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COMMON LAW AND EQUITY(contd)

Plaintifs unabl to !ain accss to t" t"# co$$onla% cou#ts $i!"t di#ctl& a''al to t" so#i!nand suc" 'las %ould b 'assd *o# consid#ationand dcision to t" Lo#d C"ancllo# %"o actd ast" +in!s conscinc, As t" co$$on la% cou#ts

bca$ $o# *o#$alistic and $o# inaccssibl'las to t" C"ancllo# co##s'ondin!l& inc#asdand ntuall& t"is #sultd in t" $#!nc o* as'ci-c cou#t constitutd to dli# ./uitabl o#.*ai# dcisions in cass t"at t" co$$on la%cou#ts dclind to dal %it", As "ad "a''nd %it"t" co$$on la% t" dcisions o* t" Cou#ts o*

E/uit& stablis"d principlest"at %# usd todcid lat# cass so it should not be thoughtthat the use of equity meant that judges haddiscretion to decide cases on the basis of theirpersonal ideao* %"at %as 0ust in ac" cas,

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COMMON LAW AND EQUITY(contd)

T" diision bt%n t" co$$on la%cou#ts and t" Cou#ts o* E/uit& continuduntil t"& %# ntuall& combinedb&

t" 1udicatu# Acts (1dA) 187375.P#io#to t"is l!islation it %as ssntial *o# a'a#t& to #ais an action in t" a''#o'#iatcou#t 2 *o# 3a$'l t" cou#ts o* la%%ould not i$'l$nt /uitabl '#inci'ls4

t" Acts "o%# '#oidd t"at everycourt had the power and the duty todecide cases in line with common lawand equity %it" t" latt# bin!'a#a$ount in t" -nal anal&sis,

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COMMON LAW AND 5TATUTELAW

T"is 'a#ticula# con0unction *ollo%s on *#o$ t"i$$diatl& '#cdin! sction in t"at t"co$$on la% "# #*#s to t" substanti la%and '#ocdu#al #uls t"at "a bn c#atd b&

t" 0udicia#& t"#ou!" t" dcisions in t" casst"& "a "a#d, 5tatut la% on t" ot"#"and #*#s to la% t"at "as bn c#atd b&'a#lia$nt in t" *o#$ o* l!islation,

Alt"ou!" t"# "as bn a si!ni-cant inc#as instatut la% in t" 67t" and 68st cntu#is t"cou#ts still "a an i$'o#tant #ol to 'la& inc#atin! and o'#atin! la% !n#all& and indt#$inin! t" o'#ation o* l!islation in'a#ticula#,

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PRIVATE LAW AND PUBLIC LAW

ublic lawis t"at a#a o* constitutional ad$inist#ati c#i$inal andint#national la% t"at *ocuss on t" organi!ation of thegovernment" the relations between the state and its citi!ens"the responsibilities of government o#icials" and the relationsbetween sister states, It is conc#nd %it" 'olitical $att#sincludin! t" 'o%#s #i!"ts ca'acitis and dutis o* a#ious lls

o* !o#n$nt and !o#n$nt oficials,

rivate lawis t"at 'a#t o* a l!al s&st$ %"ic" is 'a#t o* t" 0usco$$un t"at inols relationships between individuals suc" ast" la% o* cont#acts o# to#ts as it is calld in t" co$$on la% and t"la% o* obli!ations as it is calld in ciilian l!al s&st$s, It is to b

distin!uis"d *#o$ 'ublic la% %"ic" dals %it" #lations"i's bt%nnatu#al and a#ti-cial '#sons (i,, indiiduals businss ntitis non9'#o-t o#!ani:ations) and t" stat includin! #!ulato#& statuts'nal la% and ot"# la% t"at fcts t" 'ublic o#d#,

$n general terms" public law involves interrelations between the

state and the general population" whereas private law involvesinteractions between private citi!ens.

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CI;IL LAW AND C

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Dif#ncs bt%n C#i$inaland Ciil la%

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Crime categories (contd)

Look at te !ist o" crimes in te #o$% ten !ook at te categories #e!o&' Decide&ic categor eac one comes nder% and &rite te crime in tea**ro*riate s*ace in te ta#!e'

+ome crimes can #e !isted nder more tan one categor' ,ne o" te &ords -e$*ressions in te !ist is not a crime'

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Crimes against the person. a#dction/ acta! #odi! arm/ assa!t/ #atter/grie0os #odi! arm/ indecent assa!t/ in"anticide/ mans!agter/ mrder/*aedo*i!ia (a!so ca!!ed unlawful se$)/ racia! a#se/ ra*e/ &onding' Note tatsome crimes against te *erson% sc as mrder and *aedo*i!ia% are a!soconsidered to #e crimes against societ'

Crimes against property. arson/ #eing e1i**ed to stea!/ #!ackmai!/ #reaking andentering/ #rg!ar (i" te burglar is armed% tis is ca!!ed aggravated burglary)/crimina! damage/ dece*tion or "rad/ em#e22!ement/ "orger/ and!ing sto!engoods/ mone !andering/ *irac (s*eci3ca!! intellectual property' Note tatpiracy can a!so re"er to te attacking o" si*s at sea in order to commit aro##er)/ *ossessing someting &it intent to damage or destro *ro*ert/ro##er (i" te robber is armed% tis is ca!!ed armed robbery)/ te"t'

Public order ofences. committing a #reac o" te *eace/ drg dea!ing (te mo0ingo" drgs "rom one contr to anoter is ca!!ed drug tracking)/ misse o" drgs/o#scenit/ o#strction o" te *o!ice/ *ossessing &ea*ons/ n!a&"! assem#!'

