lkmN8 8s'd]G6 hLjgfzs ljiffbL Joj:yfkg ;xof]uL k'l:tsfprmd.gov.np/downloadfile/Pesticide Mgmt Training Manual_149024987… · hLjgfzs ljiffbL Joj:yfkg ;xof]uL k'l:tsf FIELD GUIDE:

hLjgfzs ljiffbL Joj:yfkg ;xof]uL k'l:tsf

FIELD GUIDE: PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT

s[lif ljsf; dGqfnos[lif ljefuafnL ;+/If0f lgb]{zgfno

:jf:Yo / jftfj/0fdf kg]{ ljiffbLsf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] nflu s[lifdf ljiffbL Joj:yfkg tyf ;'9[9Ls/0f

l6=l;=lk=÷g]kfn÷#%)@Strengthening pesticide management in agriculture

to reduce risks to health and environment (TCP/NEP/3502)

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hLjgfzs ljiffbL Joj:yfkg ;xof]uL k'l:tsf @)&# -@)!&_

;+o'St /fi6« ;+l3o vfB tyf s[lif ;Fu7g:jf:Yo / jftfj/0fdf kg]{ ljiffbLsf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] nflu s[lifdf ljiffbL Joj:yfkg tyf ;'9[9Ls/0fl6=l;=lk=÷g]kfn÷#%)@

;+o'St /fi6« ;+l3o ejg k'Nrf]s, nlntk'/, g]kfnkf]i6 jS; g+=@%, sf7df8f}+kmf]g g+= ))((&—!— %%@#@)), %%@#@#(, %%@#(()km\ofS; g+= ))(&&—!—%%@^#%*

;jf{lwsf/ ;'/lIft M of] k|sfzgsf] s'g} efu z}lIfs jf u}/ gfkmfd'vL pb]Zosf nflu k"j{ lnlvt l:js[lt a]u/ g} k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 5. gfkmfd"ns pB]Zosf nflu o; k|sfzgsf] k'g k|sfzg jf o;df /x]sf ;"rgf hfgsf/Lsf] pkof]u ug{ lnlvt k"j{ l:js[lt lng' kg]{ 5 .

of] lkmN8 k'l:tsf ;+o'St /fi6«;+l3o vfB tyf s[lif ;Fu7g, g]kfn, l6=l;=lk=÷g]kfn÷#%)@ cfof]hgfsf] cfly{s ;xof]udf tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . o;df pNn]lvt s'/fx? k|sfzs jf bft[ lgsfosf] cflwsfl/s egfO{ dflgg] 5}g .

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k|fsl[ts jftfj/0f x/]s k|f0fL dfqsf] ;'Gb/ kIf xf] . t/ dfgljo lqmofsnfksf sf/0f k|fs[lts jftfj/0f k|b'lift jGb} uO{/x]sf] 5 . jftfj/0fLo k|b'if0fsf] ;d:of ljZjd} Ps d'Vo ;femf r'gf}tL / lrGtgsf] ljifoj:t' eO{ ;s]sf] ;Gbe{df g]kfn klg of] ;d:ofaf6 c5'tf] x'g ;Sb}g . xflgsf/s sL/fx?sf] lgoGq0f tyf /f]syfd u/L pTkfbg a9fpg] p2]Zon] k|of]u ul/+b} cfOPsf] ljiffbL k|of]un] tTsfnLg l:yltdf s[lif pTkfbgdf pNn]vgLo j[l4 u/fotf klg o;n] lgDTofPsf] jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofx? klg sd uDeL/ 5}gg\ . cg';Gwfgjf6 o:tf ljiffbLsf] pkof]un] bL3{sfnLg ?kdf s[ifs tyf pkef]Stfx?nfO{ kmfObf eGbf xfgL g} a9L x'g] s'/f cf}+NofPsf 5g\ .

/f]u, sL/f tyf emf/kft /f]syfd Pj+ lgoGq0f u/L s[lifdf pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{ xfn cfP/ d"ntM Jofj;foLs ?kdf v]tL e}/x]sf If]qx?df ljiffbLsf] k|of]u lbgfg'lbg a9\bf] l:yltdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] hyfefjL k|of]usf sf/0f t/sf/L vfBfGg / kmnkm"ndf ljiffbLsf cjz]if x'g ;Sg] ;+efjgf cWoogx?n] b]vfPsf] 5 . lglZrt dfkb08 eGbf a9L ljiffbLsf] cjz]ifsf] dfqfn] dfgj :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/÷k|efj kfg]{ s'/fdf s;}sf] b'O{dt x'Fb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf ljiffbLsf] ;'/lIft k|of]u jf/]df s[ifs tx;Dd ;xL hfgsf/L k'¥ofpg' lgtfGt h?/L 5 .

ljiffbLsf] c;/ nfdf] ;do kl5 x'g] ePsf]n] ;j{;fwf/0f JolQmnfO{ j'emfpg klg lgs} sl7g x'G5 t/ o:tf ljiffbLsf] k|of]udf ;t{stf ckgfpg' kb{5 . o;sf] c;/ Go"g ug{sf] lgldQ k|of]u u/]sf] ljiffbL slQsf] xflgsf/s 5 / ;f] jf6 s;/L jRg ;lsG5 eGg] k"0f{ hfgsf/L /fVg' / ;f]xL cg'?ksf] ;'/lIft ljlw cjnDag ug'{ kb{5 . ;a} lsl;dsf ljiffbLx? ljif x'g, tL cf}iflw xf]Ogg\ eGg] pb\uf/ slxNo} klg la;{g' x'Fb}g .

ljiffbL Joj:yfkg / ljiffbL ;DaGwL cGosfo{x?sf] hfgsf/L lbg] p2]Zon] o; :yflgo :t/sf] k'l:tsf tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . o;af6 ;DalGwt ;a} kIfnfO{ ljiffbL Joj:yfkg lqmofsnfksf jf/]df ;';"rLt u/fpg s]xL xb;Dd o; k|sfzg ;kmn x'g] 5 . of] k'l:tsf tof/ kfg{df cys d]xgt ug'{ x'g] cfof]hgfsf ljiffbL lj1 tyf d'Vo k/fdz{bftf >L eSt/fh kflnv]nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . ;fy} cfO{=lk=Pd=÷ c;n s[lif cEof; lj1 8f= ga/fh cfrfo{ / ;Dks{ JolStsf ?kdf sfo{/t al/i7 afnL ;+/If0f clws[t >L xf]dgfy nD;fn, jl/i7 afnL ;+/If0f clws[t >L /flhjbfz /fhe08f/L / k|f= 8f= /]zd axfb'/ yfkfn] k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf ?kdf k|fljlws ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' ePsf]]df wGojfb 1fkg ub{5' .

o; xft] k'l:tsfdf k|of]u ul/Psf] ljifo j:t'sf ;fdfu|Lx? ljleGg >f]taf6 lnO{Psf] 5 . of] k':ts tof/ ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ;+nUg lj1x?sf] cg'ej / ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Ldf pNn]lvt ;fdfu|Lx?sf] >f]tnfO{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 . k|:t't xft] k'l:tsfnfO{ of] ?kdf tof/ ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;fdfu|Lx? pknAw u/fO{ ;xof]u ug{' x'g] afnL ;+/If0f lgb]{zgfno tyf ljiffbL kl~hs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg zfvfsf jl/i7 tyf cGo clws[t sd{rf/Lx?sf ;fy} k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf ?kdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' x'g] ;a}nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ub{5' . ;/f]sf/jfnf ;Dk"0f{ k|of]ustf{ z'e]R5saf6 k':tssf] ljifodf :j:Yo cfnf]rgfsf] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5' .

8f= l8NnL/fd zdf{/fli6«o cfof]hgf ;+of]hs (TCP/NEP/3502)

tyf sfo{qmd lgb]{zs, afnL ;+/If0f lgb]{zgfno, xl/x/ejg

ljifo ;"rL

!= cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L !

@ vfB :jR5tf / 3ftstf ^

#= c;n s[lif cEof; &

$= zq'hLj Joj:yfkgM ef}lts, oflGqs, v]tL ug]{ t/Lsf (

%= PsLs[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkg -cfO kL Pd_ !#

^= h}ljs lgoGq0f !&

&= ljiffbL %(

*= g]kfndf ljiffbL k|of]usf] at{dfg l:ylt %(

(= ljiffbLsf lsl;d ^)

!)= ljiffbLsf] ;laGof; jf ?k (Formulation) sf] cfwf/df alu{s/0f ^$

!!= ljiffbLsf] ljiffn'kgf ^^

!@= ljiffbL s;/L dflg;sf] z/L/leq k|j]z ub{5 ^&

!#= hLjgfzs ljiffbL / jftfj/0f &)

!$= hLjgfzs ljiffbLsf] ;'/IfLt k|of]u &@

!%= JolQmut ;'/If0fsf l;4fGtx? &^

!^= hLjgfzs ljiffbLsf n]a'n -;"rskq_ &&

!&= ljiffbLsf] dfqf lx;fa ug]{ t/Lsf *#

!*= ljiffbLsf] ldNbf]kgf *%

!(= ljiffbL b'jfgL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fjwfgLx? *(

@)= ufpF3/df sL6gfzs ljifsf] e08f/0f ()

@!= ljiffbL b'?kof]usf sf/0fx? / Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox? (!

@@= aRg] pkfox? (#

@#= kv{g] ;do cjlw / ljifsf] cjz]if ($

@$= sL6gfzs ljiffbL k|of]u ub{f ckgfpg' kg{] xf];Lof/L ($

@%= ug}{ kg]{ s'/f / ug}{ gx'g] s'/f ($

@^= ljifftmtfsf] :jo+ klxrfg k4lt (&

@&= :jMhfo/L (Self Reporting) !)#

@*= ljif nfu]sf nIf0fx? / k|fydLs pkrf/ !)#

@(= k|fylds pkrf/ !)^

#)= cg';"rL !!!cg';"rL !M kl~hs[t ljiffbLx?sf] ;fdfGo gfd, df/s dfqf–%), !!!cg';"rL @M g]kfndf k|ltjlGwt ljiffbLx?sf] ;"rL !!#cg';"rL #M hLjgfzs ljiffbL ;DaGwL Joj:yf ug{ jg]sf] P]g, @)$* !!$cg';"rL $M hLjgfzs ljiffbL lgodfjnL, @)%) !!&

#!= ?kfGt/ tflnsf !@)

#@= ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L !@)

hLjgfzs ljiffbL Joj:yfkg ;xof]uL lkmN8 k'l:tsf

hLjgfzs ljiffbL Joj:yfkg ;xof]uL k'l:tsf �

!= cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L

of] ultzLn ;+;f/df s[lif If]qdf gljgtd\ cjwf/0ffn] :yfg cf]u6\b} cfPsf] 5 . s[lif If]qdf ePsf ljutsf k|fo;x?af6 s]xL xb;Dd pknAwL xfl;n ul/Psf] 5 . w]/} psfnL cf]/fnL kf/ ub}{ s[lif If]qsf] pTyfg / ljsf;sf] ultn] km8\sf] dfl/;s] klg cfjZos 1fg, k|ljlw, pTkfbgsf] pko'Qm ahf/ tyf d"No kfpg g;Sg', pTkfbgdf ljljlws/0f, k|lt:kwL{ / ahf/d'vL x'g g;Sg' h:tf ;d:ofx? ljBdfg 5g\ . t;y{ ;fgf s[ifsxx?sf] :t/df s[lifhGo j:t'sf] pTkfbg Hofb} Go"g x'g yfn]sf] 5 . o:tf] Go"g pTkfbg Jojxfl/s ?kd} :yfgLo ahf/sf] nflu w]/} tyf afXo ahf/sf] nflu ck'u x'g] ;d:ofsf] sf/0f s[ifsx?n] kmfObf kfpgsf ;fy} cfk\mgf] nufgL g} ;lsg] l:ylt eO{ s[lifdf hf]lvd a9\g yfn]sf] 5 . log} dfly pNn]lvt s[lif ;DalGwt hf]lvd / ;d:ofnfO{ ;+af]wg ug{ / ljBdfg ahf/df /x]sf] k|r'/ cj;/x?sf] klxrfg ub}{ ahf/d"vL Joj;flos v]tL ug]{ t/Lsf lgdf{0f tyf Joj;fo ;xof]u ;]jf dflysf] kx'Frdf ;xof]ufTds ;]jf 6]jf k'¥ofpgsf nflu cgf}krfl/s lzIff h:tf] of] lkmN8 k'l:tsfsf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .

o; k':tsdf s[lif k];f;Fu ;DalGwt 1fg, ;Lk / k]zfut ;"rgf ;dfj]z 5, h;n] of]Uo >dzlQm pTkfbgdf k|efjsf/L tflndsf nflu ;xhLs/0f ub{5 . o; k'l:tsfsf] ;xfotfn] k|lzIffyL{x?n] s[lif Joj;fo pBf]udf s[ifsn] ug'{kg]{ / hfgsf/L lng'kg]{ cfwf/e"t ;}4flGts / k|of]ufTds ;Lkx?sf] cEof; ug]{ 5g\ . k|lzIffyL{x?n] bIftf xfl;n ul/;s]kl5 ;DalGwt s[lif If]q jf pBf]udf ;Lko'Qm hgzlQm pTkfbg e} s[lifsf] pTkfbg pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 x'g'sf ;fy} s[lif Joj;fosf ljljw hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ 5g\ . o;n] b]zsf] ul/jL Go"gLs/0fsf] /fli6«o cleofgdf ;d]t of]ubfg ug]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . o; k':tsdf /flvPsf] ljiffbL Joj:yfkg ;DjGwL ;Lk / 1fgn] pgLx?df /x]sf ;Lk / 1fgdf yk ;'wf/ NofO{ s[lif k]zfsf nflu cfjZos bIf s[ifs aGg d2t k'¥ofpg] 5 .

nIoax';+Vos s[ifsx?sf] dfudf cfwfl/t eP/ tof/ kfl/Psf] o; k'l:tsfsf] p2]Zo s[lif k];f;Fu ;DaGwL k|lzIffyL{x? Pj+d\ k|lzIfsx?n] o;nfO{ k|of]u u/L cfˆgf] ;Lk / 1fg clej[l4 u?g\ eGg] xf] .

p2]Zox? of] k'l:tsfsf] d'Vo p2]Zo s[lifsf] ljsf;sf] nflu Ifdtf cg';f/ 7f]; of]ubfg lbg ;Sg] ljiffbL Joj:yfkg ;DjGwL ;Lko'Qm hgzlQm pTkfbg ug'{ / s[lif lzIffsf nflu cfjZos 1fg, ;Lk k|bfg u/L ;r]t s[ifs tof/ kfg'{ xf] . o; k'l:tsfsf] p2]Zox? lgDg lnlvt x'g] 5g\ M

s[lif ljsf;sf nflu ;Ifd, cfTdlge{/, ;Lkd"ns / tflnd k|fKt dfgj ;|f]t pTkfbg ug,]{ OdfGbf/L, cfTdlge{/tf, /rgfTds, kl/>dLkg ;xof]uLkg ;d"xdf sfd ug]{ afgL, hjfkmb]lxtf, cfTdljZjf; h:tf u'0fsf] ljsf; ug]{, b}lgs hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ljiffbL ;DjGwL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu pko'Qm 1fg tyf ;Lksf] ljsf; ug]{, ljiffbL Joj:yfkg ;DjGwL k|fljlws / Jofj;flos ;Lk ljsf; ug'{ / >dk|lt ;Ddfg ug{ l;sfpg],cfTdlge{/ x'g Joj;fo ;~rfngsf nflu / Joj;flos ;Lksf] ljsf; ug]{,

o; k'l:tsfsf] k|of]uaf6 k|lzIffyL{n] vfB :jR5tf / 3ftstf jf/]df hfgsf/L kfpg] 5g\ . c;n s[lif cEof; jf/]df hfgsf/L kfpg] 5g\ . zq'hLj Joj:yfkg jf/]df hfgsf/L kfpg] 5g\ . PsLs[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkg -cfO kL Pd_ jf/]df hfgsf/L kfpg] 5g\ .

3fts ljiffbLsf] k|of]u lgd"{nLs/0f u/f}+ . cfˆgf] / efjL ;GgtLsf] /Iff u/f}+ .

hLjgfzs ljiffbL Joj:yfkg ;xof]uL k'l:tsf�

h}ljs lgoGq0f jf/]df hfgsf/L kfpg] 5g\ . sL/f a[l4 gLods, xdf]{g tyf kf;f]sf] k|of]u jf/]df hfgsf/L kfpg] 5g\ . cfsif{0fhGo kbfy{x? tyf kf;f] jf/]df hfgsf/L kfpg] 5g\ . ljiffbLsf] juL{s/0f tyf k|of]u jf/]df hfgsf/L kfpg] 5g\ . hLjgfzs ljiffbLsf n]a'n -;"rskq_ jf/] hfgsf/L kfpg] 5g\ . ljiffbLsf] 5gf}6, ld;fj6 / k|of]u ug]{ t/Lsfljiffn'kgf jf/]df hfgsf/L kfpg] 5g\ . ljifftmtfsf] :jo+ klxrfg k4lt jf/]df hfgsf/L kfpg] 5g\ . ljifbLsf gsf/fTds c;/x? jf/]df hfgsf/L kfpg] 5g\ .

nlIft ;d"x s[lif Joj;fodf ;+nUg s[ifsx? / cu'jf s[ifsx? / :yfgLo ;|f]t JolQmx? nlIft ju{ x'g] 5g\ .

;d"xsf] cfsf/ kf7\oqmdsf] cfwf/df o; k':tsdf pNn]lvt lglb{i6 ;a} sfo{bIftf cEof;sf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?sf] pknAwtfdf clwstd\ @)–@% hgfsf] ;d"x /xg] 5 .

k|lzIf0fsf] dfWod / ;fdu|Lx? k|efjsf/L k|lzIf0f tyf k|bz{gsf nflu tnsf ldl8of tyf ;fdu|Lx? cfjZos 5g\ M

5flkPsf ldl8of ;fdu|Lx?M cEof; sfo{ kfgf, s]; :68L, ;"rgfkqx?, JolQm s]lGb|t tflnd Kofs]h, sfo{ljlw kfgfx?, ?h' ;"rL, kf7\ok':ts cflb . :6]:g/L ;fdu|Lx? M l8:Kn], gd'gfx?, lSNk rf6{, kf]:6/, n]Vgsf nflu kf6L, dfs{/ k]g, a|fpg÷af]8{ k]k/, d]6fsf8{, lˆnk rf6{, cflb . k|f]h]S6]8 ldl8of ;fdu|Lx? MdlN6d]8Lof k|f]h]S6/, 6«fG;k/]G;L k]k/, cf]e/x]8 k|f]h]S6/, kfj/ KjfOG6, :nf8\; cflb . >Jo–b[Zo ;fdu|Lx? M>Jo 6]k, lkmNd, :nfO8 6]k, lel8of] l8:s, lel8of] 6]kx? cflb . sDKo'6/ cfwfl/t ;fdu|Lx? M sDKo'6/, cGtlq{mofTds lel8of] cflb .

k|lzIf0ffTds ljlwx? rog ug'{xf];\ k|lzIfs s]lGb|t ljlw M JofVof, k|bz{g, k|Zgf]Q/ ;fdfGoLs/0f -OG8S;g_ tyf ljlzi6Ls/0f -l88S;g_ ljlw . k|lzIffyL{ pGd'v ljlw h:t} – k|of]ufTds cEof;, :ynut e|d0f -lkmN8 l6«k_, gofF l;h{glzn, ;d:of s]lGb|t 5nkmn cflb . cGt/lqmofTds ljlw h:t} – 5nkmn, ;d"x÷6f]nL k|lzIf0f, n3'–lzIf0f / k|bz{gL cflb . gf6s ljlw h:t} – /f]n Kn] -e"ldsf lgjf{x_ / gf6sLs/0f . kf7of]hgfsf p2]Zo / 1fg clej[l4sf] cj:yfsf cfwf/df k|lzIf0f ljlw rog ug'{xf];\ . pko'Qm z}lIfs ;fdu|L rog u/L pko'Qm ;do / :yfgdf pkof]u ug'{xf];\ . sIffsf]7f÷lkmN8 sfo{÷sfo{zfnfsf] k|efjsf/L tj/df Joj:yfkgsfnflu of]hgf tof/ ug'{xf];\ . p2]Zo, ljifoj:t' / k|lzIf0ffTds ljlwx?sf] ;+of]hg ug'{xf];\ . ;}4flGts tyf k|of]ufTds sIffx?sf] kf7of]hgf tof/ ug'{xf];\ . k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{xf];\ . k|lzIf0f ;qsf] cGtdf d"NofÍg ug'{xf];\ .

;Lk clej[l4 lglDt ;'emfj ;fdfGo ultdf klxn] cfkm"n] ;Lk u/]/ b]vfpg' xf]; . k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw ckgfO{ ;Lk ;Dkfbgsf qmddf x/]s v'8\lsnfsf] df}lvs JofVof u/L lj:tf/} k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ . k|lzIffyL{x?sf] :ki6tfsf nflu bf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\ .


;Lk k|bz{g cEof; ug{ k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ klg cj;/ lbg'xf];lgb]{lzt cEof;sf nflu k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ cj;/ lbg'xf];\ . k|blz{t ;Lk ;Dkfbgsf nflu jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug'{xf];\ . sfo{÷;Lksf] k|To]s v'8\lsnfdf k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ dfu{lgb]{zg ug'{xf];\ . lbOPsf] ;Lk÷sfo{df bIftf xfl;n ug{ cfjZostf cg';f/ k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ bf]xf]¥ofO{– t]x]¥ofO{ cEof; ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . Pp6f ;Lk k|bz{gdf bIftf b]vfPkl5 dfq csf]{ ;Lkdf n}hfg'xf];\ .

cGo ;'emfjx? ;Lk k|lzIf0fsf] ljlw ckgfpg'xf];\ . k|lzIf0f ubf{ ;}4flGts sIffnfO{ @) k|ltzt ;do / ;Lk ;Dkfbgsf nflu *) k|ltzt ;do 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ . k|lzIffyL{sf] pd]/–;d"x;Fu ;DalGwt l;sfOsf l;4fGtx?sf] k|of]u ug'{xf];\ . cfGtl/s pTk|]/0ffsf] l;4fGt ckgfpg'xf];\ . l;sfO / ;Lk ;Dkfbgdf k|lzIffyL{x?sf] clwstd ;xeflutf u/fpg ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ . k|lzIffyL{df xfn ePsf] 1fg, clej[l4 / ;Lksf cfwf/df pgLx?nfO{ k|lzIf0f ug'{xf];\ .

k|lzIf0f l;sfO{ k|lqmof lzIf0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ u'0ffTds glthf k|fKt ug{ k|lzIf0f l;sfO{ k|lqmofsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . lzIf0f ljlwn] ;xefuLtfdf ;dembf/L, lqmofTds ;f]rfO{ tyf k|of]ufTds ;Lk / clea[lQsf] ljsf; ub{5 . o;df pNn]v ul/Psf ljifoj:t'x?sf] cWoog cWofkg k|lzIf0f ufpFbf ;a} If]qnfO{ plQs} dxTj lbg' kg]{ x'G5 . To;}n] s'g} vf; ;qsf nflu s'g} vf; lzIf0f ljlw ckgfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . ljifo j:t'sf] k|s[lt / kl/l:ylt cg';f/ :yfgLo kl/j]z, jftfj/0f / z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] pknAwtf cflbsf cfwf/df pko'{Qm jfx]ssf cGo lzIf0f ljlw klg ckgfpg ;lsG5 . cfjZos k/]df ;+o'Qm ?kdf ljleGg ljlw ckgfpg' ;lsG5 .

k|lzIf0fsf] qmddf k|lzIfs÷;xshstf{n] cfk\mgf] k|:t'tLnfO{ eGbf s[ifs Joj;foLx? :jo\dsf l;sfO{ lqmofsnfkx? ;xefuLx?;Fu 5nkmn u/L s[lif Joj;foLx?n] l;s]sf 1fg cfk\mg]f 3/, l5d]s tyf b}lgs Jojxf/df cfOkg]{ lqmofsnfkx?df k|of]u ug]{ sfo{df hf]8 lbg' cfjZos 5 . ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'sf] PsLs[t ?kdf cWoog u/fO ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg, ;Lk / wf/0ffsf] ljsf; u/fpg' kb{5 . ljifoj:t'sf] Jojxfl/s 1fg lbgsf nflu leq jf aflx/ ;DalGwt lgsfo / ;d'bfox?;Fu ;DaGw /fvL ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx? u/fpg' kb{5 . oL ljifoj:t'nfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} s07 u/fpg] k|lzIf0f k4ltnfO{ lg?T;fxg u/L k|lzIffyL{xnfO{ cf–cfˆgf ;d'bfodf vf]h u/L l;h{gfTds k|ltefsf] ljsf; ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g' kb{5 . ;a} ;Lkx?sf] ljsf; ug{ ;a} k|lzIffyL{x? ;Ifd gx'g klg ;S 5g\, To;}n] pgLx?nfO{ cfˆgf ?lrcg';f/ ;Lkx?sf] ljsf; ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ kb{5 .

k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ æu/ / l;sÆ eGg] wf/0ffsf] clej[l4 u/fpg' / k|lzIffyL{x?df Jojxfl/s kl/jt{g Nofpg' g} tflnd ljifosf] d"n nIo xf] . k|lzIfsn] s'g} klg k|lzIf0f ljlw ckgfpg'eGbf klxn] lgDg lnlvt s'/fdf Wofg lbg /fd|f] x'G5 .

;xefuLsf] a'e\mg] Ifdtfcfk"mn] /f]h]sf] ljlwx?af6 cWofkg sltsf] k|efjsf/L x'g ;Snf ;f] sf] lgSof{]n;kmntf k|flKtsf nflu ;xefuLx?sf] cle?lrsf] hfu/0f s;/L u/fpg ;lsPnf;xefuLx?sf] l;h{gzLn ?kdf ljrf/ ug]{ / ;xof]u ug]{ efjgf s:tf] 5;xefuLdf n's]sf] l;Sg], ug]{ / a'e\mg] Ifdtf s;/L k|ikm'6g u/fpg ;lsPnf

kf7\oqmddf pNn]lvt ljifo k|lzIf0f ubf{ ] lzIf0f l;sfO{sf] qmddf x/]s ljifoj:t'sf] wf/0ff tyf ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{ ljleGg k|sf/sf k|lzIf0f ljlwx? k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . s]xL gd'gf ljlwx? o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

-s_ k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw -v_ k|bz{g ljlw -u_ ;d:of ;dfwfg ljlw -3_ 5nkmn ljlw

-ª_ cjnf]sg ljlw -r_ vf]h ljlw -5_ clego ljlw -h_ kl/of]hgf ljlw

-em_ k|of]ufTds ljlw -`_ lkmn8 e|d0f


oL ljlwx? gd'gf dfq x'g\ . :yfgLo kl/j]z, ljifoj:tsf] k|s[lt / :j?ksf cfwf/df k|lzIf0f ljlwdf ljljwtf Nofpg ;lsG5 . h'g;'s} lqmofsnfk u/fpFbf klg k|lzIffyL{ s]lGb|t x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . k|lzIf0f ubf{ k|lzIffyL{x?sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{ kb{5 . k|lzIffyL{x? cfkm}nfO{ s'g} s'g} ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ufx|f] cK7\of/f] kg{ ;S5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf dfq sdLsdhf]/LnfO{ /fd|/L s]nfO{ k|lzIfsåf/f ;xof]u k'¥ofO{ ;dfwfg ul/lbg' kb{5 . s[ifs ;xeflux? l;h{gf / k|ltefsf e08f/ x'g\ . To;}n] pgLx?nfO{ l;Sgsf nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0f l;h{gf ul/lbg' k5{ . k|lzIfsn] Pp6f æ;xhstf{Æ sf ?kdf k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ ;xL af6f] b]vfpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' k5{ .

;qfGqdf k'g:d/0flzIf0f l;sfOnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ u'0ffTds glthf k|fKt ug{ k"j{ ;qsf] k'gM :d/0f ug]{ k|lqmofsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . k|lzIffyL{ jf ;d'xaf6 k'gM :d/0f ug]{ ljlwn] k|lzIffyL{x¿df ;dembf/L, lqmofTds ;f]rfO{ tyf k|of]ufTds ;Lk / clea[lQsf] ljsf; ub{5 . To;}n] s'g} vf; PsfOsf nflu s'g} vf; k'gM :d/0f ug]{ ljlw ckgfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . ;xhstf{n] ;qsf] k|s[lt adf]lhd s'g} Ps ljlw ckgfpg ;lsG5 .

;xhstf{n] gofF ;q ;'? ug'{ eGbfklxn] cl3Nnf] sIffdf 5nkmn u/LPsf ljifo j:t'x?nfO{ k"gM :d/0f u/fpg] . ;xefuL k|lzIffyL{x¿ dWo]af6 s'g} Ps hgfaf6 k"j{ ;qsf] k'gM :d/0f ug]{ sfo{sf] nflu ljioj:t'df JofVof ug{ nufpg] . sIffdf ePsf ;xefuLsf cfwf/df ;d'xdf ljefhg u/L uf]nf k|yf dfWodaf6 klxn] cl3Nnf] ;qdf 5nkmn ePsf ljifodf ;d'xaf6 k|:t't ug{ klg ;Sb5 . o; k|:t'lts/0fdf ;d'xsf ;a} ;b:ox¿ k"0f{¿kdf lhDd]jf/ x'g' kg]{ x'G5 . ;xhstf{n] sIffdf k'gM :d/0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{ / ;/ntf Nofpg k|To]s ;d'xsf] klxrfgsf] nflu ;d'xsf] gfdfs/0f ug{' /fd|f] x'G5 .

d"NofÍg k|lqmof kf7\oqmddf ;dfj]z ul/Psf p2]Zox? / ltgsf ljifoj:t'x?sf] cfwf/df k|lzIffyL{x?sf] l;sfO pknlAwx?sf] d"NofÍg ul/g' kb{5 . pknlAw d"NofÍgsf cfwf/x? lgDgfg';f/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ M

kf7\oqmdsf] k|To]s If]q cGtu{tsf k|To]s ;qsf] ;Lkdf bIftf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;DalGwt k|lzIfsåf/f k|lzIffyL{sf] sfo{;Dkfbg lg/Gt/ d"NofÍg ul/g] 5 . kf7\oqmdsf] p2]Zox? cg'?k k|lzIffyL{x?n] ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg, ;Lk, clej[lQ xfl;n ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ eGg] ;DaGwdf d"NofÍg ul//xg' kb{5 . o;/L ul/Psf] d"NofÍgsf] cfwf/df lzIf0f l;sfOdf cfjZos ;'wf/ u/L k|lzIf0fnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpg' kb{5 . k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ pgLx?n] xfl;n u/]sf l;sfO pknlAwsf] hfgsf/L lbg' kb{5, h;af6 pgLx?df ePsf sdLsdhf]/L x6fpg d4t k'U5 . k|lzIffyL{x?n] l;s]sf s'/fx?sf] Jojxfl/s k|of]u eP gePsf] cjnf]sg u/L ;'wf/ ug'{ k5{ . k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ of]hgf sfo{ / ;fd'bflos sfo{ u/fpg ljz]if hf]8 lbg' k5{ . tflndsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ k|lzIfsåf/f lnlvt jf df}lvs kl/Iffdf lnP/ k|lzIffyL{x?sf] ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'df 1fgsf] :t/ d"NofÍg ug'{ kb{5,. cfjZostfg';f/ Pp6f tfnLd cjlwsf] ljrlt/ / csf]{ tfnLd k"/f ;lsP kl5 d"Nofª\sg ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5

ef/tsf rlr{t clwsf/sdL{ / n]vs lzj v]/fn] eg]sf 5g\– uLtfdf lglZrt nIo / c;n lgotsf ;fy ul/g] sfddf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . kmn jf kl/df0f t lglZrt 5 . pgsf cg';f/ s'g} klg Joj;fosf] nflu sd{, Wofg, 1fg, of]u / elQm s] xf] egL /fd|/L a'‰g' cfjZos 5 .

tflndsf] /lhi6«]zg, kl/ro, ;xefuLsf ck]Iff / tflnd cjlwe/ kfngf ug'{kg]{ lgod k|yd lbgsf] sfo{qmd / p2]Zo k|i6 kfg]{ . tflnd ;+rfng ubf{ /lhi6«]zg / pb\3f6g ug'{ kg]{ ljlw / cfjZostfsf] hfgsf/L . tflndsf] nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0f tof/ x'g] .


;xefuLx? Ps cfk;df kl/rLt x'g] . tflndaf6 ;xefuLsf] ck]Iff hfgsf/L x'g] . tflnd cjlwe/ kfngf ug'{kg]{ lgod hfgsf/Lx? / kfngf ug]{ k|lta4tf cfpg] . sIffsf] cGtdf ;xefuL k|lzIffyL{ tyf k|lzIfs Ps cfk;df glhs / kl/rLt eO{ dgsf s'/fx? lgw{Ss eO{ v'n]/ /fVg ;Sg] 5g\ .

gfd btf{ / pb\3f6gtflnd lng pkl:yt ePsf ;a} ;xefuLx?sf] gfd tyf 7]ufgf /lhi6/df btf{ ug]{:jfut tyf 5f]6s/Ldf tflndsf] p2]Zo / ljlwaf/] k|i6 kf/L lbg] . k|d'v cltlyaf6 pb\3f6g ug{nufO{ tflndsf] cfjZostf / kmfObfaf/] af]Ng nufpg] . wGojfb kZrft pb\3f6g ;dfKt ePsf] hfgsf/L lbg] .

k|lzIffyL{{ lar kl/ro, dxTj / ljlwx?k|lzIffyL{ / k|lzIfsx?sf ljrdf kl/ro ePg eg] Ps csf{k|lt s'/f ug{ cK7\of/f] x'g] 5 . kl/ron] sf] sxfFjf6 cfPsf] eGg] hfGg / Ps csf{df 3'nldn x'g k|lzIfssf] s'/f a'‰g, tflndnfO{ ;xhLs/0f t'Nofpg ;xof]u ub{5 . tfnLddf ;xefuL ePsfx?sf] of]Uotf, xfn ul//fv]sf] sfo{, p;sf] ?lr, ;+ej eP of] tflnd /f]Hgsf] sf/0f ;d]t v'Ng] ul/ >[hglzn t/Lsfn] kl/ro u/fpFbf sIff lgSs} g} k|efljt x'g] / k|lzIffyL{x? tfnLd lng klg pT;flxt x'g] 5g\ . k|lzIfsn] kl/ro dxTjjf/] hfgsf/L lb+b} ;xefuLnfO{ cfˆgf] kl/ro lbO{ ;xefuLx?åf/f kl/ro ug{ nufpg] . s'g} Pp6f v]n v]nfP/ klg kl/rosf] qmdnfO{ ;/n / ;xh agfpg ;lsG5 . h:t} M

cfdlGqt ;xefuLx?fO{ :jfut ub}{ ;xefuL btf{ k'l:tsfdf ;DalGwt JolQmsf] gfd tyf Joj;fosf] af/]df l6kf]6 /fVg] ;xefuLsf] kl/ro u/fpg ljleGg tf}/t/Lsfx? 5g\ t/ hf]8L hf]8Ldf cfP/ Psn] csf{sf] kl/ro u/fpg] . ;xefuLx? nfO{ uf]nfsf/ eO{ a:g nufpg] / kl/rosf] dxTjsf] af/]df atfO{ cfk;L enfs';f/Lsf] dfWodåf/f kl/ro u/fpg] / ;xeflunfO{ Ps kl5 csf]{nfO{ p7\g nufO{ cfˆgf] kl/ro / cfkm' eGbf cuf8Lsf] ;fyLsf] kl/ro ug{ nufpg] / cfˆgf] kl/ro 5f]8]/ cfˆgf] b'b} tkm{ a;]sf ;xefuLsf] kl/ro ug{ nufpg] . ;fIf/n] cfkm} / lg/If/ ;xefuLsf] gfd ;xhstf{åf/f kl/ro ug]{ u/fpg] .kl/ro sfo{qmddf Ps?ktf Nofpg ;xhstf{n] ;xefuLsf] af/]df yfxf kfpg' kg]{ s'/fnfO{ ;d]6L Pp6f vfsf tof/ u/L ;f]xL cg';f/ cf–cfk\mgf] kl/ro lbg'kg]{ s'/f cjut u/fpg] . ;xhstf{n] s[ifs Joj;fo kf7zfnfsf] kl/ro, p2]Zox?, k|lqmof / cj:yf dfly k|sfz kfg]{ . cGTodf 5nkmnsf a'bfFx?nfO{ lg0f{o k'l:tsfdf l6kf]6 ug]{ / ;xhstf{n] e]nfdf ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfknfO{ ;+If]kdf j0f{g ug]{ -l/Sofk_ .

cfzf – ck]Iffsf] ;+sng / ldng tflnd lng cfPsf ;xefuLx? ljleGg cfzf–ck]Iff lnP/ cfPsf x'G5g\ . t/ k|lzIfsn] lglZrt ljifoj:t'df dfq k|lzIf0f lbg] ePsf] x'Fbf k|lzIfs / ;xefuL lar tfnd]n gldn]sf] v08df k|lzIf0f k|efjsf/L gx'g ;S5 . o;sf/0fn] tflnd lng cfPsf ;xeflux?sf cfzf÷ck]Iff s:tf 5g\ Tof] a'‰g' cToGt h?/L x'G5 . t;y{ JolQmut jf ;fd'lxs ?kdf ;xefuLx?df cfzf–ck]Iffsf] ;+sng ug'{ kb{5 .

o; tflnd cjlw el/ s]–s] 1fg, ;Lk l;Sg] cfzf / ck]Iff /fVg' ePsf] 5 eGg] k|Zg v'Nnf ?kdf /fVg] . ;xefuLjf6 cfPsf] pQ/nfO{ rf6{ k]k/df l6kf]6 ug]{ . ;+slnt cfzfx? tfnLdsf] p2]Zo / ljifoj:t';Fu d]n vfg] 5g\, 5}gg\ ljZn]if0f ul/ d]n gvfg] cfzfx?nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ gldNg] elg hfgsf/L u/fpg] .

cfzf – ck]Iffsf] ldngkl5 tflndsf] p2]Zo tyf ljifo j:t'nfO{ ;lhn} k9\g ;Sg] ul/ j|fpg k]k/df tof/ u/]/ letfdf 6fF:g] ;fy} tL p2]Zox?nfO{ Ps–Ps ub}{ k|:6 kfg]{ .


tfnLd Joj:yfkgtfnLdnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;xefuLx? lar 5nkmn u/L tflnd cjlwel/sf] nflu cfrf/ ;+lxtf agfpg], tflndsf] lgodnfO{ ;xefuL lar k|i6 kfb}{ ;a}n] b]lvg] ul/ leQfdf 6fF;L ;f]xL cg'?k sIff ;+rfng ug]{ . tfnLd cjlwe/ kfngf ug'{kg]{ lgod hfgsf/Lx? / kfngf ug]{ k|lta4tf cfpg] 5 . tflnd cjlwdf kfngf ug'{kg]{ lgod k|lzIfsn] k|i6 kfg]{ 5 .

d tfnLd cjlwdf l7s ;do pkl:yt x'g] 5' . d tfnLd cjlwe/ dg arg sd{n] k|ltj4 eP/ ug'{kg]{ sfo{ ug]{ 5' . ax'hflt, ;fF:s[lts ;d"xx? ;xefuL ePsf]n] ;a}sf] ;Ddfg ub}{ af]Nbf g/d eP/ k|i6 / l;nl;nfj4 ?kdf k|:t't x'g] 5' . lbPsf cEof;x? cg'zfl;t eP/ lgoldt ?kdf a'emfpg] 5' . tfnLd cjlwe/ Wofgk"j{s l;Sg] k|of; ug]{ 5' .

@= vfB :jR5tf / 3ftstf

u'0f:t/o'Qm vfB To:tf] k|sf/sf] vfB a:t' h;n] ;du|tfdf pkef]Qmfn] JoQm u/]sf] rfxgf (Stated need) / cknlIft rfxgf (Implied needs) cg';f/sf] kl/k"lt{ u/L pgLx?nfO{ ;Gt'i6 kfg]{ Ifdtf /fVb5 . JoQm u/]sf] rfxgf h:t}M cfsf/, k|sf/, :jfb, jf;gf, kf}li6Qmf / Kofs]h cflb kb{ 5g\ eg] cknlIft rfxgfdf vfB :jR5tf h:tf lgodg;Fu ;DalGwt s'/fx? kb{ 5g\ h;nfO{ cfd pkef]Qmfn] ;w} Vofn gu/]sf] klg x'g ;S5 . vfB :jR5tf u'0f:t/sf] Pp6f efuxL h;nfO{ cfd pkef]Qmfn] a'em\g klg ;S5 ga'em\g klg ;S5 . To:tf] vfB kbfy{nfO{ tof/ ubf{ jf vfFbf pkef]QmfnfO{ xfgL gf]S;fgL ub}{g eGg] ljZjf;nfO{ :jR5tfsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . ljiffbL caz]if, cGo kbfy{af6 k|b'lzt / hLjf0f'sf] pkl:ylt -;fNdf]g]nf, Osf]nL cflb_ nfO{ :jR5tf dfkssf ?kdf lng] ul/G5 .

kmnkm'n tyf t/sf/Ldf u'0f:t/ / vfB :jR5tf dfks u'0f:t/ leq vfB :jR5tf ;dfa]z ePsf] x'G5 . u'0f:t/n] kf}i6Lstf -le6fldg, k|f]l6g, af];f]_, ;'3\g] u'0f _ :jfb / uGw_, b]vfO{ -/+u, ;fOh, cfsf/, k|sf/_, ;xhtf -af]qmf 5f]8fpg ;lhnf], l6sfpkgf, rdstf_, vfB :jRj5tf -ljiffbL cjz]if, cGo kbfy{sf] ;+qmd0f / hLjf0f'sf] pkl:ylt h:t}M ;fNdf]g]nf, Osf]nL_ h:tf u'0fnfO{ ;d]6\5 .

3ftstf (Hazards) vfB a:t'df ePsf h}ljs, /f;folgs / ef}lts Ph]G6n] :jf:Yodf k|lts'n k|efj /fVg] Ifdtf /fVb5 h;nfO{ 3ftstf elgG5 eg] vfB :jR5tf 3ftstf eGgfn] s'g} klg /f;folgs, h}ljs jf ef}lts j:t'x? h;n] tfhf kmnkm'n tyf t/sf/Lx?nfO{ pkef]Qmfsf] :jf:Yodf cl:jsfo{ hf]lvd pTkGg u/fpg] agfpF5 nfO{ a'emfpF5 . vfB a:t'df x'g ;Sg] 3ftstfx?df ef}lgs, /f;folgs / h}ljs a:t'x? x'g ;Sb 5g\ .

/f;folgs 3fts a:t'x?df hLjgfzs ljiffbLsf cjz]ifx?, cf}iflwsf cjz]ifx?, ux|f} wft' cflb kb{ 5g\ . logsf ;|f]tx?df Pu|f]s]ldsn -sL6gfzs ljiffbL, 9';Lgfzs ljiffbL, emf/kftgfzs_ gg Pu|f]s]ldsn -OGwg, lu|h, ;/;kmfOdf k|of]u x'g] ;fdfu|Lx?_, ux|f} wft', k|fs[lts ?kdf kfOg] lj?jfsf ljif, PnhL{sf Ph]G6x?nfO{ lng ;lsG5 .

;'Id h}ljs 3fts a:t'x?df vfgf hGo z'Id hLj tyf k/hLjLnfO{ lnOG5 . logsf ;|f]tx?df JofS6]l/of -;fNdf]g]nf, O=sf]ln_, k/lhlj -lul8{ofsf] l;i6_, efO/; -x]kfl66L; P, /f]6f efO/;_, 9';L -k]lgl;lnod, ô'hfl/od, /fOhf]k;_ cflb x'g\ . jftfj/0fdf hxfF txL kfOg], ;'Idbz{s oGqsf] ;xfotfaf6 dfq b]Vg ;lsg] s]xL ;'Id h}ljs 3fts a:t'x?n] kmnkm'n tyf t/sf/Lx?nfO{ s'xfP/ g/fd|f] uGw cfpg] agfP/ gi6 kfb{ 5g\ . /f]uhGo z':d h}ljs 3fts a:t'x?n] pkef]Qmfx?sf] zl// leq} k|a]z u/]/ ToxL a[l4 ljsf; eP/ jf ljiffn' kbfy{ pTkfbg u/]/ :jf:Yod} c;/ kfb{ 5g\ . lo 3fts a:t'x? k|foM tfhf kmnkm'n tyf t/sf/Lsf] aflx/ kl§ kfOG 5g\ . ef}lts 3fts a:t'x?df lsnf, tf/, 9'Ëf,


afn'jf cflbnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . ef}lts 3fts a:t'sf ;|f]tx?df tfhf kmnkm'n tyf t/sf/Lx? afnL /x]sf] jftfj/0fdf /x]sf df6f], 9'Fuf, sf7, emf/kftsf aLp / ejg e08f/0f ;fdfu|L / cf}hf/ pks/0fx? h:t}M l;;f, sf7, wft'sf 6'qmf, Knfli6s, l;d]G6sf s0f tyf ltvf a:t'x? x'g ;Sb 5g\ . ;fy} dflg;x?n] nufpg] tyf af]Sg] a:t'x? h:t}M u/uxgf, lSnk tyf sf6f snd tyf JolQmut ;/;dfgx?sf ;fy} Kofs]lhª ;fdfu|L sf8{af]8{, sfuh, Knfli6s, cflbnfO{ klg ;|f]tsf ?kdf lnOG5 . vfB :jR5tf v]taf/L af6} z'? x'G5, tfhf pTkfbg pkef]u ubf{ x'g] kmfObf To;af6 x'g] hf]lvd eGbf w]/} u'0ff a9L x'G5, pTkfbgsf] :jR5tfsf] dxTj w]/} g} x'G5, vfB :jR5tfdf x'g] hf]lvd sd ug{ ;lsG5 .

ljiffbLsf cjz]if x6fpg] pkfo Wff/fsf] kfgLdf /fd|f];Fu kvfNg]]M o;/L &) b]lv *) k|ltzt cjz]if hfG5 . leg]u/ kfgL -!) k|ltzt leg]u/, () k|ltzt kfgL_ df !%–@) ldg]6 8'afpg], kl5 wf/fsf] kfgLdf kvfNg] . @ k|ltzt g'g kfgLdf kvfNg] .

