan erTad Cven vWvretT am mravalfero-van samkaulebs, Zvelebsa da axlebs; da rodesac Cven SevyurebT wm. eligi-usis jvars – sxva patara jvrebTan erTad – da am Seudarebel mosarTavebs... romlebic amSvenebs mooqrovil sakurTxevels, ai, am dros vambobT Cveni gulidan amoxeTqil sityvebs: `yoveli Zvirfasi qva iyo Seni samosi – to-pazic, iaspic, qrizoliTic, oniqsic, safironic, bivrilic, karbunkulica da zurmuxtic~.

am sityvebis wakiTxvisas mkiTxveli uciloblad daeTanxmeba i. hu-izingas: abati sigeri didad afasebs, upirveles yovlisa, Zvirfas nivTebs – Tvlebs, oqros nakeTobebs; upiratesi grZnoba, romliTac is aris Sepy-robili, esaa saocaris, kolosaluris aRqma da ara mSvenierebis grZnoba, rogorc raimes organulad damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba. am mxriv abati si-geri gvevlineba monaTesaved Suasaukuneebis sxva yvela koleqcionerisa, romlebic TavianT ganZTsacavebs ganurCevlad avsebdnen aTasi sxvadasxva juris sagniT – iqneboda es WeSmariti xelovnebis nimuSi Tu raRac uaz-ro nakeToba. rogorc beriis hercogis13 saganZuris sainventaro aRwera adasturebs, misi brwyinvalebis mflobelobaSi yofila martorqis rqebi, wmida iosebis saqorwino beWedi, qoqosis kaklebi, veSapis kbilebi, Svidi zRvis niJarebi da a.S. da sxva sami aTasi sagnis gverdiT, romelTa Sorisac 700 mxolod mxatvruli tilo iyo, moxseniebulia spilos fituli, hidra, basilisko, kvercxi, romelic viRac abatma meore kvercxSi ipova, manana,

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romelic mousavlian wels cidan Camovarda. aq SeiZleba Zalauneburad eWvi SevitanoT Suasaukuneebis adamianis gemovnebis daxvewilobaSi da mis unarSi, erTmaneTisgan gaerCia mSvenieri da TavSesaqcevi, xelovneba da terato-logia. abati sigeri, romelic gulubryvilod CamoTvlis Tavisi eklesiis simdidres, udides siamovnebas ganicdis Zvirfasi masalebis aRmniSvneli epiTetebis dasaxelebisas. yovelive es safuZvels gvaZlevs vifiqroT, rom grZnobiTi aRqma miamit gemovnebasa da kuriozebTan erTad (raSic, aseve, SeiZleba davinaxoT esTetikuri poziciis Canasaxebi) Seicavda masalis Rirebulebis gancdas xelovnebis nimuSTa konteqstSi, vinaidan Suasauku-neebSi mcxovrebi adamianisTvis mxatvruli qmnilebisTvis masalis SerCeva ukve iyo xelovnebis pirveli da fuZemdebluri aqti. es siamovneba, mogv-rili mxolod masaliT da ara misi gaformebiT, migviTiTebs esTetikuri reaqciis dadebiT, jansaR safuZvelze.