Road trac ofences. care!ess or reck!ess dri0ing/ dri0ing &itot a !icence orinsrance/ drnk in carge'

Sexual ofences. #igam/ indecenc/ *aedo*i!ia/ ra*e'

Political ofences. #reac o" te ,4cia! +ecrets Act/ #ri#er (es*ecia!! i" te*erson #eing #ri#ed is a 5em#er o" Par!iament)/ es*ionage/ sedition/ terrorism/treason'

Ofences against justice. aiding and a#etting an o6ender/ #ri#er (es*ecia!! i" te*erson #eing #ri#ed is% "or e$am*!e% a *o!ice o4cer or a 7ror)/ cons*irac/

contem*t o" cort/ *er7r/ *er0erting te corse o" 7stice'

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Name te o6ence

1. TV Newsreader& olice believe the 're was started deliberately at around( o)cloc* this morning when burning paper was pushed through theletterbo+. ,hey are appealing for witnesses to the event.

(. %rownProsecutor& ,ell us in your own words e+actly what happened.Witness& -e were in the bar when a man wal*ed up to the victim" pointeda gun at his head and said )ou)re a dead man.) ,hen he pulled the trigger

three times.

3.Police constable& ou were going in e+cess of /0" and this is a 30 !one.Man in car& $ thin* you)re mista*en" constable. $ was well within thespeed limit.

. Woman& -hen $ got home" $ discovered that my bac* door had beenbro*en open.

Police oficer& 2ad anything been stolenWoman& es" my new laptop" 4(00 in cash and my pet parrot.

5.Police oficer& $)m sorry sir" but $ have to report your actions to the properauthorities.

Man& oo*" o#icer" here)s 450. et)s just pretend this didn)t happen" eh

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Name te o6ence (8)

/.Extract rom a newspaper article& ,he two men were arrested anddetained after police chec*s revealed that they had beendistributing pornographic material over the $nternet.

7.Interviewin detective& 6ll right" agsy. -e *now you didn)t do the%ornmar*et treet ban* job yourself" but we *now that you wereinvolved somehow.

Police suspect& $ was just driving the car 9r :egan" honest. 6nd $didn)t *now what the others were up to until they came bac* withbags of cash.

8. TV newsreader& ,he car bomb went o# in a busy mar*etplace"injuring several shoppers.

;.!adio newsreader& ,he police raided a house in

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Name te o6ence (9)

11.Political aitator& eath to the :oyal =amily> eath to the system thatbleeds us dry and abandons us>"nwas#ed anarc#ist #ordes& 2ooray>

1(. $#op assistant& $ can)t accept this 4(0 note" madam. $t)s a fa*e.%ustomer& -hat ou mean it)s counterfeit

$#op assistant& $)m afraid so. o you have any other means of payment

13.Extract rom a newspaper article& ,he investigation into the railaccident con'rmed that it occurred because the rail company had failedto maintain the trac*s properly over a 've?year period. @ight peopledied when the train left the trac*s and hit an emban*ment.

1.Police oficer& ,a*e your time and tell me what happened" dear.

Pensioner& ,he man who came to my door said he had come to read theelectric meter" so $ let him in. $ went to the *itchen to ma*e him a cupof tea. -hen $ returned he had gone" and so had my television.

15. TV newsreader& 6 journalist wor*ing in the city disappeared thismorning. olice later received a note from a militant faction claimingthat they had ta*en him and were holding him hostage.

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La& #reakers

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La& #reakers (8)

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C"a't# su$$a#&

La% $a& b cat!o#isd in a nu$b# o* %a&s alt"ou!" t"a#ious cat!o#is a# not $utuall& 3clusi,

%ommon lawand civil law#lat to distinct l!al s&st$s, T"En!lis" l!al s&st$ is a co$$on la% on as o''osd tocontinntal s&st$s %"ic" a# basd on ciil la%,

%ommon lawand equitydistin!uis" t" t%o "isto#ical sou#csand s&st$s o* En!lis" la%, Co$$on la% $#!d in t"'#ocss o* stablis"in! a sin!l l!al s&st$ t"#ou!"out t"count#&, E/uit& %as dlo'd lat# to so*tn t" *o#$al #i!ou#o* t" co$$on la%, T" t%o s&st$s a# no% unitd but in t"-nal anal&sis /uit& s"ould '#ail,

%ommon lawand statute#lat to t" sou#c o* la%, Co$$onla% is 0ud! $ad4 statut la% is '#oducd b& 'a#lia$nt,

rivate lawand public law#lat to %"o$ t" la% is add#ssd,P#iat la% #lats to indiidual citi:ns %"#as 'ublic la%#lats to institutions o* !o#n$nt,

%ivil lawand criminal lawdistin!uis" bt%n la% t" 'u#'os

o* %"ic" is to *acilitat t" int#action o* indiiduals and la%t"at is ai$d at n*o#cin! 'a#ticula# standa#ds o* b"aiou#,