# c;n s[lif cEof;

s[lif tyf s[lifhGo j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbgdf u'0f:t/Lotf sfod ug{ c+uflng] ljleGg dfWodx¿af6 s[ifs, Jofkf/L pkef]Qmf nufot afnLgfnL, kz'k+5L / jftfj/0fsf] lbuf] ljsf; e} pTkfbgdf j[l4 x'g' g} c;n cEof; xf] . c;n v]tL ug]{ k|0ffnL, c;n kz'k+5L tyf dT:okfng k|0ffnL, c;n vfB j:t' pTkfbg k|0ffnL cflb s[lif k|0ffnLsf d]?b08 x'g\ . ;g\ @))# df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo vfB tyf s[lif ;Fu7gn] c;n v]tLsf] cEof; (Good Agriculture Practice, GAP) sf l;4fGtx¿ klxrfg u/L s[lif pkh a9fpg of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 . jt{dfg kl/k|]Ifdf g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;Fu7gsf] ;b:o eO{;s]sf]n] c;n v]tLsf] cEof;nfO{ SPS ;Demf}tfsf] Pp6f alnof] cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 . g]kfn s[lif k|wfg b]z ePsf] cj:yfdf s[lif ljsf; dGqfnon] c;n v]tL tyf kz'k+5Lkfng ug]{ cEof;nfO{ k|d'v cfwf/sf] ¿kdf lnPsf] 5 . h:t} M afnL ;+/If0f lgb]{zgfno, s[lif ljefu, kz' ;]jf ljefu, vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefu, g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb, Jofj;flos s[lif tyf Jofkf/ cfof]hgf nufot ljleGg z}lIfs ;+3;+:yfx¿sf] dfWodaf6 k|ToIf÷ck|ToIf ¿kdf s[lif gLltnfO{ c+lusf/ u/L c;n cEof; (Good Practice) sf sfo{x¿ eO{/x]sf 5g\ / o;nfO{ cem a9L Jojl:yt ug'{ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .

c;n s[lif cEof; eGgfn] of] c;n cEof;sf] l;kmfl/z xf] h;n] x/]s pTkflbt / pTkfbg k|s[ofnfO{ :j:y / ;'/lIft agfpgnfO{ hf]8 lbG5 . o; pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf ljleGg dfu{ bz{g / k|0ffnLnfO{ cjnDag ul/G5 . pTkfbg / k|zf]wgdf df6f], kfgL, xft / ;tx h:tf rf/ s'/fdf ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg h?/L x'G5 . afnL pTkfbgsf] nflu df6f]df k|z:t k|f+ufl/s kbfy{ ePsf] :j:y / ljleGg ux|f} wft'af6 d'Qm x'g h?/L 5 . ;fy} k|of]u ul/g] kfgL, l;rfO{, ljiffbL / ;'Id vfB tTj 5s{g] kfgL lkpg of]Uo jf ux|f} wft'af6 d'Qm x'g h?/L 5 . sfdbf/sf] :jf:Yo / ;'/Iff klg plQs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . c;n s[lif cEof;n] pTkfbg k"j{b]lv pkef]Qmf;Ddsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;d]6\5 . o;n] v]taf/L sxfF, s:tf], s;/L, slxn] s] ug]{, s;/L ug]{, of]hgf cg';f/ sfd ePsf] gePsf] cflbaf/] ljZj;lgotf hufpF5 . pTkfbg, pkef]Qmf / sfdbf/sf] :jf:YonfO{ ;'/lIft u5{ . c;n s[lif cEof;sf $ j6f df]8'nx? rrf{df 5g\ . k|To]s df]8'nsf] cfcfˆgf ljz]iftfx? 5g\ .

vfB :jR5tf (Food Safety Module)

kof{j/0f Joj:yfkg (Environment Management Module) pTkfbg u'0f:t/ (Product Quality Module)

sfdbf/sf] :jf:y, ;'/Iff / sNof0f (Worker health safety and welfare Module)

df]8'n cg';f/ vfB :jR5tf 3ftstfsf] /f]syfdsf nflu c;n cEof;sf d"ntTjx? ls6fg ul/Psf] 5 . sfo{ of]hgf d'tfljssf] pTkfbg / ldnfg ljGb'sf] h?/L of]hgf adf]lhd ;Dk"0f{ s[ofsnfk ul/Psf] x'g' kb{5 . o;nfO{ w]/} hl6n eGbf klg cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df to x'g h?/L x'G5 . of]hgf adf]lhd o;nfO{ l:jsf/L Jojxf/df k|of]u ug"{ cfjZos x'G5 . ljleGg b]zn] c;n s[lif cEof;nfO{ P]g lgodsf] ?kdf ljsf; u/L nfu' u/]sf 5g\ . gofF sfg"gsf] kl/kfngf ug{ jf k|of]udf Nofpg ;fwg ;|f]tsf] h?/L x'G5 . /fi6« hlt c;n s[lif cEof;df ;kmn / ;Da[4 x'G5 plt hg:jf:Yo


/ pTkflbt a:t'sf] lgodg ug{ ;Sb5 . o;n] dfgj :jf:Yo / lbuf] s[lifnfO{ ;jf]{k/L dfGb5 . lgoldt r]shfFrsf] qmddf pTkflbt a:t' clGtd pkef]Qmf sxfF k'Ubf;Dd x'g] ;Dk'0f{ s[ofsnfk ;'/lIft / :j:y x'g' lgtfGt h?/L x'G5 . cGo b]zaf6 cfoft ul/Psf vfB kbfy{x?df klg lg/LIf0f x'g' / dfkb08 nfu' ug{ h?/L x'G5 .

g]kfndf ljleGg lgsfox?af6 c;n s[lif cEof;sf ;DaGwdf sfd z'? ul/Psf] cj:yf 5 . c;n s[lif cEof; canDagsf nflu sfg"gL / k|s[ofut ;+/rgf :ki6 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . sfof{Gjogsf nflu cg'udg, /]vb]v, k|dfl0fs/0f h:tf df]8fln6Lsf ;DaGwdf cflwsf/Ls cawf/0ff cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . ;fdfGotof Aoj;flos afnLx?nfO{ nlIft u/L c;n s[lif cEof;sf sfo{x? yfngL ul/Psf 5g\ . vfB :jr\5tf, vfB ;'/Iff / Jofkf/ k|ab{gsf nflu g]kfndf c;n s[lif cEof;sf] cfj:ostf dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf afnL ;+/If0f lgb]{zgfnon] Plss[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkg -cfO=lk=Pd_ nfO{ afnL ;+/If0fsf] d"Vo /0flgtLsf ?kdf lnb} ljleGg !# j6f afnLsf] :j:y afnL pTkfbg cfO=lk=Pd= dfkb08 agfPsf] 5 . :j:y afnL pTkfbgsf] nflu sfo{ ljlw kfl/t ub}{ gd'gf cfO=lk=Pd= ufpFsf] cawf/0ff ljsf; u/L sfof{Gjogdf klg nu]sf] 5 h'g c;n s[lif cEof;sf l;WbfGt;Fu w]/} xb;Dd ldNbf] h'Nbf] 5 . t/ o;nfO{ cfO=lk=Pd= c;n s[lif cEof; (IPM/GAP) gegL /fli6«o cfO=lk=Pd= dfkb08 (IPM Standard) elgPsf] 5 .

c;n s[lif cEof;sf df]8'nsf ljz]iftfx?!= vfB :jR5tf (Food Safety Module) df]8'nx? dWosf] Pp6f df]8'n vfB :jR5tf df]8'ndf 3ftstfsf] /f]syfdsf nflu sfo{ of]hgf agfpFbf c;n s[lif cEof;sf tn pNn]lvt b;j6f d'ntTjx?df cfwfl/t eP/ agfOG5 . To;} cg'?k k|To]s txdf 3ftstf /f]syfdsf pkfox? cjnDag ul/G5 .

:yn Oltxf; / Joj:yfkg aLp a]gf{ dnvfb tyf df6f]df yldg] kbfy{ l;rfO{ s[lif /;fogx? afnL leq\ofpg] tyf Joj:yfkg t/Lsf -cf}hf/ tyf cGo pksf/0fx?, ejg tyf ;+/rgfx?, ;/;kmfO{, hgfj/ tyf zq'hLj Joj:yfkg, JolQmut ;/;kmfO{, pTkfbg pkrf/, e08f/ tyf kl/axg_ klxrflgot tyf kmsf{pg] tflnd sfuhft tyf clen]v k'g/fjnf]sg

@=kof{j/0f Joj:yfkg (Environmental Management Module) :yn Oltxf; / Joj:yfkg aLp / a]gf{ df6f] (Soil and substrates- substrate Management)

dnvfb tyf df6f]df ylkg] kbfy{ hn /;fogx? kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg phf{ k|of]udf k|efjsfl/tf tyf lskmfot afo' tyf WjgLtflnd sfuhft tyf clen]vx? k'g/fjnf]sg

#= pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/ (Produce Quality Module)

u'0f:t/ of]hgf aLp, a]gf{ tyf cGo


dnvfb tyf df6f]df ylkg] kbfy{ hn /;fogx? afnL leq\ofpg] tyf pTkfbgsf] Joj:yfkg klxrflgotf tyf ;d\emgf (Traceability) tflnd sfuhft tyf clen]vx? k'g/fjnf]sg

$= sfdbf/sf] :jf:y, ;'/Iff / sNof0f (Worker Health, Safety and Welfare Module) /;fogx?sfo{:ynsf] cj:yf JolQmut ;/;kmfO{ sfdbf/sf] sNof0fx? tflnd sfuhft tyf clen]vx? k'g/fjnf]sg

$ zq'hLj Joj:yfkgM ef}lts, oflGqs, v]tL ug]{ t/Lsf

zq'hLj Joj:yfkgsf d'Vo t/Lsfx¿Kf|fs[lts lgoGq0fef}lts Pj+ an k|of]u u/]/oflGqs t/Lsf v]tL ug]{ t/Lsfjfg:klts t/Lsfh}ljs t/Lsfsfg'lg t/Lsf:yfgLo t/Lsf/;folgs t/Lsf

Kf|fs[lts lgoGq0fafnLgfnLdf cfO{ nfUg] ljleGg zq'hLjx? k|fs[lts ?kdf ch}las of h}las ta/n] lgolGqt x'G5g\ . ha zq'hLjx?sf] ;+Vof cToflws x'G5g\, -ltgnfO{ lauf/ ug]{ –ldq hLax?_ n] tx nufpg ;Sb}gg\\ Ifltsf] cj:yf ;[hgf x'G5 clg ltgsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu ljleGg pkfox? canDag ug{ h?/L x'G5 . k|fs[lts 5]saf/, jftfj/l0fo k|efj –tftf], lr;f] cflb .

ef}lts÷oflGqs t/LsfsL/fnfO{ xftn] l6Kg]hfnL af6 kqm]/6fFl;g] ;txdf km;fpg]alQsf] kmGbf÷kf;f]df kfg]{cfsif{s kbfy{df cfslif{t ug]{

v]tL ug]{ t/Lsfv]lt ubf{ ljleGg t/Lsf ckgfO{ xflgsf/s hLasf] ;+Vof sd ug{ ;lsG5, h:t}M

hldgsf] vghf]t

hLjgfzs ljiffbL Joj:yfkg ;xof]uL k'l:tsf�0

afnL nufpg] ;dosf] x]/km]/dnhnsf] plrt k|aGwldl>t afnL, 3'lDt afnL/f]u sL/f cj/f]ws hftx?sf] k|of]uv]taf/Lsf] ;/;kmfO{ l;+rfO{ / lgsf;sf] plrt Joj:yfkg

Uff]ne]8f t/sf/L afnLdf /f]u sL/f Joj:yfkg

k|d'v sL/fx?M uaf/f], nflx, ;]tf] lem+uf, kft vGg] sL/f .

k|d'v /f]ux?M 89'jf, km]b s'lxg] /f]u, ;]tf] 9';L, efO{/;, cf]O{nfpg], lgdf6f]8 .

ef}lts tyf oflGqs t/Lsfx?

sL/fnfO{ xftn] l6k]/ dfg]{ Ufaf/f] Kfft sf6]/ kmfNg], hnfpg] kft vGg] sL/f Dff]lxgL kf;f]sf] k|of]u –x]lnNo"/, :kf]8f]No"/ Ufaf/f] sL/f /f]uL la?jfnfO{ pv]n]/ vf8ndf uf8\g], gi6 ug]{ efO{/;tf]/Lsf] t]n -@)) ldln_, !% ldln :ofDk', !^ ln= kfgLdf ld;fO{ @$ 3G6f kl5 5g]{ . ;]tf] lem+ufhfnLaf6 kqmg] p8\g] sL/fx?nfO{6fFl;g] ;txdf km;fpg], kx]Fnf]] :6LsL kf;f]sf] k|of]u ;]tf] lem+ufaQLsf] kf;f]sf] k|of]u Dffp k'tnLx? lgoGq0f ug{

v]tL ug]{ t/Lsf

vghf]t ul/ df6f] kN6fpg]:j:y aLp tyf a]gf{sf] 5gf}6afnL nufpg] ;do x]/km]/Dfnvfb Joj:yfkg3'lDt afnL ckgfpg]afnL rqm ckgfpg]ld>Lt afnL nufpg] –wlgofF, n;'g, Kofh, ;okqLh}ljs t/Lsflzsf/L sL/fx?;ft yf]Kn] vk6] sL/fn] Nfflx sL/f vfG5 . ufO{g] sL/fn] nfe|] sL/f vfG5 . k/hLjL sL/fx?Aff?nfz'Id h}ljs ljiffbLx? -pknAw x'g;Sg]_la=l6= -JofS6]l/of_ cfn'afnLdf /f]u sL/f Joj:yfkgk|d'v sL/fx?M nflx, hf]t'jf, 6\jf6L, ;]tf] lem+uf, /ftf] sldnfk|d'v /f]ux?M 89'jf, cf]O{nfpg], lkk rSs], efO{/;,

hLjgfzs ljiffbL Joj:yfkg ;xof]uL k'l:tsf ��


Kfft sf6]/ kmfNg], hnfpg] 89'jfkx]nf] af6fdf kf;f] -;km{ kfgL / :ofDk'_ nflxDff]lxgL kf;f]sf] k|of]u –lkl6PdNo"/ Hff]t'jf /f]uL la?jfnfO{ pv]n]/ vf8ndf uf8\g], gi6 ug]{ efO{/;kfgL k6fpg] /ftf] sldnfkfgLsf] lgsf;sf] k|aGw ug]{ cf]O{nfpg]/f]uL af]6 pv]n]/ kmfNg]6fFl;g] ;txdf km;fpg], kx]Fnf] :6LsL kf;f]sf] k|of]u ;]tf] lem+ufaQLsf] kf;f]sf] k|of]u Dffp k'tnLx? lgoGq0f ug{

v]tL ug]{ t/Lsf

:j:y aLp, /f]u d"Qm aLp, aLp cfn' pkrf/ u/]/ dfq /f]Kg] /f]u sL/f ;xg ;Sg] hft 89'jf /f]u –hgs b]j afnL nufpg] ;do x]/km]/ Dfnvfb Joj:yfkg –l;kmfl/; cg';f/ 3'lDt afnL ckgfpg] afnL rqm ckgfpg] vghf]tsf] /fd|f] Joj:yf l;+rfO{sf] plrt Joj:yfkgplrt ;dodf uf]8d]n ug]{Ro"/L jf gLdsf] lkgf k|of]u ug]{cfn' vGg' !)-!% lbg cufa} af]6 pv]Ng] . h}ljs t/Lsf lzsf/L sL/fx? ;ft yf]Kn] vk6] sL/f Nfflx sL/f vfG5 . Dffs'/f ;]tf] lemFuf vfG5 .k/hLjL sL/fx? Aff?nf z'Id h}ljs ljiffbLx? -pknAw x'g ;Sg]_ 6«fO{sf]8df{

sfpnL t/sf/L afnLdf /f]u sL/f Joj:yfkgk|d'v sL/fx?M O{6f a'6] k'tnL, v'd|] sL/f, nflxk|d'v /f]ux?M 8\oflDkËckm, Sna ?6, sfnf] ;8\g]


sL/fsf] km'n tyf nfef{nfO{ l6k]/ gi6 ug]{ O{6f a'6] k'tnL, v'd|] sL/faQLsf] kf;f]sf] k|of]u vk6]Dff]lxgL kf;f]sf] k|of]u –l8 la Pd No"/ O{6f a'6] k'tnLDff6f]sf] ;f}oL{s/0f /f]u6fFl;g] ;txdf km;fpg], kx]Fnf]] :6LsL kf;f]sf] k|of]u nfxL, ;]tf] lem+uf/f]uL la?jfnfO{ pv]n]/ vf8ndf uf8\g], gi6 ug]{ efO{/;g;{/Ldf a]gf{ tof/ ubf{ hfnL jf e'mn leq x'sf{pg]

hLjgfzs ljiffbL Joj:yfkg ;xof]uL k'l:tsf��

v]tL ug]{ t/Lsf

:j:y aLp, /f]u d"Qm aLp /f]u sL/f ;xg ;Sg] hft Uflx/f] vghf]t tyf udL{ df};dsf] hf]tfO{ Dfnvfb Joj:yfkg –l;kmfl/; cg';f/ /fd|/L kfs]sf] dnvfb k|of]u 3'lDt afnL ckgfpg] afnL rqm ckgfpg] Vf]taf/Lsf] ;/;kmfO{l;+rfO{sf] plrt Joj:yfkgdf6f]sf] lk=Pr=dfg ;Gt'ng ug]{h}ljs t/Lsflzsf/L sL/fx?M dfs'/f, gd:t] sL/f, :qL :jefjsf] vk6], qmfO{;f]knf{, r/fr'?uL z'Id h}ljs ljiffbLx? -pknAw x'g;Sg]_6«fO{sf]8df{, :o"8f]df]gf;, d]6f/fO{lhod, lgdf6f]8, el6l;lnod,

t/sf/Ldf efO{/;hGo /f]u Joj:yfkg/f]ud'Qm aLp / lj?jf /f]Kg]Gf;{/L Joj:yfkg – g]6 xfp; leq lj?jf pTkfbg/f]u ;fg]{ ;+afxs Joj:yfkg;/;kmfO{ -/f]uL lj?jf gi6 ug]{/f]uL lj?jf eP, sfF65fF6 u/]kl5 laz+qmd0f u/]/ dfq k|of]u ug]{ . ufO{sf] b'w @) ldln k|lt ln= kfgLdf ld;fO{ &–& lbgsf] km/sdf 5g]{ . Efmf]n dnsf] k|of]u .

sfpnL aGbf ;d"xsf t/sf/Ldf uf7] /f]u Joj:yfkg


sfpnLju{sf t/sf/L / emf/kftx?df nfUg] of] cToGt}} 8/nfUbf] /f]u xf] . lbpF;f] lbpF;f]df af]6 cf]O{nfpg], kFx]lng], a9g g;Sg], h/fdf cToGt} ;'lGgP/ uFf7f kg{] of] /f]usf d'Vo nIf0fx? x'g\ . h/fx?sf lo ufF7fx? kl5 uP/ lunf] ;8\g u/fpg] JofS6]l/ofx?sf] ;+s|d0faf6 s'lxG 5g\ h;sf] sf/0f af]6x? emg\ /f]uL x'g k'U 5g\ . s'lxPkl5 df6f]df ldNg hfg] x'Fbf of] /f]usf hLjf0'sf] ;+Vof df6f]df 8/nfUbf] ul/ j[l4 x'G5g\ . o; /f]usf hLjf0'fx? !) jif{ eGbf a8L g} df6f]df hLljt /xg ;S 5g\ . lr:ofg a9L x'g] cDnLo df6f]df of] /f]usf] k|sf]k Hofbf x'G5 tfklg lk=Pr=dfg & ePsf] v]taf/Ldf klg /f]un] cfs|d0f ug{ ;S5 . of] Plasmodiophora brassicae -Ps k|sf/sf] 9';L_ hLjf0'fx? ;+s|ldt df6f], df6f]df n;k; ePsf s[lif cf}hf/, /f]uL lj?jf / ;txdf jUg] kfgLaf6 ;g{] x'Fbf cToGt xf]l;of/L / ;ts{tf ckgfpg' kb{5 . /f]uu|:t If]qdf nufOPsf] sfpnL aGbfsf a]gf{x? k|of]u gug{] . oL 9';Lx? w]/} jif{;Dd afnL jf afnL la?jfsf] cefjdf klg afFRg ;Sb 5g\ . tfklg # jif{ wfg v]tL u/]/ aGbf sfpnL nufPdf /f]u sd nfUg] / pTkfbg klg /fd|f] x'G5 . kfgL hDg] v]tdf /f]usf] k|sf]k Hofbf x'g] ePsfn] lrD6\ofOnf] df6f] ePsf] v]tdf sfpnL aGbf v]tLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg glbg] . v]tdf kfgL hDg lbg' x'Fb}g / lgsf;sf] /fd|f] Joj:yf ug{] . /f]uL af]6sf h/fx? a6'n]/ hnfpg] . a]gf{ ;fg{ cl3 6|fO{sf]8df{ emf]ndf 8'jfP/ dfq ;fg{] . sfpnL ju{sf] afnL afx]s cGo afnL;Fu 3'lDtafnL nufpg] . df6f]sf] clDnokg 36fpg s[lif r'gsf] k|of]u ug{] . Sna ?6n] lj?jfsf] h/fdf uf7f] jf luvf{ pTkGg u/L lj?jf cf]O{nfpF5, .

Dff6f] k/LIf0f, df6f] pkrf/ -s[lif r'g_/f]u d'Qm a]gf{/f]uL af]6sf] h/f Joj:yfkg3'DtL afnL nufpg] . /f]u ca/f]ws hftljiffbLsf] k|of]u –g]lalhg

% PsLs[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkg -cfO kL Pd_

PsLs[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkg cjwf/0ff tyf l;4fGtx?af]6 la?jfdf nfUg] zq'hLjsf] Joj:yfkgdf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ;fy;fy} ljleGg cjwf/0ffx? vf;u/L bf]>f] ljZjo'4tfsfb]lv /f;folgs lgoGq0f ljlwn] Jofkstf kfof] . o;nfO{{ /fdjf0fsf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/of] . kl5 ;g\ !(^@ df j}1flgs l/rn sf;{gn] cfˆgf] Silent Spring dfk{mt ;+;f/nfO{{ ljiffbLaf6 x'g ;Sg] IfltnfO{{ k|sfz kf/]kl5 ljiffbLsf] ljsNk ;f]lrg yflnof] . o;} qmddf ljleGg lsl;dsf ljlwx? ljsNksf] ?kdf k|of]u eP . To;df ef}lts ljlw, oflGqs ljlw, s[lif sd{af6 Joj:yfkg, h}ljs ljlw, zq' cj/f]ws hftsf] k|of]u, k]m/f]d]g tyf /f]u sL/f Joj:yfkgsf] cg'jf+lzs ljlw cflb kb{5g\ . log} k|of;sf] kmn:j?k PsLs[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; eof] . z'?df o; cjwf/0ff cGtu{t Ps eGbf a9L ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L zq'x? Joj:yfkg ug]{ kIf k|sfzdf cfof] . t/ xfn cfP/ o;sf] kl/jlt{t ?k o:tf] /x\of] .

PsLs[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkg eg]sf] afnL ;+/If0fsf] Tof] kIf xf] h; cGtu{t kof{j/0fnfO{{ gvNanfO{{ cfly{s gf]S;fg :t/nfO{{ ga9fO{ afnLx?nfO{{ gf]S;fg k'¥ofpg] xflgsf/s /f]u, sL/f, emf/kft, r/f, d';f cflbsf] plrt 9+un] Joj:yfkg ul/G5 . o;n] jftfj/0fnfO{{ oyf]lrt Wofg lb+b} :yfgLo k|fs[lts >f]tsf] kl/rfng u/L s[ifssf] k/Dk/fut 1fgsf] ;d'lrt k|of]u u/]/ lbuf] s[lif ljsf;df ;3fp k'¥ofpF5 .

Plss[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkg eGgfn] cfly{s ?kn] Gofof]lrt Pj+ kof{j/0fLo b[li6sf]0faf6 bLuf] x'g] ljlwx?sf] 5gf}6 ul/ Joj:yfkg ug]{ t/LsfnfO{ Plss[t afnL ;+/If0f elgG5 . of] cfkm}df afnL ;+/If0f ug]{ ljlw geP/ afnL ;+/If0f ug]{ x/]s / pko'St t/Lsfsf] ;Fufnf] xf] o;sf lgDglnlvt l;4fGtx? 5g\ M

:j:y afnL pTkfbglgoldt cg'udgldq'hLjx?sf] ;+/If0fs[ifs :jo+ bIf aGg'


:j:y afnL pTkfbgM:j:y la?jf x'sf{pgsf] nflu pko'Qm hftsf] 5gf}6b]lv lnP/ pQm la?jfsf] plrt ljsf;sf k|ljlwx? hdLgsf] tof/L, la?jf tof/ ug]{, la?jf ;fg]{, l;+rfO{ lbg], dnvfb Joj:yfkg ug]{, emf/kft Joj:yfkg, /f]u sL/fsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ cflb sfo{ ;dof]lrt ?kn] s[ifs :jo+nfO{{ ug{ ;Sg] agfpg] .

afnLgfnLsf] lgoldt cg'udg M cfˆgf] v]taf/Lsf] lgoldt lg/LIf0f, Ps l;hgsf] afnLnfO{{ x/]s xKtf tyf ax'alif{o v]tLafnLdf x/]s dlxgf jf !% lbgsf] Ps k6s /fd|f];Fu lgoldt ?kdf lg/LIf0f ug{' kb{5 . o;/L lg/LIf0f ubf{ ljutsf] lg/LIf0fsf] lbgdf eGbf s] s] km/s kIfx? b]vf k/], afnLsf] cj:yf s:tf] /x\of], zq'hLj ldqhLjx?sf] ;+Vofdf s:tf] kl/jt{g cfof] cflb ;Dk"0f{ kIfdf lj:tfl/t ?kdf cg'udg lg/LIf0f u/]kl5 dfq s:tf] Joj:yfkg k|ljlw ckgfpg] eGg] lg0f{o lng ;lsG5 .

ldqhLjx?sf] ;+/If0f ug{' M cfˆgf] v]taf/Ldf zq'hLjx?nfO{{ gf]S;fg ug]{ hLjx?sf] klxrfg u/L ltgLx?sf] ;+/If0f ug{' klg cfO=lk=Pd=sf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ l;4fGt xf] . o; cGtu{t !, @ j6f zq'hLjx? v]taf/Ldf b]lv+b}df ljiffbL g5g]{, olb 5g}{ kg]{ cj:yf xf] eg] ldqhLjx? lg/LIf0f u/L ltgLx?nfO{{ c;/ gug]{ vfnsf] ljiffbLx? 5g]{ .

s[ifs :jo+nfO{{ bIf agfpg' M cfO{=lk=Pd= sf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ l;4fGt s[ifs :jo+nfO{{ bIf agfpg' xf] . cfˆgf] afnLgfnLsf] af/]df :jo+n] cg'udg lg/LIf0f u/L pko'Qm Joj:yfkgsf] lg0f{o ln+b} hfFbf s[ifs :jo+ bIf aGg] x'G5g\ h;n] ubf{ ;fgf] s'/fdf klg k|fljlwsx?sf] d'v tfls/xg' kb}{g ;fy} cfˆgf] v]tsf] ;aeGbf a9L /]vb]v ug{ klg :jo+ s[ifs g} x'G5g\ . s[ifs :jo+nfO{{ bIf agfpg ;lsof] eg] dfq cfO{=lk=Pd=sf] ;dof]lrt ;kmn sfof{Gjog x'G5 .

cfO{=kL=Pd= ;Fu ;DalGwt & j6f kL= (7P)

Plant afnL Aoa:yfkgPest zq'hLj Aoa:yfkgPredator lzsf/L sL/f ;+/If0fParasitoids k/hLjL ;+/If0fPathogen z'Id hLj ;+/If0f, pTkfbg / Aoa:yfkgPesticide ljiffbL Aoa:yfkgPeople dfgj r]tgfsf] ljsf;

s[ifs kf7zfnf

kl/roM s[ifs kf7zfnf eg]sf] @)–@% hgf s[ifsx?sf] ;d"x xf] h;nfO{{ sIff sf]7fdf k7g kf7g u/fpg'sf] ;§fdf s'g} Ps s[ifssf] v]taf/LnfO{{ kf7zfnfsf] ?kdf lnO{ ;f]lx v]tdf Jojxfl/s, k|of]ufTds / vf]hk"0f{ t/Lsfx? ckgfO{ lgoldt ?kdf afnL kof{j/0f k|0ffnLsf] cjnf]sfg, ljZn]if0f tyf ;d"x 5nkmnsf] cfwf/df cf–cfkm}n] 7f]; lg0f{o lnP/ tTsfn cfPsf ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg] ul/ bIf x'g] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ul/G5 . h;sf] nflu Ps b'O{ hgf k|lzIfsx?n] ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5g\ .

cfw'lgs s[lif k|ljlwsf] k|rf/ k|;f/sf] nflu of] Pp6f ;zQm dfWod xf] h;df k|of]u u/]/ l;Sg] (Learning by doing) eGg] d"n dGqdf cfwfl/t /x]/ l;Sg] l;sfpg] sfo{ ;~rflnt x'G5 . o;df ls;fg :jo+ tyf s[lif k|;f/ sfo{stf{n] k|fKt u/]sf] cg'ej tyf cjnf]sgx?nfO{{ k/:k/df u|x0f ug]{ ul/G5 o;/L ;xefuLx? lzIffd"ns jftfj/0fdf /lx ;d"x lgdf{0f, kl/rfng, la?jf cj:yf, afnL kof{j/0fLo k|0ffnL, ldqhLj zq'hLj cflbsf] lgoldt cjnf]sg ul/ af]6 la?jf a[l4 ;Fu} cfPsf kl/jt{gx?sf] oyf]lrt ljZn]if0f ul/ cfˆgf] 1fgsf] e08f/nfO{{ qmdz a[l4 ub}{ hfG5g\ .

s[ifs kf7zfnfsf] p2]Zo

s[ifssf] lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ;'wf/ u/L s[ifsnfO{{ bIf agfpg' g} s[ifs kf7zfnfsf] d'Vo p2]Zo xf] . s[ifs kf7zfnfn] cjnf]sg, cg'ej tyf k|of]ufTds cEof;af6 k|fKt hfgsf/Lx?sf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; o;sf ;xefuLx?nfO{{ u/fp5 . h;n] ubf{ s[ifsx? cj:yf cg';f/sf] lg0f{o lng ;Sg] x'G5g\ . ;fy} ljleGg s[ofsnfkx? :jo+ k/LIf0f ug]{, gofF k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ug]{ tyf ljsl;t k|ljlwsf] canDag ug]{ h:tf sfo{x? oyf]lrt ?kdf ug{ ;Sg] x'G5g\ .


s[ifs kf7zffnfsf] tflnd k2lts[ifs kf7zfnfsf] tflnd k2lt tn pNn]lvt l;4fGtx?df cfwfl/t x'G5 . -!_ ;'g]/, b]v]/ eGbf al9 u/]/ hflgG5 s[ifsx? ;'g]/ eGbf al9 k|of]u u/]/ l;S5g\, elgG5 k9]/ eGbf k/]/ hflgG5, s'g} klg k|ljlwsf] af/] s'g}

sIffaf6 ;'g]sf] e/df eGbf To; k|ljlwnfO{{ k|of]udf ptfbf{ w]/} al9 l;Sg] cj;/ ldNg'sf ;fy} x/]s r/0fsf] sl7g tyf ;jn kIfsf] cjnDag ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . To;} x'gfn] o;df cEof; ug'{ tyf ls;fgsf] cfˆg} cg'ejaf6 l;Sg' w]/} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ls;fgx?nfO{{ ltgLx?sf] cfˆg} ;/;Nnfx?nfO{{ k|of]udf Nofpg pT;flxt ug'{sf] ;fy} ;fgf ;fgf k|of]ufTds cEof;x? ug{ nufpg' kb{5 .

-@_ cg'ejx? g} ;a} l;sfO{sf] z'?jft xf] w]/} h;f] l;sfO{ cg'ejx?sf] ljZn]if0f tyf ljZn]lift glthfsf] gofF kl/l:yltdf nfu' u/]/ dfq x'G5 .

To;} x'gfn] s[ifs kf7zfnfn] k|z:t gofF cg'ejx? ls;fgx?nfO{{ pknAw u/fpF5 . k|lzIfssf] ;xof]udf s[ifsx?n] cg'ejx? ljZn]if0f ug'{sf] ;fy} lgrf]8 lgsfN5g\ . ljZn]if0faf6 k|fKt ;DefJo glthf ljBdfg ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg klg x'g ;S5 . o; k|sf/sf] ;Nnfx ;'emfj s[ifs kf7zfnfdf k/LIf0f ul/G5 h;af6 k|fKt ;'emfjsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] glthf yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 o;} ul/ k"gM glthfsf] ljZn]if0f ul/G5 . o; k|sf/sf] cg'ej–ljZn]if0f–lgrf]8–cjnDag sf] k|s[ofut rqmnfO{{ k|of]ufTds l;sfO{sf] rqm elgG5 . h;n] g} w]/} h;f] dflg;x?nfO{{ l;Sg] jf:tljs k|s[ofsf]]] a0f{g ub{5 .

-#_ sIff sf]7f g} v]taf/L xf] v]tjf/L hxfF s[ifsx? sfd u5{g\ Tolx g} tflnd k|fKt ug]{ 7fpF xf] h;n] tL ;xefuL s[ifsx?nfO{{ ljZj;gLo

agfpFb5 . s[ifs kf7zfnf cfˆgf] h:t} s'g} Ps s[ifs v]tdf ;+rflnt x'g] x'Fbf o;af6 l;s]sf] 1fg / l;knfO{{ ;lhn} ;Fu cfˆgf] v]tdf cjnDag ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 . o;df s[ifsx?n] cfˆg} v]taf/LnfO{{ gofF lsl;dn] cjnf]sg ug{ ;Sg] x'G5g\ hxfFls ljleGg lsl;dsf kof{j/0fLo k|s[ofx? e}/x]sf x'G5g\ .

-$_ s[ifs kf7zfnfsf] ljifoj:t' jf:tljs v]taf/Lsf] cj:yf;Fu cfal4t x'g' kb{5 ;fy} :yflgo cj:yf tyf cfjZostf ;Fu k|ltal4t x'g' kb{5

s[ifs kf7zfnfsf] kf7\oqmd s'g} lglZrt ljifo j:t'df dfq l;ldt x'Fb}g o;df cfjZostf cg';f/ yk36 ug{ ;lsG5 . of] afnLsf] cj:yf tyf v]tsf] cj:yfdf cfwfl/t /x]/ cjnDag ul/Psf] x'G5 . tL ljifoj:t' 5nkmn ul/G5g\ h'gls v]taf/Ldf ljBdfg x'G5g\ h;n] ubf{ s[ifsn] v]taf/Ldf la?jfsf] cj:yf;Fu l;Sg' ;fy} ;f]lx ?kdf cjnDag ug{ ;lhnf] kb{5 . o;sf] cnfjf s[ifs kf7zfnfsf] kf7\oqmdnfO{{ s[ifssf] v]taf/Lsf] cj:yf tyf cfjZostf cg'?k cjnDag ug'{ Ps ;kmn ;xhstf{sf] bfloTj xf] . olb s[ifssf] v]tdf pQm cj:yfdf pknAw 5}g eg] To:tf] gofF k|ljlwsf] af/] 5nkmn ug'{ kg]{ s'g} cfjZostf 5}g . olb s[ifssf] af/Ldf s'g} afnL Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ;d:of 5 eg] s[ifs kf7zfnfdf To;}sf] af/]df 5nkmn ug'{ kb{5 . of] klg Pp6f sf/0f xf] ls x/]s s[ifs kf7zfnfx?sf] z'?jft cfwf/e"t tYof+s ;+sng tyf afnL kfqf] lgdf{0faf6 x'G5 .

-%_ ls;fg bIf x'g' ;fdfGotof s[ifs kf7zfnfsf ;xefuL s[ifsx?n] v]tdf ljleGg cWoog k/LIf0fx? tyf ;fgf k/LIf0fx?

;~rfng u/]sf x'G5g\ . oL cWoog k/LIf0fx?sf ljifo j:t'x? s[ifsx? cfkm}+n] v]tsf] cj:yfdf cfwfl/t eP/ 5fg]sf x'G5g\ . s[ifs kf7zfnf ;~rfngsf] qmddf s[ifsx?n] cg';Gwfg ubf{ canDag ug'{ kg]{ k|s[ofx? cjnDag ug'{sf ;fy} glthfx?sf] ljZn]if0f ;d]t cfkm}n] ug]{ ub{5g\ ;fy} 5nkmnaf6 lgl:sPsf lgisif{x? cfˆgf] cj:yf x]l/ cjnDag ug{ ;Sg] x'G5g\ o; k|sf/sf cEof; tyf t'ngfTds cWoogaf6 s[ifs :jo+ afnL Joj:yfkgsf] nflu bIf jGb5g\ .

-^_ ls;fgx? g} lg0f{ostf{ x'g' s[ifs kf7zfnfdf s[ifs :jo+n] v]taf/Lsf] cjnf]sg ug'{sf ;fy} tYof+s ;+sng, ljZn]if0f, k|:t'lts/0f, ;fy}

;dfwfgsf] lg0f{o lng] x'G5g\ . s[ifs :jo+n] ;d:of klxrfg ug{ ;Sg'sf ;fy} ;+efJo ;dfwfgx? s]nfpg', tL ;dfwfgsf] v]tafl/df k/LIf0f ug'{, glthfsf] ljZn]if0f ul/ lgrf]8 lgsfNg];Ddsf s[ofsnfkx? cfkm}+n] ug]{ x'Fbf s[ifssf] lg0f{o ug]{ l;ksf] ljsf; x'Fb} hfG5 / cGTodf /fd|f] lg0f{ostf{ aGb5g\ .

cfO{kLPd k|ljlwaf6 pTkflbt afnLsf] vr{–cfDbfgLsf] clen]v afnLsf] vr{–cfDbfgLsf] kmf/d s[ifsn] s;/L eg]{ < ;xefuL s[ifsn] cfkmgf] v]tjf/Ldf u/]sf] ;Dk'0f{ vr{ / pTkfbgsf] ljqmL kl5 k|fKt /sdsf] nfe nfutsf] clen]v /fVg] kmf/fd k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 . o;sf] kmf/fd k|of]u u/L s[ifsn] k|To]s l;hgdf afnLsf] 5'§f5'§} nfe nfut lgsfNg ;Ifd x'g]5g\ . o; nfe nfut ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df pTkflbt a:t'sf]


lalqm lat/0fsf] nlu d'No lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . k|To]s afnLsf] v]tsf] tof/L b]lv g} pTkfbg vr{ tyf >d vr{sf] lx;fa /fVb} hfg' k5{ .

tflnsf ! sf] afnLsf] vr{–cfDbfgLsf] d2tn] ;xefuL s[ifsx?n] pTkfbg ubf{ nfu]sf] vr{ / To;jf6 cfPsf] nfesf] cg'kft 5'6\ofpg ;Sg]5g\ . s[ifsnfO{ a'em\g ;lhnf] x'g]u/L pTkfbg vr{, >d vr{, cfDbfgL, nfe cflb ljifox? /flvPsf] 5 . ;DalGwt vr{ tyf cfDbfgLsf] OsfO{ klg tflnsfd} lbOPsf] 5 . obL tflnsfsf] OsfO{ eGbf km/s 5 eg] To;} tflnsfdf s] OsfO{ xf] Tolx pNn]v ug'{ kg]{ 5 . pTkfbg vr{ / cfDbfgL lzif{ssf] kl/df0f, b/ -?k}of_ / hDdf /sd ? /fVg' k5{ . afnLsf] d'Vo tyf ;xfos pTkfbgnfO{ Tolta]nfsf] lalqm d'Nodf hf]8]/ s'n cfDbfgLdf r9fpg' k5{ . o;/L s'n cfDbfgLaf6 s'n vr{ 36fP/ nfe of 3f6f lgsfNg ;lsG5 .

tflnsf ! cfO{=kL=Pd= k|ljlwaf6 pTkflbt afnLsf] vr{–cfDbfgLsf] clen]v-k|To]s afnLsf] nflu 5'§f–5'§} s[ifs cfkm}+n] l;nl;n]af/ 9+un] clen]v /fVg' kg]{_afnL ! M hftM If]qkmnM

qm=;+= ljj/0f OsfO{ kl/df0f b/ -?=k|lt OsfO{_ hDdf ?= s}lkmot! pTkfbg ;fdu|L -vr{_!=! jLp lsnf]!=@ s= sDkf]i6÷uf]j/ dn 8f]sf]

v= /;folgs dn lsnf]l8PkL lsnf]o'l/of lsnf]

Kff]6f; lsnf]!=# ljiffbL tyf ;'Id tTj

s_ ljiffbL u|fd÷ld=ln=v=z'Id tTj u|fd÷ld=ln=cGo

hDdf pTkfbg ;fdu|L vr{M@ >d -vr{_@=! afnLsf] nflu Aof8 tof/L @=@ hUufsf] tof/L -afnLsf] nflu_@=# jLp 5g{÷j]gf{ /f]Kg@=$ uf]8\g, ps]/f nfpg, emf/ lgsfNg cflb@=% l;+rfO{ ug{@=^ afnL sf6\g / cf];fg{@=^ afnL r'6\g÷aTofpg@=& afnL ;kmf ug{ / yGSoffpg@=* cGo >d vr{hDdf >d vr{$ s"n vr{ -pTkfbg ±+ >d vr{_%= cfDbfgL

s= d'Vo afnL pTkfbg lsnf]÷lSjG6nv= pk pTkfbg ef/L÷8f]sf]u= cGo pTkfbg ef/L÷8f]sf]

^= s"n cfDbfgL&= v'b gfkmf -^–$_Nffut–cfDbfgL cg'kft


afnL @ ========== hftM If]qkmnM

qm=;+= ljj/0f OsfO{ kl/df0f b/ -?=k|lt OsfO{_ hDdf ?= s}lkmot! pTkfbg ;fdu|L –vr{_!=! jLp lsnf]!=@ s= sDkf]i6÷uf]j/ dn 8f]sf]

v= /;folgs dn lsnf]l8PkL lsnf]o'l/of lsnf]Kff]6f; lsnf]

!=# ljiffbL tyf ;'Id tTj u|fd÷ld=ln=s= ljiffbLv= z'Id tTj u|fd÷ld=ln=cGo

hDdf pTkfbg ;fdu|L vr{M@ >d –vr{_@=! afnLsf] nflu Aof8 tof/L @=@ hUufsf] tof/L –afnLsf] nflu_@=# jLp 5g{÷j}gf{ /f}Kg@=$ uf]8\g, ps]/f nfpg, emf/ lgsfNg cflb@=% l;+rfO{ ug{@=^ afnL sf6\g / cf];fg{@=^ afnL r'6\g÷aTofpg@=& afnL ;kmf ug{ / yGSofpg@=* cGo >d vr{hDdf >d vr{s"n vr{ -pTkfbg ±+ >d vr{_$ cfDbfgL%= s= d'Vo afnL pTkfbg

v= pk pTkfbg lsnf]÷lSjG6nu= cGo pTkfbg ef/L÷8f]sf]s"n cfDbfgL ef/L÷8f]sf]

^= v'b gfkmf -^–$_&= Nffut–cfDbfgL cg'kft

^ h}ljs lgoGq0f

g]kfndf zq'hLjx?n] afnLgfnLdf sl/j #% k|ltzt gf]S;fgL k'¥ofp+b} cfPsf 5g\ eg] csf]{ tkm{ /;folgs kbfy{x?sf] cToflws k|of]uaf6 jfo", hn tyf e"dL k|b'if0f eO{ kof{j/0fdf gsf/fTds c;/x? b]vf kg{ yfn]sf 5g\ . kmntM pTkfbg nfutdf j[l4, df6f]sf] pj{/f zlQmdf x|f;, xflgsf/s sL/fx?df ljif krfpg ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf;, zq'hLjx?nfO{ lgoGq0f u/L /fVg] ldqhLjx?sf] ljgf;sf ;fy} sd xflgsf/s sL/fx? klg k|d'v afnL zq'sf] ?kdf b]vf kbf{ s[lif pTkfbg, pTkfbsTj, u'0f:t/ tyf jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ngdf ;d]t gsf/fTds k|efj b]vf kl//x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] s[lif ljsf;sf] ;d:ofnfO{ ulxl/P/ ljZn]if0f ubf{ lbuf] s[lif ljsf;sf nflu jftfj/0f d}qL afnL ;+/If0f k|ljlw cjnDjg ug'{ kg]{ ckl/xfo{tf b]lvG5 . ljiffbLaf6 x'g] log} ;d:ofx?nfO{ b[li6ut u/L j}1flgsx?n] k|fs[lts ?kn] kfOg] hLjx?nfO{ pkof]u u/]/ dfgj, kz' :jf:Yo / jftfj/0fnfO{ c;/ gk'¥ofO{ kmfobfhgs ?kn] s[lif pTkfbg ug{ ;kmn ePsfn] cfhsfn o:tf s[lif pkhx/sf] dfu a9\bf] 5 .


g]kfndf cf}ift !(^ u|fd -vf; ljif_ k|lt x]S6/ /;folgs ljiffbL k|of]u x'g] b]lvG5 (PPD, 2015) t/ afnL / :yfg ljz]if km/s x'g ;S5 . g]kfndf cfoft ul/g] ljiffbL ;aeGbf a9L sL6gfzs / To;kl5 9';Lgfzs kb{5 . sL6gfzsdf cuf{gf]km:km]6 ;d'x jf bf];|f] k':tfsf ljiffbL a9L b]lvG5 . kl5Nnf] cyf{t kfrf}+ k':tfsf] dflgg] h}ljs ljiffbL ;g\ !!() sf] bzsb]lv z'? ePdf x'g\ h;sf] cfoft ;g\ @))$ af6 ePsf] kfOG5 . ljZjdf xfn h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|of]u $ k|ltzt hlt 5 . ef/tdf @=*( k|ltzt / g]kfndf )=)$ k|ltzt dfq 5 .

k|s[ltdf zq' tyf ldq'hLj b'j} kfOG5g\ . logLx?nfO{ lrGg' / logLx? af/] hfGg' clt h?/L x'G5 . ldq'hLjsf] sdLdf zq'hLjsf] ;+Vof a9\5 / logLx?af6 afnLdf cfly{s ?kn] Iflt x'g k'Ub5 . t;y{ ldq'hLjsf] ;+VofnfO{ sd x'g glbg logLx?nfO{ ;+/If0f u/L /fVg' kb{5 . zq'hLj -afnL lj?jfdf nfUg] /f]u, sL/f, emf/kft_ lgoGq0f ug{ /;folgs ljiffbL 5gf{n] zq'hLj ;Fu;Fu} ldq'hLjx? klg gfz x'G5g\ . zq'hLjx?n] ljiffbLnfO{ lj:tf/} krfpFb} hfG5g\ / ljiffbL ;xg] Ifdtf a9b} hfG5, cGttf]uTjf zq'hLjsf] ;+Vofdf a[l4 x'g k'Ub5 . o;/L k6s k6s ljiffbLsf] k|of]uaf6 afnL lj?jfdf nfUg] /f]u sL/f dfq geO{ jftfj/0fdf /x]sf cGo 3/kfn'jf, k|of]ustf{, pkef]u stf{, kfgLsf] >f]t cflb ;a}df o;n] gsf/fTds c;/ kb{5 . log} ;a} s'/fx?nfO{ dWogh/ u/L /;folgs ljiffbLsf] k|of]udf sld Nofpg h}ljs lgoGq0fdf hf]8 lbg' kg]{ x'G5 .

kl/ro k|fs[lts ?kdf k|fKt x'g] z'Id hLj h:t} 9';L (Fungus), zfsf0f' (Bacteria), ljiff0f' (Virus), h'sf (Nematode), la?jf jf la?jfhGo pTkfbgdf s'g} lglZrt lsl;dsf] kbfy{ jf sL/f h;df zq'hLjnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ jf lgis[o kfg]{, cfsif{0f u/]/ km;fpg] jf ljsif{0f ug{ ;Sg] ljiffn''kgf o'Qm ljiffbLnfO{ k|of]u u/L afnLdf nfUg] /f]u tyf sL/f / emf/kft lgoGq0f ug]{ ljlwnfO{ h}ljs lgoGq0f ljlw (Biological control method) elgG5 .

h}ljs lgoGq0fsf k|sf/x? zq'sL/fx?sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ k|of]u x'g] k/hLjL, k/eIfL / k|lt:kwf{Tds hLjx?sf] d2tn] # k|d'v k2ltåf/f Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 .

k/Dk/fut h}ljs t/Lsf (Classical biological method)M h;df aflx/af6 ldqhLjx? NofOG5 / 5fl8G5 . h;n] ubf{ gf]S;fgL ug]{ sL/fsf] ;+Vof sd x'G5 . ;do ;dodf ldq'hLjx? 5f8\g] (Augmentation) M yf]/} t/ k6s k6s jf Ps}k6sdf w]/} o:tf ldqhLjx? 5f8]/ zq'hLjx?sf] ;+Vofdf sdL Nofpg] k4tL . ;+/If0f (Conservation)M :yfgLo jftfj/0fdf kfOg] ldq hLjx?sf] ;+/If0f ug{ pko'Qm jf;:yfgsf] k|aGw ldnfpg] / pgLx?nfO{ c;/ kfg]{vfnsf ljiffbLx?sf] k|of]u gu/L ;+/If0f ug{df ;xof]u ug]{ . k|fs[lts ?kdf kfOg] To:tf hLjx? vf; u/]/ dLqsL/f, / z'Id hLjx? x'g\ .

oL k|fs[lts zq' jf dLqhLjnfO{ d'Vot tLg ;d'xdf af9\g ;lsG5 . hLljt hLjx? (Living organisms) M

lzsf/L sL/f (Predator)M dfp, aRrf jf nfef{n] zq'hLjsf km'n, dfp, aRrf jf nfef{nfO{ lzsf/ u/]/ vfG5g\ . logLx? lzsf/ u/L vfg] hLjeGbf 7"nf / alnof x'G5g\ . logLx?dWo] s]lx ;j{eIfL / s]lx ljz]if lsl;dnfO{ dfq lzsf/ u/L vfg] k|s[ltsf x'G5g\ . h:t} hfnLbf/ kv]6f ePsf] (Lacewing), :qL :jefjsf vk6]x? (Ladybird beetles), cfFvf kmf]?jf (praying mantids), 3'Dds lemËf (Hover fly), af3]vk6] (Tiger beetle), ufOg] sL/f (Dragonfly & damselfly), hfnLbf/ kv]6f ePsf] sL/f (Lacewing). hldgdf /xg] vk6] (Ground beetle), af?nfx? (Wasps), dfs'/f, 8fFsf lemFuf cflb . k/hLjL (Parasitoids/ Parasites)M s'g} k/hLjLn] zq'sL/fsf] km'n, nfef{ jf Ko"kfdf cfˆgf] a+z a[l4 ub{5g\ . csf{ k|sf/sf k/hLjL nfef{ jf dfpdf 6fFl;P/ cf>o lnO{ ltgaf6 cfˆgf] vfgf cfk'lt{ u/L ltgnfO{ sdhf]/ agfO{ cfˆgf] j+z a9fpF5g\ . oL b'j} vfn] k/hLjL cf>d lbg] hLjeGbf ;fgf x'G5g\ . h:t}M ljleGg k|sf/sf af?nfx?, 6\oflslg8 lemËf (Tachinids), kmfobfhgs ;'n;'n] cflb .