huizingas azriT, da es sruli WeSmaritebaa, Suasaukuneebis adamiani xelovnebis nimuSebis Wvretisas siamovnebiT aZlevda gaqanebas Tavis fan-tazias da ar Cerdeboda mTelis erTianobaze. abat sigerTan aseve vxvdeb-iT esTetikuri tkbobis gadaqcevas yofierebisa Tu mistikur sixarulad, rodesac igi gamoTqvams gulwrfel aRfrTovanebas sakuTari eklesiis si-lamazis Wvretisas: `rodesac me vtkbebi RvTis saxlis silamazis cqeriT da rodesac qvaTa mravalferi simSveniere maviwyebs yofiT problemebs, keTili azrebi ki, romlebic gadainacvleben materialuridan aramateri-alurisken, mibiZgebs wminda zneobriobis mravalferovnebis Wvretisken, maSin mgonia, rom vimyofebi romeliRac aramiwier mxareSi, romelic arc miwaze arsebobs, arc zecaSi da rom me, uflis wyalobiT, SemiZlia raRac mistikuri gziT gadavinacvlo Cveni miwieri samyarodan zeciur saufloSi~. am fragmentiT bevri ram aris Tqmuli. erTi mxriv, Cven winaSea dadasture-ba esTetikuri Wvretis aqtisa, romelic gamowveulia mxatvruli nawar-moebis grZnobadi gancdiT, meore mxriv, am Wvretis xasiaTi individualu-ria da gansxvavdeba rogorc martivi da wmida tkbobisgan (siamovnebisgan), romelic alRoiani da mgrZnobiare adamianisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, aseve zeciuri faseulobebis inteleqtualuri Wvretisgan. esTetikuri-dan mistikur sixarulze gadasvla aq TiTqmis myisieria[...]. aqedan gamom-dinare, Suasaukuneebis adamianis esTetikuri gancda koncentrirebuli iyo ara calke mdgom romelime bunebriv Tu mxatvrul obieqtze, aramed im gancdaze, romelsac adamians aRuZravda zebunebrivi urTierTdamokide-buleba saWvret sagansa da kosmoss Soris. Suasaukuneebis adamiani yvela-ferSi xedavda Semoqmedis yovlisSemZleobis ontologiur dadasturebas.

yovelive zemoTqmuli srulebiTac ar niSnavs imas, rom Suasaukune-ebSi ar arsebobda esTetikuri aRqma, piriqiT, es msjeloba mimarTuli iyo iqiTken, rom dagvedgina esTetikuri aRqmis xasiaTi. zemoT ukve gamovi-yeneT termini integracia. integrirebuli civilizaciis qveS Cven vgu-lisxmobT iseT civilizacias, romelmac Tavissave sazRvrebSi gamoimuSava


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sistema imgvari faseulobebisa, romlebic araTu konfliqtSi modis erT-maneTTan, aramed erTmaneTze aris damokidebuli.

swored amgvari integraciis gamoa ase rTuli gageba im gansxvavebisa, romelic TiTqosda arsebobs silamazesa da sargeblianobas, silamazesa da xarisxianobas, mSveniersa (pulchrum) da mosaxerxebels (aptum), Semkulsa (decorum) da patiosans (onestum) Soris. Teoretikosebi gamudmebiT cdilo-ben am kategoriaTa gamijvnas da am mcdelobis pirvel magaliTs vawydebiT isidore sevilielTan14. misTvis mSvenieri (pulchrum) – es aris is, rac mSven-ieria TavisTavad, xolo mosaxerxebeli (aptum) – rac mSvenieria, rogorc raimes funqcia (Tumca, es debuleba Cven memkvidreobiT gvergo antikuri samyarodan. ciceronidan is gadavida netar avgustinesTan, xolo netari avgustinedan is gadaiRo mTelma sqolastikam). Tumca xelovnebisadmi damokidebulebis praqtikuli pozicia metyvelebs am ori aspeqtis ara im-denad gamijvnaze, ramdenadac Serevaze. swored is saeklesio avtorebi, romlebic ganadideben wmida xelovnebis silamazes, daJinebiT miuTiTebd-nen mis didaqtikur miznebze. 1025 wlis arasis saeklesio krebis dadge-nilebiT (abati sigeri imave Tvalsazriss emxroboda) didaqtikis mizania, ubralo adamianebamde gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebiT miitanos is, risi wvdomac maT wmida werilis teqstiT ar SeuZliaT. mxatvrobis mizani, – ambobs honorius oteneli15, enciklopediuri naSromis, `samyaros xatis~ avtori, – sam raimeSia sagulvebeli: 1. ùflis saxli unda iyos morTuli da Semkuli~; 2. `mxatvrobam unda Segvaxsenos wmindanTa saTnoebiT aRsavse cxovreba~ da 3. `mxatvroba – es aris wigni saero pirTaTvis~. rac Seexeba sa-kuTriv literaturas, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia `Rirseba gonebisa da moxdeniloba mWevrmetyvelebisa~, mas yvelaze metad Seesabameba devizi: `sasiamovnos sasargeblosTan SeTavseba~, romelic gamoxatavs karolin-geli literatorebis esTetikas. im periodis literatura yvelaze maRla ayenebda ara formas, aramed Sinaarss. Tumca msgavsi koncefciebi ara-sodes aclidnen arss xelovnebas sworxazovani da primitiuli didaqtikis sasargeblod. WeSmariteba imaSia, rom Suasaukuneebis adamianisTvis Zneli iyo am ori faseulobis garCeva ara imdenad kritikulobis arqonis gamo, ramdenadac eTikurisa da esTetikuris Serwymis wyalobiT, rodesac adami-ani cxovrebas mis urRvev mTlianobaSi xedavda. dResac ki SeiZleba SevamC-nioT is dadebiTi, romelsac amgvari msoflmxedveloba Seicavda, vinaidan Tanamedrove filosofiis erT-erTi Temaa swored Cveni civilizaciis ada-mianis swrafva cxovrebiseuli mTlianobisaken. ra Tqma unda, xerxebi, romlebiTac sargeblobdnen Suasaukuneebis adamianebi, Cven ar Segvesabam-eba, Tumca maT mier SemoTavazebuli paradigma SeiZleba gaxdes amosavali mniSvnelovani dakvirvebebisaTvis. Suasaukuneebis esTetikuri doqtrinebi am TvalsazrisiT arsebiT daxmarebas gagviwevs. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom sqolastikuri esTetikis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani problema iyo metafizikur safuZvelze mSvenierebis sxva faseulobebTan erTianoba. dis-kusia silamazis transcendenturobis Sesaxeb iyo yvelaze mniSvnelovani

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cda im mTliani esTetikuri aRqmis legitimirebisa, romelzec zemoT gvqon-da saubari. es doqtrinebi ki miznad isaxavda ara marto esTetikuri Rire-bulebebis, rogorc aseTis aRmoCenas, aramed maTi kavSiris gansazRvras RirebulebaTa saerTo sistemasTan, an, Suasaukuneebis eniT Tu vityviT, yo-fierebis transcendenturi formebis erTian da ganuyofel aRqmasTan.

SeniSvnebi

1. cistercielebi – kaTolikuri ordeni, benediqtelTa ordenis ganSto-

eba XI saukunidan. saxelwodeba momdinareobs ordenis pirveli savanidan – mo-

nastridan sito, romelic 1098 wels daaarsa wmida robert molemelma. ordenis konstitucias ewodeba `mowyalebis qartia~, romlis Semdgenelic, tradiciis mixedviT, aris cistercielTa monastris mesame abati wmida stefane hardingi. ordenis moweseTa sulier cxovrebaSi did rols asrulebs asketuri praqtike-bi da mWvretelobiTi samonazvno cxovreba. cistercielTa taZrebi gamoirCeva metad sada dekoriT; iq ver naxavT Zvirfas saeklesio nivTebs, ferweras, sam-Svenisebs. ordenis CamoyalibebaSi didi wvlili miuZRvis wmida Bbernard kler-voels, ase rom, zogierT qveyanaSi cistercielebs bernardielebsac uwodeben.

2. kartuzielebi – kaTolikuri ordeni, romelic 1084 wels daaarsa wmi-da Bbruno kelnelma Sartris mTebSi grenoblis maxloblad (safrangeTi). ofi-cialurad ordeni daamtkica romis papma inokenti II-m 1133 wels. saxelwodeba momdinareobs pirveli savanidan – didi Sartri (laTinurad cartusia). ordenis mizans da sulier safuZvels warmoadgens `ganmartoebaSi RmrTis Zieba~, ris Sedegadac srulyofil siyvaruls aRweven.

3. wmida Bbernard klervoeli (1091-1153) – Suasaukuneebis frangi RvTismetyveli da mistikosi, cistercieli beri, klervos monastris abati 1117 wlidan.

4. aleqsandre nekami – (1157-1217) – me-12 saukunis ingliseli humanisti, avgustineli beri, enciklopedisti, ramdenime didaqtikuri poemis avtori. mas ekuTvnis leqsiTi formiT dawerili enciklopedia `RvTaebrivi WeSmaritebis qeba” (De laudibus divinae sapientiae), romelic eyrdnoba, ZiriTadad, Zvel berZnul da arabul wyaroebs. cnobilia, aseve, rogorc igav-arakTa krebulebis – àxali ezope~ da àxali aviane~ – avtori.