;'IdhLjx? (Micro-organis\ms)M o; ;d'xdf cfFbfn] b]Vg g;lsg] t/ v]tL ul/Psf afnLnfO{ gf]S;fgL ug]{ sL/f jf /f]ux?nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ d4t ub{5g\ . h:t}M nfebfos 9';L, JofS6]l/of, lgdf6f]8, efO/; / k|f]6f]hf]jf .

k|fs[lts ?kdf kfOg] kbfy{x? (Naturally occurring substances)

jg:klthGo ljiffbL (Plant exact)

;]ldof]s]ldsN;\ (Semiochemicals)(Sex phenomones e. g. cuelure, methyl eugenol, helilure, spodolure etc.)

lj?jfdf ;dfa]z ul/Psf] (Plant incorporated protectants (PIPS): BT cotton, BT Brinjal)

^=! lzsf/L sL/f (Predator) / k/hLjL (Parasitoids/Parasites)

xl/of hfnLbf/ kv]6f ePsf] lzsf/L sL/f (Lacewing, Neusoptera, Chlyropidae, Chrysoperla carnea)

u|Lgn];ljËsf jo:sx¿ Hofb} ;'sdf/L x'g'sf] ;fy} kv]6f xl/of] hfnLbf/ x'G5 logsf nfe|]x¿ Hofb} vGr'jf vfn] k/eIfLx'g, vf;u/Lsg r';xfhftsf sL/fx¿ h:t} nfO{, h]l;8, kfO/]nf, ;]tf] lemFufsf aRrfx¿nfO{ a8f] dg k/fpF5g\ eg] ljleGg sL/fsf km'n, nfe|] / sTn] sL/fnfO{ logn] vf]hL vf]hL vfG5g\ . u|Lgn];ljËsf jo:s sL/fn] cfˆgf] 808Lo'Qmk'mn ;fgf ;fgf ;d"xdf af]6lj?jfsf ljleGg efux¿df vf;u/Lsg kft / 8fF7df kfb{5g\ . cTofw'lgs k|ljlwaf6 pTkflbt oL Hofb} vGr'jf, cfqmd0fsf/L / pRrsf]6Lsf] qmfO;f]k/nf sf/lgofsf !))) j6f km'nx¿ / cGos]xL kbfy{;Fu ld;fP/ lak]z af]tndf /flvPsf] x'G5 . logsf] k|of]u ljleGgvfn] xflgsf/s sL/fn] afnLx¿ h:t} skf;, pv', sf];]afnL, t/sf/LafnL Pj+ kmnkm"nx¿df cfqmd0f ePdf lgoGq0f Joj:yfkgsf nflu logsf] k|of]u ug'{ k5{ . hfnLbf/ kv]6f ePsf lzsf/L sL/fx? b'O{ yl/sf x'G5g\ –xl/of] / v}/f] /Ësf x'G5g\ . jo:s / aRrf b'j}n] nfxL, sTn], ldlnju, ly|K;, ;]tf] lemËf, ;'n;'n] cflb dl;gf g/d sL/fx? lzsf/ u/L vfG5g\ . jo:sn] o;sf] cltl/Qm k'ik/;, k/fu / nfxLn] lgsfn]sf] u'lnof] kbfy{ -xlg 8\o'_ / dx cflb klg vfG5g\ . logLx? ljleGg xfjfkfgLdf kfO{G5g\ . ljz]if u/L a9L cfb|{tf ePsf] 7fpFdf, u|Lgxfp;, a9L l;FrfO{ x'g] afnLdf cfpg a9L dg k/fpF5g\ .

sL/fsf] cfs[lt

jo:s sL/fsf] kv]6fx? cln 7"nf], kftnf] gzf ePsf] hfnLbf/ x'G5g\ . zl// g/d ;fgf] !@–@) ld=ld=, nfdf] h'F3f / ;'gf}nf] rxlsnf] cfFvf ePsf x'G5g\ . jo:s vf; u/L ;fFem / /ftL ;s[o x'G5g] . nfe|]x? v}/f] /Ësf nflDrnf g/d zl// alnof, xFl;of h:tf] a+uf/f / ;dfTg] ldNg] v'§fn] zq'hLjnfO{ ;dflt /; r';]/ vfO{ dfb{5g\ .

kfO{g] :yfg

hfnLbf/ kv]6f ePsf] sL/f -qmfO;f]knf{_ 3/ j/Lkl/, skf;, ds}, cfn', sfpnL hftsf afnL, uf]ne]F8f, v';f{gL, e06f, s'l/nf], ;fukft, :ofp, :6«a]/L, v]tsf s'gf sfKrf / cGo nfxL, ;]tf] lemËf ;'n;'n] ly|K;, ldlnau, km8s] cflbn] cfqmd0f ug]{ afnLx?df 3'ld/x]sf] kfOG5g\ .

lzsf/ ug]{ sL/fx?

w]/} k|hftLsf nfxLx?, ;'n;'n], ly|K;, ;]tf] lem+Ëf, km8s] km'nx? /fqLr/ k'tnLsf km'n tyf ev{/ lg:s]sf em'l;n]sf nfe|]x?, vk6]sf nfe|]x? / ;"tL{sf nfe|]x?nfO{ lzsf/ u/L dfb{5g\ .

hLjgrqm

k|s[ltdf d'Votof @ k|hftLsf hfnLbf/ kv]6f ePsf sL/fx? kfOG5g\ . logLx? lxpFbdf v]tsf] jl/k/Lsf] afnLsf] kftsf] tn s'gf sfKrfx?df z''';'Kt cj:yfdf a:b5g\ . j;Gt / jiff{ ofddf kf]yLn] w]/}sf] ;+Vofdf cln nlDrnf] xNsf xl/of] 5'§f 5'§} nfdf /]zdsf] h:tf] 8fF7 ePsf] e]6gf] ;lxt km'nx?, kft xfFuf tyf 8fF7x?df dfpsf] lzsf/ ug]{ sL/f ePsf] 7fpF glhs} kfb{5g\ . km'naf6 ;fwf/0ftof #–^ lbgdf nfe|]x? lg:sG5g\ . nfe|]n] @–# xKtfdf ltg sfFr'nL km]/L cfk'm n'Sg ldNg] 7fpF x]/L /]zdL wfuf] a]/]/ vf]n agfO{ To; leq al; crn cj:yfdf hfG5 . !)–!$ lbg kl5


To;af6 jo:s dfp sL/f lg:sG5 . jiff{ ofddf $ xKtfdf hLjgrqm k'/f x'G5 / @ j+z k'/f ub{5 . o;/L km'n b]lv jo:s x'g $ b]lv ^ xKtf nfUb5 t/ of] cjlw xfjfkfgLdf e/ kb{5 .

hfnLbf/ kv]6f ePsf] lzsf/L sL/f – qmfO;f]knf{nfO{ s[lqd t/Lsfn] klg kfNg ;lsG5 . logLx?nfO{ s[lqd t/Lsfn] kfnL xhf/f}+sf] ;+Vofdf pTkfbg u/L k|s[ltdf 5f8L, ;+/If0f ugf{n] logn] lzsf/ ug]{ dfly pNn]lvt zq' sL/fx? lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 . aL/]Gb|gu/, v'/v'/] lrtjgdf s[ifs :t/df ldlnh'nL cfO{=lk=Pd\= dlxnf s[ifs ;d"xsf ef]hdfof rf}w/L, zflGt tfdfË / d+un/L rf}w/Låf/f @)^$ ;fndf ul/Psf] cWoog cg';f/ #) lbgdf hLjgrqm k'/f ePsf], km'naf6 @–# lbgdf nfe|]df kl/0ft ePsf] ^ b]lv * lbgdf crn cj:yfdf uPsf] / ^ b]lv * lbgd} crn cj:yfaf6 jo:s eO{ p8\g ;kmn ePsf] kfOof] . Ps kf]yLn] #)) b]lv $)) ;Dd km'n kfg{ ;kmn ePsf] / Ps 6]«df &)) ;Dd km'n kf/]sf] hfgsf/L kfOPsf] t/ sf7df08f}+sf] v'dn6f/sf] xfjfkfgLdf hLjgrqm k'/f x'g #% lbg nfUg] u/]sf kfOPsf] 5 .

kfNg] t/Lsf

o; sL/fnfO{ kfNg cfjZos kg]{ ;fdfu|Lx? klxn] h'6fpg' kb{5 . tL ;fdfu|Lx? o; k|sf/ 5g\ . qmfO;f]knf{ k|of]u xfndf x'sf{pFbf v'jfpg] v'/fs sL/f jf wfgsf] k'Tnf (Corcera) kfNg cfjZos kg]{ ;fdfu|L –x?sf] j0f{g tn lbOPsf] 5 .

!= v'/fs sL/f kfNgsf] nflu cfjZos ;fdfu|Lx? ds} -df6f] kf/L s'6]sf]_ @=% lsnf] abfd - s'6]sf]_ @%) u|fd drf{ # u|fd :6]«K6f]dfOl;g ;Nkm]6 )=% u|fd Kjfn ePsf] xfjf v]Ng] sf7sf] jfs; -$* X #@ X !& So"=lj=;]=ld_ :k|LË t/fh' Eofs'd lSng/ afSnf] Knfl:6ssf] emf]nf rnfpg] sf7sf] 6'qmf jf Knfl:6ssf] rDrf

@= v'/fs sL/f pTkfbg k|ljlw tyf km'n ;Ëng klxnf] r/0f

sf7sf] Kjfn ePsf] xfjf v]Ng] KnfOp8sf] afs;nfO{ afSnf] Knfl:6ssf] emf]nfdf /fvL ;]Nkmf]; rlSsn] o;df ePsf] /f]u, sL/fsf hLjf0f'x?nfO{ pkrf/ u/L gi6 ug]{ / sL6f0f' df/]/ ;f]wg (Sterlize) ug]{ . v;|f] u/L s'6]sf] ds}nfO{ klg !))) ;]= df ! 306f /fvL ;f]wgL ug]{ . afs;nfO{ /fd|/L ;kmf ul/, To;df v;|f] kf/L s'6]sf] ds} @=% lsnf], s'6]sf] abfd @%) u|fd ldnfO{ afs;df /fVg] / # u|fd drf{ klg /fvL z'4 ul/Psf] sf7sf] 6'qmf jf Knfl:6ssf] rDrfn] /fd|/L ldnfpg] clg )=% u|fd :6«]K6f]dfOl;g ;Nkm]6 /fvL km]/L /fd|/L ldnfpg] . To;kl5 To; ld>0fdf )=% ld=ln= wfgsf] k'tnLsf] km'n -!^))) a/fa/_ ;a}lt/ km}lng] u/L /fVg] tyf afs;nfO{ @*) ;]= sf] tfkqmddf sL/f pTkfbg ug{sf nflu /fVg] .

lrtjg, aL/]Gb|gu/, v'/v'/]df s[ifsåf/f ul/Psf] cWoogdf wfgsf] k'tnLnfO{ kfNg s[ifsn] ds} v;|f] u/L s'6]sf] @ s]=hL=, df]s;]n (moxel) )=% Pd=Pd= / drf{ # u|fd /fvL tof/ u/LPsf] ld>0fdf )=% Pd=Pn= wfgsf] k'tnLsf] km'n 5f]8]sf lyP .

bf]>f] r/0f sl/j ^) lbg kl5 lg:s]sf] k'tnLx?nfO{ k|hgg\\ jfs;df /fVg] . %)–^) jf6sf] Eofs'd lSng/sf] rfkdf vf; k4ltåf/f k'tnLnfO{ k|hgg\\ afs;df :yfgfGt/0f ug]{ . k|hgg\\ afs;sf] lk+w tyf leQfx? sf6L kmnfdsf] hfnL nufpg] / afs;sf] tn Knfl:6ssf] Kn]6 /fVg] .


k'tnLn] kf/]sf] km'n lk+wdf /fv]sf] ef8fdf emb{5 / x/]s ljxfg o;/L em/]sf] km'nnfO{ ;Íng ug]{ . o;/L ;Ísng u/]sf] km'n $–^) ;]= tfkqmddf ;+l~rt u/L /fVg] . oL km'nx? xhf/f}+sf] ;+Vofdf pTkfbg u/L lzsf/L sL/fnfO{ v'jfpg] / lzsf/L sL/fx? pTkfbg ug]{ .

dfly lbOPsf] ljj/0f k|of]uzfnfsf] cj:yfnfO{ dWogu/ /fvL lbOPsf] xf] . t/ s[ifs :t/df klg log} pNn]lvt ljj/0fsf] ;]/f]km]/f]df /xL lrtjg, aL/]Gb|gu/, v'/v'/]sf] cfO{=lk=Pd= s[ifsx?n] ;fwf/0f sf]7fdf qmfO;f]knf{ sL/f ;kmntfsf ;fy kfnL pTkfbg u/]sf] lyP .

kfNgsf] nflu cjZos ;fdfu|Lx?

!= sL/f kfNg pko'Qm sf]7f @= sL/f #= k/fu $= km'n kfg{ nufpg] sf8{

%= k|f]l6g]S; % u|fd ^= k~hf &= sfnf] sk8f *= lrgL % u|fd

(= 6\o'a !)= km'n kfg]{ s]h !!= drf{ % u|fd !@= l:k|Ë t/fh'

!#= km'n ;~ro ug]{ Aofu !$= dx % ld=ln= !%= sf8{ !^= sL/f kfNg] afs;

qmfO;f]knf{ pTkfbg k|ljlw cfn'sf] k'tnLsf] tfhf km'n jf nfxL sL/f ;Íng ug]{ jf wfgsf] k'tnLsf] km'n ;Íng u/L /fVg] . qmfO;f]knf{sf] km'nnfO{ wfgsf] k'tnL jf cfn'sf] km'n jf nfxL sL/f ePsf] af]6ndf /fVg] / o;/L /fVbf qmfO;f]knf{sf] km'naf6 nfe|] lg:sG5 / To;n] cfˆgf] vfgf t'?Gt kfpFb5 . qmfO;f]knf{sf] bf];|f] sfFr'nL km]/]sf -bf]>f] OG:6f/_ kl5sf nfe|]x?nfO{ a]Unf a]Un} af]6ndf km'n jf nfxL vfg lbO{ x'sf{pg] . qmfO;f]knf{ sL/fsf nfe|]x? crn cj:yfdf uPkl5 To;sf] @$ 306f kl5 ltgLx?nfO{ ;+sng u/L km'n kfg]{ afs;df /fVg] h;n] ubf{ pgLx?n] To; afs;df km'n kf?g .km'n kfg]{ afs;df qmfO;f]knf{nfO{ %)Ü dx skf;df lehfP/ / kfgL skf;df lehfP/ vfgfsf] ?kdf /flv lbg] . o;sf] ;fy} k|f]l6g]S; % u|fd, lrgL % u|fd, dx % Pd=Pn= / kfp8/ drf{ % u|fd ld;fO{ s[lqd vfgf agfO{ v'jfpg] . k/fu clt kf}li6s dflgg] x'Fbf km'n kfg]{ a]nfdf km'nsf] k/fu v'/fssf] ?kdf vfg lbg] . o;/L vfg lbgfn] :j:y eO{ w]/} km'n kfb{5g\ . km'n kfg]{ afs;sf] 9Ssgsf] lqeL efu sfnf] sk8fn] 9fsL df]8L lbg] . o;df qmfO;f]knf{n] km'n kfb{5g\ . o;/L kf/]sf] km'nx?nfO{ kf/]sf] @$ 306f kl5 dfq s}lrn] sf6\g] jf An]8n] sf6L emfg]{ gq km'ndf Iflt x'g k'Ub5 .

lrtjg, aL/Gb|gu/, v'/v'/]df s[ifsåf/f kflnPsf] qmfO;f]knf{nfO{ $)Ü dx -kfgLdf ld;fPsf]_, lrgL / k/fu VjfO{ kflnPsf] / km'nsf] k/fu clt cfjZos /x]sf] kfOof] . k/fusf] sdLdf km'nx?sf] u'0f:t/ sd eO{ pTkfbgzLn gePsf] eGg] klg hfgsf/L kfOof] .

qmfO;f]knf{nfO{ v]tjf/Ldf 5f8\g] t/Lsf

qmfO;f]knf{nfO{ pTkfbg kZrft\ v]taf/Ldf zq' sL/fsf] lzsf/ ug{ 5f8\g' kg]{ x'G5 . af/Ldf sL/fsf] km'n, nfe|] tyf jo:s s'g} klg cj:yf 5f8\g ;lsG5 . Aofudf /flvPsf] km'nnfO{ ;fFem ;f]em} sL/fn] Iflt ul//x]sf] lj?jf, kft, 8fF7 cflbdf 5s{g] . olb km'nx? sf8{df 5g\ eg] sL/f lgoGq0f ug'{ kg]{ af/Ldf em'08fP/ /fVg] . o;/L ;f]em} ;"o{sf] ls/0f gkg]{ u/L /fVg] . nfe|]nfO{ 5f8\g] xf] eg] ;fFemsf] a]nfdf v]taf/Ldf Iflt u|:t lj?jf ePsf] If]qdf 5f8\g] . 7'nf] nfe|]n] ;fgf] nfe|]nfO{ vfg] x'Fbf Ps Ps u/L 5f8\g' kb{5 . w]/} ;fgf nfe|]x?nfO{ o;f] ug'{ kb}{g . lrtjg, aL/]Gb|gu/, v'/v'/]sf s[ifssf] egfO{ cg';f/ ds}sf] k/fu cGo km'nsf] eGbf a9L kf}li6s ePsf] / df}/Låf/f ;Íng u/L df}/L3f/sf] k|j]z4f/df hDdf ul/Psf] k/fu df}/Lsf] y's -;]lnef_ ;Fu ldl;Psf] xF'bf a9L u'0f:t/Lo /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . jois sL/f 6\o"adf 5 eg] d'v vf]nL p8\g lbg] . olb 6\o"aaf6 aflx/ lg:sg ;s]g eg] xNsf km's]/ afl/x lgsfNg] / o;/L 5f8]sf


qmfO;f]knf{x?nfO{ w]/} km'n kfg{ nufpg 7fpF 7fpFdf v'/fs /fVg] cyjf k/fu pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg] lj?jfx? nufpg] . af]tndf 5 eg] af]tnsf] ljsf]{ vf]n]/ dndnsf] sk8f lemSg] clg km]l/ ljsf]{ nufpg] af]tnnfO{ sf]N6] kf/]/ xn'sf;Fu xNnfpg] / km'n;Fu} ldl;Psf kbfy{ klg emb{5 . afnLlj?jfdf o;/L k/eIfLsf] km'n c8\lsG5 / km'n;Fu ldl;Psf] kbfy{ eg] tn emb{5 . km'naf6 k/eIfLsf nfe|]x¿ lg:sgf;fy cfˆgf] l;sf/sf] vf]hLdf otf ptf lx8\g yfNb 5g\ . ljxfg ;a]/} lzt ;'Sg' eGbf cufj} k/eIfLsf km'nx¿ k|of]u u/]df glthf /fd|f] k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .

slxn] 5f8\g]xflgsf/s sL/fsf k'tnLx¿ of}ghGo kbfy{o'Qm kf;f]df kg{ yfn]kl5 oL k/eIfLnfO{ 5f8\g' kb{5 .

k|of]u x'g] dfqfafnL / xflgsf/s sL/fsf] cj:yf x]/L slDtdf @%)) km'n cyjf nfe|] k|lt x]S6/sf b/n] k|of]u ug'{ k5{ . xflgsf/s sL/fsf] cfqmd0f ;Fu;Fu} oL k/eIfLnfO{ 5f8\g] ;do ldnfpg ;s] a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 . xflgsf/s sL/fsf] ;+Vof a9L ePdf dfqf klg a9fpg' kg]{ x'G5 / ;fy} k|of]u klg bf]xf]¥ofpg'kg]{ cj:yf cfp5 .

nfxL sL/fsf] nflu qmfO;f]knf{sf] dfqf -nfe|]x?_

sL/fsf] k|sf]k dfqf -nfe|]sf] ;+Vof_

/f]syfd !–# k|lt of8{, dlxgf e/L rfx]sf] cj:yfdf

sd @–% k|lt of8{, lå ;fKtflxs @–# rf]6L

dWod $–* k|lt of8{, lå ;fKtflxs @–$ rf]6L

pRr &–( k|lt of8{, lå ;fKtflxs #–$ rf]6L -Ps ju{ of8{ – )=*# ju{ ld6/_

k|efjsf/Ltf hfnLbf/ kv]6f ePsf] lzsf/L sL/fn] ;fwf/0ftof w]/} k|sf/sf sL/fx?, nfe|] tyf km'nx? vfG5g\ . t/ oL nfxL lgoGq0fdf a9L k|efjsf/L kfOPsf] 5g\ . logsf] nfe|]n] !)) b]lv ^)) ;Dd nfxL vfg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . kftdf em'; x'g] 6fFl;g] k|sf/sf lj?jfdf logLx?nfO{ lzsf/ ug{ uf¥xf] x'G5 . cfn', v';f{gL{, uf]ne]F8f, ds}, s]/fp, aFbf, :ofp / e06fdf b]lvg] nfxL cfn' / e06fsf] vk6] /fd|/L lgoGq0f u/]sf] / skf; afnLdf 7"nf] ;+Vofdf logLx?nfO{ 5f8\bf (^Ü ;Dd nfxL lgoGq0f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

ljiffbL ;xg ;Sg] Ifdtf k|of]uzfndf ul/Psf] Ps cWoogdf kfO/]y|f]O8\;, cu]{gf]kmf]:km]6 / sfjf{l/n ;d"xsf ljiffbLx? ;xg ;Sg] kfOPsf] 5 . k|fs[lts ?kdf logLx?df w]/} ljiffbLx? km/s km/s dfqfdf ;xg ;Sg] Ifdtf x'G5 .

;+/If0f logLx?n] dg k/fpg] cyf{t logLx?sf] a[l4 / ljsf;sf] nflu pko'Qm x'g] lsl;dsf] jftfj/0f agfO{ ;+/If0f ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . nfe|]x?nfO{ a9L cfb|tf ePsf] :yfgdf /fVg' pko'Qm x'G5 . joisn] k'Kk /;, k/fu, u'lnof] kbfy{ km'n kfg'{ klxn] vfg dg k/fpF5g\ . To;sf/0f v]tjf/L jl/k/L km'n km'Ng] lj?jf nufpg' a]; x'G5 . kof{Kt dfqfdf vfgf ePg eg] vfgfsf] vf]hLdf logLx? cGoq hfG5g\ . To:tf lj?jfsf] sdLdf s[lqd vfgf -k/fu, u'lnof] kbfy{_ lbP/ a9L km'n kfg]{ jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug'{ kb{5 .

kmfObfx¿/;folgs sL6gfzs ljiffbLsf] emGem6k"0f{ k|of]u ul//xg' kb}{g . logsf] k|of]uaf6 jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds k|efj kb}{g . cfkm'eGbf sdhf]/ / a/fa/sf ;a} lsl;dsf sL/fnfO{ logn] cfqmd0f ub{5g\ .


t/sf/L Pj+ kmnkm'nx¿df u|Lgn];ljË k/eIfLsf] k|of]u ePs} lbgdf klg ahf/df ljqmLug{ / vfgsf] nflu pko'Qm x'G5 . k|of]u ug]{ JolQm ;'/lIft /xG5 . t;y{ ;'/Iffsf klx/g jf pks/0f k|of]u ug'{ kb}{g .

^=@ 6«fOsf]u|fdf k/hLjL6«fOsf]u|fdf k/hLjL Pp6f z'4 kmfObfhgs k/hLjL sL/f xf] . of] clt ;fgf af?nf] hftsf] /ftf] cfFvf ePsf k/hLjL jf 6«fOsf]u|fdf k/hLjL sL/fsf] k|of]u ugf{n] laWj+zs sL/fsf nfef{ cj:yfn] afnLdf ug{] Ifltaf6 arfpg ;lsG5 . xflgsf/s sL/fsf] km'ndf logn] cfˆgf] km'n kfb{5g\ . km'nx? #–$ lbgdf Psgf;n] sfnf] /+udf ablnG5 . laWj+zs sL/fx?sf nfef{ lg:sg'sf] ;§f &–* lbgdf jo:s af?nf wdfwd lg:sg yfNb5g\ . Pp6f 6«fOsf]u|fdfsf] kf]yL jo:sdf xflgsf/s k'tnL hftsf] e08} Ps ;o eGbf a9L km'nx?df cfˆgf] km'nx? kfg{ ;Sg] Ifdtf x'G5 . afnLsf] ujf/f] sL/fsf] km'ndf logn] cfˆg} km'n kfb{5g\ .

k|fs[lts jf;:yfg (Natural habitat)

oL 9';Lx? df6f], af]6 lj?jfsf ;8\g] uNg] kbfy{ -kft, 8fF7, 3fF;, sf7_ df htftt} kfOG5g\ . slxn]sfxL lolgx?n] pko'Qm jftfj/0f kfPdf ;8fpg]÷unfpg] sfd klg ub{5g\ .

a+zfg'ut rl/q (Genetical characters) pkof]uL 6«fOsf]8df{x?df k|foM n}lËs (Sexual) cj:yf xF'b}g t;y{ cn}lËs (Asexual) z'Id aLh (Spores) pTkfbg ub{5g\ . s'g} s'g} k|hfltdf Sexual cj:yf klg kfOG5 t/ To:tf k|hfltx? h}ljs lgoGq0fdf k|of]u cfpFb}gg\ . 9';Lx? h:tf];'s} jftfj/0fdf klg 3'nldn x'g;Sg] / rf8} km/s ?kdf kl/jlt{t x'g] ePsfn] cfGtl/s / afxo ?kdf ljifdtf b]lvG5 .

hLjg rqm (Life cycle)

loglx? klg cGo 9';Lx? h:t}M j+z a[l4sf nfuL dl;gf TofGb|f (Hyphae-5-10 pm diameter) af6 cn}lËs (Asexual) t/Lsfn] xl/of /+usf ;'Id aLh (Spores-3-5 pm diameter) pTkfbg ub{5g / To;af6 km}nG5g\ . pko'Qm jftfj/0f gx'Fbf logLx? dl;gf s0f (Intercalaryresting chlamydospores) sf ?kdf z';'Kt cj:yfdf /xG5g\ . o; cj:yfdf klg Ps sf]ifsf / b'O{ jf a9L o:tf dl;gf s0f hf]l8P/ a;]sf x'G5g\ . kl5 pko'Qm jftfj/0f kfPkl5 o;af6 k'g kmf}lnG5g\ .

6«fOsf]u|fdf slxn] 5f8\g] <km]/f]Dofg kf;f]df ujf/f]sf k'tnLx? kg{ yfn]kl5, k'tnLn] km'n kfg{] cjlwe/ oL k/hLljx?nfO{ 5f8\g' kb{5 .

6«fOsf]u|fdf s;/L 5f8\g] <k/hLjL lg:sg' cl3 M 6«fOsf]sf8{nfO{ ^ efudf 6'qmfpg' kb{5 / ltgnfO{ afnLsf] rf/} tkm{ lkm+lhg] u/L 5f8\g' kb{5 . 6«fOsf]sf8{sf] 6'qmfnfO{ kftdf ;'/lIft :yfgdf /fVg' kb{5 . k/hLjL lg:sgf;fy oL 6«fOsf]u|fdf xflgsf/s k'tnL hftsf km'nx?sf] vf]hLdf nfUb5g\ .

6«fOsf]u|fdf k/hLjL lg:s]kl5 M 6«fOsf]u|fdf k/hLjL jo:s sL/fx? laxfg} lg:sG5g\ . lg:sgf;fy v]taf/Ldf rf/} tkm{ km}lng] u/L 5f8\g' k5{ .

6«fOsf]u|fdf ;+lrt ug]{ ljlw M jo:s 6«fOsf]u|fdf k/hLjL lg:sg] sfo{nfO{ l9nfO{ ug'{ k/]df %–!) l8u|L ;]= tfkqmdo'Qm /]lk|mlh/]6/df !)–!% lbg;Dd /fVg ;lsG5 . cfjZos k/]sf avt /]lk|mlh/]6/jf6 lemls sf]7fsf] tfkqmddf /fVbf ;fwf/0f t/Lsfaf6 oL aflx/ lg:sG5g\ .


6«fOsf]u|fdf k|of]u ug]{ dfqf MPp6f sf8{df @),))) 6«fOsf]u|fdf k/hLjL x'G5g\ . h'g Ps /f]kgLsf nflu k'Ub5 . 6«fOsf]u|fdf k/hLjL xKtfsf] Psk6s / sDtLdf ^ k6s 5f8\g' kb{5 . slxn]sf+xL afnL / sL/fsf] 3gTj x]/L a9L k/hLjL 5f8\g' kg]{ l:ylt klg cfpg ;Sb5 .

6«fOsf]u|fdf k/hLjLsf] kmfObf M xflgsf/s sL/fnfO{ km'n cj:yfdf g} oL k/hLjLn] dfg]{ x'gfn] nfef{ ujf/f] x'g kfpFb}g / afnLsf] Iflt klg xF'b}g . k/hLjLn] cfˆgf] lzsf/ vf]h]/ cfqmd0f ub{5g\ . oL k/hLjLx? a9\b} hfg] x'gfn] xflgsf/s sL/fnfO{ klg ;vfk kfb{} hfG5g\ .

6«fOsf]u|fdf k/hLjLsf] ;l~rt jo:s 6«fosf]u|fdf k/hLjL lg:sg] sfo{nfO{ l9nfO ug'{k/]df % b]lv !) l8u|L ;]lN;o; tfkqmdo'Qm /]lk|mlh/]6/df !)–!% lbg;Dd klg /fVg ;lsG5 . cfjZos k/]sf avt /]lk|mlh/]60/af6 lemsL sf]7fsf] tfkqmddf /fVbf ;fwf/0f t/Lsfaf6 oL aflx/ lg:sG5g\ . Pp6f sf8{df @),))) 6«fOsf]u|fdf k/hLjL x'G5g / Ps /f]kgLnfO{ k'Ub5 . 6«fOsf]u|fdf k/hLjL slDtdf 5 k6s k|To]s xKtfsf b/n] 5f8\g' k5{ . afnL / sL/fsf] 3gTj x]/L a9L k/hLjL 5f8g' kg]{ l:ylt klg cfpg ;Sb5 .

kmfObfx¿xflgsf/s sL/fnfO{ km'n cj:yfd} oL k/hLjLn] dfg]{ x'gfn] ljWj+zs sL/fsf nfe|]af6 afnLsf] Iflt x'g kfpb}g . 6«fOsf]u|fdf Pp6f kmfObfhgs k/hLjL sL/f xf] / o;n] cfˆgf] l;sf/ vf]Hb5 / cfqmd0f ub{5 . oL k/hLjLx¿ j9\b} hfg] / xflgsf/s sL/fnfO{ ;vfk kfb}{ hfG5g\ . em08} @)) ljleGg k|sf/sf ljWj+zs nfe|] sL/fx¿sf] logn] lgoGq0f ub{5g\ . /;folgs sL6\gfzs ljiffbLn] h:tf] oL k/hLjLsf] k|of]uaf6 :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ kb}{g . xflgsf/s sL/fx¿sf] ;dod} Joj:yfkg u/]df pTkfbgdf a[l4 x'g'sf] ;fy} jftfj/0fnfO{ ;d]t ;'/lIft /fVgdf d2t k'Ub5 .

^=# ;'IdhLjx? (Micro-organisms)

s_ efO{/;hGo h}ljs ljiffbL

Pg=lk=le= (Nuclear Polyhederosis Virus)

x]nL;fO{8 / :kf]8f];fO{8sf] gfddf kfO{g] of] ljiffbL emf]nsf] ?kdf pknJw 5 . o;n] uf]ne]+8fsf] ujf/f], rgfsf] uef/f], skf;df nfUg] k'tnLsf] sL/fsf] nfef{ cj:yfnfO{ dfg]{ sfd ub{5 . ;j} k|sf/sf afnLgfnLdf nfUg] nfef{ sL/fsf lj?4 of] clt k|efjsf/L /x]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . o;sf] k|of]u kl5 k'tnLsf nfef{x? /f]ufP/ db{5g\ . efO{/;åf/f u|l;t nfef{n] lj?jfsf] xf+ufdf k5f8Lsf] v'6\6fn] ;dfO{ 6fpsf] tn kf/]/ em'08LPsf] cj:yfdf b]Vg ;lsG5 . oL nfef{sf] d'vaf6 kx]+nf] lkk ;d]t cfp+5 .

k|of]u ljlwafnLdf /flvPsf] of}g hGo kf;f]x?df kmndf Kjfn kfg]{ jo:s k'tnLx? kg{ yfn]kl5 cyjf km'n jf km'naf6 nfef{x? lg:s]sf] b]v]kl5 cyjf nfef{n] To:tf] sfFr'nL km]g'{ cufl8 Pg=kL=le= sf] k|of]u ug'{ k5{ . afnLdf nlIft sL/fsf] lj?4 Pg=lk=le= sf] k|of]u k"j{ jf]tnnfO{ /fd|f] ;Fu xNnfpg], $ yf]kf -)=$ ld=ln=_ k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ a]n'sLkv 5g'{ j]z x'G5 . ;fj'g / v'bf] ld;fO{ 5gf{n] o;sf] 6f+l;g] Ifdtfdf j[l4 u/fpg ;lsG5 . v'bf] jf ;Vv/ ! u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgL / ;fj'g kfgL )=% ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] ld;fpg' kb{5 .

!)) Pn= O{= sf] ! Pd=Pn= jf @)) Pn=O{= sf] )=% Pd=Pn= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ ck/fGxsf] ;do kf/]/ cyf{t ;"of{:t x'g'eGbf cufj} 5g'{ k5{ . efO/; ldl;Psf] emf]ndf % yf]kf gL/ jf ;fj'gsf] emf]n cfwf dfgf jf jfg:klts ljiffbL -dfuf]{;f]d jf jfof]dlN6lgd_ tf]s]sf] dfqfdf ld;fP/ 5bf{ ;"o{sf] ls/0fn] efO/;nfO{ t'?Gt} gi6 ug{ kfp+b}g o;sf] k|of]uaf6 xflgsf/s sL/fx? dfg]{ sfo{df a9L k|efjsf/Ltf ldNb5 . h}ljs sL/f lgoGq0f Joj:yfkg ugf{n]


sL/fdf sL6gfzs ljiffbL krfpg] cj/f]ws u'0fsf] ljsf; x'g kfp+b}g . sL6gfzs ljiffbLsf] h:tf] sL/fx? pQ]lht eO ;+VofTds a[l4 x'g kfp+b}g . Pg=lk=eL= efO/;sf] k|of]un] dflg;, kz', tfhf t/sf/L / kmfObfhgs sL/fx?sf nflu ;'/lIft x'g'sf] ;fy} jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds k|efj klg kb{}g .

rsf]{ 3fdaf6 logLx? gi6 x'g] ePsfn] logsf] k|of]u kfgLdf ld;fO{ j]n'sLkv ug'{ kb{5 . 3fdaf6 jrfpgsf nflu sk8fdf nufpg] lg/ ! ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5gf{n] /fd|f] k|efj kfg{ ;Sb5 . sL/fsf] z'?sf] cj:yfdf k|of]u ug{ ;s]df /fd|f] glthf lng ;lsG5 .

Pg=kL=eL=sf] k|efj M o;sf] k|efj 3fts sL6gfzs ljiffbLsf] h:tf] x'Fb}g . o;sf] k|of]uaf6 k|efljt nfef{x? s]xL lbg kl5 dfq db{5g\ . d/]sf nfef{x? 6fpsf] tn kf/]/ em'l08O{ /x]sf] cj:yfdf b]vf kb{5g\ . efO/;sf] k|of]uaf6 km'ndf / nfef{df x'ls{/x]sf k/hLjLx? plDsg ;kmn x'G5g\ . k|of]u ePsf] afnLdf ls;fgn] klxnf] jif{df g} kmfObfsf] cg'ej ug{ ;Sg] x'G5g\ . bf];|f] / t];|f] jif{df klg ls;fgn] lg/Gt/tf lbg;s] /f;folgs sL6gfzs ljiffbLsf] t'ngfdf vr{df Jofks s6f}tL klg x'G5 .

efO{/; hGo ljiffbLsf u'0fx?jf]6 lj?jfdf cfqmd0f ug]{ efO/;sf] cnfjf k|s[ltdf sL/fx?df /f]u Nofpg ;Sg] ljleGg @) k|sf/sf efO/;x? kQf nfu]sf 5g . oBkL k|d'v ?kdf @ k|sf/sf efO/;n] sL/fdf ;s[o ?kdf /f]u NofpF5g\ .

kmfObfx¿/;folgs sL6gfzs ljiffbL 5g]{ ;fwf/0f :k]o/af6} Pg=kL=eL=sf] klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . logsf] k|of]uaf6 jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds k|efj kb}{g / nlIft xflgsf/s sL/fnfO{ afx]s cGo k|f0fLsf nflu ;'/lIft x'G5 . o;sf] k|efj tf]lsPsf] sL/fsf] k|hftLdf dfq l;ldt /xG5 . logdf sL6gfzs ljiffbL krfpg] cj/f]ws u'0fsf] ljsf; x'g kfpFb}g . /;folgs sL6gfzs ljiffbLsf] h:tf] k|of]u ugf{n] sL/fx¿ pr]lht eO{ ;+VofTds j[l4 x'g kfpb}g . afnLdf km"nkm"Nbf /;folgs sL6gfzs ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ubf{sf] h:tf] h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|efj kb}{g . t/sf/L Pj+ kmnkm"nx¿df Pg=kL=eL= sf] k|of]u ePs} lbgdf klg ahf/df laqmL ug{ / vfgsf] nflu pko'Qm x'G5 . of] xl/of æ;"rsÆ ePsfn] dflg; / kz'sf nflu ;'/lIft x'g'sf] ;fy} aftfj/0fdf ;d]t s'g} gsf/fTds k|jfx kb}{g . k|of]u ug]{ JolQm ;'/lIft /xG5g\ t;y{ ;'/Iffsf klx/g jf pks/0f k|of]u ug'{ kb}{g . sL/fsf] Jofks cfqmd0f ePdf jf x'g] b]lvPdf Pg=kL=eL )=$ Pd=Pn= / jfg:klts ljiffbL -dfuf]{;f]d jf jfof]dlN6lgd % Pd=Pn= k|lt ln6/sf b/n] kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5bf{ k'/} x'ls{;s]sf nfe|] klg e';''Ss} db{5g\ . o;/L jfg:klt ljiffbL;Fu ld;fP/ 5bf{ v'bf], gL/ jf phfnf / ;fa'gsf] emf]n ld;fO/fVg' kb}{g . Pg=kL=eL= nfO{ s'g} klg /;folgs sL6gfzs ljiffbL;Fu ld;fP/ 5bf{ klg sL/fsf] Jofks cfqmd0faf6 afnLnfO{ hf]ufpg ;lsG5 t/ ljiffbLsf] cjz]ifsf] k"0f{ kfngf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

v_ g]df6f]8\; -h'sf_ hGo h}ljs ljiffbL

g]df6f]8\;x? ;fwf/0f h'sfh:t} s'g} /Ë gePsf, v08 g5'l§Psf, xft v'§f h:tf s'g} efu (Appendages) gePsf, htftt}sf df6f]leq /xg] k/hLjL / lglZrt hLjdf /f]u Nofpg] ;'Id hLjx? x'g\ . k/hLjL g]df6f]8n] af]6 lj?jfdf cg]sf}F k|sf/sf /f]u NofpF5g\ . ljz]ifu/L lj?jfsf] h/fdf ufF7f agfO, kftdf a;L jf bfgfdf /x]/ /; r';L vfgfn] kft ;fgf x'g], ga9\g], kx]+lng] jf u'0f:t/xLg x'g] x'G5 / pTkfbgdf 7'nf] x|f; NofOlbG5g\ . kmfObfhgs g]df6f]8x? (Steinernematid and Heterorhabditid) n] JofS6]l/of ;Fusf] ;DaGwåf/f sL/fx?nfO{ cfqmd0f ug]{ ub{5g\ . o:tf g]df6f]8x?sf] k|of]un] s'g} cGo hLjnfO{ c;/ kf/]sf] kfOPsf] 5}g . logLx? /;folgs ljiffbL aL=6L eGbf ;'/lIft5g\ / 5bf{ s'g} ;'/lIft pkfo ckgfpg' kb}{g (Georgis et al 1991) .

x]6]/f]/XofJ8fol6; / :6/gfOg]dfl68\; k|hftLsf h'sfx? k|d'v h'sf hGo h}ljs ljiffbLx? x'g . logn] klg sL/fsf] zl// leq k;L sL/fx? dfb{5g . g]df6f]8 hGo h}ljs ljiffbLx? vf;u/L xfd|f] b]zdf cg';Gwfgdf dfq l;dLt 5g / logsf]


pTkfbg xfd|f] ahf/df b]Vg kfO{Psf] 5}g . ;fdfGotof g]df6f]8\;x?n] hLljt sL/fx?df cfqmd0f ug'{kbf{ sL/fsf] 3f+6L / k]6sf] ljr efudf cfqmd0f ub{5g\ . sL/fsf] 5fnf x'+b} leq k|j]z ub{5 . o;sf] c;/ k'/} b]Vgsf nflu & b]lv !@ lbg ;Dd nfUb5 . t/ ;fgf ev{/sf nfef{x? eg] ! xKtfd} d/]sf b]lvG5g . g]df6f]8 -kmfO{bfhgs h'sf_ df d'Vo k|hftLsf pkof]uL hLjx? h:t}, x]6]/f]Xofjl86; / :6/gfOg]dfl68\; x'g . logn] sL/fsf] zl// leq k;L dfb{5g . g]df6f]8\; cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLx/ vf;u/L xfd|f] b]zdf cg';Gwgdf dfq l;ldt 5 / lgs6 eljiodf g} of] jhf/df cfpg] ;Defjgfdf /x]sf] 5 . o;df cfwfl/t ljiffbL eGgfn] vf;u/L ;;fgf ;'Id g]df6f]8\;sf k|hftLx?nfO{ kfgLdf 3'nfO{ tof/ ul/Psf] x'G5 . h'g k|of]u ul/;s]kl5 k'tnL, jf?nf, lem+uf tyf vk6] ;d'xsf jRrf sL/fx?sf] zl//df logn] k|j]z ub{5g . oL dfO{qmf]:sf]kn] b]Vg ;lsg] ;'Id hLjx? sL/fsf] zl//df k|j]z u/]/ cfkmgf] sf/0fn] dfg'{ eGbf klg logn] h]gf]/Xofj8\; / kmf]6f]/Xofj8; eGg] JofS6]l/ofsf] sf/0fn] sL/fnfO{ dfg{ ;S5g\ . o;sf] dtnj oL JofS6]l/ofx? g]df6f]8sf] zl//sf] leqL efudf j;]sf x'G5g\ . hj g]df6f]8 xflgsf/s sL/fsf nfef{sf zl// leq k|j]z ub{5 tj logn] ;Fu} lnP/ uPsf] JofS6]l/of klg sL/fsf] nfef{sf] z/L/sf] /ut jUg] efu x'+b} kl5 uP/ ;j} k|s[ofx? jGb u/fO{ lbG5 .

g]df6f]8 / JofS6]l/of ljrsf] o; k|sf/sf] ;DjGw nfO{ l;djfof]l6s ;DaGw elgG5 . ;fdfGotof oL g]df6f]8x?n] sL/fsf] nfef{sf] zl// leq k|j]z u/]kl5 @$ b]lv &@ 306f leq sL/f dfb{5g\ . sL/f dg]{ sf/0f JofS6]l/of ePsfn] o;nfO{ Bacterimia / lj:tf/} dg]{ ePsfn] ;]K6L;]oflds d[To" elgG5 . oL g]df6f]8\;df $) eGbf j9L k|hftLx?sf sL/f dfg{sf nflu pkof]uL ePsf] s'/f ljleGg cg';Gwfgaf6 kQf nfu]sf] 5 tfklg b'O{ k|hftLx? h:t} x]6]/f]Xofj8fO6L; / :6fOg/g]dfl68\; nfO{ ljsl;t /fi6|x?n] xflgsf/s sL/fsf zl// h:t} un]l/of -d}g k'tnL_, e08f/0fdf nfUg] 3'g, k'Tnfsf jRrfsf zl//df j[l4 u/fO{ kfgLdf ;+lrt u/L ljleGg gfdx? h:t} g]dfug l8=l8= !#^, g]dfl68\; OTofbL gfdn] ljqmL ljt/0f u/]sf] kfO{G5 . oL g]df6f]8\;x?n] sL/fdf cfqmd0f ug'{ k/]df sL/fsf] ;Dks{ ljlw g} xf] tfklg logLx? sL/fsf] zl// leq l5g{ g]df6f]8\;sf] ltvf] ;'+8 jf ;fwfgåf/f sL/fsf] lb;f ug]{ efu jf ;f; km]g]{ efu jf s'g} klg k|sf/sf k|fs[lts v'nf efu OTofbL dfkm{t leq k|j]z u/L sL/f df/]kl5 k'gM pQm ;s[of g]df6f]8sf] jRrf km]/L df6f]df :jtGq ?kdf j:b5g\ / sL/fx?sf] vf]hLdf /lx/xG5g\ . sL/fx?sf jRrf ;Dks{df cfpgf;fy sL/fsf] zl//df k|j]z u/L k'gM hLjgL z'? ub{5g . o;sf] dtnj cfqmd0f ug]{ kbfy{ eg]sf] ;s[o nfef{ xf] h;nfO{ t]>f] cj:yfsf] nfef{ elgG5 . of] efn] tyf kf]yL b'j} c+u ;lxtsf] x'G5, h;sf] d}y'lgs / cd}y'lgs s[ofaf6 ;Gtfg j9\b} sL/fsf] zl// / jflx/L df6f]df ljsf; eO{ /xG5 . df6f]d'gL j;L IftL ug]{ sL/fx? vf;u/L v'd|], wdL/f, /ftf] sdLnfnfO{, km]b s6'jfsf nfef{x?nfO{ j9L dfqfdf o:tf ;'Id hLljo hLjx?sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . xfd|f] b]zdf klg oL hLjx? k|;:t ePsf] / lognfO{ un]l/of sL/fsf] zl//df /fvL df6f]af6 cfsif{0f u/L pTkfbg ug]{ ;DjGwL cWoog k'/f eO{ ;s]sf] 5 .

kmfobfhgs g]df6f]x?–oL @ k|sf/sf hftLx? 5g\ . Steinernematid pTkfbg ug{ ;lhnf Heterorhabditid pTkfbg ug{ cln ufx|f], hfkgLh vk6]/ v'd|] lgoGq0fdf k|efjsf/L

oL b'j} kmfobfhgs g]df6f]8x? h'g;'s} jftfj/0fdf v]t, rp/, h+un, ;'Vvf 7fpF / ;d'Gb|sf] lsf/sf df6f]df kfOG5g\ . kmfobfhgs g]df6f]8x? df6f]df hxfF v'd|] sL/fx? kfOG5g\ . kmfobfhgs g]df6f]8x? df6f]df hxfF v'd|] sL/fx? kfOG5g\ . df6f] vGg] sL/f, u8\of}nf, JofS6]l/of, 9';L k|f]6f]hf]jf / cGo g]df6f]8x? vfG5g\ .

g]df6f]8x? s;/L sL/fsf] z/L/ k:5g\ <g]df6f]8x?sf] a[l4sf ̂ cj:yfx? -km'n, $ h'e]gfOn / jo:s_ x'G5g\ . jo:sn] cfˆgf] hLjgsfn k/hLjL eP/ sL/fsf] z/L/leq ljtfpF5 . o:tf g]df6f]8x?sf t]>f] h'e]gfOn cj:yfdf df6f] leqsf] kfgL jf l5b|df x'G5g\ . df6f]df ePsf sL/fn] ha Zjf; km]g{ yfn5g\ . To;a]nf g]df6f]8\;x? sL/fsf] d'v, u'b4f/ jf xfjf l5g]{ Kjfnaf6 z/L/df k:b5g\ / rfF9} zl//df km}lnG5g\ . ha Steinernematid sf] b'Oj6f jf Heterorhabditid sf] Pp6f g]df6f]8 zl//leq k:5 To;n] cfˆgf] u'båf/ (Anus) af6 JofS6]l/of lgsfNb5 / Ps–b'O lbg leqdf sL/fnfO{ dfl/ lbG5 . z/L/df JofS6]l/ofn] kl/jt{g u/]sf] vfgf oL g]df6f]8x?n] vfO lbG5g\ / b'O{ xKtfleq} g]df6f]8sf w]/} a+z lg:sG5g\ . Ps sL/faf6 #%)))) g]df6f]8 !) b]lv !% lbgdf lg:sG5g\ . g]df6f]8x?n] ha 9';L / JofS6]l/of vfG5g\ ta To;af6 Pdf]ldof lg:sG5 . g]df6f]8n] klg k|fËfl/s kbfy{ 6'qmofp5 h;n] ubf{ If]qkmn a9\5 . of] ;'Id hLjx?nfO{ ;8fpg, unfpg ;lhnf] x'G5 t;y{ kmfObfhgs g]df6f]8x? df6f]sf] dlnnf]kgfsf] ;"rsx? klg x'g\ . (Cranshaw and Zimmerman,2009) .


kmfobfhgs g]df6f]8n] dfg]{ sL/fx? g]df6f]8\;n] @#) eGbf a9L o:tf k|sf/sf sL/fx? dfg{ k|efjsf/L kfOPsf 5g\ . ltgLx? ljz]ift oL x'g\ .