5. hugo flavieli – benediqteli beri, flaviniis abati 1097-1100 ww-Si. av-tori laTinurenovani ̀ qronikebisa~ (Chronicon Virdunense seu Flaviniacense). (moicavs msoflio istorias qristes dabadebidan avtoris Tanadroul epoqamde).

6. petre damiane (1007-1072) – kaTolikuri eklesiis wmindani, benediqteli

mowese, kardinali, RvTismetyveli, grigoliseuli reformis iniciatori; 7 agi-

ografiuli Txzulebis, 240 himnis, 53 qadagebisa da 180 epistolis avtori. Ta-

vis TxzulebebSi is aSkarad mouwodebs samoweseo cxovrebis sakrebulo wesisa

da samRvdeloebis celibatisaken. RvTismetyvelebaSi petre damiane miekuT-

vneba moazrovneTa im jgufs, romelic miiCnevs, rom qristes Semdgom kacobri-

obisTvis yofierebis yvela sakiTxis mosagvareblad da, rac mTavaria, sulis


120

saxsnelad, mxolod erTi ram aris sakmarisi – RvTaebrivi gamocxadeba, rome-

lic Secvlis yvela sxva saxis codnas.

7. linkeosi – Zveli berZnuli miTologiis personaJi. egviptisa da argi-

fiis vaJi, argosis mefe.

8. alkibiade – aTeneli saxelmwifo moRvawe, oratori da mxedarTmTavari.

jer kidev bavSvobisas da yrmobisas alkibiadem gasaocari niWierebiT gamoiCina

Tavi, ris gamoc igi mTel aTenSi iyo cnobili da sayovelTao aRtacebisa da Tay-

vaniscemis atmosferoSi izrdeboda. amgvari damokidebulebis gamo alkibiade

Camoyalibda gaTamamebul da garyvnil pirovnebad. cnobili iyo rogorc lo-

Tobisa da uweso sasiyvarulo kavSirebis moyvaruli.

9. hugo sen viqtoreli (1096-1141) – frangi filosofosi, RvTismetyveli,

pedagogi. 1138 wlidan saTaveSi edga sen viqtoris saabatoSi giiom de Sampos

mier daarsebul filosofiur skolas. 1139 wels akurTxes fraskatis eparqiis

episkoposad. iyo avtori araerTi saRvTismetyvelo (`qristianuli rwmenis

saidumloTa Sesaxeb~, `samyaros amaoebis Sesaxeb~) da didaqtikuri (`msoflio

rukis aRweriloba~, `gramatikis Sesaxeb~, `praqtikuli geometria~) traqtati-

sa. hugo sen viqtorelis yvelaze cnobili filosofiur-didaqtikuri Txzu-

lebaa `didaskalikoni~, romelSic erTgvarad Sejamebulia gviani antikuro-

bisa da adreuli Suasaukuneebis didaqtikuri literatura. avtoris pozicia

gamoxatulia sityvebSi: ìswavle yvelaferi da darwmundebi: zedmeti araferi

ar aris!~.

10. maTe vandomeli (XII s) – sen-denis abati, safrangeTis mefe ludoviko

IX-is mrCeveli. misi cnobili laTiurenovani naSromebia leqsTwyobis xelovneba (Ars Versificatoria) da marTlweris xelovneba (Ars dictaminis). mis kalams, aseve, ekuT-vnis elegiuri komedia milo.

11. bolduin kenterberieli (1125-1191) – cistercieli beri, kenter-beris mTavarepiskoposi, avtori mTeli rigi saRvTismetyvelo Txzulebisa, romelTa Soris yvelaze ufro cnobilia De commendatione fidei da De sacramento al-taris. riCard lomgulTan erTad monawileobda mesame jvarosnul laSqrobaSi, romlis drosac, 1191 wlis 19 noembers, daiRupa akris alyis dros.