3'gx? (Weevils) em'l;nsL/fx? (Caterpillars)

kt]/f (Billbugs) km]bs6'jf (Cutworms)

v'd|] (White grub) dyx/ (Artichoke plume moth and clear wing moth)

uaf/f] (Iris borer) lemFufx? (Flies)

9';L (Fngus gnats) vk6]x? ( Beetles)

lslysf{ (Mole crickets) wld/f (Termites)

kmfobfhgs g]df6f]x?nfO{ s;/L k|of]u ug]{ <l;rfO{ ubf{ jf $)–$)) Uofn]g kfgL jf dnvfbdf ld;fP/ @)) ldlnog g]df6f]8 Ps Ps8sf b/n] /fVg ;lsG5 . ljZjfl;nf] k;naf6dfq g]df6f]8 lsGg] / k|of]u ug'{ k"j{ /fd|f];Fu /fVg] . hlt;Sof] rfF8} 5g]{ . g]df6f]8\; /fVg' k"j{ df6f]hGo sL/fx? 5 5}gg Plsg ug]{ . g]df6f]8\; hlxn] klg b'O{ k6s 5g'{ k5{ . df6f]sf] lr:ofg 5 jf 5}g Plsg ug]{/ 5g'{ k"j{ / kl5 l;FrfO ug]{ / l;FrfO{ ubf{ xhf/L jf :k|]o/ k|of]u ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 . udL{ ;dodf ljxfg a]n'sf 5g]{, pko'Qm tfkqmd ^) b]lv () l8=km= x'g' k5{

^=$ 9';LhGo h}ljs ljiffbL (Fungal pathogen) Aofj;flos t/Lsfn] pTkfbg ul/Psf 9';Lsf] k|of]un] v]tdf klg sL/f jf /f]u lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf 9';Lx? dWo] Coelomomyces stegomylae n] nfdv'§] dfg{, Entomophtora erupta n] :ofpsf] xl/of] kt]/f] lgoGq0f ug{ / Zoophthora

radicans n] cNkmf cNkmf 3fF;sf] sL/f lgoGq0f ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 . s'g} vf; sf/0fn] cf>o lbg] / cfqmd0f ug]{ hLjf0f'sf] ;+Vof a[l4 x'g pko'Qm jftfj/0f, /f]u a9\g / km}ng w]/} t/Lsfx? 5g\ . To;}n] ltgsf] jf;:ynsf] Joj:yfkg, afnLsf] s[lif sd{sf lqmofsnfkdf kl/jt{g, l;+rfO{ lbg] jf ljiffbL 5g]{ h:tf sfo{x? ;f]r ljrf/ u/]/ dfq ug'{ kb{5 .

s'g} z'IdhLjx?nfO{ s[lqd t/Lsfn] pTkfbg ug{ sl7g x'G5 t/ k|fs[lts cj:yfdf lgs} k|efjsf/L x'G5g\ . logLx?n] k|fo ljiffn' kbfy{ lgsfN5g\ . 9';Ln] sL/fsf] 5fnfdf aflx/L s8f kqaf6 leq k|a]z ub{5g\ . / z/L/e/L l56} km}lnG5g\ . logLx?n] /Qmsf]ifx?df cfqmd0f ug]{ / ljiffn' kbfy{ lgsfNgfn] sL/fsf] d[To' x'G5 . 9';Lsf s0fx? -lahx?_ xfjf kfgL jf cGo sL/fsf] ;Dks{n] ubf{ cGoq km}ng yfNb5g\ . pbfx/0f Entomopthora muscae Kofhsf] lemFuf, aGbfsf] lem+uf dfg{ k|of]u x'G5 . Beauveria bassiana ;]tf] lemFuf, nflx, km6\ofª\u|f, wld/f, cfn'sf] vk6], l;dLsf] vk6] ds}sf] uef/f], v'd|] cflb sL/f dfg{ k|of]u x'G5 . lj?jf / df6f]af6 o:tf 9';Lx?sf] ;f/ lgsfNg ;lsG5 / pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L pTkflbt ljiffbL %) s]=hL= k|lt x]S6/sf b/n] df6f]df ldnfP/ 5g{ ;lsG5 . o:t} Trichoderma species ljleGg afnLdf df6f]af6 ;g]{ /f]ux? lgoGq0f ug{ k|of]u x'G5g\ .

6«fOsf]8df{ 9';Laf/] hfgsf/L / o;sf] k|of]u

6«fOsf]8df{ (Trichoderma) sf ;a} hftx? k|fo df6f]df / ljleGg jf;:yfgdf kfOG5g\ . logLx?nfO{ df6f]af6 lgsfn]/ (Extract) sNr/ v]tL ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 . logLx?sf] af/]df ;g\ !*)! df Persoon ex Gray n] cWoog u/]sf lyP . logLx?sf d'Vo d'Vo k|hftLx? Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride, T. hamatum, T. virens, T. longibrachiatum, T. pseudokoningi cflb x'g\ . s]xL pkhftL (Strains) lj?jfsf] h/fsf] jl/kl/ g} em'Kk eP/ a:g], /f]usf hLjf0f'x?;Fu vfgf, xfjf, 7fpF cflbdf k|l:kwf{ ub{5g\ / /f]usf hLjf0f'sf] ;+Vof 36fpg / pTkfbg a9fpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5g\ . t;y{ o:tf pkhftLx? df6f]df jf jLpdf s'g} t/Lsfaf6 ldnfO{G5 jf 5l/G5 Psk6s logLx? h/fsf] ;Dks{df cfPkl5 em'Kkf aGb5g\ . olb aLp


pkrf/af6 o:tf pkhftLx? k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 eg] ltgLx? h/fsf] Ps ld6/sf] j/k/df jf df6f]sf] ;txeGbf tn;Dd k|of]u ul/Psf] !* dlxgf;Dd pkof]uL ;+Vofdf g} kfOG5g\ t/ s'g} s'g} pkhftLdf eg] o:tf] Ifdtf Go'g x'G5 .

ahf/df kfOg] ælgk|f]6Æ 6«fOsf]8/df xf]lh{ofgd / 6«fOsf]8/df le/L8L kmfObfhgs 9';L x'g\ h:n] afnLdf af]6 lj?jfx¿df nfUg] 9';L /f]usf ljkl/t ;+/If0f lbg'sf] ;fy} /f]usf] j[l4 x'gaf6 /f]Sb 5g\ . logn] cfˆgf] sf]if ;txdf u'0flxg tTjo'Qm ljifn'kbfy{ agfp5g\ h:n] ubf{ /f]uo'Qm 9';Lsf] a[l4 Pj+ ljsf;df afwf kfb{5 . afnLlj?jfdf Iflt ug]{ g]d]6f]8sf] km'nsf] vf]i6f jf nfe|]sf] 5fnfdf 6«Osf]8/dfsf] pkhftLx¿n] /;folgs tTj pTkfbg u/L /f]Sb 5g\ h;n] ubf{ ljiffn' tTjx¿sf] h}ljs ld>0fsf] cfbfg k|bfg x'Fbf z/L/sf] lelq agf]6df afwf Nofpb5 . /f]ux¿ Sofk;'n /6, sf]nf/ /6 8\oflDkË ckm, km'6 /6, /fOhf]d /6, ?6 g6, ?6 /6, :6]d /6, / ljN6 cflb . /f]uf0f'÷hLjx¿ af]6«fOl6; l;g]l/of, km'hfl/od clS;:kf]/d, d]nf]8LufOgsf pkhftLx¿, kmfO6f]Kyf]/f Kof/fl;l6sf, kmfO6f]Kyf]/fsf pkhftLx¿, lklyodsf pkhftLx¿, /fOhf]S6f]lgof afln6Laf]nf, /fOhf]S6f]lgof ;f]nfgL / l;n]/f]l6od /f]Nkm;L cflb kb{5g\ . afnLx¿ s]/f, rgf, kfg, e06f, e]8]vf];f{gL, cn}rL, sfpnL, cldnf]hft, slkm, skf;, sfFqmf km;L{ cb'jf, abfd, tf]/L, /fdtf]l/of -le08L_, Kofh, s]/fp, vf];f{gL, cfn', /x/, e6df;, r's'Gb/, pFv', ;"o{d'vL, lrof, uf]ne]F8f, a];f/ / ux'F kb{5g\ .

aLp pkrf/M % u|fd k|lt s]=hL= aLpsf b/n] k|of]u ul/G5 . t/LsfM % u|fd 6«fOsf]8df{ !% dLnLnL6/ kfgLdf jf eftsf] df8df ld;fP/ ! s]=hL= aLpsf b/n] aLp pkrf/ ug]{ ul/G5 . o;nfO{ cfwf 306f hlt 5fFofdf ;'sfP/ /fVg] / To;kl5 dfq aLp /f]Kg] .

cfn'sf] bfgf, cb'jf jf sl6Ësf] pkrf/ t/Lsf M !) u|fd 6«fOsf]8df{ ! nL6/ kfgLdf ld;fpg] / ;f] emf]ndf oL a:t'nfO{ 8'Ag]u/L !% ldg]6;Dd /fVg] / To;kl5 dfq /f]Kg] .

a]gf{ aLp pkrf/M !) u|fd 6«fOsf]8df{n] !# /f]kgLdf /f]Kg rflxg] lj?jfnfO{ pkrf/ ug{ k'Ub5 . t/LsfM % b]lv !) u|fd 6«fOsf]8df{ ! nL6/ kfgLdf ld;fpg] / ;f] emf]ndf !%–@) ldg]6;Dd a]gf{sf h/f 9'Ag]u/L /fVg] / To;kl5 dfq lj?jf /f]Kg] .

g;{/L a]8sf] pkrf/M @%) u|fd 6«fOsf]8df{n] $)) ju{ ld6/ hUufnfO{ pkrf/ ug{ k'ub5 .

g;{/La]8df 8«]~r ug]{M @%) u|fd 6«fOsf]8df{ %) nL6/ kfgLdf ld;fPsf] emf]nn] hldgd'lg k'¥ofP/ $)) ju{ ld6/ hUufnfO{ pkrf/ ug{ k'Ub5 .

dndf ld;fP/ 5g]{M @%) u|fd 6«fOsf]8df{ @ s]=hL= ufO{sf] uf]a/df jf sDkf]i6 jf uf]a/ dndf /fd|/L ldnfpg] / To;nfO{ $)) ju{ ld6/ g;{/La]8df lkmhfP/ xNsf l;+rfO{ lbg] .

d'Vo v]tdf 5g]{M #)) u|fd 6«fOsf]8df{ !# /f]kgLdf pkrf/ ug{ kUb5 .

t/LsfM #)) u|fd 6«fOsf]8df{ ^ s]=hL= ufO{sf] uf]a/df jf sDkf]i6 jf uf]a/ dndf /fd|/L ldnfpg] / To;nfO{ v]tdf 5/]/ xNsf l;rfO ug]{ . #) u|fd 6«fOsf]8df{n] %)) ju{ ld6/ -! /f]kgL_ hUufnfO{ k"Ug]u/L 5g]{ .

t/LsfM #) u|fd 6«fOsf]8df{n] ̂ s]=hL= ufO{sf] uf]a/df jf sDkf]i6 jf uf]a/ dndf /fd|/L ldnfP/ sfnf] KnflK6sn] 5f]k]/ &–!% lbg /fv]/ 6«fOsf]8df{ 9';Lsf] /fd|/L ljsf; ePkl5 d'Vo v]tdf 5g]{ .

xnf]sf] l;of]df jf 8\ofFËdf /fVg]M dfly -s_ jf -v_ df h:t} t/Lsfn] /fVbf cfn', cb'jf, xn]bf] / pv' h:tf afnLdf k|efjsf/L x'G5 . of] /f]k]sf] #) lbgkl5 jf hj uf]8d]n ul/G5 ;f] ;dodf /fVg' kb{5 .


lj?jfsf] kftdf 5g]{M %)) u|fd 6«fOsf]8df{n] !# /f]kgLdf hUufdf nufPsf lj?jfnfO{ k'Ug]u/L 5g]{ . t/LsfM !) u|fd 6«fOsf]8df{ !% dLnL nL6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ n]bf] agfpg] / To;nfO{ !=% nL6/ kfgLdf /fv]/ /fd|/L 3'n]kl5 lj?jfsf] ;Dk"0f{ efudf kg]{u/L ;fFemkv 5g]{{ .

;]tf] h}ljs sL6gfzs 9';L -a'e]l/of al;ofgf_k|s[ltdf /f]ufP/ d/]sf sL/fx¿df of] kmfObfhgs 9';L km]nf kb{5 . g/d z/L/ ePsf sL/fx¿ h:t} nfO{, ly|K;, ;]tf]lemFuf, ldlnju, kfOl/oNnf, h]l;8, aGbfsf] k'tnL, O{6a'§] k'tnLsf nfe|]x¿, wfgafnLsf v}/f] / ;]tf] r';xfx¿df o;sf] k|of]u a9L pkof]uL x'G5 . t/sf/L, kmnkm"n, skf;, wfg, ds}, ;"tL{, pv' cflb afnLx¿df of] h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|of]u k|efjsf/L x'G5 . of] 9';Ln] nlIft xflgsf/s sL/fx¿sf] z/L/df cfqmd0f ub{5 . 9';Lsf hLjf0f'x¿ sL/fsf] 5fnfdf 6fFl;5 . of] 9';L ;lqmoe} pd|]kl5 cfˆgf] TofGb|f] sL/fsf] z/L/ leq l5/fpFb5 / sL/fsf] z/L/e/L 9';L km}lnG5 . jftfj/0fdf ;fk]lIfs cfb|tf / lr:ofg a9]sf] cj:yfdf dfq o;sf] k|efjsf/Ltf klg a9\b5 . @$ b]lv $* 306fdf sL/fx¿ k"0f{tofdf /f]ufpFb 5g\ t/ tfkqmddf klg e/{ kb{5 . /f]ufPsf sL/fx¿ $ b]lv * lbg leq db{5g\ / d/]kl5 z/L/ leqsf hLjf0f'x¿ d/]sf] sL/fsf] z/L/af6 jflx/ lg:sG5g\ / km}lnG5 . o;/L d/]sf sL/fx¿ 5'Fbf ;f/f] x'G5 . log} sL/faf6 9';Lsf hLjf0f'x¿ afnL lj?jfdf km}lng d2t ub{5g\ . nlIft sL/fdf of] 9';Ln] cfˆgf] k|efj l;ldt /fVb5 .

afnLx¿ ljleGg afnLx¿df /flvPsf] of}ghGo kbfy{o'Qm kf;f]x¿df jo:s sL/fx¿ kg{yfn]kl5 cyjf km'naf6 sL/fx¿ lg:s]sf] b]v]kl5 cyjf sL/fsf] cfqmd0f Jofksx'g] h:tf] b]lvPdf ;fy} /;folgs sL6gfzs ljiffbLsf] k|b'if0faf6 jftfj/0fnfO{ hf]ufpg of] h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ug'{ k5{ .

k|of]u kfgLdf ld;fP/ dfq h'g;'s} :k|];/åf/f ck/fGxdf ;"o{ c:tfpg' eGbf cufl8 5bf{ j];x'G5 . cyjf sL/fnfO{ vfgsf] nflu cfsif{0f u/fpg -! u|fd v'bf] k|lt ln6/, ;"o{sf] cN6«fofof]n]6 ls/0faf6 hf]ufpg -! Pd=Pn= phfnf cyjf gL/ k|lt ln6/_ / af]6lj?jfsf kftx¿df /fd|f];Fu 6fFl;gsf] nflu -)=% Pd=Pn= ;fa'gsf] emf]n k|lt ln6/_ ld;fP/ 5bf{ j]; x'G5 . &%) b]lv !))) u|fd k|lt x]S6/sf b/n] k|of]u ubf{ x'G5 cyjf ! u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5bf{ klg x'G5 cyjf ! u|fd k|lt ju{ ld6/sf b/n] 5bf{ x'G5 . of] 9';L !×!) ;Dd :kf]/ k|lt u|fddf x'g' kb{5 .

Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿of] Pp6f kmfObfhgs 9';LhGo h}ljs ljiffbL ePsf] x'gfn] o;sf] k|of]u ePsf] 7fpFdf /;folgs 9';Lgfzs ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ug'{ xF'b}g . k|of]u g} kg]{ ePdf $* 306f kl5 dfq k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 . of] 9';LnfO{ ;"o{sf] ls/0faf6 hf]ufP/ l;tn / ;'Vvf 7fpFdf Ps jif{ ;+lrt ug{ ;lsG5 . /]lk|mh]/]S6/ jf lk|mhdf g/fVbf j]z x'G5 . t/ of] 9';LnfO{ pRr tfkqmd / Go"g tfkqmdsf] kl/jt{gjf6 hf]ufpg' k5{ . of] h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ePsf] 7fpFdf pko'Qm lr:ofgsf] Joj:yf ug'{ k5{ . vf;ul/sg ;fk]lIfs cfb|tf a9L x'g' k5{ / tfkqmd #)) ;]lN;o; eGbf sd ePdf o;sf] k|efjsf/Ltf klg /fd|f] x'G5 .

kmfObfx¿/;folgs sL6gfzs ljiffbL 5g]{ ;fwf/0f :k|]o/af6} of] ;]tf] h}ljs sL6gfzs 9';Lsf] klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] k|of]uaf6 jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds k|efj kb}{g / nlIft xflgsf/s sL/fnfO{ jfx]s cGo k|fl0fsf nflu ;'/lIft x'G5 . nlIft sL/fdf o;sf] cfˆgf] k|efj l;ldt /xG5 . o;df sL6gfzs ljiffbL krfpg] cj/f]ws u'0fsf] ljsf; x'g kfpb}g\ . of] 9';Lsf] k|of]u ugf{n] sL6gfzs ljiffbLsf] h:tf] sL/fx¿ pQ]lht eO{ ;+ª\ofTds j[l4 x'g kfpb}g\ . afnLdf km"n km"n km"Nbf /;folgs sL6gfzs ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ubf{sf] h:tf] of] h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|efj kb}{g .


t/sf/L Pj+ kmnkm"nx¿df of] h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ePs} lbgdf klg ahf/df ljlqm ug{ / vfgsf] nflu pko'Qm x'G5 . of] kmfObfhgs 9';L æxl/of] ;"rsÆ ePsf]n] dflg;, kz', r/fx¿, df}/L / cGo kmfObfhgs hLjx¿df c;/ ub}{g . tfhf t/sf/L Pj+ kmnkm"nx¿sf nflu of] ;'\/lIft x'gsf] ;fy} jftfj/0fdf ;d]t s'g} gsf/fTds k|efj kb}{g . k|of]u ug]{ JolQm ;'/lIft /xG5g\ t;y{ ;'/Iffsf klx/g jf pks/0fsf] k|of]u ug'{ kb}{g . sL/fsf] Jofks cfqmd0f ePdf jf x'g] b]lvPdf of] h}ljs ljiffbL % u|fd / jfg :klts ljiffbL -dfuL{;f]d jf afof]dlN6lgd_ % Pd=Pn== k|lt ln6/sf b/n] kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5bf{ k"0f{ ljsl;t nfe|]x¿ klg e;Ss} db{5g . o;/L jfg:klts ljiffbL;Fu ld;fP/ 5bf{ v'bf], gL/ jf phfnf / ;fa'gsf] emf]n ld;fO/fVg' kb}{g . of] h}ljs ljiffbLnfO{ s'g} klg /;folgs sL6gfzs ljiffbL;Fu ld;fP/ 5bf{ klg sL/fsf] Jofks cfqmd0faf6 afnLnfO{ hf]ufpg ;lsG5 t/ /;folgs ljiffbLsf] cjz]ifsf] k"0f{ kfngf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

xl/of] h}ljs sL6gfzs 9';L, d]6/lxlhod Plg;f]Kn]oL

k|s[ltdf /f]ufP/ d/]sf sL/fx¿df of] kmfObfhgs 9';L km]nf kb{5 . df6f] leq a;L af]6lj?jfsf h/fx¿ vfOlbG5g\ / s[ifsn] 7"nf] Iflt a]xf]g'{ k5{ . afnLlj?jfnfO{ Iflt k'¥ofpg] sL/fx¿ h:t} v'd|], /ftf] sldnf, wld/f, s6'jf, lsyf]{, 6\jfF6L Pj+ km6\ofª\u|f]nfO{ /f]ufP/ dfg{sf nflu of] a8f] k|efjsf/L h}ljs ljiffbL xf] . o;n] sL/fsf] 5fnfdf cfˆgf] ;Dks{ :yflkt u/]kl5 sL/fs} 5fnfleq k:b5 / sL/fsf] /utdf cfqmd0f ub{5 . jftfj/0fdf ;fk]lIfs cfb|tf a9]sf] cj:yfdf dfq logsf] ;lqmotf a9\b5 / sL/fsf] 5fnfleq l5g{ d2t k'Ub5 . afnL lj?jfdf xflgsf/s sL/f lgoGq0fsf nflu k|of]u u/]kl5 logn] t]:tf sL/fdf cfqmd0f ub{5g / @ lbg leq t]:tf sL/fx¿ lg:s[o x'G5g\ . & b]lv !) lbgdf /f]ufPsf sL/fx¿ db{5g\ . o;/L d/]sf sL/fx¿ afnL lj?jfdf 6fFl;G5g\ / sL/fx¿ 5'+bf ;f/f] x'G5 . log} sL/faf6 9';Lsf hLjf0f'x¿ afnL lj?jfdf km}lng d2t ub{5g\ . of] 9';Lsf] k|of]uaf6 % b]lv !)Ü dfq wld/f / /ftf] sldnf /f]ufpg ;s] b'O{ xKtf hltdf k'/} uf]nf leqsf aufn ;vfk x'G5 . of] 9';LnfO{ ;"o{sf] ls/0faf6 hf]ufP/ lztn / ;'Vvf 7fpFdf Ps jif{ ;Dd ;+lrt ug{ ;lsG5 . /]k|mLh]/]6/ jf k|mLhdf g/fVbf a]; x'G5 . cGo ljiffbL jf xdf]{g jf vfBtTj jf 6lgs;Fu ld;fP/ 5g'{ eGbf of] 9';Ldfq 5bf{ a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 . /;folgs sL6gfzs ljiffbLsf] k|b'if0faf6 jftfj/0fnfO{ hf]ufpg of] h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ug'{ k5{ .

Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿k|of]ukfgL;Fu ld;fP/ dfq h'g;'s} :k|]o/åf/f ck/fGxdf ;"o{ c:tfpg' eGbf cufl8 5b{f j]; x'G5 . cyjf sL/fnfO{ vfgsf] nflu cfsif{0f u/fpg -! u|fd v'bf] k|lt ln6/_, ;"o{sf] cN6«fefof]n]6 ls/0faf6 hf]ufpg -! Pd=Pn= phfnf cyjf gL/ k|lt ln6/_ / af]6lj?jfsf kftx¿df /fd|f];Fu 6fFl;gsf] nflu -)=% Pd=Pn= ;fa'gsf] emf]n k|lt ln6/_ ld;fP/ 5bf{ a]; x'G5 .

df6f]sf] pkrf/! u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] agfPsf] emf]nn] af]6lj?jfsf] h/fdf kg]{ u/L km]bdf xflnlbg' k5{ .

lapsf] pkrf/lap 5g'{ eGbf cuf8L % b]lv ^ u|fd of] 9';L k|lt lsnf]u|fd lapsf b/n] pkrf/ ug'{ k5{ .

Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿of] Pp6f kmfObfhgs 9';LhGo h}ljs ljiffbL ePsf] x'gfn] o;sf] k|of]u ePsf] 7fpFdf /;folgs 9';Lgfzs ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ug'{ xF'b}g . k|of]u ug}{ kg]{ ePdf $* 306f kl5 dfq k|of]u ug'{ k5{ . of] 9';LnfO{ ;"o{sf] ls/0faf6 hf]ufP/ lztn / ;'Vvf 7fpFdf Ps jif{;Dd ;+lrt ug{ ;lsG5 . /]k|mLh]/]6/ jf lk|mhdf g/fVbf j]; x'G5 . t/ of] 9';LnfO{ pRr tfkqmd / Go"g tfkqmdsf] kl/jt{gaf6 hf]ufpg' k5{ . of] h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ePsf] 7fpFdf pko'Qm lr:ofgsf] Joj:yf ug'{ k5{ . vf;u/Lsg ;fk]lIfs cfb|tf a9L x'g' k5{ / tfkqmd #)) ;]lN;o; eGbf sd ePdf o;sf] k|efjsfl/tf klg /fd|f] x'G5 .


kmfObfx¿/;folgs sL6gfzs ljiffbL 5g]{ ;fwf/0f :k|]o/af6} of] xl/of] h}ljs sL6gfzs 9';Lsf] klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] k|of]uaf6 jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds k|efj kb}{g / nlIft xflgsf/s sL/fnfO{ jfx]s cGo k|f0fLsf nflu ;'/lIft x'G5 . nlIftsL/fdf o;sf] cfˆgf] k|efj l;ldt /xG5 . o;df sL6gfzs ljiffbL krfpg] cj/f]ws u'0fsf] ljsf; x'g kfpb}g . of] 9';Lsf] k|of]u ugf{n] sL6gfzs ljiffbLsf] h:tf] sL/fx¿ pQ]lht eO{ ;+VofTds j[l4 x'g kfpb}g\ . afnLdf km"nkm"Nbf /;folgs sL6gfzs ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ubf{sf] h:tf] of] h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|efj kb}{g . t/sf/L Pj+ kmnkm"nx¿df of] h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ePs} lbgdf klg ahf/df ljqmlug{ / vfgsf] nflu pko'Qm x'G5 . of] kmfObf hgs 9';L æxl/of] ;"rsÆ ePsf]n] dflg;, kz', tfhf t/sf/L Pj+ kmnkm"nx¿df c;/ ub}{g . tfhf t/sf/L Pj+ kmnkm"nx¿sf nflu of] ;'/lIft x'gsf] ;fy} jftfj/0fdf ;d]t s'g} gsf/fTds k|efj kb}{g . k|of]u ug]{ JolQm ;'/lIft /xG5g\ t;y{ ;'/Iffsf klx/g jf pks/0fsf] k|of]u ug'{ kb}{g . sL/fsf] Jofks cfqmd0f ePdf jf x'g] b]lvPdf of] h}ljs ljiffbL % u|fd / jfg:klts ljiffbL -dfuf]{;f]d jf afof]dlN6lgd_ % Pd=Pn= k|lt ln6/sf b/n] kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5bf{ k"0f{ ljsl;t sL/fx¿ klg e;Ss} db{5g . o;/L jfg:klts ljiffbL;Fu ld;fP/ 5bf{ v'bf], gL/ jf phfnf / ;fa'gsf] emf]n ld;fO /fVg' kb}{g . of] h}ljs ljiffbLnfO{ s'g} klg /;folgs sL6gfzs ljiffbL;Fu ld;fP/ 5bf{ klg sL/fsf] Jofks cfqmd0faf6 afnLnfO{ hf]ufpg ;lsG5 t/ /;folgs ljiffbLsf] cjz]ifsf] k"0f{ kfngf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

^=% JofS6]l/ofhGo h}ljs ljiffbL (Bacteria)AofS6]l/ofx? cfFvfn] b]Vg g;lsg] z'Id hLj x'g\ . logLx? df6f], kfgL / xfjfdf kfOG5g\ . logsf] k|of]u u/]/ klg df6f]hGo /f]ux? / s]lx sL/fx?sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . l;p8f]df]gfh km'n'/];]G; (Pseudomonas fluorescencens) / Aofl;n; ;jl6lnh (Bacillus substiis) JofS6]l/ofn] df6f]hGo /f]u lgoGq0f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpb5g\ (Cook et al 1978) . l;p8f]df]gfh JofS6]l/ofn] /fOhf]JofS6/ (Rhizobactor) JofS6]l/ofnfO{ h/fsf] jl/kl/ a9fpg d2t k'¥ofp5 (Kloepper

and Schroth, 1978: Dubey, 2001) Pseudomonas fluorescencens/ Pseudomonas putida n] /f]u cj/f]ws /;fogx? (Anti-

biotics) pTkfbg ub{5g\ h;n] w]/} lj?jfdf cfqmd0f ug]{ /f]usf hLjf0f'nfO{ sd ub{5g\ (Thomashow and Weller, 1996).

/fOhf]JofS6/ (Rhizobactor) JofS6]l/ofn] kftdf cfqmd0f ug]{ hLjf0f'nfO{ klg cfqmd0f ul/ sd ub{5 (Dubey, 2001) . Ps cWoogdf Pseudomonas fluorescencens n] cfn'sf] aLp pkrf/ ubf{ % b]lv #) k|ltzt a9L pTkfbg / d"nfsf] aLp pkrf/ ubf{ lgolGqtsf] t'ngfdf ^) b]lv !$$ k|ltzt a9L tf}n ePsf] kfOof] . To:t} a]gf{ dg]{ /f]usf hLjf0f' (Pythium, Phytophthora, Fusarium, Sclerotinia, Rhizoctoni, Verticillum, Botrytis and Tylaromyces af6 x'g] /f]unfO{_ nfO{ JofS6]l/ofn] lgoGq0f u/]sf] kfOof] (Agrios, 2006) .

Bacilliaeceae, Streptococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Enteromobacteriaceae and Micrococcaceae kl/jf/df kg]{ JofS6]l/ofx? sL/fx? lgoGq0f ug]{ k|of]udf cfpF5g\ . Bacilliaeceae cGtu{t Jofl;n; ;/]/ (Bacillus cereus) k|foM df6f]df kfOG5 / of] #) k|sf/sf sL/faf6 klg lgsfNg ;lsG5 . logLx?af6 lg:sg] ljiffn' kbfy{ (Antibiotica) n] d]?b08wf/Ldf c;/ ub{5 . Jofl;n; y'/]lGhjG;L; (Bacillus thuriengiensis) JofS6]l/ofx?sf] k|of]u u/]/ s]lx sL/f lgoGq0f ug]{ sfd ;g\ !($* b]lv g} ePsf] xf] . Bacillus thuriengiensis k|fo df6f]df kfOG5 / o;sf k|hftL Bacillus thuriengiensis kurstaki n] k'tnL hftsf, B. t. fukuokaensis n] nfdv'§] / k'tnL hftsf B. t. isrelensis n] lemFuf hftsf / B. t. popilliae 5/]/ vk6] hftsf sL/fsf nfef{ lgoGq0f ug]{ ul/FG5 .

logsf pTkfbg rLg, ef/t, cd]l/sf, o"/f]k / ci6«\lnofdf 5g\ / cfhsfn logsf] k|of]u a9\bf] 5 . of] w"nf] / emf]ndf kfOG5 . cfhsfn afof]6]Sgf]nf]hLsf] ;xof]un] ds}, skf;, cfn', h:tf afnLx?df nfUg] sL/fx?sf] Iflt x'gaf6 aRg] hftsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 .


aL=6L=n] s;/L sfd u5{ <lj?jfdf 5/]sf] nfef{n] vfP/ d'vaf6 jf 6fFl;P/ z/L/sf] l5b|af6 leq k;]kl5 k]6df k'u]/ aL=6L= sf] 6'qmfn] kL= Pr\ a9fpg], vfg 5f8\g] xnrn gug]{, k]6sf] leqL efu km'6fO{ kfgL lg:sg] / cGTodf db{5 . o;n] dfp sL/fnfO{ dfb}{g . t;y{ aL=6L 5g'{ k"j{ s'g sL/fsf] nfuL 5g]{ / Tof] sL/f s'g cj:yfdf 5 ;f] hfGg clt cfjZos 5 . aL=6L= sL/fsf klxnf] / bf]>f] nfef{ cj:yfdf ljxfg a]n'sfsf] ;dodf 5bf{ k|efjsf/L x'G5 .

xfn ljZjdf pTkfbg e} k|of]u x'g] aL=l6 x? aL=6L (Bt Strain) k|of]u x'g] sL/f

Bt kurstaki (Btk) k'tnL hftsf nfef{ Bt aizawai (Bta) df}/Lsf] 3f/df nfUg] d}g vfg] k'tnLsf] nfef{ Bt israelensis (Bti) nfdv'§] / sfnf] lem+ufsf] nfef{ Bt san diego vk6] / 3'gsf] nfef{ Bt spharicus nfdv'§] / sfnf] lemFufsf] nfef{

j]l;n; y'l/Gh]lG;; s';{6fsL -lj=6L=s]=_ JofS6]l/ofsf] k|of]u uf]ne]+8f afnLsf] @) k|ltzt km'n km'n]sf] cj:yfdf jf sL/fsf] km'n cj:yfdf jf km'naf6 lg:s]sf nfef{ b]vf kgf{;fy ug'{ k5{ . klxnf] k|of]ukl5sf] bf];|f] !% lbgdf k|of]u u/] k'Ub5 .

lj=6L=s]=sf] k|efj Mof] JofS6]l/of sL/fsf] d'vleq k:gf;fy d'[vfs[t grNg] x'G5 . sL/fsf] cfGb|fe'8L Rofltg], ef]s} a:g], sL/fsf] z/L/ e/L JofS6]l/of km}lng] / kl5 z/L/ grNg] x'G5 / nfef{ @–# lbg leq dg]{ ub{5 .

lj=6L=s]= sf] k|of]u MJof8df x'ls{b} u/]sf a]gf{ ;fg'{eGbf Ps xKtf cufl8 . Ps dlxgf kl5 v]t af/Ldf .

j]l;n'; y'l/Gh]l;G; pkhftL Oh/fon]lG;;of] a}lS6l/of ;fwf/0ftof z'?df df6f]af6} k|fKt ePsf] xf] .

nlIft sL/fx¿ lemFuf ;d"xsf] nfdv'§], ANofs ˆnfO{sf nfe|]x¿, /ftf] sldnf / wld/fdf ;d]t of] h}ljs a}lS6l/ofsf] k|efj kb{5 .

nlIft afnLx¿ l;j/]h, gfnL, kf]v/Lsf] rf/}tkm{sf] 5]p efu hxfF sL/fn] km'nkfg]{ / nfe|] x'sf{pg] ub{5g\ / t/sf/L afnLx¿df vf; ul/sg cfn', sfpnL, aGbf, ufh/ cflb .

k|efj of] a}lS6l/ofsf] bfgfbf/ k|f]l6go'Qm s0f sL/fn] vfPkl5 k]6df kgf{;fy 3f]lnG5 t/ sL/fsf] e"F8L leqsf] kL=or= eg] !! eGbf a9L x'g' k5{ . hDdf % y/Lsf ;fgf ;fgf ljiffn's0fx¿df of] j}lS6l/ofsf] kl/jt{g x'G5 . sL/fsf] k]6sf] dWo] efudf o;sf] k|efj a9L x'G5 . ljif nfu]kl5 sL/fsf] cfGb|fe'8Lsf] sf]ifx¿df kfgLsf] dfqf a9]/ km'Nb5 / km'6\b5 . of] h}ljs ljiffbLnfO{ sL/fsf] cGb|f e'8Ldf k'u]kl5 @ 306fleq c;/ ug{ yfNb5 . sL/fdf ljiffn' sgx¿n] sfd ;'? u/]kl5 sL/fx¿ db{5g\ . log} d/]sf sL/fx¿af6 h}ljs ljiffbL km}lnP/ w]/} kl5 ;Dd klg afFsL /x]sf sL/fx¿df ;d]t c;/ u/L /xG5 . dWofGgdf ;"o{sf] k|r08 sL/0faf6 hf]ufP/ k|of]u ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .


k|of]u o;sf] k|of]u s'g}klg /;folgs ljiffbL 5g]{ :k]|o;af6 ubf{ x'G5 . @ b]lv $ s]hL k|lt x]S6/sf b/n] 5bf{ x'G5 t/ wld/f / /ftf] sldnfnfO{ jf/Lsf] ;a} 7fpF / efudf a/fa/ lsl;dn] k'Ug]u/L pkrf/ ug'{ k5{ . sL/fsf] pd]/ cg';f/ dfqf a9fP/ 5bf{ a]z x'G5 . sL/fsf] ;ª\VofTds a[l4 Pj+ cfqmd0fsf] k|efj x]l/ !% b]lv #) lbgdf of] h}ljs ljiffbL bf]xf]¥ofpg' kg]{ cj:yf cfpg ;Sb5 . of] h}ljs j}lS6l/ofsf] k|of]u ePs} lbgdf klg t/sf/L / kmnkm"n vfg / laqmLug{sf nflu klg pko'Qm x'G5 . dflg;, hgfj/, kmfObfhgs sL/fx¿ h:t} df}/L, dfs'/f] k/hLjL Pj+ k/eIfLx¿df o;sf] k|efj kb}{g .

;+lrt ;'Svf, lr;f] / cFWof/f] 7fpFdf /fVbf @ jf @ jif{eGbf klg a9L ;do;Dd o;sf] k|efjdf sld cfpb}g . lk|mhdf g/fVbf j]; x'G5 . o;sf] k|of]u dfq ubf{ klg x'G5 cyjf sL/fx¿nfO{ vfgsf] nflu cfsif{0f u/fpg -! u|fd v'bf] k|lt ln6/,_ cN6«fefof]n]6 ls/0faf6 hf]ufpg -! Pd=Pn= phfnf cyjf gL/ k|lt ln6/_ / af]6lj?jfsf kftx¿df /fd|f];Fu 6fFl;gsf] nflu -)=% Pd=Pn= ;fa'gsf] emf]n k|lt ln6/_ sf b/n] of] h}ljs j}lS6l/ofsf] emf]ndf ld;fP/ 5bf{ a]; x'G5 . /;folgs jf cGo h}ljs jf jfg:klts ljiffbL;Fu of] h}ljs j}lS6l/of ld;fP/ 5bf{ a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 . cGo h}ljs jf jfg:klts ljiffbL;Fu of] h}ljs j}lS6l/of ld;fP/ 5bf{ klg x'G5 . kf;f]df O{6 a'§] k'tnL, Pj+ uef/f]sf] efn] k'tnLx¿ kg{ yfn]kl5 of] h}ljs j}lS6l/ofsf] k|of]u u/L xfNg' k5{ .

j]l;n'; y'l/Gh]l;G; pkhftL s';{6fsLof] a}lS6l/of ;fwf/0ftof df6f], vfB sf/vfgf / uf]bfd / sL/f a9L x'g] jftfj/0fdf km]nf kb{5 .

nlIft sL/fx¿ k'tnLhftsf nfe|]x¿ vf;ul/sg O+6a'§] k'tnL / uf]ne]F8fsf] uef/f] cflbdf ha s'g} klg /;folgs sL6gfzs ljiffbLaf6 lgoGq0f Joj:yfkg x'Fb}g .

nlIft afnLx¿ t/sf/L afnL, kmnkm"n, wfg, ds}, skf;, ;"o{d'lv cflb .

k|efj of] a}lS6l/ofsf] bfgfbf/ k|f]l6go'Qm s0f nfe|]sL/fn] vfPkl5 k]6df kgf{ ;fy 3f]lnG5 / $ y/Lsf ;fgf ;fgf ljiffn's0fx¿df jblnG5 . sL/fsf] k]6sf] dWo] efudf oL ljiffn' s0fsf] k|efj a9L x'G5 . sL/fsf] cfGb|feF'8Lsf] sf]ifx¿df kfgLsf] dfqf a9]/ km'Nb5 . of] h}ljs ljiffbLnfO{ sL/fsf] cfGb|fe'F8Ldf k'u]kl5 @ b]lv $* 306fdf dfq k|efj kb{5 . sL/fdf ljiffn' s0fx¿n] sfd z'? u/]kl5 nfe|]n] vfg 5f8\b5 / ef]sfP/ db{5 . of] h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|ToIf k|of]uaf6 hf]luPsf nfe|]x¿ klg nfdf] ;do kl5 /f]ufP/ db{5g\ . dWofGgdf ;"o{sf] k|r08 ls/0faf6 hf]ufP/ k|of]u ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

k|of]u !)) b]lv #)) u|fd PlS6e OGu|]l8o06 -P=cfO{_ k|lt x]S6/sf b/n] 5bf{ x'G5 t/ afnLsf] ;a} 7fpF / efudf a/fa/ lsl;dn] kg'{ k5{ . nfe|]sf] z'? cj:yfdf of] h}ljs ljiffbL a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 . sL/fsf] ;ª\ofTds j[l4 Pj+ cfqmd0fsf] k|efj % b]lv & lbgdf of] h}ljs ljiffbL bf]xf]¥ofpg' kg]{ cj:yf cfpg ;Sb5 . of] h}ljs j}lS6l/ofsf] k|of]u ePs} lbgdf klg t/sf/L / kmnkm"n vfg / laqmL ug{sf nflu klg pko'Qm x'G5 . dflg; / hgfj/df o;sf] k|efj kb}{g .

^=^ k|f]6f]hf]jfhGo h}ljs ljiffbL (Protozoa)k|f]6f]hf]jf cfFvfn] b]Vg g;lsg] Ps sf]lifo z'Id hLj x'g\ . logLx? kfgL / hdLg b'j}df kfOG5g\ . logLx? Hofb} km/s rl/qsf t/ cGo hgfj/ h:tf Jojxf/ / hLjg rqmsf x'G5g\ . j+za[l4 efn] kf]yL jf Psnaf6 klg x'g] ub{5 . logLx? sL/fsf] kfrg k|0ffnL jf k]6df /x]sf x'G5g\ / /f]u nufpg] sL/f, hgfj/ / lj?jfdf b'a}n] plQs} cfqmd0f


ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPfb5g] . pbfx/0f – Nosema, Thelohania vairimorpha . k|f]6f]hf]jfx? hdLgdf x'g] vk6] (Staphynilinid

beetle) df kfOG5g\ .

k|f]6f]hf]jfn] cfqmd0f u/]sf] sL/fdf nIf0f cfqmd0f u/]sf] nfdf] ;dokl5 dfq nIf0f b]lvG5 . sL/fsf] s'g cj:yfdf cfqmd0f u/]sf] 5 ;f] sf] cjlw a9\g] x'G5 . /fd|/L ga9\g] cN5L x'g], vfgf gvfg], s'?k x'g] Jojxf/ km/s x'g] / ;]tf] /+usf x'G5g\ . k|f]6f]hf]jfsf jLhx? cfqmd0f u/]sf :yfgdf b]lvG5g\ . kfgLdf x'g} sL/fsf] z/L/ kf/bzL{ b]lvG5 . k|f]6f]hf]jfn] cfqmd0f u/]/ d/]sf sL/f cnL s8f / ;8\g s]xL ;do nfUb5 . k|f]6f]hf]jfx? sL/f ljz]if x'G5g\ / logLx/nfO{ s[lQd t/Lsfn] pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg . g]kfndf logsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5}g .

z'IdhLjhGo lgoGq0fsf kmfObf / a]kmfObfx?

kmfObfx? a]kmfObfx?s'g} vf; hft lgoGq0f ug{ k|of]u x'g] s'g} vf; sL/f dfq lgoGq0f x'g] k/hL, k/eIfL÷lzsf/L sL/fdf k|ToIf c;/ gkg]{ jf yf]/} kg]{

lglZrt ;dodf 5bf{dfq k|efjsf/L x'g]

d]?b08Lo k|f0fL / lj?jfdf c;/ gug]{ jftfj/0fsf tTjx? h:t}M a9L tfkqmd, ;"o{sf] k|sfzn] ubf{ yf]/} ;do v]tdf ;lqmo /xg]

ljiffQm c;/ g/xg] pTkfbg ug{ dx+uf] x'g] jftfj/0fLo k|b'if0f gx'g] jf gu0o x'g] yf]/} ;dod} k|of]u ug'{kg]{ -9';L / g]df6f]8\_ c? z'IdhLj;Fu ldnfP/ 5g{ ;lsg] glhssf] ahf/ afx]s cGoq a9L vlr{nf] x'g] ;lhnf];Fu 5g{ ;lsg] a+zf0f'ut ?kn] ;+zf]lwt hLjdf a9L hf]lvd x'g] . nfdf] ;do;Dd lgoGq0f x'g] jfof]6]Sg]nf]lhsf] d2tn] j+zf0f'ut u'0fdf ;+zf]wg u/L k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]

^=& g]kfndf kl~hs[t h}ljs ljiffbLx? 6«fOsf8df{ lel/8L (Trichoderma viridae)

gLddf cfwfl/t ljiffbL (Azadirachtin based pesticides)

Jo'e]l/of jfl;ofgf (Beauvaria bassana)

l;p8f]df]gf; ˆnf]l/;]G; (Pseudomonas fluorescence)

d]6f/fxLlhd Plg;f]kfln (Metarhizium anisopaliae)

e6L{ l;lnod n]sfgL (Verticillium lecani)

aL=6LM Pg\=kL=eL= Buprofezin (insect growth regulators/IGRs/ Chitin synthesis inhibitors)

Lufenuron (IGRs/ Chitin syntesis inhibitors)

Novaluron (IGRn synthesis inhibitors)


^=* g]kfndf pTkflbt s]xL h}ljs ljiffbLx?

h}ljs ljiffbL k|sf/ s'g /f]u÷sL/fsf] nflu k|of]u s_ 9';LhGo h}ljs ljiffbL!_ xl/of] 9';L (Metarhizium) w'nf], hf}sf] bfgf vk6]sf nfef{ -v'd|]_ lj?4 @_ ;]tf] 9';L (Beauveria) w'nf], hf}sf] bfgfdf vk6]sf nfef{ -v'd|]_ lj?4 #_ ;]tf] 9';L (Verticellium) ;]tf] w'nf] nfxL, ;]tf] lem+uf$_ ;+hLjgL (Trichoderma) ;]tf] w'nf] , emf]n ;LdLsf] cf]O{nfpg] /f]u, bfnafnLsf] sfnf] 89'jf /f]u v_ JofS6]l/ofhGo h}ljs ljiffbL!_ lj=l6= (Bacillus thuringiensis) w'nf] k'tnLsf nfef{u_ efO/;hGo h}ljs ljiffbL!_ Pg=lk=le= (NPV) emf]n k'tnL / vk6]sf nfef{3_ g]df6f]8hGo h}ljs ljiffbL!_ Steinernematids emf]n vk6]sf nfef{ª_ jg:ktLdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLx?!_ dfuf]{;f]d jf jfof]dlN6lgd jf lgdfl/g emf]n k'tnL, lem+uf, nfef{@_ emf]ndf]n -lutLdn_ emf]n 9';L hGo /f]usf nflu#_ jf]emf]sf] w'nf] w'nf] e08f/0fsf vk6], 3'g k'Tnfsf lj?4

^=( ag:klt ;d'xsf ljiffbLx?g]kfndf @!@! hftsf ag:kltdf s'g} g s'g} k|sf/sf] ljgfzsf/L u'0f ePsf] 5g\ . !&% kl/jf/sf ag:kltdf sL6gfzs u'0f ePsf], tL dWo] lgDg k|d'v 5g\ .

gLd asfOg' hftsfutL / l6d'/ hftk'lbgf t'n;L hft;okqL uf]bfj/L hft;l/kmf hftskf; hft;'tL{ 6df6/ hftabfd e6df; hft

kfO/]y|dlqm;fGy]dd l;g]/fl/ofkmf]nLodsf /fd|/L kmqm]sf k'mndf kfO/]y|Lg / Hof;df]nLg gfds sL6gfzs kbfy{x? kfOG5 . )=)# b]lv )=! K|ltztsf] emf]n k|of]u ul/G5 . nflx, kft vfg] sL/fsf] /f]syfddf o;sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . k|sfzaf6 l56} gi6 x'g] ePsf]n] 3fdaf6 hf]ufpg' k5{ .

gLdgLdsf] aLpdf #% b]lv $% k|ltzt ;Dd t]n x'G5 . gLdsf] kft, af]qmf, / aLpdf tLtf]kgf x'G5 o;}n] sL6gfzssf] sfd u5{ . Phfl8/fS6Lg a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 . o;df sL6gfzs, k|ltsf/s, If'wfgfzs, a[l¢ cj/f]ws, 9';Lgfzs, h'sfgfzs cflb u'0fx? kfOG5g\ . gLdsf] aLp ! lsnf]u|fd @) ln6/ kfgLdf !@ 306f lehfP/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .


asfOgf];Dks{ tyf cfGtl/s ls6gfzs .:tgwf/L k|f0fLnfO{ gLd eGbf a9L ljiffQ .aLp tyf kft .Nffe|] nflx tyf ;+lrt cgfhsf] sL/f .asfOgf]sf] ! lsnf]u|fd kft !) ln6/ kfgLdf !@ 306f lehfP/ k|of]u ug]{ .

;"tL{lgsf]l6gk'tnLsf] nfe|], y|LK;, nflx, nLkm sn{ efO/; .#) l8u|L eGbf tnsf] Tffks|d .:qL :jefjsf] vk6] tyf xf]e/kmnfOdf c;/ ub}{g .! lsnf]u|fd ;"tL{sf] kft !% ln6/ kfgLdf @$ 306f lehfP/ #) u|fd ;fa'g /fv]/ 5g{ ;lsG5 .

af]emf]af]]emf]sf] ufgfsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . a]6f c;f/f]g gfds ljiffbL x'G5 . k|ltsf/s, af+emf]kgfsf] sfd u5{ . 3'g, k'tnL cgfhsf], bnxgsf] 3'g, sf+s|f km;L{ s'xfpg] emL+uf ;'tL{sf] kft vfg] nfe|], aGbfsf] k'tnL, pk+Lof cflb lgoGq0f ub{5 . af]dmf]sf] ufgfsf] w'nf] !–@ k|ltzt ;+rLt cgfhdf k|of]u ul/G5 . o;sf] t]n klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . #) u|fd wnf] $ ln6/ kfgLdf @$ 306f lehfP/ 5g]{ .

;l/kmfsL6gfzs u'0f .Nfflx, km6of+u|f, O6a'6] k'tnL, km8\s] lgoGq0f u5{ .;Dks{ tyf cfGtl/s ljif .aLpsf] w'nf] tyf kfgLdf agfPsf] emf]n tyf kftsf] emf]n k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

Vf';f{gLKffs]sf] Vf';f{gL .ls60ffzs, 9';Lgfzs tyf ljiff0f'gfzs .Nfflx, k'tlnsf] nfe]| tyf sldnfsf] nflu pko'Qm .!)) u|fd ! ln6/ kfgLdf * 306f lehfpg] tyf % ln6/ kfgL yKg] . ;"tL{ tyf sf]qmfsf] efO/;sf] nflu pko'Qm .

o'sfnLK6;p;af6 lgsflnPsf] t]nn] bnxg afnL pkrf/ u/]df 3'gn] vf+b}g .Kfftsf] /; aGbfsf] k'tnL lgoGq0f ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 . ;'s]sf] kft bnxg afnLnfO{ 3'gaf6 hf]ufpg k|of]u ul/G5 . cfn' e08f/0f ul/Psf] 7f+pdf ;'s]sf] kft kq ldnfP/ /fv]df cfn'sf] k'tnL nfUb}g .


c;'/f]k|ltsf/ ug]{ / If'wgfzs u'0f x'G5 . kft / h/fdf pQm u'0f x'G5 . c;'/f]sf] kftsf] w'nf] @=% k|ltztn] bnxg afnLsf] 3'g lgoGq0f ub{5 . cfnf] kftsf] dmf]nn] aGbfsf] k'tnL, ;'tL{sf] kft vfg] nfe|] / nflxnfO{ lgoGq0f ub{5 .

ufO{sf] ux+'tNfflx, k'tlnsf] nfe]| sf] nflu pko'Qm .Vf';f{gLsf] kft u'hd'h] efO/; lgoGq0f u5{ .@ xKtf ;Dd 3fddf /fVg] tyf ^ efu kfgL yKg] .

b"w6df6/, ;"tL{ tyf pv'sf] u'hd'h] efO/; lgoGq0f u5{ .! Effu b"wdf ( efu kfgL ld;fpg] .!) lbgsf] km/sdf 5g]{ .

;fa'g kfgLsf] emf]n#) b]lv %) u|fd ;fa'g % ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5bf{ Nfflx tyf y|LK;sf] /f]syfd u5{ .

ls;fgx?åf/f k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf s]xL ag:klts ljiffbL÷h}ljs ljiffbL, h;df dnsf] c+z klg /x]sf] x'G5

gLd ! lsnf]asfOgf] !=% lsnf]asfOgf] @ lsnf]af]dmf] )=% lsnf]ltt]kftL @ lsnf]c;'/f] )=% lsnf];okqL )=% lsnf]cf?sf] kft ! lsnf]kltgf )=% lsnf] uf]ne]+8fsf] kft )=% lsnf]u+x't !% nL6/lkgf @%) u|fd;fa'g @%) u|fd

agfpg] t/LsfMag:kltx? sf6]/ 6'qmf 6'qmf kf/]/ 8«ddf /fVg] . u+x't, lkgf, ;fa'g /fVg] / 8«dnfO{ 5f]Kg] . @%–#) lbgdf lutLdn tof/ x'G5 .

k|of]u;fgf la?jfsf] nfuL ! efu lutLdndf !) efu kfgL ld;fP/ / 7'nf la?jfsf] nfuL ! efudf % efu kfgL ld;fP/ & lbgsf] km/sdf k|of]u ug]{ .


/Iff emf]n/Iff !

lgdsf] kft – ! ls=u|flv/f]{sf] kft – ! ls=u|fagdf/fsf] kft – ! ls=u|fl6d'/ sf] bfgf – @%) u|f=lk/f] v';f{gL – @%) u|f=;/km – @)) uf|=ux'Ft – & ln=kfgL – @) ln

/Iff @lv/f]{sf] kft – ! ls=u|fagdf/fsf] kft – ! ls=u|fv/fgL – ! ls=u|fKofh – ! ls=u|fn;'g – %)) u|flk/f] v';f{gL – @%) u|f=;/km – @)) uf|=ux'Ft – & ln=kfgL – @) ln

k|of]u ljlw – dfyL pNn]v ul/Psf a:t'x?x?nfO{ lkw]/ 8«ddf lasf]{ 6Dd nufpg] / $* 3G6f kl5 hflnbf/ sk8fn] 5fg]/ !M$ l5lkPsf] / !M& sdnf] la?jfsf] nflu /Iff ! hldg dfly / /Iff @ hldg d'lgsf sL/f Aoa:yfkg ug{ k|of]u ug]{ .

df/uf];f]d÷afof]dlN6lgd, Phfl8/frl6g OlG8sf

of] gLdsf] lapaf6 tof/ ul/Psf] jfg:klts ljiffbL xf] . o;sf] k|of]uaf6 sL/fx¿sf] af;, ufF; / ;Gtfgf]Tkfbg ug]{ sfo{df sld cfp5 . 3fts /;folgs sL6gfzs ljiffbLsf] hyfefuL k|of]u ug'{ xF'b}g .

k|of]u g/d z/L/ ePsf sL/fx¿ h:t} nfO{, ly|K;, ;]tf] lemFuf, ldlnju, kfOl/oNnf, h]l;8, jGbfsf] k'tnL, O{6a'§] k'tnLsf nfe|]x¿, u'ef]df nfUg] lemFuf, uf]ne]F8fsf] uef/f], km]bs6'jf, unldh, kfta]?jf, kt]/f], Jof8sf] vk6], v'd|], n'k/, ;'n;'n], kft vGg] sL/f], sfF8]bf/ vk6], wfgafnLsf] v}/f] / ;]tf] r';xfx¿df o;sf] k|of]u a9L pkof]uL x'G5 .

dfqf sL/fsf] ;ª\VofTds j[l4 Pj+ cfqmd0fsf] l:ylt x]/]/ dfq of] jfg:klts ljiffbLsf] dfqf ldnfpg' k5{ . afnLdf sL/fsf] cfqmd0f ePsf] z'? cj:yfd} !=% b]lv @ Pd=Pn== k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g'{ j]; x'G5 t/ sL/fsf] Jofks cfqmd0f ePsf] cj:yfdf klxnf] k6s % Pd=Pn== k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g'{ k5{ . bf];|f] k6s !% lbgsf] cGt/fndf 5bf{ $ Pd=Pn= k|ltln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ . t];|f] k6s !) lbgsf] cGt/fndf 5bf{ $ Pd=Pn= k|ltln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5bf{ x'G5 . rf}yf] k6s klg 5g'{ k/]df & lbgsf] cGt/fndf 5bf{ $ Pd=Pn== k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g'{kg]{ x'G5 . 5/]sf] ^ 306f leq kfgL k/]df bf]xf]¥ofpg' k5{ sltko nfe|] sL/fx¿ h:t} uf]ne]F8fsf] uef/f], / O+6a'§] k'tnLn] /;folgs sL6gfzs ljiffbL krfO ;s]sf x'G5g / t]:tf ljiffbLsf] lgoGq0f eGbf aflx/ k'u] kl5 of] jfg:klts ljiffbLaf6 /fd|f] lgoGq0f x'G5 . cem h}ljs sL6gfzs ljiffbL h:t} Pg=kL=eL= jf a'e]l/of al;ofgf jf d]6/lxlhod Plg;f]Kn]oL;Fu of] jfg:klts ljiffbL ld;fP/ 5bf{ sL/fx¿ e't'Ss} db{5g\ .


k|efjlk/f]ln/x]sf sL/fx¿sf] jf;, ufF; / ;Gtfgf]Tkfbg ug]{ sfo{df afwf kfb{5 . km]/f]df]g 6«ofkdf sL/fx¿ kg{yfn]kl5 sL/fsf] slnn} cj:yfdf dfuf]{;f]dsf] sd dfqfn] klg /fd|f] lgoGq0f x'G5 . t/ 7"nf nfe|] / jo:s sL/fx¿sf] lgoGq0f ug'{ k/]df dfly pNn]v eP ;/x dfqf a9fpg'k5{ ;fy} h}ljs ljiffbL;Fu ld;fP/ 5bf{ a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 . g/d / r';fxf sL/fx¿df o;sf] k|efj If]q j[xt x'G5 . of] jg:klts ljiffbL dflg;sf nflu ;'/lIft ePtfklg o;sf] k|of]u ubf{ cfˆgf] :jf:Yodf k|lts"n k|efj gk/f]; eGgfsf nflu klx/g -Pk|f]g_, cfFvfdf rZdf, gfs / d'vdf df:s / xftdf /a/sf] kGhfsf] k|of]u ubf{ j]; x'G5 .

jfg:klts ljiffbLsf] kmfObfx¿ MsL/fdf sL6gfzs ljiffbL krfpg] cj/f]ws u'0fsf] ljsf; x'g kfp+b}g . /f;folgs sL6gfzs ljiffbLsf] h:tf] sL/fx? pQ]lht eO{ ;+VofTds a[l4 x'Fb}g . dflg;, kz', af]6 la?jf, kmfObfhgs sL/fx?sf nflu /f;folgs ljiffbLsf] t'ngfdf al9 ;'/lIft x'g'sf] ;fy} jftfj/0fdf g/fd|f] k|efj kb}{g . o;sf] k|of]un] sL/fx? efUg], vfg g;Sg] t'Nofpg], sL/fsf] x'ls{g] sfo{nfO{ afwf kfg]{ / km'n kfg]{ sfo{nfO{ /f]Sg] h:tf Jojwfgx? ;[hgf eO{ sL/fsf] lgoGq0f x'G5 .

s[ifs:t/df k|of]u e} cfPsf :yflgo k|ljlwx?

hLjgfzs u'0f ePsf jg:kltx? g]kfnsf ljleGg efudf 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ . afnL ;+/If0fsf :yflgo k|ljlwx? klg :yfg ljif]z / afnL ljif]z km/s km/s /x]sf 5g\ . :yflgo k|ljlwx?sf] uxg ?kdf cg';Gwfg, kl/If0f / k|dfl0fs/0f sfo{ x'g' kg]{ . :yflgo k|ljlwx?sf] klxrfg, ;+/If0f Pj+ ;+jw{g ug{ :yflgo s[ifsx?nfO{ tflnd, e|d0f u/fO{ ;Ifd agfO{ Jofj;floss/0fdf hf]8 lbg' kg]{ .

k|of]u ul/Psf ;fdfu|L< s'g afnL< s] sf] nfuL<ux'+t ± l:f:gf], ltt]kftL agdf/f lv/f]{sf] kft ld;fO{ t/sf/L clwsf+z sL/fx?t'n;Lsf] kft ± kfgL ;'Gtnf kftvGg] sL/fltt]kftL ± kfgL t/sf/L em';LnsL/f, nfxLd]jfsf] kft skmL kfp8/L dLN8\o" / 89'jf /f]u n;'g,;okqL km"n, Kofh v';f{gL t/sf/L clwsf+z sL/fx?af]emf]sf] w'nf] ± ;fa'g kfgL t/sf/L vk6], nfxL;'tL{± ;fj'gsf] ld>0f t/sf/L y|LK;, km]b s6'jfasfOgf] xl/of] kft aGbf, wfg nfxL, 9'+u|] sL/f, km8\s] sL/flgdsf] aLp aGbf, wfg ujf/f], vk6], kft a]?jf kL/f] v';f{gLsf] 3'nf] ± kfgL t/sf/L nfxL sL/fd]jfsf] kft ± ;fa'g ± d6Lt]n t/sf/L, wfg nfxL, km8\s] sL/fc;'/f]sf] xl/of] kft aGbf, e6df;, ;'tL{ k'tnL, em';LnsL/f, kftvfg] nfe|]v/fgL t/sf/L, ;'Gtnf vk6], nfxL, kftvfg] sL/f xn]bf] ± kfgL t/sf/L O{6a'6] k'tnLxn]bf] ± ;fa'g kfgL ± ux't wfg kmf}hL sL/f, ujf/f], kfta]?jf

lgdsf] kft ± kfgL wfg / t/sf/Lujf/f], km8\s], 8f+7 s'xLg] 9';L, / t/sf/L clwsf+z sL/fx?

kfO{/y|]d ± ;fj'g ± kfgL t/sf/L vk6] ;d'xsf sL/fx?ux'+t ± kfgL t/sf/L w'nf] 9';L , nfxL 6r{ Aof6«Lsf] sfnf] w'nf] wfg lh+ssf] sdL hfnL km"nsf] kft. ,8f+7 t/sf/L ;]tf] 9';L /f]u


k|of]u ul/Psf ;fdfu|L< s'g afnL< s] sf] nfuL<l6d'/ ± kfgL uf]ne]+8f, v';f{gL, e06f j}nfpg] /f]u ;'tL{sf] 8f+7sf] w'nf] t/sf/L z{v] sL/f, lrKn] sL/fsf+rf] d]jfsf 6'qmfx? v]tsf] cfnL d";f lgoGq0fcnsqf ± dl6t]n gl/j]n u'jf] vfg] sL/fufOsf] b'w ± kfgL t/sf/L ;]tf] w'n] 9';L , u'hd'h] /f]uuf]j/ ± kfgL wfg AofS6]l/on 89'jfaf]6nfO{ a]:;/L xNnfpg /x/ /x/sf] ujf/f]

lrgL ± ;Vv/ kmn t/sf/L kmn s'xfpg] cf};f cfn;sf] t]ndf sk8f lehfO{ km]bdf 6f+:g] cf+k cf+ksf] 3'g lgoGq0fs]t'sL wfg ujf/f], a]?jfc+l8/sf] kLgf df6f]df wdL/fx?uf]ne]+8f / ;okqLsf] ld>Lt v]tL uf]ne]+8f ujf/f] sL/fk'lbgf aGbuf]jL ;d'x nfxL sL/fx?uf+hfsf] xl/of kft ± kfgL km;L{ /ftf] vk6]tf]/Lsf] kLgf cb'jf ufgf] s'lxg] /f]u

df6f] leq a;L cfqmd0f ug]{ sL/fx? lgoGq0f ug{ k|of]u ePsf k|ljlwx?

k|of]u ul/Psf ;fdfu|L< s'g afnL< s] sf] nfuL<vL/f]{, kftL as}gf], s]t'sL k|fo ;j} afnL /ftf] sldnf, v'd|], wld/fs]t'sLsf] kft, lrp/Lsf] kLgf cfn' /ftf] sdLnfaf]s] l6d'/ ± l;nl6d'/ h/] tyf ufgf] afnL /ftf] sldnf sf7sf] w'nf] ± ;Vv/ h/] tyf ufgf] afnL v'd|] sL/fuLtL dn - :yfgLo hl8a'6Lsf] dL>0f _ ;j} afnLx? xflgsf/s sL/fx? eufpgsf] nflu

e08f/0fdf cfqmd0f ug]{ sL/fx? lgoGq0f ug{ k|of]u ePsf :yflgo k|ljlwx?

k|of]u ul/Psf ;fdfu|L< s'g afnL< s] sf] nfuL<tf]/L, ;:o"{+, ;'o{d"vLsf] t]n bfnafnL k'tnL tyf 3'gaf]emf] ± ltt]kftL cgfhx? 3'g, k'tnL

lgdsf] ljpsf] 3'nf] wfg tyf bfn afnLx? 3''g , k'tnLd;nf ± lgd ± tLt]kftL ± asfOgf] cfn' e08f/0fsf] k'tnLl:ftfkmn ±/fdkmnsf] w'nf] h'g]nf], af]8L 3'gsf7sf] v/fgL df; 3'gux'+tdf d]fNg] ds} ds}sf k'tnL tyf 3'gx?r'gsf] w'nf] ds}sf] 3f]uf ds}sf] 3'gjfj/Lsf] kftsf] w'nf] rgf af]l8sf] 3'gdl/rsf] w'nf] ux'+ 3'g

^=!) afnL ;+/If0fdf cf+lzs /;fogx? (Semiochemicals) sf] k|of]u gf]S;fgL ug]{ sL/fx?nfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf cf+lzs /;fogx? (Semiochemicals) sf] k|of]u u/L agfPsf] rf/f jf kf;f]df ljif]zt kf]yLsf] uGw lgsfnL efn] sL/fnfO{ cfsif{0f u/fO{ dfg]{ jf 3/, v]t, kz' jf dflg;af6 eufO{ 6f9f /fvL ltlgx?af6 x'g] gf]S;fgL sd ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf s'g} ;d'xsf kbfy{x?af6 lg:sg] uGwn] jftfj/0fdf 6f9f– 6f9f;Dd km}lP/ w]/} k|sf/sf sL/fx?nfO{ cfsif{0f u/]/ dfg]{ jf eufpg] sfd ub{5g\ . sfo{ k|s[ltsf] lx;fan] o:tf /;fogx?n] cfsif{0f jf ljsif{0f u/fpg], pQ]lht jf gvfg], a9L p8\g] ÷gp8\g] jf ;fdfGo lqmofsnfkdf c:jefles kl/jt{g NofOlbG5g\ .


!= cfsif{0fhGo kbfy{x?M (Attratant Pheromones)

of}ghGo kbfy{x? (Sex pheronones) – xfn #)) hlt sL/fsf k|hftLx/nfO{ cfsif{0f ug]{ of}ghGo kbfy{x?sf kf;f]x? Jo;flos ljlqmdf cfO;s]sf 5g\ . logLx? SofK;'n (Encapsulated) jf lj:tf/} uGw lg:sg] u/L ljleGg cfsf/ (Rubber septa, hallow fibers, rope wicks) df /flvPsf] x'G5 .

oL kf;f] v]tdf yf]/} dfqfdf /fv]df sL/fsf] pkl:ylt 5 5}g, s] slt 5 ;f] cg'udg ug{ klg pkof]lu x'G5g\ eg] a9L ;+Vofdf /flvPdf w]/} sL/fsf efn] dg{ uO sL/fsf] pTkfbg sd x'g hfG5 . nx/] t/sf/Ldf $ yf]kf dfnflyog / $ yf]kf So"lno/= /fv]/ agfPsf] kf;f] ! s¶fdf # b]lv $ j6f / kmnkm'ndf $ yf]kf dfnflyog / $ yf]kf ldyfon o"lhgn /fv]/ agfOPsf] kf;f] af]6sf] cfsf/ x]/L ! jf @ j6f /fVbf gf]S;fgL sd x'G5 .

ahf/df kfOg] s]xL No"/ / cfsif{0f kf;f]x?

ldyfOn o'lhgn kmn s'xfpg] cf};f ;'Gtnfhft, cfFk, kmnkm"nSo'lno/ kmn s'xfpg] cf};f sfs|f] km;L{ ;d'xsf afnLJofS6f];]/f sDkf]lhl6O kmn s'xfpg] cf};f dflysf b'j} afnLx]nL No'/ uf]ne]8fsf] kmnsf] ujf/f] uf]ne]8f, rgf, /x/ :kf]8f] No'/ ;"lt{sf] kftvfg] nfef{ ;"lt{,sfpnL ju{,cfn' uf]ne]8f k|f]6'nf No'/ O6 j'‘6]k'tnL sfpnL jGbf ;d'xsf afnLNo'l;gf]8; No'/ kmn / 8f7df nfUg] ujf/f] ef06flk=l6=Pd !,@ No'/ hf]tfxf k'tnL cfn'l;k|f] No'/ kx]nf] ujf/f] wfgk]lS6gf] No'/ bfgfdf nfUg] u'nfjL ujf/f] skf;O/ld6 / O/ldg No"/ bfgfdf nfUg] l5s]{ ujf/f] skf;hfonf6«]S; No'/ slkmsf] ;]tf] ujf/f] slkmOl/of; le6'nf No'/ ujf/f] /fdtf]l/of, sfpnL, e06f, uf]ne]8fOl/of; OG;'nfgf No'/ sf8] ujf/f] sfpnL, e06f, uf]ne]8f

@= ljsif{0f ug]{ /;folgs jf eufpg] vfgf (Chemical repellent / Feed deterrents) #= ;Gtfg pTkfbg ug{ g;Sg] kbfy{ (Chemosteritants)

$= sL/fsf] ljsf; x'g] qmdsf /;folgsx? (Insect Growth Regulators) != jflx/L efu cfpg /f]Sg] /;fogx? (Chitin Inhibitors)

@= sfFr'nL km]g]{ xdf]{g (Molting Hormone Analogues)

#= ckl/kSs /xg] xdf]{g (Juvenile Hormone, Analogues (JH)

$= sfFr'nL /f]Sg] xdf]{g (Antijuvenile Hormones)

h}ljs ljiffbLsf] dxTj /;folgs ljiffbLn] h:tf] logn] jftfj/0f, dfgj zl// / kmfO{bfhgs k/hLjL sL/fx?nfO{ c;/ ub}{gg\ . k|of]u ug]{ JolQmnfO{ klg c;/ ub}{gg\ . oL ljiffbLx¿sf] bfo/f ;fFu'/f] x'G5 . logsf] c;/ sL/f cg';f/ x'G5 . t;y{ nIo ul/Psf] sL/fdf dfq logsf] k|efj /xG5 . oL j:t'x? k|of]u ugf{n] cjz]if sf] ;d:of x'+b}g . yf]/} dfqfsf] k|of]u ul/Ptf klg sL/fdf j9L c;/ ug{ ;S5g\ . logsf] k|efj sfnfGt/;Dd /xg ;S5 / /;folgs ljiffbL h:t} k6s k6s k|of]u ul//xg' kb}{g . h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] afnLdf cjz]ifsf] ;d:of x'+b}g .


h}ljs ljiffbLsf u'0fx? h}ljs ljiffbLn] zq'hLjnfO{ k"0f{?kn] gdfg]{ x'Fbf zq'hLjsf] ;+Vofdf a[l4 x'g glbO{ lgolGqt u/L /fVb5 . oL ljiffbLx?sf] bfo/f ;fF3'/f] x'G5 . o; lsl;dsf ljiffbLx? lglZrt zq'hLj / ltgLx?sf] lglZrt cj:yfdf k|of]u ePdf dfq k|efjsf/L x'G5g\ . logLx?sf] k|efjtfj/0fdf /;folgs ljiffbL h:tf] nfdf] ;do ;Dd /xFb}g . logLx? jftfj/0f, dfgj :jf:Yo nufot cGo cnlIft hLjsf] nflu t'ngfTds ?kdf ;'/lIft x'G5g\ . logLx?sf] k|of]uaf6 zq'hLjn] ljiffbL krfpg ;Sg] Ifdtf (Pest resistance) tyf zq'hLjsf] ;+Vofdf k'gM a[l4 x'g ;Sg] (Pest resurgence) sf] ;Defjgf lgs} sd /xG5 . :yflgo :t/df pknAw x'g] h}ljs ljiffbLsf u'0f ePsf >f]tx?af6 ljiffbL agfpg ;lsG5 . jftfj/0fdf ;lbof}+b]lv afFRb} cfPsf w]/} k|hftLsf hLjx? (Bio) agents÷k/hLlj÷k/eIffL_ / nfebfos z'Id hLjx? pknAw 5g\ h;n] afnLgfnLdf nfUg] sL/f, /f]ux? tyf emf/kftx?nfO{ lgolGqt u/L /fv]sf x'G5g\ .

^=!! sL/f a[l4 gLods, xdf]{g tyf kf;f]sf] k|of]u

sL/f a[l4 lgods (IGRs)

sL/f a[l4 lgods eg]sf] klg Ps k|sf/sf o:tf ljiffbLx? x'g h;n] xflgsf/s sL/fx?sf] z/L/df Ps k|sf/sf] xdf]{g k}bf u5{ / sL/fx?sf] ;Gtfg pTkfbg k|s[ofdf afwf c8\rg Nofp5 . oL /]u'n]6/x? pkm|g] vk6] jL6n ;fUnf / nfdv'§]x?sf] lgoGq0fdf al9 k|efjsf/L b]lvPsf 5g\ . oL /;fogx?sf] k|of]un] sL/fx?sf] ;Gtfg pTkfbgdf lgoGq0f u5{ km'naf6 nfef{ aGg lbb}g\ . sL/fn] cfˆgf] Ps cj:yfaf6 csf]{ cj:yfdf hfg sfr'nL km]g]{ cj:yfdf k|efj kf5{g\ . oL /]u'n]6/x? cGo ljiffbLx?;Fu dL;fP/ jo:s sL/fx?nfO{ dfg{ ;lsG5 .

sL/f a[l4 lgods eg]sf o:tf pTkfbg of a:t'x? x'g h;n] xflgsf/s sL/fx?sf] ;Gtfg Tkfbg k|s[ofnfO{ cj?4 u/L hLjg rqmdf k|efj kfb{5 . s;}n] t o;nfO{ ;fUnf] ju{sf sL/fx?sf] hGdb/ /f]Sg] jf k/Ljf/ lgof]hg ug]{ a:t' xf] eg]sf 5g\ . obL s'g}kgL hLjhGt'x? k"0f{ jo:sdf k'Ug ;s]gg\ eg] o;sf] j+z ljgf; x'G5 . oL kbfy{x?n] jo:s cj:yfdf k'Ugaf6 /f]S5g\ . ;fwf/0f efiffdf cfOhLcf/ eg]sf sL6gfzs ljiffbL xf]Ogg\, dfgj lgdL{t k|f]6Lgo'St tTj x'g h;n] lglZrt ;d'xsf sL/fx?sf] km'n / nfef{nfO{ c;/ ub{5 .

jo:sM jo:s sL/f t t'?Gt} db}{gg t/ o:tf sL/fx?n] kf/]sf km'nx? afRg ;Sb}gg\ . sxLn] sxL jo:s sL/fx?sf] k|hgg\ cudf c;/ kfb{5 / p;df afemf]kg cfpg ;S5 .

km'nM km'ndf 5gf{n] To:tf km'nx?af6 nfef{ lg:sb}gg / olb lg:sL xfn]df kgL To:tf nfef{x? k5L uP/ afRb}gg\ . nfef{M nfef{ cj:yfdf 5gf{n] oLgLx? jo:s cj:yfdf /xL /xG5g\ . s'g} s'g} nfef{x? eg] a]nf;Dd klg nfef{ g} /xG5g\\ .

dy / Ko'kf cj:yfM o; cj:yfdf k|of]u ugf{n] dy eP Ko'kf eP k'0f{ cj:yfdf hfb}gg\ . cfO hL cf/ n] sL/fx?df x'g] lglZrt xdf]{gx? h'g dfgj z/L/df x'Fb}gg\ ltgLx?nfO{ c;/ ub{5g\ . oL tTjx?n] sL/fnfO{ t'?Gt} dfb}{gg t/ ltgLx?sf] a+z a[l4 /f]S5g\ .

k|of]u u/Lg] /]u'n]6/x? d]yf]k|]g (Methoprene) M of] k|]sf]/ (Precor) / k|]sf]/ @))) sf] ;s[otTj /x]sf] pk|mg] vk6] -ˆnLjL6n_ sf] km'n / nfef{ cj:yfdf lgoGq0f ug{ k|of]u ug]{ lgods (Regulator) ljiffbL xf] . of] ju{sf lgodsn] # b]lv & dlxgf;Dd cjz]ifsf] ?kdf /x]/ sfd u5{g . ;'tL{sf] vk6] sL/f tyf jo:s pk|mg] vk6]sf] jo:sx?nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ kmfOk|f]gLn gfds ljiffbL dL;fP/ klg 5g]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .


gfOn/ (Nylar) M o; lgodssf] ;s[o tTj gfOuf8{ cr{/ ˆnLof kmLS; x'g . oLgLx?nfO{ cfp6 8f]/ OG8f]/ b'j} lsl;daf6 k|of]u ug{ ;lsg5 . 3/leq k|of]u u/]df # b]lv ^ dlxgf / 3/ afxL/ #) lbg ;Dd sfd u5{ . o;nfO{ PSn} jf ;fOk/d]ly|g jf cu]{gf]kmf]:km]6sf] ;d'xsf sL6gfzs ljiffbL;Fu ld;fP/ 5g{ ;lsG5 . pk|mg] vk6] / ;fUnf dfg{ k|of]u x'G5 .

xfO8«f]k|]g (Hydroprene) M of] lgodssf ;s[otTjx? h]G6«n h]G6+/n KjfO06 ;f];{ h]G6n Pl/;f]n x'g\ . of] k|sfz ;j]bg 5 / 3/ leq dfq 5g{ ;lsG5 . ;fUnf lgoGq0f ug{ /fd|f] 5 .

Gentrol IGR ConcentrateM of] lgods] ;fUnf, p8';, emLuf, kmn s'xfpg] emLuf / e08f/df nfUg] sL/fx?sf] lgoGq0f ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 .

Pivot 10 IGR ConcentrateM of] gfOn/ ;d'xdf k5{ . pk|mg] vk6], ;fNnf lgoGq0f ug{ e08f/df k|of]u ul/g] & dlxgf;Dd k|efj /xg]5 .

Dos Flea and Crawling insect Spray by FMCM of] pk|mg] vk6] / v;|g] vfnsf sL/fx?sf] nfuL k|of]u ul/G5 . vk6,] ;fUnf, sldnf cflbsf] lgoGq0f ug{ k|of]u .

Nyguard IGR of] gofF lgods xf] o;n] ;Gtfg pTkfbg rqmdf k|efj kfb{5 .

Arcer IGRM of] lgodsn] sldnf, vk6,] emLFuf, nfdv'§] / ;fUnfsf] hLjg rqmdf c;/ u/]/ a[l4 /f]S5 .

Gentrol M o;n] ;fNnf / e08f/sf sL/fnfO{ () lbg;Dd k|efj kfb{5 .

NyGuard PlusM of] lgodsn] pkm|g] vk6]sf ;a} cj:yfnfO{ k|efj kfb{5 . Ps k6s k|of]u u/]k5L & dlxgf;Dd cjz]if /xG5 . o;n] uGwnfO{ x6fp5 . o;nfO{ dfgL; jf hgfj/nfO{ ;Lw} k|of]u ug{ xF'b}g . of] :k|] ug]{ xf] .

AzaGuard Insecticde / Nematicide along with AzaGuardM k|fËf/Ls lgods xf], o;n] sL/fx?sf] 3gTjnfO{ sd u5{, o;n] nfxL, ;]tf emLuf, lgdf6f]8 nufot #)) eGbf a9L sL/fnfO{ lgoGq0f u5{, o;nfO{ lu|g xfp;df nufPsf t/sf/L kmnkm'n vfB kbfy{ Rofp / km'nx?df k|of]u ul/G5 . hL/]6f]n @ ;Fu ld;fO 5/]df lgdf6f]]8nfO 36fpF5 .

OHP Adept Insect Growth RegulatorM of] df6f]df a;]/ / af]6 rkfP/ gf]S;fg ug]{ / sL/fx?sf] lgoGq0f ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 . u|Lgxfp;, 6g]n cflbdf k|of]u ul/G5, of] t'?Gt} k|fËf/Ls a:t'df k/L0ft x'G5, o;n] kmf}hLsL/f, nfxL, vk6], y|LK; / ;]tf] emLufnfO{ lgoGq0f ub{5, o;nfO{ lj?jfdf jf df6f]df k|of]u ul/G5 .

h'leng xdf]{gM d]yf]k|Lg, 6]j'km]gf]hfO8, km]gf]S;sfj{, kfO/Lk|f]S;kmLg rfO6Lg ;LGy];L;M 8Lˆn'a]ghf]/g, x]Shfˆn'd'/g, 6«fOˆn'd'/g .

cfsif{0fhGo kbfy{x¿ tyf kf;f]rf/f jf kf;f]df ljif]zt kf]yLsf] uGw lgsfnL efn] sL/fnfO{ cfsif{0f u/fO{ dfg]{, s'g}n] Ps dfq k|hfltnfO{ (Pheremones) cyjf s'g}n] ljleGg k|hfltnfO{ (Allelochemicals) cfsif{0f jf eufpFb5g, cfsif{0f jf ljd'v u/fpg], pQ]hgf jf gvfg], a9L p8\g]÷gp8\g] jf cfˆgf] eO/x]sf] s[ofsnfkdf km/s cfpF5 .

cfsif{0fhGo kbfy{x¿ (Attratant Pheromones ) . kf;f] jf rf/f (Lures/baits) sf] ¿kdf sL/f cfsif{0f ug]{ .


of}ghGo kbfy{x¿ (Sex pheromones)

SofK;'n (Encapsulated), la:tf/} uGw lg:sg] u/L ljleGg cfsf/ (Rubber septa, hallow fibers, rope wicks) df /flvPsf] x'G5 .

ljsif{0f jf eufpg] vfgfsL/fnfO{ ljsif{0f ug]{, eufpg] jf ltgsf] Jojxf/df kl/jt{g ug{ . Dimethal phethalate, Benzyl benzoate / N,N-Dimethyl – m-toluamide (DEET) n] dflg;nfO{ 6f]Sg] lem+uf, lsgf{ / ;'n;'n]x¿ eufpF5 . sf7df Pentachlorophenol n] wld/f / cGo sL/f gnfUg] . di-n-butyl succinate jf butoxypolypropylene glycol n] ufO{e};LnfO{ 6f]Sg] lem+uf eufpg] .