12. kluneli asketebi – kluneli bermonazvnobis istoria iwyeba 909 wlidan, mas Semdeg, rac didgvarovanma saero pirma, bernonma, romelsac bur-

gundiis miwebze ukve daarsebuli hqonda ori monasteri ukiduresad mkacri

tvipikoniT, gadawyvita axali savanis daarseba vila kluniSi, romelic her-

cog giiom aqvitanelisgan hqonda boZebuli. hercogis mxridan es Zalian gu-

luxvi saCuqari iyo, vinaidan hercogma uari Tqva axali savanis mimarT Tavisi

feodaluri uflebebis ganxorcielebaze, ris Sedegadac axali monasteri

mTlianad romis paps daemorCila. savane ganTqmuli iyo RvTismosavobiT. klu-

nis monastris berebi qadagebdnen wmida benediqtes mier SemoRebul wes-gange-

bas. miuxedavad imisa, rom siRaribis aRTqma hqondaT dadebuli, maTi eklesia-

monastrebi mdidrulad iyo morTuli – TanamedroveTa mzeras itacebda dide-

buli kedlis mxatvroba da mdidruli saeklesio nivTebi. klunis kongregacia

iyo berTa yvelaze gavleniani saZmo SuasaukuneebSi. XI-XII ss-Si oTxi romis papi

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klunis monastris moRvawe iyo; klunelebi xSirad xdebodnen episkoposebi da

kardinalebi.

13. hercogi Jan berieli (1340-1411) – ioane II valuas (keTilis zedwodebiT

cnobilis) mesame Svili; koleqcioneri da mecenati. hercogis sikvdilisaTvis

misi biblioTeka iTvlida sami aTas toms. sasuliero wignebis koleqcia gamor-

Ceuli iyo rogorc mravalricxovnebiT, ise gaformebis sinatifiTa da daxvewi-

lobiT. misi zedamxedvelobiT Seiqmna: `mcire Jamni~, `bruseluri, anu Sesani-

Snavi Jamni~, `RvTismSoblis mSvenieri Jamni~, `didebuli anu mdidruli Jamni~,

ris gamoc Jan beriels metsaxelad `JamnTa mefe~ Searqves.

14. isidore sevilieli (560-636) – seviliis mTavarepiskoposi, Suasuku-

neebis enciklopedizmis mamamTavari. misi yvelaze mniSvnelovani naSromia en-

ciklopedia ètimologiebi~, romelic SuasukuneebSi didi popularobiT sar-

geblobda. garda amisa, isidore sevilieli avtoria mravalricxovani naSromi-

sa bunebismetyvelebaSi, gramatikaSi, TeologiaSi, istoriaSi. eklesiis isto-

riisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania misi `kanonTa wigni~, romelSic Tavmoyrilia

yvela im saeklesio krebis dadgenileba, romlebic Catarebula qristianul sam-

yaroSi antikuri epoqidan moyolebuli Suasaukuneebis dasawyisis CaTvliT.

15. honorius oteneli (XII s) – misi biografiis Sesaxeb mwiri cnobebis

moZieba mxolod mis nawerebSia SesaZlebeli. mkvlevarTa erTi nawili miiCnevs,

rom is SeiZleba yofiliyo anselm kenterberielis mowafe. Honorius otene-

lis kalams ekuTvnis: 1. wmida werilis wignTa komentarebi; 2. saRvTismetyvelo

Txzulebebi, romlebic moicavs dogmatikis, liturgikis, asketikis sakiTxTa

farTo wres; 3. saeklesio-istoriuli Txzulebebi da 4. traqtatebi bunebis-

metyvelebis sxvadasxva dargSi. mas miewereba enciklopedia “De imagine mundi”. honorius otenelis filosofiuri Sexedulebebi, romlebic platonizmiTaa

gaJRenTili, Camoyalibebulia netari avgustines, anselm kenterberielisa da

eriugenas aSkara gavleniT.

Targmna da komentarebi daurTo maka elbaqiZemTargmani Sesrulebulia wignidan:

Эко У. Эволюция средневековой эстетики. СПб: Азбука – классика, 2004.


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literaturismcodneobis qrestomaTiaƒ£მბერტო ეკო.pdf111 vinc ki Suasaukuneebs ganixilavs, rogorc silamazisa da grZnobadi Semecnebis moralistur uaryofas, is Zalze zedapirulad