;Gtfg pTkfbg ug{ g;Sg] kbfy{ (Chemosteritants )

sL/fdf ;Gtfg pTkfbg ug{ g;Sg] agfO lbG5g\ . cf/ Pg P, 8L Pg P sf] /;folgs kl/jt{g ;d]t ul/ lbG5g\ .

km]/f]df]g No'/ (Pheromone Lure)

n}uLs kf;f] (Sex lure)

x]nL No"/ (Heli-lure)

:kf]8f] No"/ (Spodo lure) k]S6Lgf]kmf]/ No"/ (Pectinophor lure)

Ol/of; le6'nf No'/ (Earias vittella lures)

Ol/of; OG;'nfgf No'/ (Earias insulana lure)

hfO{nf]:6]nf No'/ (Xyllostella lure)

l;kf]{kmfuf No'/ (Scirpophaga lure)

kf;f] (Trap)

a}6 kf;f] (BRIR TRAP) a]/Lo/ kf;f] (Barrier Trap)

cs:dLs kf;f] (Emergnce Trap)

aQLsf] kf;f] (Light Trap)

d]n];L kf;f] (Malaise Trap)

kL6 kf;f] (Pit fall trap)

:gfk kf;f] (Snap Trap)

8]N6f kf;f] (Delta trap)

cf]6f kf;f] (Ota Trap)

:6LsL (Sticky Trap) kmg]n kf;f] (Funnel Trap)

jf6/ kf;f] (Water trap) x]nLNo'/ (Helilure)

l;kmf]No'/ (Scirpholure)

:kf]8f]No'/ (Spodo lure)


Kff;f]sf] k|of]u

nfO6 6«fk /ftLdf p8g] sL/fx?Pnf] :6LsL 6«fk ;fgf p8g] sL/fx? h:t} nfxL, ;]tf] lem+uf, lnkmdfOg/:6]g/ 6«fk ldyfOn o'lhgn, So'lno/ km]/f]dgkmg]n 6«fk x]nL No'/, :kf]8f] No'/, No'l;gf]8; No'/, k]lS6gf] No'/, l;k|f] No'/8]N6«f 6«fk l8=lj=Pd k|f]6'nf No'/cf]6f 6L 6«fk l8=lj=Pd k|f]6'nf No'/, lk=l6=Pd !,@ No'/Dofskmn 6«fk ljleGg No"/s]f nflulk6 kmn 6«fk df6f]sf] ;txdf lx8g] sL/fx?

vfB kf;f] (Food Lure)

j]S6«f];]/f s's'/lj6L (Bactrocera cucurbitae)

JofS6«f];]/f 8f]/;fln; (Bactrocera dorsalis) JofS6«f;]/f sDkf]hL6L (Bactrocera compositae)

cg'udgcg'udg s] sf] nfluM zq'hLj, ldqhLjs;/LM af]6lj?jfsf] cg'udg, Kff;f]åf/f cg'udg -df]lxgL kf;f], onf] l:6sL kf;f], aQLsf] kf;f]_ .

c;n cg'udglgoldttf, ;Dk'0f{ If]qx? ;d]6\g], cg'udg ug]{ af]6lj?jfsf] ;+Vof afnLsf] a[l4 ljsf; cj:yf / v]tL ul/Psf] If]qkmndf e/ kb{5 .

cfO{=lk=Pd= df cg'udgs[lif kof{j/0f k|0ffnL ljZn]if0f (AESA)M ;hLj / jftfj/0f ljrsf] cGt{;DaGw, s[lif kof{j/0f k|0ffnL, Jfftfj/l0fo cj:yf, kof{j/0fdf kfO{g] hLjx?, kof{j/0fdf kfO{g] hLjx?sf] e'ldsf, cGt{;DaGw, canf]sg ug]{, tYof+s ;+sng ug]{, ljZn]if0f ug]{ .

cfjZos ;fdfu|Lx?cfO{;f kmd]{6, l;;fsnd, gfKg] lkmQf, :s]n, Knfli6s y}nf, /j/ Jof08, sL/f ;dfTg] xft] hfnL, Pl:k/]6/, gf]6a's, snd, Hand lens, Knife, Reference book .

s[lif kof{j/0f k|0ffnL ljZn]if0fsf] nflu canf]sg ug]{ dfkb08 M afnL cg';f/ sfpnL, aGbf afnL / :Aff]6sf] prfO{, Kfftsf] ;+Vof, 8fF7sf] Jof;, af]6sf] km}nfj6, ldqhLjsf] ;+Vof, /f]u, sL/fsf] cj:yf, Efmf/kftsf] cj:yf, Uff]ne]8f afnL, Aff]6sf] prfO{, xfFufsf] ;+Vof, hDdf kmnsf] ;+Vof, ldqhLjsf] ;+Vof, /f]u, sL/fsf] cj:yf, Ufjf/f]n] Iflt u/]sf] kmnsf] ;+Vof, cf]O{nfPsf] af]6, efO{/; nfu]sf] af]6, Efmf/kftsf] cj:yf .

km]/f]df]g n'/x¿;]S;n'/ cyjf vfBn'/ b'j} n'/x¿df xflgsf/s jo:s sL/fx¿nfO{ cfsif{0f ug]{ /;folgs tTj x'G5g\ . ;]S;n'/x¿df ;DalGwt kf]yL sL/fsf] uGw x'G5 h;n] ubf{ jo:s efn] hflt cfslif{t x'G5g\ . t/ vfWo n'/x¿df eg] jo:s efn] / kf]yL b'j}y/L Tolts} cfslif{t x'G5g\ . logsf] k|of]un] ljWj+zs sL/fsf] clu|d hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g'sf] ;fy} k|efjsf/L lgoGq0f Joj:yfkg ;d]t x'G5 .

ljleGg lsl;dsf $)) eGbf a9L n'/x¿ pknAw u/fpg ;lsg] ePtf klg xfn g]kfnsf s[ifsx¿n] cfly{s lx;fan] wfGg ;Sg] !& lsl;dsf n'/x¿ k|of]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . vfB n'/x¿df a}S6«f];]/f s's'/lj6L, a}S6«f];]/f 8f]/;fln;, j}S6«f];]/f sDkf]lh6 kb{5g\ eg] cGo ;a} ;]S;n'/df kb{5g\ . j}S6«f];]/f s's'/lj6L n'/ nsfFqmf, kml;{, h's'gL, s/]nf, a/]nf, k/jn, cflb nx/] afnLx¿df nfUg] cf};f hfgsf jo:s efn] tyf kf]yL b'j}vfn] lemFufx¿nfO{ cfsif{0f ug{ d2t ub{5 . k|To]s


@ b]lv # xKtfdf n'/x¿ km]/L /xg' k5{ . k|lt /f]kgLdf % j6f n'/x¿sf] k|of]u ug'{ k5{ . oL n'/x¿nfO{ af]tn 6«ofk cyjf Dofskm]n 6«ofkdf k|of]u ubf{ k|To]s xKtf dfnfyogsf] k|of]u ul//xg' k5{ eg] 8]N6f l:6sL 6«ofk -kf;f]df logsf] k|of]u ubf{ k|To]s xKtf dfnfyfog sf] k|of]u ul//xg' kb}{g .

j}S6«f];]/f 8f]/;fln; n'/ cfFk, cgf/ / cldnf] hftsf kmnkm"n ;'Gtnf, h'gf/, ef]u6], sfutL, lgj'jf, Hofld/ cflbdf nfUg] cf};f hftsf jo:s efn] tyf kf]yL b'j}vfn] lemFufx¿nfO{ cfsif{0f ug{ d2t ub{5 . k|To]s @ b]lv # xKtfdf n'/x¿ km]/L /xg'k5{ . k|lt /f]kgLdf % j6f n'/x¿sf] k|of]u ug'{ k5{ . oL n'/x¿nfO{ af]tn 6«ofk cyjf Dofskm]n 6«ofkdf k|of]u ubf{ k|To]s xKtf dfnfyogsf] k|of]u ul//xg' k5{ eg] 8]N6f l:6sL 6«ofk -kf;f]_ df logsf] k|of]u ubf{ k|To]s xKtf dfnfyfogsf] k|of]u ul//xg' kb}{g .

j}S6«f];]/f sDkf]lh6 n'/ nx/] / kmnkm"n afnLx¿df nfUg] cf};fsf ^ j6} pkhftLx¿ j}S6«f];]/f s's'/lj6L, j}S6«f];]/f :s'6/fln;, j}S6«f];]/f 6fp, j}S6«f];]/f 8f]/;fln;, j}S6«f];]/f ofl;df]6f] / j}S6«f];]/f hf]g]6f;fsf jo:s efn] tyf kf]yL b'j} vfn] lem+ufx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 cfsif{0f ug{ d2t ub{5 . Pp6} n'/n] ## xKtf;Dd cfsif{0f ug{ ;Sg] x'G5 . sf7df8f} pkTosfdf dfq em08} !@)) jo:s lemFufx¿ Pp6} kf;f]df k/] eg] t/fOsf] u/d xfjfkfgLdf of] ;+Vof em08} bf]Aj/ /x\of] . k|lt /f]kgLdf % j6f n'/x¿sf] k|of]u ug'{ k5{ . oL n'/x¿nfO{ af]tn 6«ofk cyjf Dofskm]n 6«ofkdf k|of]u ubf{ k|To]s xKtf dfnfyogsf] k|of]u ul/xg' k5{ eg] 8]N6f l:6sL 6«ofk -kf;f]_ df logsf] k|of]u ubf{ k|To]s xKtf dfnfyfogsf] k|of]u u/L/xg' kb}{g .

x]lnsf]e/kf cfld{h]/f n'/ skf;, uf]ne]+8f, rgf, /x/, ;"o{d'vL, abfd, ;"tL{, tf]/L cflb afnLx¿df x]lnsf]e/kf cfld{h]/fsf nfe|]x¿n] 6fpsf] leq / z/L/ aflx/ kf/L Jofks Iflt ub{5g\ eg] ltgsf jo:s efn] k'tnLnfO{ oxL n'/sf] k|of]uaf6 kmg]n6«ofk -kf;f]_ df cfslif{t x'G5g\ . k|To]s @ b]lv # xKtfdf n'/ km]l//xg' kb{5 . Ps k6s k'tnL kf;f]sf] Knfl:6s y}nfdf k/]kl5 plDsg ;Sb}gg\ . Pp6f n'/o'Qm kf;f] rf/ /f]kgLdf /fVbf sL/fsf] clu|d hfgsf/L x'G5 eg] k|lt /f]kgLdf Ps j6f n'/o'Qm kf;f] yfKbf crn cj:yfaf6 lg:s]sf efn] k'tnL hlt ;a} cfslif{t x'G5g\ / kf]yL;Fu efn]sf] ;Def]u x'g kfpb}g . kf]yLn] kfg]{ jtf;] km'naf6 nfe|] lg:sb}g . of] lgoGq0f Joj:yfkg a8f] k|efjsf/L x'G5 t/ vlr{nf] x'g ;S5 .

:kf]8f]K6]/f ln6'/f n'/:kf]8f]K6]/f ln6'/fsf nfe|]x¿n] w]/} h;f] afnLx¿df kftnfO{ l5ofl5of kf/L vfg] ub{5g\ . a]df};dL tfhf t/sf/Ldf logn] Jofks Iflt ub{5g\ eg] ltgsf jo:s efn] k'tnL oxL n'/sf] k|of]uaf6 kmg]n 6«ofk -kf;f]_ df cfslif{t x'G5g\ . k|To]s # b]lv $ xKtfdf n'/ km]l//xg' kb{5 . Ps k6s k'tnL kf;f]sf] Knfl:6s y}nfdf k/]kl5 plDsg ;Sb}g . Pp6f n'/o'Qm kf;f] $ /f]kgLdf /fVbf sL/fsf] clu|d hfgsf/L x'G5 eg] k|lt /f]kgLdf ! j6f n'/o'Qm kf;f] yfKbf crn cj:yfaf6 lg:s]sf efn] k'tnL hlt ;a} cfslif{t x'G5g\ / kf]yL;Fu efn]sf] ;Def]u x'g kfpb}g . kf]yLn] kfg]{ jtf;] km'naf6 nfe|] lg:sb}g . of] lgoGq0f Joj:yfkg j8f] k|efjsf/L x'G5 t/ vlr{nf ]klg x'g ;S5 .

Ol/of; le6fnf n'/ Ol/of; le6fnf skf;sf] l5qm] uef/f]sf nfe|]x¿n] skf; / /fdtf]l/of -leG8L_ afnLx¿sf sf];f leq Kjfn kf/L vfg] ub{5g\ . logn] skf;df Jofks Iflt ub{5g\ eg] ltgsf jo:s efn] k'tnL oxL n'/sf] k|of]uaf6 kmg]n6«ofk -kf;f]_ df cfslif{t x'G5g\ . k|To]s # b]lv $ xKtfdf n'/ km]l//xg' kb{5 . Ps k6s k'tnL kf;f]sf] Knfl:6s y}nfdf k/]kl5 plDsg ;Sb}g . Pp6f n'/o'Qm kf;f] $ /f]kgLdf /fVbf sL/fsf] clu|d hfgsf/L x'G5 eg] k|lt /f]kgLdf Ps j6f n'/o'Qm kf;f] yfKbf crn cj:yfaf6 lg:s]sf efn] k'tnL hlt ;a} cfslif{t x'G5g\ / kf]yL;Fu efn]sf] ;Def]u x'g kfpb}g . kf]yLn] kfg]{ jtf;] km'naf6 nfe|] lg:sb}g . of] lgoGq0f Joj:yfkg a8f] k|efjsf/L x'G5 t/ vlr{nf] klg x'g ;S5 .

Ol/of; OG;'nfgf n'/ Ol/of; OG;'nfgf skf;sf] sf7] uef/f]sf nfe|]x¿n] skf; / /fdtf]l/of -le08L_ afnLx¿sf] sf];f leq Kjfnkf/L vfg] ub{5g\ . logn] skf;df Jofks Iflt ub{5g\ eg] logsf jo:s efn] k'tnL oxL n'/sf] k|of]uaf6 kmg]n 6«ofk -kf;f]_ df


cfslif{t x'G5g\ . k|To]s # b]lv $ xKtfdf n'/ km]/L/xg' kb{5 . Ps k6s k'tnL kf;f]sf] Knfl:6s y}nfdf k/]kl5 plDsg ;Sb}g . Pp6f n'/o'Qm kf;f] Ps /f]kgLdf /fVbf sL/fsf] clu|d hfgsf/L x'G5 eg] k|lt /f]kgLdf rf/j6f n'/o'Qm kf;f] yfKbf crn cj:yfaf6 lg:s]sf efn] k'tnL hlt ;a} cfslif{t x'G5g / kf]yL;Fu efn]sf] ;Def]u x'g kfpFb}g . kf]yLn] kfg]{ jtf;] km'naf6 nfe|] lg:sb}g . of] lgoGq0f Joj:yfkg a8f] k|efjsf/L x'G5 t/ vlr{nf] klg x'g ;S5 .

k]lS6gf]kmf]/f uf]l;lkoNnf n'/ k]lS6gf]kmf]/f uf]lylkoNnf skf;sf] u'nfkmL uef/f]sf nfe|]x¿n] skf; / /fdtf]l/of -le08L_ afnLx¿sf sf];f leq Kjfnkf/L vfg] ub{5g\ . logn] skf;df Jofks Iflt ub{5g\ eg] ltgsf jo:s efn] k'tnL oxL n'/sf] k|of]uaf6 8]N6f l:6sL 6«ofk -kf;f]_ df cfslif{t x'G5g\ . k|To]s @ b]lv # xKtfdf n'/ km]l//xg' kb{5 . Ps k6s k'tnL kf;f]df k/]kl5 plDsg ;Sb}g . Pp6f n'/o'Qm kf;f] $ /f]kgLdf /fVbf sL/fsf] clu|d hfgsf/L x'G5 eg] k|lt /f]kgLdf ! j6f n'/o'Qm kf;f] yfKbf crn cj:yfaf6 lg:s]sf efn] k'tnL hlt ;a} cfslif{t x'G5g\ / kf]yL;Fu efn]sf] ;Def]u x'g kfpb}g . kf]yLn] kfg]{ atf;] km'naf6 nfe|] lg:sb}g . of] lgoGq0f Joj:yfkg a8f] k|efjsf/L x'G5 t/ vlr{nf] klg x'g ;S5 .

lgpl;gf]8 cf]jf]{gfln; n'/e06f afnLsf] 8fF7 / kmndf nfUg] uef/f]sf nfe|]x¿n] Kjfnkf/L vfg] ub{5g\ . logn] e06f afnLdf Jofks Iflt ub{5g\ eg] ltgsf jo:s efn] k'tnL oxL n'/sf] k|of]uaf6 jf6/ 6«ofk -kfgL kf;f]_ cyjf 8]N6f l:6sL6«ofk -RofkRofk] kf;f]_ df cfslif{t x'G5g\ . k|To]s @ b]lv # xKtfdf n'/ km]l//xg' kb{5 . Ps k6s k'tnL kf;f]df k/]kl5 plDsg ;Sb}g . Pp6f n'/o'Qm kf;f] $ /f]kgLdf /fVbf sL/fsf] clu|d hfgsf/L x'G5 eg] k|lt /f]kgLdf Ps j6f n'/o'Qm kf;f] yfKbf crn cj:yfaf6 lg:s]sf efn] k'tnL hlt ;a} cfslif{t x'G5g\ / kf]yL;Fu efn]sf] ;Def]u x'g kfpb}g . kf]yLn] kfg]{ jtf;] km'naf6 nfe|] lg:sb}g . of] lgoGq0f Joj:yfkg a8f] k|efjsf/L x'G5 t/ vlr{nf] klg x'g ;S5 .

hfOnf]:6]nf Kn'6]ln n'/ O{6a'§] k'tnLsf nfe|]x¿n] aGbf, sfpnL Uof7uf]aL, ;nud, /fof], d'nf cflb afnLx¿sf kftnfO{ l5ofl5of kf/L vfg] ub{5g\ . logn] afnLdf Jofks Iflt ub{5g\ eg] ltgsf jo:s efn] k'tnL oxL n'/sf] k|of]uaf6 8]N6f l:6sL 6«ofk -RofkRofk] kf;f]_ df cfslif{t x'G5g\ . k|To]s @ b]lv # xKtfdf n'/ km]l//xg' kb{5 . Ps k6s k'tnL kf;f]df k/]kl5 plDsg ;Sb}g . Pp6f n'/o'Qm kf;f] rf/ /f]kgLdf /fVbf sL/fsf] clu|d hfgsf/L x'G5 eg] k|lt /]fkgLdf Ps j6f n'/o'Qm kf;f] yfKbf crn cj:yfaf6 lg:s]sf efn] k'tnL hlt ;a} cfslif{t x'G5g\ / kf]yL;Fu efn]sf] ;Def]u x'g kfpb}g . kf]yLn] kfg]{ atf;] km'naf6 nfe|] lg:sb}g . of] lgoGq0f Joj:yfkg a8f] k|efjsf/L x'G5 t/ vlr{nf] klg x'g;S5 .

sfOnf] kfl6{n; n'/ds} afnLsf] 8fF7df nfUg] sfOnf] kfl6{n; uef/f]sf nfe|]x¿n] u'ef]af6 leqk;L 8fF7df Kjfnkf/L vfg] ub{5g\ . logn] ds} afnLdf Jofks Iflt ub{5g\ eg] ltgsf jo:s efn] k'tnLnfO{ oxL n'/sf] k|of]uaf6 jf6/ 6«ofk -kfgL kf;f]_ df cfslif{t x'G5g\ . k|To]s @ b]lv # xKtfdf n'/ km]l//xg' kb{5 . Ps k6s k'tnL kf;f]df k/]kl5 plDsg ;Sb}g . Pp6f n'/o'Qm kf;f] $ /f]kgLdf /fVbf sL/fsf] clu|d hfgsf/L x'G5 eg] k|lt /f]kgLdf ! j6f n'/o'Qm kf;f] yfKbf crn cj:yfaf6 lgSs]sf efn] k'tnL hlt ;a} cfslif{t x'G5g\ / kf]yL;Fu efn]sf] ;Def]u x'g kfpb}g . kf]yLn] kfg]{ atf;] km'naf6 nfe|] lg:sb}g . of] lgoGq0f Joj:yfkg a8f] k|efjsf/L x'G5 t/ vlr{nf] klg x'g ;S5 .

l;kf]{kmf]u|f OG;/6'n; n'/wfg afnLsf] 8fF7df nfUg] kx]Fnf] uef/f]sf nfe|]x¿n] wfgsf] 8fF7df Kjfnkf/L vfg] ub{5g\ . logn] wfg afnLdf Jofks Iflt ub{5g\ eg] ltgsf jo:s efn] k'tnL oxL n'/sf] k|of]uaf6 jf6/ -kfgL kf;f]_ df cfslif{t x'G5g\ . k|To]s @ b]lv # xKtfdf n'/ km]l//xg' kb{5 . Ps k6s k'tnL kf;f]df k/]kl5 plDsg ;Sb}g . Pp6f n'/d'Qm kf;f] $ /f]kgLdf /fVbf sL/fsf] clu|d hfgsf/L x'G5 eg] k|lt /f]kgLdf ! j6f n'/o'Qm kf;f] yfKbf crn cj:yfaf6 lgSs]sf efn] k'tnL hlt ;a} cfslif{t x'G5g\ / kf]yL;Fu efn]sf] ;Def]u x'g kfpb}g . kf]yLn] kfg]{ atf;] km'naf6 nfe|] lg:sb}g . of] lgoGq0f Joj:yfkg a8f] k|efjsf/L x'G5 t/ vlr{nf] klg x'g ;S5 .


sfOnf] Ogkm';s]l6n'; n'/pv' afnLsf] z'? cj:yfdf nfUg] sfOnf] Ogkm';s]l6n'; uef/f]sf nfe|]x¿n] 8fF7df Kjfnkf/L vfg] ub{5g\ . logn] pv' afnLdf Jofks Iflt ub{5g\ eg] ltgsf jo:s efn] k'tnL oxL n'/sf] k|of]uaf6 jf6/ 6«ofk -kfgL kf;f]_ df cfslif{t x'G5g\ . k|To]s $ b]lv ^ xKtfdf n'/ km]l//xg' kb{5 . Ps k6s k'tnL kf;f]df k/]kl5 plDsg ;Sb}g . Pp6f n'/o'Qm df;f] $ /f]kgLdf /fVbf sL/fsf] clu|d hfgsf/L x'G5 eg] k|lt /f]kgLdf ! j6f n'/o'Qm kf;f] yfKbf crn cj:yfaf6 lgSs]sf efn] k'tnL hlt ;a} cfslif{t x'G5g\ / kf]yL;Fu efn]sf] ;Def]u x'g kfpb}g . kf]yLn] kfg]{ atf;] km'naf6 nfe|] lg:sb}g . of] lgoGq0f Joj:yfkg a8f] k|efjsf/L x'g'sf] ;fy} sd vlr{nf] klg x'g ;S5 .

sfOnf] ;rfl/km]u; Ol08s; n'/ pv' afnLsf] b'O{ cfVnfsf] aLrsf] 8fF7df nfUg] sfOnf] ;rfl/km]]u; Ol08s; uef/f]sf nfe|]x¿n] Kjfnkf/L vfg] ub{5g\ . logn] pv' afnLdf Jofks Iflt ub{5g\ eg] ltgsf jo:s efn] k'tnL oxL n'/sf] k|of]uaf6 jf6/ 6«ofk -kfgL kf;f]_ df cfslif{t x'G5g\ . k}To]s * xKtfdf n'/ km]l/xg' kb{5 . Ps k6s k'tnL kf;f]df k/]kl5 plDsg ;sb}g . Pp6f n'/o'Qm kf;f] $ /f]kgLdf /fVbf sL/fsf] clu|d hfgsf/L x'G5 eg] k|lt /f]kgLdf ! j6f n'/o'Qm kf;f] yfKbf crn cj:yfaf6 lg:s]sf efn] k'tnL hlt ;a} cfslif{t x'G5g\ / kf]yL;Fu efn]sf] ;Def]u x'g kfpb}g . kf]yLn] kfg]{ atf;] km'naf6 nfe|] lg:sb}g . of] lgoGq0f Joj:yfkg a8f] k|efjsf/L x'g'sf] ;fy} sd vlr{nf] klg x'g ;S5 .

sfOnf] cf}l/l;lno; n'/ pv'sf] d"n 8f7df nfUg] sfOnf] cf}l/l;lno; uef/f]sf nfe|]x¿n] Kjfnkf/L vfg] ub{5g\ . logn] pv' afnLdf Jofks Iflt ub{5g\ eg] ltgsf jo:s efn] k'tnL oxL n'/sf] k|of]uaf6 jf6/ 6«ofk -kfgL kf;f]_ df cfslif{t x'G5g\ . Ps k6s k'tnL kf;f]df k/]kl5 plDsg ;Sb}g . Pp6f n'/o'Qm kf;f] $ /f]kgLdf /fVbf sL/fsf] clu|d hfgsf/L x'G5 eg] k|lt /f]kgLdf ! j6f n'/o'Qm kf;f] yfKbf crn cj:yfaf6 lg:s]sf efn] k'tnL hlt ;a} cfslif{t x'G5g\ / kf]yL;Fu efn]sf] ;Def]u x'g kfpb}g . kf]yLn] kfg]{ atf;] km'naf6 nfe|] lg:sb}g . of] lgoGq0f Joj:yfkg a8f] k|efjsf/L x'g'sf] ;fy} sd vlr{nf] klg x'g ;S5 .

l;kf]{km]uf PS;/K6fln; n'/pn' afnLsf] 6'Kkfdf ;kf]{km]uf PS;/K6fln; uef/f]sf nfe|]x¿n] Kjfnkf/L vfg] ub{5g\ . logn] pv' afnLdf Jofks Iflt ub{5g\ eg] ltgsf jo:s efn] k'tnL oxL n'/sf] k|of]uaf6 jf6/ 6«ofk -kfgL kf;f]_ df cfslif{t x'G5g\ . k|To]s $ b]lv ^ xKtfdf n'/ km]l//xg' kb{5 . Ps k6s k'tnL kf;f]df k/]kl5 plDsg ;Sb}g . Pp6f n'/o'Qm kf;f] $ /f]kgLdf /fVbf sL/fsf] clu|d hfgsf/L x'G5 eg] k|lt /f]kgLdf ! j6f n'/o'Qm kf;f] yfKbf crn cj:yfaf6 lg:s]sf efn] k'tnL hlt ;a} cfslif{t x'G5g\ / kf]yL;Fu efn]sf] ;Def]u x'g kfpb}g . kf]yLn] kfg]{ atf;] km'naf6 nfe|] lg:sb}g . uef/f] lg:sg] ;do tflnsf ldnfP/ /fv]df jufn g} kf;f]df kb{5g\ . t;y{ of] lgoGq0f Joj:yfkg a8f] k|efjsf/L x'g'sf] ;fy} sd vlr{nf] klg x'g ;S5 .

n]l;of]8/df ;]l/sf]/gL n'/ n]l;of]8/df ;]l/sf]/gL ;+lrt ;'tL{sf] vk6] xf] . jo:s vk6] / nfe|] b'j}n] e08f/df /x]sf] ;+lrt ;'tL{sf kftx¿ vfOlbgfn] Jofks Iflt x'G5 . logsf jo:s vk6] oxL n'/sf] k|of]uaf6 b]N6f l:6sL 6«ofk -RofkRofk] kf;f]_ df cfslif{t x'G5g\ . Ps k6s vk6] kf;f]df k/]kl5 plDsg ;Sb}g . k|To]s $ b]lv * xKtfdf n'/ km]l//xg' kb{5 . Pp6f n'/o'Qm kf;f] Ps 6g ;lrt ;'tL{df /fVbf sL/fsf] clu|d hfgsf/L x'G5 ;fy} lgoGq0f klg k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 x'G5 / vlr{nf] klg xF'b}g .


kf;f] -6«ofk_

tLg v'§] ;'lno'Qm kf;f] -kmg]n 6«ofk_b'O{v'§] eGbf tLgv'§] ;'lno'Qm kf;f] -kmg]n 6«ofk_ b/f], alnof] x'g'sf] ;fy} w]/} k'tnLx¿ o;df kb{5g\ . of] kf;f]df 7"nf] vfn] k'tnL ;dfpg g]kfndf a8f] pkof]lu Pj+ k|efjsf/L 5 . of] kf;f]df uf]ne]+8fsf] uef/f], x]lnsf]ekf{ cfld{h]/f / ;'tL{sf] nfe]|sL/f, :kf]8f]K6]/f ln6\/fsf, ao:s k'tnLx¿ ;dfpg a9L k|of]u x'G5 . ;'lndf tLg v'§] 5ftf c8\sfpg] 7fpF x'g'sf] ;fy} n¶Ldf afFWgsf] nflu xft / k'tnL sL/f ;+sngsf nflu nfdf] ;]tf] Knfli6ssf] y}nf] ;d]t x'G5 . dflyNnf] uf]nf] cfsf/sf] 5ftfsf] ljrdf efn] k'tnLnfO{ cfsif{0f ug{ kf]yL sL/fsf] uGwo'Qm /a/ cyjf e]gfOn ;]K6f /fVg] 7fpF x'G5 . n'/o'Qm kf;f]nfO{ ! b]lv !=% ld6/sf] prfOdf /fVbf jf afnL eGbf @% ;]lG6ld6/ dfly /fVbf sL/f a9L kb{5g\ . vf;u/Lsg sL/fsf] 7"nf] vfn] k'tnLnfO{ of] kf;f] pkof]uL x'G5 .

kfgL kf;f] -jf6/ 6«ofk_pv', wfg, ds} / e06f afnLsf] uef/f] k'tnLnfO{ ;dfpg a9L pkof]uL Pj+ k|efjsf/L x'G5 . tnsf] lkF9 efudf tnlt/ n¶L c8\sfpg] Knfli6ssf] 9'ª\uf] h:tf] 7fpF x'G5 eg] dflyNnf] efudf kfgL /fVg] Knfli6ssf] efF8f] c8\sfpg] 7fpF x'G5 . kfgL /fVg] efF8f]sf] dflyNnf] efudf uf]nf] cfsf/sf] ;fgf] 5ftfsf] ljrdf efn] k'tnLnfO{ cfsif{0f ug{ kf]yL sL/fsf] uGwo'Qm /a/ cyjf e]gfOn ;]K6f /fVg] 7fpF x'G5 . n'/o'Qm kf;f]nfO{ ! b]lv !=% ld6/sf] prfOdf /fVbf jf afnL eGbf @% ;]lG6ld6/ dfly /fVbf sL/f a9L kb{5g\ . ef8f]df kfgL k"/} el/lbg] / n'/ /flv lbPkl5, efn]x¿ kf;f]df kg{ yfNb 5g\ . kfgLdf t}l/g g;s]kl5 k'tnLx¿ db{5g\ . demf}nf vfn] sL/f vf;u/Lsg k'tnLnfO{ of] kf;f] pkof]uL x'G5 .

RofkRofk] kf;f] -8]N6f l:6sL 6«ofk_;fgf vfn] k'tnL h:t} aGbfsf] O{6 a'§] k'tnL, cfn'sf] k'tnL, nx/] Pj+ kmnkm"n afnLdf nfUg] cf};fsf] jo:s lemFufsf] nflu of] kf;f] a8f] pkof]uL x'G5 . kfgLn] c;/ gug]{ jfSnf] lqsf]0ffTds vf]n leq 5'§} RofkRofk] lnlgo/ kf;f] /fVg' k5{ . RofkRofk] lnlgo/ kf;f]df k|of]u u/]sf] lgs} ;do kl5 sL/fsf] sTnfx¿ / w'nf]n] ubf{ sfd ug{ 5f8\b5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf csf]{ RofkRofk] lnlgo/ kf;f] km]bf{ x'G5 . cfsif{0f ug]{ /;folgs uGwo'Qm /a/ cyjf e]gfOn ;]K6fnfO{ RofkRofk] lnlgo/ kf;f]sf] tn lkFbsf] ljr efudf ykSs /fVbf x'G5 . RofkRofk] kf;f] k|of]u u/]kl5 dfnfyfogsf] cfjZostf kb}{g . n'/o'Qm kf;f]nfO{ ! b]lv !=% ld6/sf] prfOdf /fVbf jf afnL eGbf @% ;]lG6ld6/ dfly /fVbf sL/f a9L kb{5g\ .

af]tn kf;f] -af]tn 6«ofk_nx/] afnL xf]; cyjf kmnkm"n afnLdf cf};f sL/fsf] nflu of] kf;f] w]/} ;do;Dd l6sfp x'g'sf] ;fy} a8f] ;:tf] klg 5 . ;fwf/0f af]tnsf] b'j} tkm{ cf};f sL/fsf] jo:s lem+uf l5g]{ @ ;]lG6ld6/sf] uf]nf] Kjfn kfl/Psf] x'G5 . af]tnsf] aLrdf dl;gf] tf/ l5g]{ ;fgf] Kjfn x'G5 . ToxL Kjfnaf6 tf/ l5/fP/ tf/sf] tNnf] efudf dfnfyfogsf] nflu skf; /fVg' k5{ eg] 7Ls skf; s} dfly vfB kbfy{o'Qm /a/ ;]K6fdf /x]sf] n'/nfO{ c8\sfpg' k5{ . af]tn eGbf aflx/ /x]sf] tf/sf] d2tn] afnLsf] ljleGg 7fpFdf em'08\ofpg' k5{ . k|lt /f]kgL % j6f n'/o'Qm jf]tn kf;f]sf b/n] /fVbf a]; x'G5 . k|To]s xKtf dfnfyfog /fVbf a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 .

d';fsf] RofkRofk] kf;f] -6«a'n ud_3/ leq b'Mv lbg] d';fx¿ dWo] ;fgf] 8's'/] d';f] s'g} klg ljiffbLaf6 lgoGq0f ug{ jf kf;f]df kfg{ wf} wf} kb{5 . /;folgs ljiffbLo'Qm rf/faf6 d';fsf] lgoGq0f x'G5 . t/ k|of]u u/]sf] s]xL ;do kl5 sfd ug{ 5f8\b5 . cGo vfnsf kf;f]x¿df klg d';f kg{ 5f8]kl5 of] kf;f]df ;lhn};Fu kb{5g . To:tf d';fx¿ nfO{ of] RofkRofk] kf;f]df kfg{ ;lsG5 . 3/sf] sf]7f leq vf; ul/sg leQfsf] 5]p5fpaf6 d';fx¿ cfjt hfjt ub{5g\ . 9f]sf / leQfsf] ljrdf kf/]/ of] RofkRofk] kf;f] /flv lb+bf d';fx¿ ;lhn};Fu o;df kb{5g\ . of] kf;f]df @)) eGbf a9L d';fx¿ k/]sf 5g\ .


k/lhla tyf l;sf/L sL/fx?

DofG6L8 tyf nfdf] l;Fu] km6]+u|f

k/eIfL kt]/fx?

Dffs'/fx?

:qL :jefjsf] vk6


l;/lkm8 kmnfO{

k/eIfL lem+uf /f]j/ kmnfO{

ufOg] sL/f

j?nfx?


hfnLbf/ kv]6]

Jff6/ ju, d];f] tyf dfOs|f]e]lnof

OP/ lju

6fOu/ jL6n


g]df6f]8\; tyf efO{/; hGo h}ljs ljiffbLx?af6 u|l;t nfef{

lgdf6f]8 Pg kL le

h}ljs ljiffbLx? -9';L hGo h}ljs ljiffbLx?_

6«fO{sf]8df{ -;+hLjgL _ 9';L Jo"e]l/ofaf6 u|l;t nfef

d]6f/fO{lhodåf/f u|l;t km6\of+Ëf


d]6f/fO{lhodåf/f u|;Lt nfef{x? Jofl;n; y'/]GhLoGl;;

efO{/; tyf g]df6f]8\; hGo h}ljs ljiffbLx?

Pg= lk= le= af6 u|l;t nfef{ Pg= lk= le= emf]n

:6fO{g/g]df g]df6f]8 6fO{g/g]df g]df6f]8sf] em'08


ahf/df k|rlnt s]xL kf;f]x? (Traps)

a+unfb]zdf ljsf; ul/Psf] Doflhs 6«fk lk7f]df nfUg] hfkgLh vk6] kf;f]

nLo/ : Compositae trap ;+o'Qm kf;f]

;v/v08df nfUg] 3'gsf] cfsif{0f ug]{ kf;f]

म्याकफलपासो


Leucinode No';Lgf]8 (DBM 8LaLPd, PTM lure kL6LPd)

8]N6f 6«fk sL/f ;dfTg] hfnL


Robinson trapPheromane trap

Omini trapMass trapLight trap

Light trapD horse

E trap Flight trap


Delta trap

Cone trapCoco trapYellow sricky trap

Yellow Pan

Z trap

Wota T trapSnail trap


& ljiffbL

jLp, lj?jf, ?v, kz', k+IfL, dfgj :jf:Yo, lgdf{0f If]q cflbdf nfUg] zq'hLjx?nfO{ /f]Sg], x6fpg], lgoGq0f ug]{, Joj:yfkg ug]{ / gfz ug]{ nIf /fvL k|of]u ul/g] ljiffn' kbfy{nfO{ g} ljiffbL elgG5 . ljiffbLn] dflg;, hgfj/, r/f, df5f, df}/L, df6f]sf z'Id hLjf0f', h+unL hgfj/, nfebfoL sL/fx?sf] IftL / ;du| jftfj/0f g} b'lift agfpg] x'+bf logLx?sf] bLuf] / hyfefjL k|of]u :jLsf/ ug{ ;lsb}g .

ljiffbLsf] k|of]u cfly{s pkfh{g / pkef]usf] nflu nufO{Psf s'g} klg jf]6 lj?jf, afnL gfnL cflbdf ljleGg lsl;dsf /f]u, sL/f, emf/kft, d';f cflbn] afnL s6fgL cl3 / kl5 ;d]t u/]/ ljleGg tl/ssfn] sl/a @)—#%Ü ;Dd jflif{s IftL k'–ofO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . Psflt/ pTkfbgsf] olt 7'nf] lx:;f jif]{gL zq'hLjx?af6 gf]S;fg eO/x]sf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ e"ldsf] pTkfbsTj x|f; / hg;+Vof a[l4 ltj| ?kdf eO/x]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf sd;]sd zq'hLjaf6 gf]S;fg eO/x]sf] pTkfbgsf] lx:;fnfO{ dfq sd ug{ ;lsof] eg] klg vfB ;'/Iffdf 7'nf] 6]jf k'Ug] b]lvG5 . To;}n] ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ckl/xfo{ ePsf] xf] . ;fy} dfgj tyf kz'x?df nfUg] ljleGg /f]usf ;+afxs -vectors_ sf] lgoGq0f ug{ klg ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .

* g]kfndf ljiffbL k|of]usf] at{dfg l:ylt

g]kfnsf] k|foM h;f] ;a} v]tLof]Uo hldg k|of]u e};s]sf] / ;Lldt hldgaf6 jt{dfg /fli6«o pTkfbg bf]Jj/ ug'{kg]{ cj:yfnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ pko'Qm of]hgf, e"–pkof]u, j}1flgs s[lifaf6 / s[lif ;fdfu|Lsf] Gofof]lrt k|of]uaf6 hldgsf] pTkfbsTj / pTkfbg a9fpg ;s]df /fi6«sf] a9\bf] hg;+VofnfO{ cfjZos uf;, af; / skf; /fi6«d} pTkfbg x'g;Sg] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 . s'g}a]nf blIf0f Plzof d} pNn]v ePsf] g]kfnsf] s[lif pTkfbsTj oltj]nf ;a}eGbf sd x'g k'u]sf] 5 . cem s'g} ;do o;} d'n'sdf em08} cfwf bh{g wfg rfdn lgof{t ug]{ sDkgL lyP eGbf cfZro{ dfGg' kg]{ cj:yf 5 . g]kfndf s[lif ljsf;sf] ;d:ofnfO{ ulxl/P/ ljZn]if0f ug'{ kbf{ lbuf] s[lif ljsf;sf] nflu jftfj/0f Pj+ ;do cg's"n pko'Qm k|ljlw / /f;folgs ljiffbLsf] ;d'lrt k|of]u Pj+ ;xL ljsNksf] vfFrf] g} ljBdfg Go"gtd pTkfbsTj / jftfj/0f k|b'if0fsf] k|d'v sf/0f b]lvG5 . afnLgfnLdf /f]u÷sL/fsf] k|sf]k x'g' eg]sf] zq'hLj, afnL / jftfj/0f oL tLg kIf jLrsf] hl6n cGt/;DjGwsf] c;Gt'ngsf] kl/0ffd xf] . k|fs[lts cj:yfdf ;fdfGotofM of] ;DjGw ;Gt'lnt x'G5 . t/, dflg;n] cfˆgf] cfjZostf eGbf al9 rfxgf kl/k"lt{ ug{ vf]Hbf of] ;Gt'ng vnanLG5 clg zq'hLjsf] k|sf]kn] dxfdf/Lsf] ?k lnG5 / cfly{s gf]S;fgLsf] tx (Economic Threshhold) eGbf klg dfly hfG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;f] ;Gt'ng k'gM sfod /fVg afnL ;+/If0fsf a}sNkLs pkfox?sf] pkof]u / ljiffbLsf] ;xL / ;d'rLt k|of]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg / lg/Gt/tf lbg' ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . s'g} klg afnLdf k|of]u ul/Psf] sl/a *) k|ltzt hLjgfzs ljiffbL ;fwf/0ftof df6f]df 6'+lug k'Ub5 . df6f]df k'u]sf] ljiffbL lgl:qmo x'g lgs} ;do nfU5 . o;af6 df6f]df /x]sf z'Id hLjf0f'x?nfO{ cf3ft k'Ug hfg'sf ;fy} e"ldut hn>f]t, vfN8f] / vf]nfdf ljif k|b'if0f x'g] vt/f a9\g hfG5 . o;sf nflu ljiffbLsf] Go"gtd k|efjsf/L dfqfnfO{ k|of]udf NofP/ df6f]df x'g] k|b"if0f lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 . df6f]sf ;'Id hLjf0f'x?sf] ultljlwdf kg]{ gsf/fTds k|efjn] df6f]nfO{ yk k|b'lift kfg{df g} d2t k'¥ofpFb5 . ljiffbLaf6 pTkGg x'g] gsf/fTds k|efjnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ ljiffbL k|of]usf] ;xL lbzf cfTd;ft ug'{ kb{5 . cflv/df ljiffbL ljif g} xf] / o;nfO{ cf}iflwsf] ?kdf Aoafxf/ ug{ ;lsb}g . t;y{ ljiffbLnfO{ ;fjwfgLk"j{s tyf j[l4dfgL k"j{s k|of]u ul/Pdf / ljiffbLsf] ;fydf x'g] krf{df lbO{Psf lgb]{zgx?nfO{ /fd|/L kfng ul/Pdf jftfj/0f tyf dfgj :jf:yfdf kg{ ;Sg] k|lts'n k|efj Go'g ug{ ;lsG5 . t/, o:tf ljiffbLsf] b'?kof]u ul/Pdf eg] To;sf] k|of]uaf6 kmfObf eGbf s}+of} u'gf a9L gf]S;fgL Joxf]g'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

g]kfndf ljiffbLsf] cf}ift k|of]u #(^ u|fd÷x]=-vf; ljif_ t/sf/Ldf !^)) u|fd÷x]= -vf; ljif_

>f]tM PPD, 2015


( ljiffbLsf lsl;d

jftfj/0fLo b[li6n] ljiffbLx? b'O{ lsl;dsf 5g\ . jftfj/0fdf Ifo x'Fb} hfg] vfnsf jftfj/0f -kfgL, xfjf, k|sfz, tfk_ sf] ;Dks{df cfO{;s]kl5 la:tf/} Ifo x'Fb} hfg] jf jftfj/0fdf yf]/} lbg dfq /x] kl5 cfkm} Ifo eP/ hfg] lsl;dsf ljiffbLx? o; ju{df kb{5g\ . pbfx/0f M

8fOd]yf]P6 -g'u/, /f]u/, 8fOd]6_ dfnfyfog 8fOSnf]/ef]; -8'd, e]kf]gf_ km]gL6«f]lycf]g -kmf]nLlycf]g_ cflb

jftfj/0fdf y'lk|b} hfg] vfnsf

o; ju{ cGt/ut jftfj/0fdf l56} Ifo gx'g] jf xfd|f] z/L/df x'g] jf];f]sf] c+zdf ldl;P/ /lx/xg] / jftfj/0fdf ;d]t nfdf] ;do;Dd /xL jftfj/0fnfO{ b'lift kfg]{ vfnsf ljiffbLx? kb{5g\ .

pbfx/0f M clN8«g, Snf]/f]8]g, l8=l8=l6=, 8foclN8«g, PlN8«g, x]K6fSnf]/, dfO/]S;, 6f]S;fkm]g, Pr=l;=lj=, lk=l;=lj=, 8fOclS;g / ô"/fg cflb h:tf ;lhn} gi6 / Ifo gx'g] -cljgf;L_ k|s[ltsf ljiffbLx? kb{5g\ . o:tf lsl;dsf /;fogx? lj;h{g ug{ Special Treatment Facility sf] b/sf/ kb{5 h'g xfn g]kfndf pknJw 5}g .

nlIft hLjsf] cfwf/df ljiffbLsf] alu{s/0f sL6gfzs ljiffbLsL/f lgoGq0f ug{ k|of]u ul/g] ljiffbL . h:t} M dfnflyog, ;fOk/d]ly|g, km]gef]nf/]6 cflb .

9';Lgfzs ljiffbL9';L ;DaGwL /f]ux? /f]Sg k|of]u ul/g] ljiffbL . h:t} M DofGsf]h]j, sfj]{G8flhd, sk/clS;Snf]/fO8 cflb .

emf/kftgfzs ljiffbL emf/kft dfg{ k|of]u ul/g] ljiffbL . h:t} M Ao'6fSnf]/, UnfOkmf];]6, @–$ 8L cflb .

d';fgfzs ljiffbL d';f / To;} hftsf cGo hgfj/ dfg{ k|of]u ul/g] ljiffbL . h:t} M lhGs kmf]:kmfO8, a|f]dfl8of]nfg, So'df6]6«flnn cflb .

;'n;'n]gfzs ljiffbL;'n;'n] dfg{ k|of]u ul/g] ljiffbL . h:t} M 8fOsf]kmf]n

cGo gfzs ljiffbL cGo lk/fxf hLj, lj?jf, hgfj/ / e08f/0fdf /x]sf] vfB kbfy{nfO{ k|efljt kg]{ /f]ux? gi6 ug{ jf lgoGq0f ug{ k|of]u ul/g] . h:t} M :6«]K6f]dfOl;g ;Nkm]6 ± 6]6«f;fOlSng -AofS6]l/ofgfzs_, d]6n8LxfO{8 -z+v]sL/fgfzs_ cflb .


sfo{ k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df sL6gfzs ljiffbLsf] alu{s/0f ;Dks{ ljiffbL

sL/fsf] z/L/df ljif nfuL sL/fx? dg]{ .k|ToIf ;Dks{df cfpbf sL/faflx/L cfj/0fn] ljifnfO{ ;f]:b5 / db{5 . vf;u/L g/d zl// ePsf sL/fx? o:tf ljiffbLn] ;lnh} db{5g\ h:t} M nfxL, em'; gePsf nfe]{, ly|K;, ;]t] lem+uf . h:t}M dfnflyog, Snf]/f]kfO{l/km;, 8fO{Snf]/f]e;, ;fOk/d]y|Lg, cflb .

cfGt/Ls ljiffbL ljiffbLnfO{ sL/fx?n] vfPkl5 dfq} sL/fx? dg]{ s'g} g s'g} k|sf/jf6 sL/fx?n] vfP/ k]6df k'u]sf] x'g'k5{ . pkrf/ ul/Psf] ljiffbL nfu]sf] lj?jfsf kftx? jf kmnkm'nnfO{ sL/fx?n] vfFbf sL/fx? d5{g . sf6\g] ÷rkfpg] d'vfs[lt ePsf sL/f x? h:t} M vk6], v'd|]{, em'lifnsL/f , km6]ªu|f, lsyf]{ cflb . h:t}M dfnflyog, Snf]/f]kfO{l/km;, 8fO{Snf]/f]e;, ;fOk/d]y|Lg, km]ge]n]/]6, cflb .

b}lxs ljiffbL lj?jfsf] ;Dk'0f{ efux?df k'uL lj?jf ljiffQm jGb5 . af]6sf kft jf h/fx?n] ljif ;f]:g] ub{5 . lj?jfsf] /; r':bf sL/fx?n] o; k|sf/sf] sL6gfzs ljiffbL ;]jg ub{5 / sL/f db{5 . r':g] hftsf sL/fx? / u'af], 9'ªu|f] cflb leq n's]/ Iflt ug]{ vfnsf sL/fx? lgoGq0f ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 . h:t} M kt]/f, km8\s], nfxL, ly|K;, ;]t] lem+uf, lnkm dfO{g/, uaf/f] cflb . h:t} M kmf]nLlyog, jfof]dlN6gLd, dN6LgLd, O{ld8fSnf]/f]lk|8, 8fO{ldyf]P6, sfaf]{ô'/fg cflb .

w'jfpg] ljiffbLo:tf ljiffbLx?jf6 xfjfsf] ;Dks{df cfPkl5 ljiffn' Uof; lg:sG5 / ;f] Uof; sL/fx?n] ;f; km]bf{ sL/fx?sf] z/L/leq kl; sL/fx?nfO{ dfb{5 . o:tf ljiffbLx? Vff;ul/ e08f/0fdf nfUg] sL/fx? lgoGq0f ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 . h:t} M Pn'ldlgod km:kmfO8, ldyfO{n j|f]dfO8 cflb .

ef}lts ljiffbL o:tf ljiffbLx?n] sL/fx?nfO{ u'D:ofP/ ÷ ps';d's'; kf/L ;f; km]g{ gldNg] jgfO{ dfb{5 . h:t} Mvlgh t]n -k]6«f]lnod t]nx?_, ;jf]{ Pu|f] :k|] cflb .

/f;fogLs ;d"xsf] cfwf/df sL6gfzs ljiffbLsf] jlu{s/0f

sL6gfzs ljiffbLx? (Insecticides) M sL/f lj?åsL6gfzs ljiffbLx?sf] k|of]u sL/f / ;'n;'n] lgoGq0f ug{ ul/G5 . ;fdfGotof o:tf ljiffbLx?n] ;Dks{ ljif jf vfFbf nfUg] ljifsf] ?kdf sfo{ ub{5 . s]xL ljiffbLx?n] w'jfFpg] ljifsf] ?kdf klg sfo{ ub{5g\ . pkrf/ ul/Psf] lj?jf dflyaf6 lx+8\bf jf emf]n, w'nf]sf s0fx?sf] k|ToIf ;Dks{df cfpFbf sL/fx?n] ;Dkls{t ljif (contact poison) nfO{ ;f]:b5 . To;} u/L pkrf/ ul/Psf] lj?jfsf kftx? jf kmnkm'nnfO{ vfg] k|s[ofaf6 sL/fx?n] vfFbf nfUg] ljif (stomach

poison) ;]jg ub{5g\ sL/fx? d5{g . b}lxs sL6gfzs ljiffbL (systemic poison) ;fwf/0ftof vfFbf nfUg] ljifaf6 lgoGq0f ug{ g;lsg] nfxL h:tf r':g] hftsf sL/fx?nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 . o:tf b}lxs kbfy{x?nfO{ af]6sf kft jf h/fx?n] ;f]:g] ub{5 . ljiffbL af]6x?df lk+mlhPsf] x'G5 / lj?jfsf] /; r':bf sL/fx?n] o; k|sf/sf] sL6gfzs ljiffbL ;]jg ub{5 / sL/f db{5 . sL6gfzs ljiffbLx?nfO{ ltgLx?sf] /f;folgs ;d"x?sf] cfwf/df klg jlu{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . k|d'v ;d"x?df cuf{gf]Snf]l/G;, cuf{gf]kmf]:km]6, sfjf{d]6\;, kfo/]y|f]O8\; kb{5g\ .


cuf{gf]Snf]l/g (Organochlorines)

;Dks{ / cfGt/Ls k|s[ltsfoL ljiffbLx?df vfFbf nfUg] ljif / ;Dks{df cfpFbf nfUg] ljif x'G5 / w]/} k|sf/sf sL/fx? lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 h;dWo] v'd|] sL/f, sf6\g] sL/f, em'l;n sL/f kb{5g\ . ljut jif{x?df nfdv'§] lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{qmdx?df vf; u/L 8L=8L=6L= sf] Jofks k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] . clxn] logLx?sf] k|of]u ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/+b}g / k|ltjGw nufO{Psf] 5 . cuf{gf]Snf]l/g w]/} l:y/ ;lDd>0f x'g] k|s[ltsf] ePsf]n] cGo sL6gfzs ljiffbLx? eGbf cnu lsl;dsf] x'G5 / nfdf] ;do;Dd jftfj/0fdf /lx/xg] x'G5 . o; kl/jf/ cGt{utsf ljiffbLx?n] s]Gb|Lo :gfo" k|0ffnLnfO{ g} l;w} c;/ ub{5g\ . o:tf sL6gfzs ljif pk/f]Qm sf/0faf6 / hgfj/sf] af];f]o'Qm z/L/sf] efudf ;+ro ul/g] ePsf]n] w]/} h:tf] cuf{gf]Snf]l/gnfO{ jx';+Vos d'n'sx?df k|of]udf k|ltjGw nufO{Psf] 5 . clN8«g, 8fOclN8«g, l8=l8=l6=, la=Pr=l;=, Snf]/]8]g, lnG8]g, O{G8f];Nkmfg cflb kb{5g\ / ;a}nfO{ xfn g]kfndf k|ltjGw nufO{Psf 5g\ .

cuf{gf]kmf]:km]6 (Organophosphates)

w]/} k|sf/sf cuf{gf]kmf]:km]6 sL6gfzs ljiffbLx? k|rngdf 5g\ . oL cfkm\gf] sfo{ k|s[lt / k|efjzLntfsf] sf/0faf6 km/s km/s vfnsf x'G5g\ . cuf{gf]kmf]:km]6 k|of]ustf{x?sf]nflu a9L 3fts x'G5 t/ cuf{gf] Snf]l/G;eGbf sd k|efjzLn /xG5 . o; k|sf/sf sL6gfzs ljiffbLx?sf] pbfx/0fdf Snf]/kfOl/km;, 8fOSnf]/f]e;, Pl;km]6, km]gL6«f]lyog, 8fOd]yf]P6 / dfnflyognfO{ lng ;lsG5 . w]/}h;f] cuf{gf]kmf]:km]6 ;Dks{ ljif x'g\ tfklg oL dWo] s]xL ljif b}lxs klg x'g] ePsf]n] nfxL, ;'n;'n] / cGo r';fxf sL/f dfg{ a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5g\ . cuf{gf]Snf]l/g ljk/Lt, cuf{gf] kmf]:km]6 sL6gfzs ljif hgfj/x?sf] af];f]df ;+ro xF'b}g / o;n] jftfj/0fnfO{ g/fd|f] k|efj kfb}{g . w]/}h;f] cuf{gf]kmf]:km]6 sL6gfzsdf jx'cfofldo (Broad Spectrum) u'0f ePsf]n] h}ljs lgoGq0f sfo{qmdsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu o;nfO{ pkof]u ul/+b}g cGoyf k/hLjL / lzsf/L sL/fx? dg{ hfg] x'g ;S5 . PsLs[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd ;+rfng u/]sf] 7fpdf oL ljiffbLsf] k|of]u Hofb} g} xf]lzof/k"j{s ug'{ kb{5 . o;n] dl:tissf] d'Vo :gfo' k|0ffnLdf c;/ k'¥ofpFg'sf ;fy} d]?b08 / dl:tissf] jflx/L efudf /x]sf] g;fx?nfO{ klg c;/ kfb{5 . . cuf{gf]kmf]:km]6 u|'ksf ljiffbLx? Pl;6f/n sf]lngO:6]h (ACHE) gfds OGhfod;Fu attached x'G5g\ / pQm OGhfodnfO{ zl//df Ps :yfgjf6 csf]{ :yfgdf hfgjf6 /f]ls lbG5 -lglis[o_ agfO{ lbG5g\ kmn:j?k :gfo' k|0ff{nLn] zl//sf] dfz+k];LnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;"rgf /fd|/L k|jfx ug{ ;Sb}g / ljleGg ljiffQmtfsf nIf0f / lrGxx? b]Vg / cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fwf/0fftof :jefljs ?kdf zl//sf df+;k];L, ljleGg u|GyLx? cf–cfˆgf] :t/jf6 cfˆgf] sfd ul//x]sf x'G5g\ t/ hj ACHE gfds OghfOdsf] ;Fu} ljB'lto k|jfx /f]lsG5 tt\kZrftM qmdzM cGo v/fj c;/x? z'? x'g yfNb5 . ctM hj o; kl/jf/ cGtu{tsf ljiffbL 5s{g] of k|of]u ug]{ s[ifsnfO{ ljif nfu]sf] v08df #) ldg]6 kl5 c;/ b]vf kg{ z'? x'g yfNb5 / @$ 306f ;Dd ;f] c;/ /xL /xG5 .

sfjf{d]6\ (Carbamate)

sfaf{d]6\ sL6gfzs ljif cuf{gf] kmf]:km]6;Fu d]n vfg] vfnsf] ePsf]n] w]/} k|sf/sf sL/fx? dfg{ k|efjsf/L x'G5 . cuf{gf]km:km]6 h:tf] jx'cfofdLs x'G5 . sfaf{d]6\ ljif ;d"xdf sfaf]{km'/fg / sfjf]{;Nkmfg cfp5g\ . cuf{gf]Snf]l/g h:tf] nfdf] ;do;Dd jftfj/0fdf k|efjzfnL /x+b}g . s]xL vfFbf nfUg], cfGt/Ls / s]xL b}lxs k|s[ltsf x'G5g\ . sfjf{l/n 5f]6f] ;do;Dd k|efjsf/L x'g] / vfbf ljif nfUg] sL6gfzs xf] h;sf] k|of]u rkfP/ vfg] sL/fx?sf] lgoGq0f ug{ ul/G5 .


sfaf]{ô"'/fg a9L ;do;Dd k|efj /xg] b}lxs sL6gfzs xf] h;nfO{ df6f]df k|of]u ul/G5 / lj?jfx?n] ;f]:b5 . sfaf]{+km'/fg ljiffbLnfO{ ;f]em} lj?jfsf] u'jf]df klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . sfjf{d]6, cuf{gf]km:km]6 h:tf] jx'cfofdLs x'G5 . cuf{gf]Snf]l/g h:tf] nfdf] ;do;Dd k|efjzfnL /x+b}g . lolgx?sf] sfo{ k|s[lt klg cu]{gf]kmf]:km]6sf] h:t} sf]lng;6/]h gfds PGhfod nfO{ zl//sf] h}las ls|ofdf pknAw x'g glbg' xf] . t/ cu]{gf]kmf]:km]6sf] eGbf l56f] c;/ x/fpg] x'G5 . sfj{e]6\;, sfjf{l/n, sfjf]{ô"/fg, sfjf]{;Nkmfg cflb .

l;Gy]l6s kfo/]y|f]cfO8\ (Synthetic Pyrethroid)

c?sf] t'ngfdf kl5 k|rngdf cfPsf] xf] ljiffn'kgf tyf k|efjsf] cjlwsf] b[li6sf]0fn] cuf{gf] Snf]l/g / cuf{gf] kmf]:km]6 ;d"xsf sL6gfzsx?sf] jLrdf kb{5g\ .kfo/]y|f]cfO8\ sL6gfzs ljiffbLx? sL/fx? dfg{ w]/} c;/bf/, cuf{gf] kmf]:km]6 sL6gfzssf] t'ngfdf dflg;x?sf] nflu sd ljiffn' / df6f]df w]/} ;do;Dd cjz]if g/xg] k|s[ltsf x'G5g\ . dflg;x?sf] nflu sd 3fts / df6f]df w]/} ;do;Dd cjz]if g/xg] k|s[ltsf x'G5g\ .o; ;d"xsf ljiffbL k|of]u ubf{ Pp6} vfnsf] ljiffbL Ps} 7fpFdf k6s k6s k|of]u ubf{ sL/fdf ljif k|tL/f]wfTds u'0f ljsl;t x'G5 .km/flsnf] bfo/f ePsfn] -Ps eGbf w]/} sL/fx? dfg{ ;lsg] / ;Dks{ tyf cfGt/Ls k|s[ltsf_ km/flsnf] bfo/f ePsfn] k|fs[lts zq'x?nfO xflgsf/s x'G5g\ .

h:t}, k/d]y|Lg, ;fOk/d]y|Lg, km]Gen/]6, 8]N6fd]ly|g cflb .

kfo/]y|f]cfO8\ sL6gfzs ljifnfO{ b'O{ k|d'v ;d"xx?df ljeflht ug{ ;lsG5 Msd ;do;Dd c;/ /xg] sL6gfzs, h;sf] a9L k|of]u ;+lrt cgfh÷vfB kbfy{df nfUg] sL/fx? (Storage

Pests) / 3/ leqsf sL/fx? (Household Insect) dfg{ 5g]{ sfo{df ul/G5 . o:tf sL6gfzsdf kfo/]y|d, cn]y|Lg, afof]cn]y|Lg, km]gf]y|Lg / 6«]6«fd]ly|g kb{5g\ . a9L ;do;Dd c;/ /xg] kfo/]y|f]cfO8\nfO{ s[lifdf k|of]u ul/G5 . o:tf sL6gfzsdf kd]{ly|g, ;fOk/d]y|Lg, km]Gefnf/]6 / 8]N6fd]y|Lg kb{5g\ .

9'zLgfzs (Fungicides) M 9'zLhGo /f]u lj?å9';Lgfzs ljifsf] k|of]u lj?jf / jLp ljhgnfO{ 9';Laf6 hf]ufpg ul/G5 . 9';Lsf] sf/0faf6 cg]s afnL /f]u h:t}M dfO{N8o"h, l;Gb'/], kftdf nfUg] yf]Kn], 89'jf tyf jLp ljhg / h/f s'lxg] /f]u x'g . w]/}h;f] k|rlnt ljifx?n] afnL /Ifssf] ?kdf sfo{ ub{5g\ . o; k|sf/sf 9';LgfzsnfO{ /f]u nfUg' cuf8L k|of]u ul/g' k5{ / /f]u a9\b} uP 9';Lgfzs a/fa/ 5ls{g' kb{5 . h;af6 gofF kftx? / xfFufx?nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ ;lsG5 . ahf/df cg]s k|sf/sf 9';Lgfzs ljifx? kfO{g] ul/G5 / o:tf ljif ;fdfu|Lx?n] lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sg] /f]ux? ljleGg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .

a9L k|rngsf 9';Lgfzsx? tfdfo'Qm 9';Lgfzs -af]/l8oS; ld>0f, sk/ clS;Snf]/fO8_ cldnf] hftsf] kmnkm'ndf x'g] v'Dr]sf] kft / t/sf/Ldf nfUg] 89]nf] /f]usf] nflu pkof]udf cfpF5 . sf]u] (Anthracnose) /f]u, kftdf nfUg] yf]Kn] /f]u / t/sf/Lx?df nfUg] 89]nf] /f]usf] nflu l8lyof]sfjf{d]6\ 9';Lgfzs -d]Gsf]h]j_ pkof]udf cfpF5 . :ofpdf nfUg] w'n]9';L, t/sf/Ldf nfUg] 9';L, l;Gb'/] /f]u (Rust) ux'Fdf nfUg] 9';L / jLp ljhg pkrf/sf] nflu j]GhLld8fhf]n 9';Lgfzs -sfj]{G8flhd, a]gf]ldn_ pkof]udf cfpF5 .


emf/kftgfzs (Herbicides) M emf/kft lj?åafnLdf nfUg] emf/kft lgoGq0f ug{ afnL /f]lkg' jf pd|g' cuf8L -ev{/ pd|g nfu]sf] jf pld|;s]sf] ;–;fgf emf/kftx?_ jf afnL nfu]sf] vtdf /x]sf] x's]{sf emf/kft dfg]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu emf/kftgfzs ljif k|of]u ul/G5 . afnLsf] /f]kfO{ u/]sf] t'?Gt}kl5 k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] emf/kftx? ljifdf ds} / e6df;sf] nflu cnfSnf]/, wfgsf] nflu a'6fSnf]/ / @,$ 8L ljiffbLx? x'g\ . ;8sx?, uf]/]6f, uNnLx?, ejgx?sf j/k/ / lrof jufgdf To;} pd|]sf emf/kft jg:kltnfO{ klg dfg{ emf/kftgfzs ljif k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf emf/gfzs ljifx?df UnfO{kmf];]6 / kf/fSaf6 kb{5g\ .

d";fgfzs (Rodenticides) M d';f lj?åd";f hfltsf hgfj/x? -vf; u/L d';f_ nfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ ljiffbLx? ;fwf/0ftof rf/fsf] ?kdf pknJw x'g] ub{5g\, h;nfO{ vfg] a9L ;+efjgf ePsf 7fpFx?df /flvG5 . d';fgfzs ljifnfO{ vfB kbfy{ / cGg ljqmL ug]{ :6f]/, 3/, k;n / x's]{sf] afnLx?nfO{ d';fn] a9L cffqmd0f ug]{ v]tx?df w]/}h;f] k|of]u ul/G5 . k;n / 3/df w]/}h;f] k|of]u ul/g] d';fgfzs /ut ghDg] vfnsf x'G5g\ pbfx/0fsf] nflu a|f]dfl8of]nf]g . o; k|sf/sf] d';fgfzs ljifn] /utnfO{ hDg lb+b}g h;sf] kl/df0f :j?k cfGtl/s /Qm;|fj eO{ d';f db{5 . ;fdfGotof o; k|s[ofdf s}og lbg nfUb5 / d';fn] Ps eGbf a9L v'/fs ljif ;]jg u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 . v]tdf nfu]sf d';fx? dfg{ ;]Nkmf]; -Pn'ldlgod km:kmfO8_ 6\ofjn]6x? klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o; d';fgfzs ljiffbLaf6 kmf];lkmg gfds ljiffn' UofF; pTkGg x'G5 . 6\ofjn]6x?nfO{ d';fsf] b'nf]x?df v;fnL To;sf ]lgsf;sf] af6f] 5]sL lbg' kb{5 h;n] ubf{ Uof;sf] k|efjaf6 d';f pDsg gkfO{ db{5 . v]t tyf 3/, k;ndf lh+s km:kmfO8sf] w'nf] k|of]u ul/ ljiffn' rf/f tof/ kf/]/ klg d';f lgoGq0f sfo{ ul/G5 .

!) ljiffbLsf] ;laGof; jf ?k (Formulation) sf] cfwf/df alu{s/0f

nlIft pkof]usf nflu ljqmL x'g] ;a} hLjgfzs ljiffbL pTkfbgx?df tLg c+ux? x'G5g\ h'g o; k|sf/ 5g\ M ;lqmo c+z, ;xfos c+z / tg'sf/s -diluents_ c+z .

;lqmo c+z Tof] c+u xf] hf] sL/f, /f]u jf emf/kft lgoGq0f ug]{ sfddf ;lqmo /xG5 . w]/}h;f] cj:yfx?df o; ;lqmof c+znfO{ ;f]em} pkof]u ug{ pko'Qm x'Fb}g .

To;sf/0f o;nfO{ ljif ;fdfu|Ldf ;'lqt ul/G5 h;nfO{ ld>0f u/]/ s[ifsx?n] k|of]u ug{ ;Sb 5g\ . To;sf/0f ljifsf] ;ls|o c+znfO{ cGo ;xfos ;fdfu|Ldf lglZrt z'qcg';f/ -j}¡fflgsx?n] cg';Gwfg u/]/ kTtf nufPsf] z'q_ ld;fO{G5 / ljiffbL tof/ kfg]{ olx k|s[ofnfO{ ljiffbLsf] z'lqs/0f jf Formulation elgG5 .

ljiffbL Formulation process df, ;xfos c+zsf] cnfjf ktNofpg] kbfy{x? klg ld;fO{G5 h;n] ubf{ ljif ;fdfu|L dfkg ug{ / ;~rfng ug{ a9L ;'/lIft / ;lhnf] x'G5 . h;af6 ljiffbL kfgLdf /fd|/L 3'nglzn xf];\, af]6la?jfdf /fd|/L km}lng ;sf]; / cGoq lgisflift gxf];\ . ljif kbfy{nfO{ t/n emf]n, kfp8/, w'nf], u]8f, rf/f jf cGo w]/} ?kdf agfpg ;lsG5 . dfgL;, 3/kfn'jf hgfj/, cGo nfebfos hLj, / jftfj/0fnfO{ k'Ug;Sg] vt/f, pkrf/ ul/g] af]6la?jfsf] ;'/If0f, nfut tyf k|efjsf/Ltfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] ljiffbLsf ;laGof;x? km/s km/s x'G5g\ .

hLjgfzs ljif ;fdfu|L agfpg] sDkgLx?n] Ps} k|sf/sf] ;lqmo c+z km/s vfnsf ;xfos ;fdfu|Lx? / tg'sf/s ld;fO{ j]Unf j]Un} k|of]uhgsf nflu a]Unf j]Un} lsl;dsf ljif ;fdfu|Lx? agfpF5g\ .

o;sf] cy{ xf] sL Ps} k|sf/sf] ;lqmo c+z pkof]u u/L agfO{Psf] a]Unf a]Un} lsl;dsf ljif kbfy{x? ahf/df pknJw x'g ;S5 / a]Unf a]Un} Jofkfl/s gfdx? lbO{ las|L ul/Psf] x'G5 .


s[ifsx? / jf:tljs k|of]ustf{x?n] hLjgfzs ljif kbfy{ jf/]df rrf{ ubf{ ltgLx?n] ;fwf/0ftof Jofkfl/s gfd -h:tf] ls /f]u/ #)Ü O{=;L=_ lng] ub{5g\ . t/ j}1flgs kq klqsfdf hLjgfzs ljiffbL ;DaGwL ;"rgf lb+bf ;lqmo c+zsf] k|rlnt gfd pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 .

pk/f]Qm sf/0fn] ubf{ s'g} klg ;lqmo c+zsf] k|rlnt gfd / Jofkfl/s gfdsf] aLrdf ePsf] km/s / tkfO{n] ;+rfng ug]{ jf k|of]u ug]{ ;"lqt ljif kbfy{df s'g ;lqmo c+z ljBdfg 5 Tof] yfxf kfpg h?/L x'G5 .

lgdf{0f ul/g] k|s[of / jf:tljs k|of]ustf{sf] cfjZostfx?df lge{/ x'g] u/L hLjgfzs ljif kbfy{ ljleGg k|sf/n] ;"lqs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

ljif kbfy{nfO{ t/n, em]fn, kfp8/, w'nf], u]8f, rf/f jf cGo w]/} ?kdf agfpg ;lsG5 / logLx? lgDg b[li6sf]0fn] km/s km/s x'G5g\ .

k|of]ustf{ / jftfj/0fnfO{ k'Ug ;Sg] vt/fpkrf/ ul/g] af]6 lj?jfsf] ;'/If0fnfutk|efjsfl/tf

b'lwnf] ;f/ -O=;L=_t/n ljif kbfy{sf] ;ljGof; agfpFbf kfgLdf 3'nglzn t]n, d§Lt]n, kf/fkmLg -d}gaQL OToflb agfpg] af];f] h:tf] kbfy{_ df ;f/ tTj 3f]nL / ljz]if k|sf/sf] t]n kfgLsf] 3f]n klg ld;fO{Psf] x'G5 h;af6 ;ljGof; ;lhn};Fu kfgLdf 3'Ng hfg]5 . b'lwnf] ;f/nfO{ kfgLdf ld;fPkl5 ;fdfGotof b'lwnf] ;]tf] /+u x'g cfpFb5 . b'lwnf] ;f/ cGo k|sf/sf] ;ljGof;sf] t'ngfdf ;+rfng, kl/jxg, ;+ro / v]tdf k|of]u ug{ lgs} ;lhnf] x'G5 . o; ;ljGof;nfO{ :k|] 6\of+sLdf kfgL;Fu ld;fpg w]/} xNnfpg' kb}{g, pks/0fnfO{ lvofpFb}g / :k|] gf]hn tyf lkmN6/ 6fln+b}g . of] ;ljGof; cfuf]df tTsfn Hofb} aNg ;Sg] km|s[ltsf] ePsf] sf/0faf6 lztn 7fpFdf e08/0f ul/g' k5{ . kfp8/ jf w'nf]sf] t'ngfdf of] ;ljGof; dx+uf] kb{5 . b'lwnf] ;f/ ljif kbfy{sf] 7"nf] cju'0f dfgj / hgfj/sf] 5fnfaf6 ;lhn} ;f]l;g hfg' xf] . kfgLdf ldl;g ;Sg] w'nf] -8An'=lk=_ sf] t'ngfdf kf/flyog ldyfon h:tf] cuf{gf] km:km]6 pk/f]Qm cju'0fn] ubf{ k|of]ustf{sf] lglDt cln vt/fk"0f{ x'g hfG5 .

kfgLdf ld;fpg] kfp8/ -8An'=lk=_kfgLdf ldl;g] kfp8/nfO{ clt dl;gf] w'nf]df ljz]if kbfy{ yk]/ :k|] 6\ofFssf] kfgLdf t}/g] agfO{Psf] x'G5 . cGo ;+of]hg eGbf of] ;:tf] x'g] / e08f/ tyf 9'jfgL ug{ ;lhnf] / afnLnfO{ b'lwnf] ;f/n] eGbf sd xfgL k'¥ofpg] x'G5 . b'lwnf] ;f/ eGbf sd dfqfdf 5fnfdf ;f]l;g hfg], t/ w'nf]nfO{ ld;fpFbf jf :k|] 6\of+sdf xfNbf :jf; lnFbf vt/fk"0f{ x'g ;S5 . 8An'=lk= sf] cGo j]kmfObfx?df o;nfO{ a]nf a]nfdf rnfO{ /xg' kg]{ gq 6\ofFssf] lk+wdf hDdf x'g], :k|] gf]hn tyf lkmN6/nfO{ aGb ug]{ / v;|f]kgfsf] sf/0f gf]hn / kDknfO{ lvofpg ;Sb5 .

w'nf] -l8=kL=_;fwf/0ftof w'nf] ;ljGof; -jf w'nf] kfp8/_ k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] -tof/L_ ?kdf ljqmL ul/G5 . o; ;ljGof;df sd dfqfdf ;f/ tTjnfO{ ce|s, df6f] / cGo tg'sf/s (diluents) ;Fu ld;fO{Psf] x'G5 .


of] ;ljGof; ;'Svf w'nf] ljif kbfy{ ePsf]n] k|of]usf] nflu k'gM ld;fj6 ug'{ cfjZos kb}{g, ;+rfng ug{ / k|of]u ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 t/ o;sf] cju'0fdf xfjf, kfgLaf6 ;lhn};Fu cGoq p8]/ jf au]/ hfg ;Sg] ePsf]n] u}/ nlIft If]qnfO{ b'lift kfg{ ;Sb5 . o; k|sf/sf] ;ljGof;n] k|of]ustf{, jftfj/0f / df}/LnfO{ a9L c;/ k'¥ofpFb5 . Jf. tfj/0fLo b[i6Lsf]0fn] ;a}eGbf vt/f .

cGo ;ljGof;x? (Other Formulations)

g]kfndf dfly j0f{g ul/Psf tLg k|d'v k|sf/sf ;ljGof;x? k|of]u ul/G5g\ . o;sf ;fy} hLjgfzs ljif kbfy{ bfgf -lh=cf/=_, w'jfFOg] / Uof; pTkfbg ug]{ kbfy{ -lh=O{=_ 3'ngzLn ;f/ -o;=Pn=_ / g3f]nL k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] cGo k|sf/sf] t/n kbfy{sf] ?kdf klg ljqmL / k|of]u ul/G5 . To;}u/L xfn cfP/ cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf gofF gofF ;ljGof;x?sf] ljsf; e}/x]sf] 5 . tL gofF vfnsf ;ljGof;x? k|of]ustf{, k|of]u ul/g] afnL, k|fs[lts zq'x? / jftfj/0fsf] nflu cToGt} ;'/lIft dflgG5g\ . tL gofF vfnsf ;ljGof;x? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

SP – Water Soluble Powder -kfgLdf 3f]lng] kfp8/_Suspension concentrate (Flowable Concentrate) -kfgLdf 3f]lng] emf]n_Water Soluble Granule -kfgLdf 3f]lng] bfgf_Water Dispersible Granule -kfgLdf ldl;g] bfgf_Encapsulated Granule CG – bfgfWater Dispersible Powder -kfgLdf ldl;g] kfp8/_Capsule Suspension (CS) – emf]nBaits

!! ljiffbLsf] ljiffn'kgf

hLjgfzs ljiffbLsf] ljiffn'kg eg]sf] plrt ;fjwfgL gk'¥ofO{ ljiffbLnfO{ ;+rfng÷k|of]u ul/Psf] cj:yfdf of] slt vt/fk"0f{ x'g ;S5 To;sf] dfkg xf] .

æljiffn'kgn] zf/Ll/s jf h}ljs u'0f hgfpF5, h;af6 oflGqs sf/0faf6 geO{ /;fogsf] k|efjsf] sf/0faf6 hLljt k|f0fLnfO{ slt;Dd gf]S;fg jf lk8f k'¥ofO{Psf] x'G5 Tof] lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . ljiffn'kgf M s'g} ljiffbLdf ljBdfg Ps zfl//Ls jf h}ljs u'0f, h:n] s'g} klg k|f0fLdf gf]S;fg jf ljsf/ pTkGg ug]{ Ifdtf lgwf{/0f u5{ .

3fts M s'g} ljiffbLdf ljBdfg gsf/fTds c;/ hf] s'g} klg cj:yfdf k|of]u ubf{ b]Vg jf cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 . hLjgfzs ljiffbL rnfpFbf / k|of]u ubf{ pTkGg x'g ;Sg] jf:tljs 3fts k|efj jf vt/f ljiffbLsf] ljiffn'kgfdf dfq lge{/ g/xL dfgjLo z/L/n] slt;Dd ljiffbL ;f];]sf] x'G5 -;Dks{df cfPsf] x'g'_ To;df klg lge{/ ub{5 . t;y{ ljiffbL;Fu x'g ;Sg] zf/Ll/s ;Dks{ sd u/fpg ljiffbLsf] pTkfbg, k}7f/L, v'b|f ljqmL, kl/jxg, ld;fj6 / k|of]u ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg ;a} JolQmn] ljiffbLx? s] s:tf] k|sf/;Fu z/L/leq k|j]z ug{ ;Sb5 / o;/L k|j]z u/]sf] cj:yfdf slt;Dd ljif nfUg ;Sg] 5 To;jf/] /fd|f] hfgsf/L /fVg' kb{5 .

t;y{ pko'Qm tj/n] kl/rfng ul/Pdf 3fts ljiffbLsf] 3ftstf lgs} sd x'g ;S5 . hLjgfzs ljiffbL rnfpFbf / k|of]u ubf{ pTkGg x'g ;Sg] jf:tljs 3fts k|efj jf vt/f ljiffbLsf] ljiffn'kgfdf dfq lge{/ g/xL dfgjLo z/L/n] slt;Dd ljiffbL ;f];]sf] x'G5 -;Dks{df cfPsf] x'g'_ To;df klg lge{/ ub{5 .

h'g kl/l:yltx?df ljiffbL k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5, To; a]nf ljiffbLn] pTkGg ug{ ;Sg] zf/Ll/s b'ik|efj -lk8f_ sf] ;+efjgfnfO{ vt/f elgG5 .


!@ ljiffbL s;/L dflg;sf] z/L/leq k|j]z ub{5

ljiffbL;Fu x'g ;Sg] zf/Ll/s ;Dks{ sd u/fpg ljiffbLsf] pTkfbg, k}7f/L, v'b|f ljqmL, kl/jxg, ld;fj6 / k|of]u ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg ;a} JolQmn] ljiffbL s] s:tf] k|sf/;Fu z/L/leq k|j]z ug{ ;Sb5 / o;/L k|j]z u/]sf] cj:yfdf slt;Dd ljif nfUg ;S5 To;jf/] /fd|f] hfgsf/L /fVg' kb{5 . ljiffbL -/ cGo /;fogx?_ z/L/leq o; k|sf/ k|j]z ub{5 M

5fnfaf6 -5fnf ;DaGwL_ kmf]S;f]af6 -Zjf; lqmofaf6_ d'vaf6 -vfgf ;]jgaf6_ cfFvfaf6

5fnfaf6 ;f]l;g] -:kz{_ w]/}h;f] s[ifsx? / k|of]ustf{ x?n] 5fnfaf6 ljif k|b'if0f k|fKt ub{5g\ . ljif ldnfpFbf kf]lvO{ jf 5ls{P/ nfUg uO{ k|b'if0f x'g ;S5 . 5ls{Psf] ljifsf] emf]n jf w'nf] xfjfsf] jxfjaf6 klg ;f]l;g ;S5 . 5fnfaf6 ljiffbL ;f]l;g hfg'sf] Pp6f ;fdfGo sf/0fdf k|b'lift klx/gnfO{ tTsfn gx6fO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd nufO{/x+bf klg pTkGg ePsf] kfOG5 -r'lxPsf] :k|]o;n] 5s{+bf, xfjfsf] bjfjaf6 jf kf]lvP/_ 3fp nfUg', vl;|g' / 5fnfdf bfb h:tf] bfu x'g' h:tf cj:yfx?df 5fnfn] ;lhnf];Fu ljif ;f]:g] ub{5 . 3fF6L, d'v / 6fpsf] ljif ;f]:g a9L ;+j]bglzn x'g] u/]sf] cWoogaf6 b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . ljleGg k|sf/sf ljiffbL ;ljGof;x?df 5fnfaf6 ljif ;f]:g] j]Unf j]Un} Ifdtf x'G5 . ;fwf/0ftof b'lwnf] ;f/ -O=;L=_ ;ljGof; kfgLdf ldl;g ;lsg] kfp8/ -8An'=lk=_, w'nf] / bfg]bf/ -u]8f_ eGbf a9L dfqfdf 5fnfaf6 ;f]l;g ;lsg] k|s[ltsf] x'G5 .

Zjf; k|Zjf; lqmofaf6 k|j]z x'g cfpg] Zjfk|Zjf; lqmofaf6 ljiffbL k|j]z x'g cfPdf To;n] /QmnfO{ k|efljt kf/L ljif nfUg ;Sg] x'G5 . vf;u/L dl;gf] kfp8/, w'nf] / w'jfFO{g] ljiffbLaf6 pk/f]Qm cj:yf pTkGg x'g ;S5 .

kfgLdf ldl;g] w'nf]af6 ld;fj6 ubf{, w'nf] 5bf{ / 3/leq sL6gfzs ljiffbL 5s{+bf Zjf; lqmofaf6 ljiffbL k|j]z x'g ;Sg] ;+efjgf a9L x'G5 . ljiffbL dfgj z/L/df k|j]z u/]kl5 To;af6 gfs, 3fF6L / kmf]S;f]nfO{ g/fd|f] c;/ k'Ug hfG5 .

vfg] k|lqmofaf6 ljif ;]jg x'g hfg] vfB ;fdfu|Laf6 ljifsf] ;]jg x'g hfG5 / o;sf ;fy} k]o kbfy{x?af6 klg ljif k|b'if0f x'g hfg] cj:yfx? tLg lsl;daf6 x'g ;S5g\ M

klxnf] M n]a'n gePsf jLo/, sf]s h:tf lzzLx?df ljif /flvg] ul/Pdf / To; efF8f]af6 e'mlSsP/ k]o kbfy{ ;DemL jf cGo vfg]s'/f ;DemL lkPdf jf vfgf;Fu vfPdf k|b'if0f x'g k'U5 . bf]>f] M ljiffbL ld;fpFbf jf 5bf{ ;+nUg JolQmsf] d'v, xftdf emf]n jf w'nf] 5ls{g uPdf / To; k|sf/;Fu ;+;u{df cfPsf] c+unfO{ vfg lkg / w'd|kfg ug'{ cuf8L /fd|/L ;kmf;Fu gwf]O{Pdf k|b'if0f x'g hfG5 . t];|f] M :k|]o/sf gf]hnx? hfd ePsf] cj:yfdf d'vn] km's]/ jf r';]/ ;kmf ug{ vf]lhPdf klg d'vsf] af6f] eO{ ljif ;]jg x'g hfG5 .

cf+vfsf] ;+;u{af6 k|b'if0f cfFvf a9L sf]dn c+u ePsf] sf/0faf6 o;sf] w]/} /;fogaf6 k|efljt x'g] k|s[lt x'G5 / ljifnfO{ l56} ;f]:g ;Sb5 . ljifsf] emf]n ld;fj6 u/L tof/ ul/+bf l56f kg{ uPdf, ljifsf] emf]n jf w'nf] 5bf{ xfjfsf] jxfjaf6 / k|b'lift xft jf klx/gn] cfFvf k'l5Pdf ldRbf_ To;sf] ;+;u{af6 k|b'if0f x'g ;S5 .


ljiffbLsf] ljiffn'kgf b'O{ lsl;dsf] x'G5, s8f ljiffn'kgf (Acute Toxicity) / lb3{ ljiffn'kgf (Chronic Toxicity) sL6gfzs ljiffbLsf] ljiffn'kgnfO{ d';f, v/fof], s's'/ / afb/ h:tf hgfj/x? dfly k/LIf0f u/L dfkg ul/G5 . ljiffn'kgsf] k/LIf0faf6 s8f ljiffn'kg -Pp6f dfq v'/fssf] c;/_ jf bL3{ ljiffn'kg -w]/} ;–;fgf v'/fsx?sf] c;/_ nfO{ dfkg ul/G5 .

s8f ljiffn'kgf (Acute Toxicity) ljiffbLsf] 7"nf] Psn dfqf s'g} klg dfWodaf6 zl// leq k|a]z x'g' jf k6s k6s ;fgf] ;fgf] dfqf 5f]6f] ;dosf] cGt/df zl// leq k|a]z eO{ ljiffbLsf] 3ftstf b]lvG5 jf cg'ej ul/G5 eg] To;nfO{ s8f ljiffn'kgf elgG5 . h:t} ljiffbL ld;fp+bf jf 5bf{ s'g} b'3{6gf k'gM k/LIf0f ul/g] hgfj/x?nfO{ ljifsf] a]Unf a]Un} dfqf ;]jg u/fO{ s8f ljiffn'kg /x]sf] g/x]sf] dfk ul/G5, h:t} M

d'v ;DaGwL ljiffn'kg dfk ug{ ef]hgdf 5fnf ;DaGwL ljiffn'kg dfk ug{ 5fnfdf Zjf; ;DaGwL ljiffn'kg dfk ug{ xfjfdf

ljiffbLsf]] Pn=8L= %) -df/s dfqf –%)_ljleGg k/LIf0fx?sf gtLhfnfO{ Pn=8L=–%) -df/sdfqf –%)_ sf] cg'kftsf] ?kdf k|:t't ul/G5 . k/LIf0f ul/g] hgfj/x?sf] cfwf ;+Vof -;fdfGotof d';fx?_ nfO{ dfg{ hlt dfqfdf jf:tljs ljif k|of]u x'G5, To;nfO{ Pn=8L=–%) elgG5 . k/LIf0f ul/g] hgfj/x?sf] tf}n / jf:tljs ljif k|lt s]=hL= olt ldlnu|fd egL /]s8{ ul/Psf] x'G5 .

Pn=8L=–%) sf] dfqf hlt sd /xG5, Tolt g} Tof] ljiffbL vt/fk"0f{ x'G5pbfx/0f M ljiffbL df/s dfqf – %) ldyfOn kf/flyog = %^ ld=u|f=÷s]=hL=zf/L/Ls tf}n ;fOk/d]ly|g = $))) ld=u|f=÷s]=hL= zf/L/Ls tf}n

s'g a9L ljiffn' <df/s dfqf- %) Ö !$ ld= u|f. / s]= hL=ca %) s]= hL= tf}n ePsf] hgfj/sf] lglDt %^ x %) s]= hL== @*)) ld=u|f=-Ps rf}yfO lrof rDrf _ n] ;f] hgfj/ dg]{ %)Ü ;Defjgf /x\of] .

d';fsf] nflu vfP/ nfUg] kf/fyLog ldyfondf Pn=8L= %) sf] dfqf %^ ld=u|f= k|lt s]=hL= x'G5 . dfgjLo ;Gbe{df s'/f ubf{ %) s]=hL= tf}n ePsf] s'g} JolQmn] z'4 ldyfOn kf/flyog %^ x %) ldnLu|fd -@*)) ldnL u|fd jf lrof rDrfsf] ^ efusf] Ps efu_ ;]jg ug]{ xf] eg] p:sf] d[To' x'g ;Sg] ;+efjgf %) k|ltzt x'g cfp5 .

csf]{lt/ ;fOk/d]ly|g ljiffbLsf] Pn= 8L=–%), $))) ldnL u|fd k|lt s]=hL= /xG5 . dfgjLo ;Gbe{df eGg] xf] eg] z'4 ;fOk/d]ly|gsf] s/Lj @)) u|fd jf @))))) ldnL u|fd s'g} JolQmn] ;]jg u/]df p;sf] d[To'sf] ;Defjgf %) k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 .

oL 3fts v'/fs Pn=8L=–%) sf] dfqfaf6 sL6gfzs ljiffbLdf lglxt ljiffn'kg dfk ;DaGwL hfgsf/L kfpg ;lsG5, t/ jf:tljs k|of]ustf{sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ;+rfng ul/g], ;+ro ul/g] / v]tdf k|of]u ul/g] ;ljGofl;t ljiffbLsf] ljiffn'kg slt /x]sf] x'G5 ;f] yfxf kfpg' a9L h?/L x'g cfpF5 .

;ljGof;l;t ljiffbLsf] ljiffn'kg d'VotM b'O{ s'/fx?df lge{/ ub{5 M;ljGof;sf] zlQm M %) k|ltzt ;ls|o tTj ePsf] ;ljGof; @) k|ltzt dfq ;ls|o tTj ePsf] ;ljGof; eGbf a9L ljiffn' x'G5 .


;ljGof;sf] lsl;d M ;fwf/0ftofM kfp8/ / w'nf] h;nfO{ Tolt ;lhnf];Fu ;]jg ug{ jf Tjrfaf6 ;f]l;g ;ls+b}g . To;sf] t'ngfdf emf]nbf/ ;ljGof; -pbfx/0fsf] nflu b'lwnf] ;f/_ a9L vt/gfs x'G5 .

ljiffbLsf] ;ljGof;sf] Pn=8L= %) -df/s dfqf %)_ kQf nufpg] t/Lsf M;ljGof;sf] df/s dfqf–%) Ö ;lqmo tTjsf] df/s dfqf–%) x !)) ;ljGof;df ePsf] ;lqmo tTjsf] k|ltzt

pbfx/0f Mg'efg &^Ü O{=;L= sf] df/sdfqf–%) Ö %^ x !)) ld=u|f=÷s]=hL= &^ Ö &#=&* ld=u|f=÷s]=hL=

To;}u/L cGo ljiffbLx?sf] ;ljGof;sf] klg df/sdfqf – %) kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . o;} sf/0fn] ubf{ ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] hLjgfzs ljiffbLnfO{ ;+ljGofl;t ljiffbLaf6 x'g ;Sg] 3fts k|efjsf] cfwf/df ljleGg k|sf/sf] vt/fsf] a]Unf a]Un} ;d"xdf juL{s/0f u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf k|of]u ul/g] a9L k|rlnt ljiffbL ;ljGof;x?nfO{ 3fts k|efjsf] cfwf/df juL{s/0f u/L ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . ;ljGof;sf] juL{s/0f eg] ;lqmo ldl>t tTjsf] ;f/ (Concentration) / ;ljGof;sf] k|sf/sf] cfwf/df u0fgf ul/Psf] 5 .

bL3{ ljiffn'kg (Chronic Toxicity ) To:t} nfdf] ;do;Dd k|ToIf ck|ToIf ?kdf ljiffbLsf] ;—;fgf dfqf ;]jg x'g cfPdf jf ljiffbLsf] cjz]ifo'Qm pTkfbg -cGg, kmnkm'n, t/sf/L cflb_ ;]jg ubf{ To;af6 b]lvg] jf cg'ej ul/g] gsf/fTds c;/ sf] dfk xf] . o:tf k|efj ;fwf/0ftof s}og dlxgfb]lv ! jif{;Dd jf To;eGbf klg a9L ;do ;Dd /xg ;S5 .

bL3{ ljiffn'kgfsf] c;/x? lgDglnlvt ?kaf6 pTkGg x'g ;S5 M ljiffbL emf]n jf w'nf] 5l/Psf] / o;/L 5l/Psf] ljiffbLsf] k|efj gl;l4Psf] jf gkvflnPsf] kmnkm'n jf t/sf/L vfg] u/]df . /fd|f] xfjf lgsf;sf] Joj:yf gePsf] ljiffbL ljqmL sIfdf nfdf] cjlw;Dd a;L sfd ubf{ Zjf; lqmofaf6 ljiffbL z/L/leq k|j]z eO{ k|b"lift ePdf . ljiffbL 5g]{ l;hgdf 5l/g] ljiffbL emf]n jf w'nf]sf] ;Dks{df a/fa/ cfpgfn] / To;} u/L emf]n jf w'nf] ljiffbL 5s{bf k|b"lift ePsf] klx/g gwf]O{ nufO{ /x]df .

k/LIf0f ul/g] hgfj/x?nfO{ ltgLx?sf] vfgfdf ljiffbLsf] ;fgf] dfqf ld;fj6 u/L ;]jg u/fO{ To;af6 tL hgfj/ / To;sf aRrfx?df kg{ cfpg] bL3{sfnLg c;/ dfk u/L bL3{ ljiffn'kgf ;DaGwL k/LIf0f ul/G5 .

o; k|sf/;Fu ljiffbLsf] k|efj dfk ubf{ aRrfx?df x'g] hGd ;DaGwL bf]if, SofG;/÷6\o"d/ /x]sf] g/x]sf], k|hgg\\df c;/, /Qm / :gfo' / ljiffbLsf] k/LIf0f ul/Psf] hgfj/x?sf] :jf:Yodf cGo ;+ej c;/x? b]vfPsf] 5 5}g tL ;a} ;dflji6 x'G5g\ .

o; k|sf/;Fu ljiffbLsf] k|efj dfk ubf{ aRrfx?df x'g] hGd ;DjGwL bf]if, SofG;/ / 6\o"d/ /x]sf] g/x]sf], k|hgg\\df c;/, /Qm / :gfo' / ljiffbLsf] kl/If0f ul/Psf] hgfj/x?sf] :jf:Yodf cGo ;+ej c;/x? b]vfPsf] 5 5}g tL ;a} ;dflji6 x'G5g\ .

o; k|sf/, dflg;x? a/f]j/ t/ sd dfqfsf] ljiffbLsf] ;Dks{df cfPdf s;/L s'g k|sf/af6 k|eflgt x'g j'Ubf] /x]5 To;jf/] j}1flgsx?n] /fd|f];Fu cWoog ug{ ;Sb5g\ . :jLsfo{ b}lgs ljiffbL dfqf (Acceptable Daily Intake) lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . a}1flgsx?sf] ljrf/df, s'g} jo:s JolQmnfO{ gf]S;fgL gx'g] u/L b}lgs v'jfpg ;lsg] ljiffbLsf] dfqfnfO{ :jLsfo{ b}lgs ljiffbL dfqf elgG5 jf Ps k|f}9sf] b}lgs ;Dks{df /xg] ljiffbLsf] Tof] xb h:n] p;sf] hLjgdf s'g} gfkmf gf]S;fgL b]vfpFb}g .


o; b}lgs ;]jg ug{ ;lsg] :jLsf/ of]Uo kl/df0fnfO{ pkof]u u/L k|To]s afnLdf ljiffbLsf] clwstd cjz]if ;Ldf (Maximum Residual Limit) slt /xg kg]{ xf] ;f] lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsg]5 . ljiffbLsf] olx clestd dfqf g} afnL sf6\g] ;dodf pkof]usf nflu :jLs[t ul/G5 . s'g} ljiffbLsf] cjz]ifsf] xb h'g s'g} afnL pkof]usf] nflu leqfpg :jLsfo{ x'G5 .

ljiffbLsf] cjz]ifnfO{ o; clwstd cjz]if ;Ldf eGbf d'gL /fVgsfnflu /f]Ssf cjlw (Withholding Periods) sfod ul/G5 h;af6 afnL sf6\g' eGbf klxn] slt ;do ;Dd pkrf/ u/fPsf] afnLnfO{ To;} 5f8\g' kg]{ xf] ;f] atfOG5 .

hLjgfzs ljiffbLsf] ljiffn'kgfsf] t'ngfTds juL{s/0f -ljZj :jf:Yo ;Fu7g, @))(_

!# hLjgfzs ljiffbL / jftfj/0f

jftfj/0f eGgfn] xfd|f jl/kl/sf xfjf, kfgL, af]6lj?jf / kz'k+l5x? ;a} s'/f a'lemG5 . ljiffbLn] jftfj/0fnfO{ w]/} lsl;dn] xflg u5{ .

ljiffbLn] lj?jfsf zq'x?nfO{ dfq xf]Og, kmfObf ug]{ hLj–hGt' / sL/f km6\of+u|fnfO{ klg df5{ . df6f]nfO{ kmfObf ug]{ u8\of}nf, c? sL/f vfOlbg] dfs'/f / xfgL ug]{ sL/fx?sf k|fs[lts zq'x? dfl;Pkl5 xflg ug]{ sL/f j9\b} hfG5g\ . xfgL ug]{ sL/fn] ljiffbL krfpF5g\, cyf{t tL sL/fnfO{ ljiffbLn] c;/ ug{ 5f8\5 . klxn] s'g} ljiffbLaf6 dg]{ sL/fnfO{ lxhf]cfh Tof] ljiffbLsf] c;/ gk/]sf] s'/f t xfdL ;a}n] cg'ej u/]s} 5f}+ . klxn] 8L=8L=6L= 5/]/ nfdv'§] dfl/GYof], kl5 nfdv'§]sf nflu dfnfyfog k|of]u ul/of] . xfn nfdv'§]n] dfnfyfog klg krfO;s]sf 5g\ . To;/LsL/fn] ljiffbL krfPkl5 emg\–emg\ s8f ljiffbL k|of]u ug'{ k5{ / To;af6 jftfj/0fnfO{ c? j9L xfgL k'U5 . ljiffbLaf6 kfgL la6'lnG5 . ljiffbL k/]sf] kfgL sd dfq ljiffn' eP klg To;af6 ToxfFsf hLjhGt'x?sf z/L/df ljifsf] dfqf y'lk|G5 / Tof] ljif df5f, xfF;, Tof] kfgLn] l;+rfO{ u/]sf] afnL cflb x'Fb} xfd|f] k]6df cfOk'U5 . lxhf]cfh b]zsf ljleGg 7fpFsf vf]nfdf ljiffbL xfn]/ df5f dfg]{ rng rn]sf] b]lvG5 . df5f h:tf ;fgf k|f0fL dg]{ ljifn] dflg;nfO{ s]xL ub}{g eg]/ dflg;x? 9'Ss eP To:tf df5f vfG5g\ . t/ Tof] s'/f ;xL xf]Og . ljiffbL xfn]sf df5f vfFbf cln–cln ub}{ xfd|f] z/L/df ljif hDdf eO/x]sf] x'G5 . df5f dfg{ ljiffbL k|of]u ubf{ sfd nfUg] df5f dfq geP/ ;–;fgf e'/f / df5fn] vfg] hLjhGt' klg dfl;g hfG5g\ . ljifn] d/]sf] df5faf6 xfd|f] :jf:YonfO{ t xfgL x'G5 g} gbLgfnf klg ;w}+nfO{ l/lQG5g\ . km"n km'n]sf] a]nf afnLdf ljiffbL xfNgfn] df}/L / c? k/fu;]rg u/fpg] sL/fn] /fd|/L sfd ug{ kfpFb}gg\ / pTkfbg 36\5 . ljiffbLn] ljleGg lsl;dn] xfdLnfO{ xfgL ul//x]sf] x'G5 . jftfj/0fdf kg]{ o:tf c;/x? ljleGg sf/sx?df lge{/ ub{5, h;dWo] logLx? d'Vo x'g\ .


ljiffn'kgdf}/L, r/f, df5f / cGo hgfj/df nfUg] hLjgfzs ljiffbLsf] ljiffn'kg 7Ls To;} k|sf/n] km/s km/s x'G5 h;/L zq'hLjx?df To; ljiffbLsf] c;/ cnu cnu k|sf/n] x'G5 . hLjgfzs ljiffbL n]a'ndf ;fdfGotof df5fsf] nflu ljif jf df}/Lsf] nflu ljif egL lbOPsf] x'G5 . sd ljiffn'[kg u'0f ePsf] hLjgfzs ljiffbL 5gf}6 ul/Pdf kmfObf lbg] sL/fx? / jGo hGt'nfO{ gf]S;fg x'g ;Sg] vt/f sd x'g hfG5 .

kl/df0fs'g} afnLdf k|of]u ul/Psf] s/Lj *) k|ltzt hLjgfzs ljiffbL ;fwf/0ftof df6f]df 6'+lug k'Ub5 . To;sf/0f cfjZostf eGbf a9L dfqfdf o:tf ljiffbLsf] k|of]uaf6 df6f]df a9L kl/df0fdf ljiffbL k'Ug hfG5 . o; k|sf/ df6f]df k'u]sf] ljiffbL lgl:qmo x'g lgs} ;do nfUb5 . o;af6 df6f]sf] z'Id hLjf0f'nfO{ cf3ft k'Ug hfg'sf ;fy} e"ldut hn>f]t, vfN8f] / vf]nfdf ljif k|b'if0f x'g] vt/f a9\g hfG5 . ljiffbLsf] Go"gtd k|efjsf/L dfqfnfO{ k|of]udf NofP/ df6f]df x'g] k|b'if0f lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

sL/f / afnL /f]u lgoGq0f ug{ cfjZos kl/df0feGbf a9L kl/df0fdf ljiffbL k|of]u u/]df kmfObf lbg] sL/f gi6 x'g hfG5 .

;ljGof;7Ls k|sf/sf] ;ljGof; 5gf}6 u/L hLjgfzs ljiffbLaf6 jftfj/0fdf kg{ ;Sg] k|b'lift c;/nfO{ sd ug{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0f :j?k, u}/ nlIft If]qx?df w'nf]sf] ?kdf /x]sf] ljiffbL k|;fl/t x'g ;Sb5 / df}/Lsf nflu ljiffn' x'G5 . bfgfsf] ?kdf ljiffbL k|of]u ul/Pdf a9L ;'/lIft x'g ;S5 t/ r/fx?n] eg] vfg]s'/fsf] e|ddf o:tf ljiffbL ;]jg ug{ ;Sg] ;+efjgf x'g cfpF5 .

;doafnLdf kmn nfu]sf] a]nfdf sL6gfzs ljiffbL k|of]u ul/Pdf df}/L / cGo /; r':g] sL/fx? dfl/g ;S5g\ . afnLdf km'n nfu]s} cj:yfdf ljiffbL 5g'{ kg]{ cfjZos x'g cfPdf, 5f]6f] Dofb x'g] vfndf sL6gfzs ljiffbL k|of]usf] nflu 5gf}6 ul/g' k5{ / ;fFem kv df}/Lx? v]tdf p8\g aGb u/]sf] ;dokf/L 5g'{ k5{ .

u'0fx?df6f] / kfgLsf] jftfj/0fLo k|b'if0f hLjgfzs ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ul/;s]kl5 of] ljiffbL s] x'G5 eGg] s'/f dfly 7"nf] dfqfdf lge{/ ub{5 .

df6f]sf s0fx? -v]tsf] df6f] jf h}ljstTjx?_ df ;f]l;g] hLjgfzs ljiffbLn] df6f]sf ;'IdhLjf0f'x?nfO{ gf]S;fg k'¥ofpg ;Sg] / vfN8f / gfnfx?df au]/ hfg ;Sg] ;+efjgf sd x'G5 . df6f]df hLjgfzs ljiffbLx? -vf; u/L cuf{gf]kmf]:km]6 ljiffbL_ nfO{ 6'qm\ofpg] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ sf/s df6f]sf] dfOqmf]cf]uf{lgHd, k|sfz cyjf /f;folgs k|ltlqmofaf6 x'g] cjqmd0f -l8u|]8];g_ xf] . s'g} klg hLjgfzs ljiffbLsf] kfgLdf 3'ngLntfaf6 o:tf ljiffbLn] df6f] d'gL r'x]/ e"ldut hnnfO{ k|b'if0f ug{ jf df6f]dfly auL l;+rfO{sf nflu ePsf kfgLsf vfN8fx? jf vf]nfx? / lkpg] kfgLnfO{ ;d]t k|b'if0f ug{ k|efljt kfb{5 .

jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0fhLjgfzs ljiffbLaf6 x'g] jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0f b'O{ k|sf/n] pTkGg x'g ;S5 .

klxnf] t/Lsfdf pRr uf9f hLjgfzs ljiffbL b'3{6gfaf6 lg:sfl;t x'g uPdf cfpF5 . of] ;fwf/0ftof kl/jxg, e08f/0fsf] cj:yfdf r'lxg jf kf]lvg uPdf / ld;fj6 ul/+bf x'g hfG5 . cgfjZos ljiffbLnfO{ nfk/jfxL;Fu gi6 ul/Pdf / ljiffbL /flvPsf efF8f]x? /fd|/L kfgLn] gwf]Pdf klg pk/f]Qm cj:yf cfpg ;S5 . o:tf b'3{6gfsf] sf/0faf6 ;fgf] If]qkmnsf] e"ld k|b"lift x'g hfG5, t/ To:tf ljiffbLsf] kl/df0fn] ubf{ df6f]df / j/k/sf hn cfk"lt{ Joj:yfnfO{ ;d]t bL3{sflng / u+le/ ?kdf k|b"lift ug{ ;S5 .


jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0f pTkGg x'g ;Sg] bf]>f] ;+efjgfdf hLjgfzs ljiffbLsf] nfk/jfxLkg jf cfjZostf eGbf a9L kl/df0fdf ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ePdf pTkGg x'g cfpF5 . pbfx/0f :j?k, df5f, r/f r'?ËLx?, jGohGt' /xg] kfgLsf] vf]nf, ?vx? / cGo ynf]x? glhssf 3/x?df ljiffbL 5l/g jf o;sf] w'nf] k'u]df o; k|sf/sf] cj:yf pTkGg x'G5 .

jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0f x'g ;Sg] csf]{ sf/0fdf a9L l:y/ k|s[ltsf hLjgfzs ljiffbLsf] nuftf/ k|of]u -s]xL k|sf/sf] cuf{gf]Snf]l/g sL6gfzs ljiffbLx? / s]xL emf/kft gfzs ljiffbLx? pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5_ af6 df6f]df ljiffbL afFsL /xg hfg] x'G5 h;n] gbL, vf]nf jf Ogf/df /x]sf kfgLdf km}lng uO{ k|b"if0f u/fpg ;S5 .

hLjgfzs ljiffbLnfO{ ;fjwfgLk"j{s tyf j'l4dfgLk"j{s k|of]u ul/Pdf / o:sf n]a'n ;"rskqdf lbO{Psf lgb]{zgx?nfO{ /fd|f] ;dembf/L;fy kfng ul/Pdf jftfj/0fdf kg{ ;Sg] k|b"if0fnfO{ x6fpg ;lsG5 . t/ o:tf ljiffbLsf] b'?kof]u ul/Pdf eg] To;af6 x'g cfpg] kmfO{bfx?eGbf tTsfn} w]/} a9L gf]S;fgL x'g cfpF5 .

!$ hLjgfzs ljiffbLsf] ;'/IfLt k|of]u

hLjgfzs ljiffbLaf6 ;'/Iff Pp6f Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ ljifo xf] . o;sf] ;d'lrt ?kdf pkof]u gul/Pdf o;n] pkof]ustf{x?nfO{ dfq xf]Og c? dflg;x?, 3/ kfn'jf kz'x?, kz'wgx?, jGohGt'x? / nfesf/L sL/fx?nfO{ ;d]t xfgL k'¥ofpg ;S5 / ;fy} jftfj/0fnfO{ klg gf]S;fg ug]{ 5 . Tf;y{ ljiffbLsf] ;'/LIft k|of]u ug{ lgDg ;fjwfgLx? ckgfpg' kb{5 .

;fdfGo l;4fGtx?hLjgfzs ljiffbL ld>0f / pkof]u ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ rf/ cf]6f ;fdfGo l;4fGtx? o; k|sf/ 5g\ M! cgfjZos ?kdf hLjgfzs ljiffbL pkof]u gug]{ ÷gu/fpg] w]/}h;f] cj:yfdf hLjgfzs ljiffbLx?sf] pkof]u gu/]/ klg ;d:ofnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ sltko j}slNks pkfox? x'g ;Sb 5g\, ltgsf] vf]hL ug]{ . j}slNks ?kdf cfO{= lk= Pd= sfo{qmdsf] cu+sf] ?kdf lgoGq0fsf cGo ljlwx? ;u} hLjgfzs ljiffbLsf] pkof]unfO{ uf:g ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf, k|fs[lts k/hLjLx? cyjf hLjeIfL sL/fx?sf] pkof]u, k|lt/f]wL hftsf] pkof]u, afnL rqm, emf/kft pv]Ng' / kmf]x/d}nf x6fpg' cflb .

@ ;+efljt vt/faf6 ;fjwfg x'g'xf];\ ÷;w} xf]l;of/ k"a{s ljiffbLsf] sfd ug{'xf];k|To]s hLjgfzs ljiffbLsf vt/fx? jf/] /fd|f] hfgsf/L /fv]/ tyf o; ;DaGwL ;d'lrt k"j{ ;fjwfgLjf/] yfxf kfP/, hLjgfzs ljiffbL pkof]u ug]{ / o;nfO{ rnfpg] c? dflg;n] b'3{6gfnfO{ /f]Sg ;lsG5 / jftfj/0fnfO{ b"lift x'g] sfdnfO{ Psbd sd u/fpg ;lsG5 .

# k|of]u k"a{ ljiffbLsf] n]ansf] /fd|f];Fu cWoog\ ug{] / lbOPsf] lgb{]lzsfsf] /fd|f];Fu kfngf ug{] u/fpg] . hLjgfzs ljiffbLsf] n]jnx? vf;u/L oL ljiffbLx? ;'/Iffk"j{s pkof]u ug{ pkof]ustf{nfO{ cfjZos d"ne"t hfgsf/L lbgsfnflu ljz]if ?kdf tof/ ul/Psf x'G5g\ . oL n]andf o:tf ljiffbLaf6 x'g ;Sg] ;+eflat] b'3{6gfnfO /f]Sgsf nflu o;sf] k|of]u s;/L ug'{ k5{ eGg] s'/fsf ;fy} o;nfO{ ;'/Iffk"j{s s;/L k|of]u ug]{ eGg] s'/f klg atfpF5g\ . s]xL ;–;fgf ljiffbLsf a§fdf n]ansf] ?kdf krf{x? x'G5g\ h;df Tof] ljiffbL ;'/Iffk"j{s s;/L k|of]u ug]{ eGg] s'/f lj:tf/df lbO{Psf] x'G5 .

$ s]6fs]6Lx?nfO{ ljiffbLaf6 6f9f /fVg'xf];\ sL6gfzs ljiffbLx? e08f/0f ug]{ cyjf ld>0f ug]{ 7fpFdf s]6fs]6Lx?nfO{ v]Ng dgfxL ug'{xf];\ . pgLx?nfO{ :k|]o/ jf 8:6/af6 6f9} /fVg'xf];\ . v]tdf emf]n / w'nf] ljiffbL 5s{g] a]nfdf / To;sf] ef]lnkN6;Dd s]6fs]6Lx?nfO{ hfg glbg'xf];\ . s]6fs]6Lx? sL6gfzs ljiffbLx? k|lt ao:s dfgL;x? eGbf ;fdfGotof al9 ;+j]bgzLn x'G5g\ . pgLx?nfO{ o;sf] ;+efljt vt/f yfxf gePsf] x'gfn] pgLx?nfO{ ;a} k|sf/sf hLagfzs ljiffbLaf6 6f9} /fVg' kb{5 .


hLjgfzs ljiffbL pkof]u ug{' cuf8LljiffbL k|of]u ug{] pks/0fx? ;lx ca:yfdf /fVg] M :k|]o/÷8:6/ h:tf pks/0fx? k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] u/L /fd|f] cj:yfdf /fVg' k5{ . gf]hn aGb x'g' / xf]hkfO{k r'x'g' eg]sf] o;sf ;d:of x'g\, h;n] ubf{ k|b"if0f Nofpg ;S5 . xf]hkfO{k r'x'g] ePdf ljiffbL pkof]u ug]{ JolQm dfly kf]lvg ;S5 / :k|]o/sf] jflx/L efu klg k|b"lift x'g k'U5 . ;a} pks/0fx?nfO{ b'O{ k6s hfFr ug'{ k5{, sfd z'? ug'{ eGbf klxn] / lbge/Lsf] sfd ;s]/ To;nfO{ ;kmf ul/;s]kl5 r'x]sf / lju|]sf rLhx?nfO{ t'?Gt} dd{t ;Def/ ug'{ kb{5 . o;nfO{ ef]nL u?+nf eg]/ /fVg' x'Gg . To;f] u/]df ljl;{g ;S5 . sL6gfzs ljiffbLx?nfO{ vfg]s'/f / hgfj/sf] bfgf jf rf/faf6 cnUu} /fVg] M sL6gfzs ljiffbLx?nfO{ vfg]s'/f / hgfj/sf] bfgf jf rf/faf6 cnUu} / n]an nfu]sf] efF8fdf tfnfaGb u/L /fVg' kb{5 . o;af6 sL6gfzs ljiffbL /flvPsf] efF8f jf lzzL;Fu s]6fs]6Lxn] rNg ;Sg] 5}gg\ / vfg]s'/f tyf hgfj/sf] rf/fdf ljiffbLsf] b'lift k|efj kg{ ;Sg] 5}g . ljiffbL k|of]u ubf{ ;lx dfqf / ;dodf k|of]u ug{] M cfjZostfeGbf a9L sL6gfzs ljiffbL k|of]u ug'{ cgfjZos ?kdf vlr{nf] / gf]S;fgbfos x'g ;Sg] x'G5 eg] cfjZostfeGbf lgs} sd kl/df0fdf ljiffbL k|of]udf NofOPdf To;af6 ;Gtf]ifhgs ?kdf zq'hLj lgoGq0f x'g ;Sb}g . ;fy} l;kmfl/z ul/P eGbf sd dfqfdf ljiffbL k|of]u u/]df zq'hLj lgoGq0f x'g g;sL zq'hLjx?df ljiffbL krfpg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; x'G5 . ljiffbL 5gf]6 ubf{ ;s];Dd sd 3fts ljiffbL 5gf}6 ul/g'k5{ M s'g} vf; sL/f lgoGq0fsf]nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf ljiffbLx? pknJw x'g] cj:yf ePdf ;aeGbf sd vt/f ePsf] ljiffbL 5gf}6 ul/g' k5{ . o:tf] 5gf}6 ul/Psf] ljiffbLsf] vr{÷nfut clnslt a9L kg{ cfPdf klg kl5 ljif ;DaGwL ;d:ofaf6 cfkm' / c? JolQmx? u|:t x'g ;Sg] ;d]t ljrf/ u/L dfly pNn]lvt Go"gtd vt/fd"ns ljiffbL 5gf}6 ug{ k|fyldstf lbg' k5{ . ljiffbL lsGbf Wofg k'¥ofpg'kg]{ s'/fx?

hLjgfzs ljiffbL P]g / lgodfjnL cg';f/ btf{ ePsf] ljiffbL dfq lsGg] . btf{ ePsf] ljiffbLsf af/]df afnL ;+/If0f clws[taf6 hfgsf/L kfpg ;lsG5 . s'g ljiffbL lsGg] xf] kSsf u/]/ dfq k;ndf hfg] . ;s];Dd ls;fgx?sf] cg'ejn] /fd|f] eg]/ kTofPsf] sDkgLsf] ljiffbL dfq lsGg] . rflxg] hltdfq ljiffbL lsGg] . 7"nf] Kofs]6 ;:tf] k5{ eGg] nf]edf rflxPeGbf w]/} ljiffbL glsGg] . grnfPsf] ljiffbLaf6 b'3{6gf x'g] 7'nf] 8/ x'G5 . ljiffbL s8f x'Fb}df /fd|f] sfd ug]{ xf]Og, afnLdf nfu]sf] sL/fnfO{ df:g jf wkfpg ;Sg] ljiffbL eP k'U5 . ;se/ ljj/0f k9\g], n]an x]g]{ . ljiffbL rnfpg ldNg], Dofb ;lsg] ldlt /fd|/L k9\g] w]/}h;f] ljiffbLdf Dofbsf] hfgsf/L c+u|]hL efiff / c+u|]hL ldltdf x'G5 . To;/L lbOPsf] hfgsf/L cfkm}F k9\g ;lsPg eg] k;n]nfO{ kSsf, u/]/ ;f]Wg] . ljiffbLsf] af]tn jf Kofs]6sf] l;n v'n]sf], a§f RofltPsf], r'lxPsf], ljsf]{ v'n]sf] eP Tof] glsGg] .7'nf] efF8faf6 vGofP/ ;fgf] efF8f]df /flvPsf] cyf{t\ l/Kofs ul/Psf] ljiffbL glsGg] .;se/ jfnaflnsfn] vf]Ng ghfGg] vfnsf] ljsf]{ ePsf] ljiffbL lsGg] .

ld>0f / :k|]lo+u ul/+bfljiffbLsf] sfd ubf{ ;'/lIft klx/gsf] k|of]u ug{] M ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ubf{ ;'/IffTds klx/g nufpg' k5{ . hLjgfzs ljiffbLsf] ljiffQmtfaf6 aRg] of] g} ;a} eGbf /fd|f] pkfo xf] . 5fnfnfO{ clwstd 9fs]/ /flvPdf, hLjgfzs k|b"if0fnfO{ w]/} xb;Dd sd ug{ ;lsG5 . hLjgfzs ljiffbL k|of]u ul/+bf afSnf] kf]zfs nufPdf o:tf ljiffbL 5fnfaf6 k|j]z ug]{ sd ;+efjgf /xG5 .


hLjgfzs ljiffbLnfO{ hlxn] klg rnfpFbf, ld>0f ubf{ jf k|of]u ubf{ nufOg] ;'/IffTds kf]zfs sDtLdf lgDg jdf]lhd x'g' k5{ .

afSnf] a:t'af6 tof/ ul/Psf] k'/f afx'nfsf] sdLh / nfdf] ktn'g, h'Qf jf a'6 . cUnf] ?vx?df :k|] ubf{ rf}8f lsgf/f ePsf] 6f]k nufpg' kb{5 . cem a9L vt/gfs sL6gfzs ljiffbLx? rnfpFbf jf k|of]u ul/+bf cem nfdf] klx/g jf cuf8L k5f8L 3'F8f;Dd 9flsg] Pk|f]g nufpg' k5{ . o; k|sf/sf] Pk|f]g agfpg /f;folgs dn /flvg] af]/f jf Knfli6snfO{ 6fpsf]sf] lglDt 7fpF /fVg aLrdf sf6L agfO{g' k5{ . o:tf Pk|f]g Ps k6s dfq pkof]u ul/g' k5{ / To; kZrft gi6 ul/ lbg' k5{ . hLjgfzs ljiffbLnfO{ ld;fpFbf jf 3f]n gkfl/Psf] cj:yfdf rnfpg' kbf{ lk=le=;L= sf] k+hf nufpg' k5{ . o:tf] ug'{ k|b"lift xftaf6 kg{ ;Sg] k|efj /f]Sg dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .


kfp8/ ;ljGof; / w'nf]nfO{ k|of]u ubf{ xn'sf] vfnsf] w'nf] 5]Sg] df:s jf gfs / d'vdfyL sk8f afFWg l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] 5 . w'nf]sf s0fx? Zjf; lqmofaf6 z/L/df k|j]z ug{ ;Sg] l:ytL cfpg glbg pk/f]Qm ljlw ;xfos x'G5 . a9L ljiffn' k|s[ltsf sL6gfzs ljiffbLx? rnfpFbf / k|of]u ubf{ vf;u/L 7"nf] If]qkmndf :k|] ubf{, /f;folgs lkmN6/ ;lxtsf] s[lif Zjf; pks/0f pknJw eP;Dd pkof]u ul/g' k5{ .

hLjgfzs ljiffbL rnfpFbf vfg, lkpg jf w'd|kfg ug{ x'Fb}g M ;a} k|sf/sf] ;'/IffTds pkfox? ckgfPtf klg k+hf, xft / klx/gaf6 hLjgfzs ljiffbL zl// leq k|a]z ug{]] ;+efjgf k|an /xG5 . o; k|sf/sf] k|b"if0f, vfB, k]o kbfy{ / l;u/]6df ;lhnf];Fu x:tfGtl/t x'g ;Sg] x'G5 . ljiffbL km}nfj6af6 hf]lug' k5{ . hLjgfzs ljifnfO{ vf]Nbf, :k|] 6}+sdf ld;fpFbf lkm+lhO{ To;af6 vt/f pTkGg x'g] ;Defjgf ;aeGbf a9L /xG5 . sfuhL kbfy{df /flvPsf] ljiffbLnfO{ RofTg' ;f6f] rSs'n] ;fjwfgL ;fy sf6]/ vf]Ng' k5{ . ;'/Iff klx/g jf v'nf 5fnf vf;u/L d'v / cfFvfdf l56f kg{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] :k|] 6}+snfO{ e'O{df /fvL lj:tf/} eg'{ kb{5 . ljiffbL ld>0f ubf{ kfp8/, w'nf] cyjf kf]lvPsf] s'/f xfjfn] csf]{ lbzftkm{ nfg] u/L pleg' kb{5 . ljiffbL kf]lvPdf tTsfn} To;nfO{ ;kmf ul/g' k5{ . 5fnf jf nufPsf] klx/g k|b"lift x'g uPdf To:tf k|b"lift kf]zfsnfO{ x6fO{ lbg' k5{ / ;fa'g kfgLn] 5fnf tTsfn} w'g' k5{ . ljiffbL k|of]u ubf{ xfafsf] axfanfO Vofn ug{] M u}/ nlIft If]qdf ljiffbL k|;fl/t x'gaf6 arfj6 ug'{ k5{ . tf]lsPsf] afnL / If]qnfO{ dfq pkrf/ ug]{ aGbf]a:t ldnfpg' k5{ . xfjfsf] jxfjaf6 x'g ;Sg] k|b'if0fnfO{ lgDg k|sf/n] 36fpg ;lsG5 .

nfdf] gf]hnx? / sd :k|]loË bjfjnfO{ pkof]u u/]df emf]nsf] afSnf] wf/f pTkGg x'g cfpF5 . dw'/f] ldl>t wf/fsf] t'ngfdf o:tf] afSnf] wf/fsf] jxfj u}/ nlIft 7fpFdf x'g] ;Defjgf sd /xG5 . xfjfsf] axfj sd /x]sf] ;dodf :k|]loË ug]{ jf w'nf] 5ls{g' kb{5 . o;af6 cGoafnL / 3/x?df k|b'if0f x'g] ;Defjgf sd /xG5 . hLjgfzs ljiffbL 5g]{ ;aeGbf pko'Qm ;do ljxfgL ;a]/} jf ;fFemdf x'G5 . o; ;do tfkqmd Go'g / xfjfsf] jxfj z'Go /xG5 .

aGb ePsf] gf]hnnfO{ slxNo} d'vn] vf]Ng' x'Gg M gf]hn s8f;Fu nfUg uPdf To;nfO{ cnu 5'6\ofpg' / ;kmf ug'{ k5{ . hLjgfzs ljiffbL e/]sf] cj:yfdf of] lqmof klg vt/fk"0f{ x'G5 . gf]hn / lkmN6/nfO{ ;kmf ubf{ bfFt dfHg] k'/fgf] a|'; jf afF;sf] kftnf] lr/fg ul/Psf] 6'qmfnfO{ k|of]u ug'{ k5{ . slxn] klg d'vn] km's]/ jf r';]/ ;kmf ug]{ k|oTg ug'{ x'Fb}g .

hLjgfzs ljiffbL k|of]u kZRfftljiffbLsf] e+f8f]nfO ;'/lIft ?kdf gi6 ug{] M l/Qf] ef8f jf sfuhL kbfy{nfO{ gi6 ug{'k5{ . kfgLsf] vfN8f], vf]nf jf 3/x?af6 6f9f hLjgfzs ljiffbLsf] ef8fnfO{ hnfP/ jf uf8]/ gi6 ug{' eGbf klxn] ;'l/Ift ljlwaf6 of] sfo{ 6'Uofpg l6«kn l/+lhu+ (Triple Rinsing) k|ljlw ckfpg' k5{ . lkpg] kfgL jf vfw kbfy{ ;~ho ug{ hLjgfzs ljiffbLsf] l/Qf] ef8f] k|of]u ul/Gf' x'GGf . l6«kn l/+lhu+df lgDglnlvt lqmof ;dflji6 /xG5 .

ljiffbLsf] ef+8f]af6 ljifsf] clGtd yf]kf;Dd klg :k|] 6}+sdf g} /fVg] k|of; ug'{ kb{5 . To;kl5 ljiffbLsf] efF8f] -Container_ sf] Ps rf}yfO{ efu kfgLn] eg]{ / To;kl5 ljsf]{ nufO{ xNnfpg] h;af6 To;sf] leqL efu kfgLaf6 wf]OG5 . o; k|sf/ wf]OPsf] kfgLnfO{ :k|] 6}+sdf g} vGofpg] . of] sfo{ljlw b'O{ k6s bf]x¥ofpg] .

o; lqmofaf6 efF8f]df /x]sf] ;a} ljif lgd"{n x'G5 / efF8f]nfO{ ;'/lIft 9+uaf6 uf8\g jf hnfpg ;lsG5 . :k|]o/ / w'nf] 5g]{ pks/0f pkof]u u/]kl5 ;kmf ug'{ k5{ . sfd u/]sf] k|To]s lbgsf] cflv/df pks/0fnfO{ ;kmf kfgLn] b'O{ k6s ;kmf ul/g' k5{ h;af6 hLjgfzs ljiffbLsf] k|efj /f]Sg ;lsof];\ . :k|] gf]hn / lkmN6/nfO{ cnUofO{ a]Unf a]Un}


;kmf u/L w'g' k5{ . :k|]o/df lkm+hfj6 / r'xfj6sf] sf/0faf6 ljiffbL x'g ;Sg] ePsf]n] :k|]o/sf] aflx/L efu ;d]t w'g' kb{5 . kfgLsf] efu / gfKg] pks/0f / afN6Lg klg wf]O{g' k5{ . o; k|sf/ w'g] sfo{ ul/+bf, Wofg lbg'kg]{ h?/L s] 5 eg], wf]Psf] kfgL vf]nf jf l;+rfO{sf] nflu kfgL /x]sf] ynf]df gk'uf];\ . o;af6 s]6fs]6L, ufO{ e}+;L / cGo kfNt' hgfj/x?nfO{ k|b"lift x'gaf6 arfj6 ug{ ;lsG5 .

ljiffbL 5/L ;s]kl5 kv{g'kg{] ( Waiting period) ;dosf] clgafo{ kfngf ug{] ÷u/fpg]ljiffbL k|of]o ubf{ hlt;'s} sd xfglsf/s 5fg] klg k|of]u u/L ;s]kl5 kv{g'kg{] ;dosf] Vofn gu/L pkef]u ul/Pdf Tof] ´g} vt/fk"0f{÷hf]lvdk"0f{ x'g hfG5 . To;}n} kv{g'kg{] ;dosf] clgafo{ kfngf ug{' k5{ . k|of]u kZRfft ljiffbL k|of]ustf{n] g'xfO{ w'jfO{ ug]{, vfnL efF8fsf] ;'/lIft ?kdf gi6 ug]{ :k|]o/ / w'nf] 5g]{ pks/0f pkof]u u/]kl5 ;kmf ug'{ k5{ . k|ltIff cjlw / k'gM k|j]z cjlwdf Wofg lbg] . o; k|sf/ w'g] sfo{ ul/+bf, Wofg lbg'kg]{ h?/L s] 5 eg], wf]Psf] kfgL vf]nf jf l;+rfO{sf] nflu kfgL /x]sf] ynf]df gk'uf];\ . o;af6 s]6fs]6L, ufO{ e}+;L / cGo kfNt' hgfj/x?nfO{ k|b"lift x'gaf6 arfj6 ug{ ;lsG5 .

ljiffbLsf] vfnL af]tn hyfefjL kmfNg xF'b}g . o:tf vfnL af]tn vf]n k'g k|of]u ug{ gldNg] u/L lauf/lbg' kb{5 . ljiffbL n]andf lbOPsf] lgb]{zgsf] kfngf ug{' kb{5 . ljiffbL k|of]u u/]/ al9 ePsf] ljiffbL sbfkL :k|]o/df /fVg' xFb}g o:tf ljiffbL zf}rfnodf ;d]t kmfNg xF'b}g a? o;nfO cGo afnLdf k|of]u u/L vfnL u/]/ :k|]o/ /fd|f] ;Fu ;kmf ug{' kb{5 . r'lxPsf] kf]lvPsf] ljiffbLnfO{ sf7sf] w'nf]df ;f];fP/ p7fO kmf]x/df kmfNg' kb{5 .

!% JolQmut ;'/If0fsf l;4fGtx?

hLjgfzs ljif kbfy{nfO{ rnfpFbf jf k|of]u ubf{ k|b"if0f x'gaf6 hf]lug ljif kbfy{ rnfpg]x?n] ckgfpg' kg]{ s]xL vf; k|sf/sf pkfox? 5g\ . oL pkfox? pi0f k|b]zLo cj:yfx?df jf cGoq ;dfg ?kdf pkof]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 / hlxn] klg cg's/0f ug'{ kb{5 .

k|b"if0faf6 hf]lug] hLjgfzs ljif kbfy{ rnfpFbf Tjrf, gfs, cfFvf / d'vaf6 x'g ;Sg] k|ToIf ;Dks{ x'gaf6 hf]lug jf To;nfO{ sd t'Nofpg ;lsPdf o;af6 JolQmut k|b"if0f x'g ;Sg] ;+efjgfx? lgs} 36\g] 5 . uf9f ljif kbfy{ vGofpFbf jf ld;fpFbf, Tjrf / klx/gdf To;sf] l56f 5ls{P/ nfUg jf kf]Vgaf6 hf]lug' kb{5 . o:tf ljif kbfy{ Tjrfdf jf cfFvfdf nfu]df tTsfn} To; c+unfO{ 3f]P/ ;kmf ug'{ kb{5 . a9L k|b"lift n'ufx? x6fP/, kfgL / l86/h]G6 ;fa'gn] w'g' kb{5 .

ljif kbfy{nfO{ dfk ug{ / Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf cf];fg{ pko'Qm pks/0f k|of]u u/]/ k|b"if0f x'g ;Sg] ;+efjgfnfO{ lgs} 36fpg ;lsG5 . vf;u/L k|of]ustf{n] ljif kbfy{ ld;fpFbf xftnfO{ 8f8"sf] 7fpFdf k|of]u ug'{ x'Fb}g / emf]nnfO{ ldnfpg xftn] rnfpg' klg x'Fb}g .

sL6÷afnL /f]u ;DaGwL ;d:of lgoGq0f ug{ ljif kbfy{ 5g]{ ;aeGbf pko'Qm ljlw 5gf}6 ul/g'kb{5 . ljif kbfy{ k|of]u ug{ pkof]u ul/g] pks/0f /fd|/L d/Ddt u/L ;lsPsf], plrt t/Lsfaf6 ;+ef/ ul/Psf] / To; pks/0fsf] gnLsf] Kjfn ;kmf cj:yfdf x'g' cToGt dxTjk"0f{ 5 .

pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf, r'x]sf] Gofk:ofs :k|]o/ klx/g / Tjrfsf] k|b"if0fsf] >f]t xf] . :k|]o/ gf]hnx?df s'g} cj/f]ws clNemPsf] eP To;nfO{ kfgLn] ;kmf ug'{ k5{ jf 3fF;sf] 8fF7 h:tf] sdnf] kbfy{n] s] c8\lsg uPsf] kQf nufpg' k5{ . d'vn] km's]/ ;kmf ug]{ sfo{ eg] ug'{ x'Fb}g .

k|of]u stf{n] ljif kbfy{sf] emf]nnfO{ 5bf{ xfjf stflt/af6 stflt/ ax]sf] 5 ;f] cg';f/ ug'{ kb{5 h;af6 ev{/} 5ls{Psf kftx?sf] ;Dks{df cfpgaf6 hf]lug d2t k'Ub5 .


JolQmut :jf:Yoljif kbfy{ rnfpFbf JolQmut ;'/If0fsf] csf]{ cfwf/e"t l;4fGtdf /fd|f] :j:Yo x'g cfpFb5 . o;af6 s'g} k|sf/sf] k|b"if0f pTkGg x'g cfPdf tTsfn} To;nfO{ x6fpg ;lsg] x'g ;S5 . o; cltl/Qm, JolQmut cfbtx?n] klg k|ToIf k|b"if0faf6 hf]lug d4t k'¥ofpFb5 .

ljif kbfy{ rnfpg] JolQmn] To; ;DaGwL sfd ubf{ vfg, lkpg jf w'd|kfg ug{ x'Fb}g / ljif kbfy{sf] ;+;u{df cfPsf] xft jf k+hfn] cfkm\gf] d'v jf cGo v'nf /x]sf] Tjrfx? :kz{ ug{ x'Fb}g . o:tf JolQmx?n] ljif kbfy{ rnfPkl5 vfg, lkpg, w'd|kfg ug{ jf zf}rfno hfg k"j{ ;b}j xft / d'v w'g' kb{5 . ljif kbfy{ rnfpg] JolQmn] lbgel/sf] sfd l;l4Pkl5 /fd|/L g'xfpg'k5{ .

o:tf] JolQmn] sfd ubf{v]l/ klx/g u/]sf] n'uf sfd ;s]kl5 c? n'ufx?af6 cnUu} w'g] / ;'sfpg] ug'{ kb{5 . sfd ubf{v]l/ klx/g ul/g] n'ufx? / ;'/IffTds pks/0fx?sf] x]/ ljrf/ / :ofxf/ ;+ef/ ug'{ kb{5 .

!^ hLjgfzs ljiffbLsf n]a'n -;"rskq_

n]a'nnfO{ k9\g] / a'‰g] ljiffbLx? cToGt} vt/gfs Pj+ hLj 3fts x'g] ePsf]n] o;sf] k|of]u ug{' cufj} k|of]u ug{] ljiffbLsf] af/]df hfGg', a'emg' / xf]l;of/L cKgfpg'kg{] cToGt cfjZos k|ls|of xf] . ljiffbLsf] pTkfbgst{fn] ljiffbLsf] lalaw kIfdf ljiffbL k|of]ust{fnfO{ ;fjwfgL / hfgsf/L u/fpgsf] nfuL ;"rgfd'ns ;Gb]z, ljiffbLsf] af]tn jf Kofs]6df 6fF;]sf] x'G5 h;nfO{ n]an -;"rs kq_ elgG5 . h'g ljiffbL ld;fpg, k|of]u ug{, e08f/0f / gi6 ug{ lbOPsf] sfg"gL lgb{]zg xf] . hLjgfzs ljif kbfy{ /flvPsf] efF8f]sf] n]a'ndf lbO{Psf l;kmfl/zx? k9\g' / cg';/0f ug'{ klxnf] l;4fGt xf] . ljif kbfy{ /fVg] efF8f ljleGg cfsf/ k|sf/ / ;fdfu|Lx? x'G5g\ . pi0f k|b]zLo d'n'sx?df ;fgf]:t/sf] s[ifsn] w]/}h;f] ! ln6/ jf To;eGbf sd Ifdtf ePsf] efF8f] rnfpF5 . o;n] ubf{ n]a'n ;fOh ;fgf] / To;df 5flkPsf cIf/x? k9\g ufx|f] x'g klg ;S5 . w]/}h;f] l:yltx?df o:tf] efF8f]df yk ;"rgf ;fdfu|L klg lbOPsf] x'G5 h;df n]a'ndf lbOg] hfgsf/L lj:t[t ?kdf x'G5 .

hLjgfzs ljiffbLsf] ;"rs kq (Label) hLjgfzs ljiffbLnfO{ s;/L ;'/lIft / k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 k|of]u ug]{ eGg] ;Gbe{df ljiffbL lgdf{tfx?n] k|of]ustf{x?nfO{ cfjZos hfgfsf/L lbg] ;aeGbf dxTjk'0f{ ;fwg ljiffbLsf n]jnx? g} x'g\ . To;}n] ljiffbL n]jndf lbPsf] lgb]{zg cg';f/ k|of]u ug{' kb{5 / ;f] df lbO{Psf ;"rgfnfO{ ljif]if¡fn] /fd|/L hf+r u/]sf] x'g' h?/L 5 tfsL ljiffbLn] dfgj :jf:y, kz'k+IfL / jftfj/0fnfO{ gf]S;fg gul/sg nlIft zq'hLj k|lt k|efjsf/L xf]; . hLjgfzs ljiffbLsf lzzLx? ;fgf] ePsf] cj:yfdf lgdf{tfx?n] cltl/Qm sfuh÷krf{ (Leaflets) /fvL To:tf hfgfsf/Lx? la:t[t ?kdf lbG5g\ / lbg' kb{5 . cfjZos k/] ljleGg efiffx?df klg lbg] ul/G5 . ljiffbL k|of]u ug'k"a{ To:tf ;"rgfd'ns krf{ k9\g' h?/L x'G5 .

lnlvt lgb]{zgx?sf] cltl/Qm, ljif rnfpg] JolQmn] n]a'ndf lrqsf] dfWod ;"rgf lbPsf] 5 ls egL x]g'{kb{5, lsgeg] To;df ljifsf] ;ljGof;af6 x'g] vt/fsf] dfqf klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'G5 . w]/}h;f] d'n'sx?n] ;ljGof;sf] ljiffn'kg ju{ jtfpg /+u sf]l8+u k|yf pkof]u ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o l;kmfl/znfO{ cg';/0f ub{5g\ .

ljiffbLsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ hfgsf/Lx? a]Unf a]Un} lsl;dsf] x'g ;S5g\ / ;a} n]a'nx?df ;dfg :t/ ckgfOPsf x'G5g\ . logLx?nfO{ tn lbO{Psf lzif{sx? cGtu{t j0f{g ug{ ;lsG5 .


ljiffbLsf n]jndf pknAw x'g] ;"rgfx?

!= vt/fsf] ;+s]t jf zAbx?

;+ejtM hLjgfzs ljiffbL n]a'ndf lbOg] ;aeGbf dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgf cGt/f{li6«o vt/fsf] lrGx -vKk/ / t];f{Psf] x8\8Lx?, cfuf] nfUg ;Sg] jf gi6 ug]{ ;+s]t_ / vt/fsf ;+s]t zAbx? x'G5g\ h;n] hLjgfzs ljiffbLaf6 x'g cfpg] 3fts c;/ atfpF5g\ . lgDgfg';f/ ljZj :jf:Yo ;Fu7gaf6 vt/f ju{ ;d"x?df /fVg ;lsG5 . o;}u/L, vKt8 / t];f{Psf xf8x?, ;]G6 PG8\o"sf] qm; h:tf r]tfjgL ;"rs ;+s]tx?n] /f;folgs vt/fsf k|sf/x?jf/] hfgsf/L lbG5g\ . n]a'ndf /flvg] lrqx?n] c4{lzlIft jf clzlIft JolQmx?sf] nflu a9L Wofg lbO{ lrqdo ?kdf ;'/IffTds ;fjwfgLx? ;+emfPsf] x'G5 .

w]/} ljiffn' -cGoGt vt/gfs_ M ljZj :jf:Yo ;Fu7gsf] 3fts ;d"x IA df -cTolws vt/gfs_ df k/]sf ljiffbLx? . o; ;d"xdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf hLjgfzs ljiffbL clt 3fts x'G5 . w]/}h;f] d'n'sx?df k|of]ustf{sf] ;'/If0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 o:tf ljiffbLsf] k|of]u dfly aGb]h jf k|ltaGw nufOPsf] x'G5 . o; k|sf/sf ljiffbLx?df km:kmfld8g /x]sf] l8d]qmg / cGo ljiffbLx? kb{5g\ . ljiffn' -vt/gfs_ M ljZj :jf:Yo ;Fu7gsf] 3fts ;d"x IB df -w]/} 3fts_ k/]sf ljiffbLx? / dfly pNn]lvtIA df /x]sf ljiffbL eGbf o; ;d"xdf k/]sf ljiffbL sd 3fts x'G5g\ . tfklg o; ;d"xsf ljiffbL k|of]u ug]{ jf ;+rfngdf ;+nUg x'g] ;a}n] pko'Qm ;'/IffTds klx/g nufpg' kg]{ / ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ug]{ jf/] hfgsf/L /fVg' kb{5 . o; ;d"xsf ljiffbLx?df df]gf]qmf]6f]km;, kf/flyog ldyfOn, 8fOSnf]/f]e; ljiffbLx? kb{5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf df]gf]l;n, d]6fl;8, g'efqmf]g cflb lng ;lsG5 . dWod ljiffn' -xflgsf/s / dWod?kn] vt/gfs_ M ljZj :jf:Yo ;Fu7gsf] 3fts ;d"x II -sd 3fts_ df /x]sf ljiffbLx?, o;df sfjf]{ô"/fg,Snf]/kfO{l/km; ljiffbLx? / w]/}h;f] cGo cuf{gf]km:km]6 sL6gfzs ljiffbLx? kb{5g\ . ;fdfGo ljiffn' -;fjwfgL / ;fdfGo?kn] vt/gfs_ M ljZj :jf:Yo ;Fu7gsf] 3fts ;d"x III -lgs} sd 3fts_ df /x]sf ljiffbLx?df w]/}h;f] l;Gy]l6s kfo/]y|f]cfO8 sL6gfzs ljiffbL / Pl;km]6 ljiffbL o; ;d"xdf kb{5g\ . ;+s]t /lxtM ljZj :jf:Yo ;Fu7gn] ;fdfGo k|of]u ubf{ u+le/ ?kdf 3fts x'g g;Sg] 7x/fPsf] ljiffbLx?sf] nflu s'g} ;f+s]lts zAbx? lbg' kb}{g . w]/}h;f] emf/gfzs / s}og 9';Lgfzs ljiffbL o;df ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . w]/}h;f] d'n'sx?df dflysf] juL{s/0fnfO{ pkof]udf NofO{Psf] 5 . t/ s]xL d'n'sx?df eg] ljZj vfB s[lif ;Fu7g / ljZj :jf:Yo ;Fu7gn] l;kmfl/z u/]sf] eGbf a]Un] cfkm\g} jlu{s/0f k|0ffnL k|rngdf 5g\ . 3fts lrGx / ;f+s]lts zAbx?sf] pkof]uaf6 hLjgfzs ljiffbL ;+rfng / k|of]ustf{x?nfO{ ;DalGwt ljif slt;Dd vt/gfs 5 To:sf] hfgsf/L / ljif nfUg]af6 hf]lug ;fjwfgL lng' kg]{ jf/] tTsfn} yfxf kfpg d2t k'¥ofpF5g\ .

;'/lIft kof{j/0fsf] dfWodaf6 sL/fsf] Jo:yfkg u/f}+ Ûcfˆgf] :jf:Yo arfpF Û pTkfbg j9fpF ÛÛ


ljWj+zs sL/fsf] clu|d hfgsf/L lnpF Û 3fts sL6\gf;s ljiffbLaf6 6f9f a;f} ÛÛ

;+s]tsf] cfwf/df ljiffbLsf] vt/fsf ;+s]t

/ftf] – Hofb} ljiffn'

Kfx]nf] – ljiffn'

lgnf]–dWod?kn] ljiffn'

xl/of] – sd ljiffn'

@= klxrfg ;DaGwL efu n]a'nsf] o; efudf hLjgfzs ljiffbLjf/] ;fdfGo ;"rgfx? x'G5g\ . o;df Jofkfl/s gfd, ljiffbLdf ljBdfg ;a} ;lqmo c+zx?sf] ;"rL, ltgLx?sf] dfqf (Concentration) / ;ljGof;sf] lsl;d ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'G5 . slxn]sfxL+, n]a'ndf ljiffbLsf s]xL cGo dxTjk"0f{ tTjx?sf] ;"rL klg lbOG5, pbfx/0fsf] nflu a9L k|Hjlnt x'g] jf vt/gfs jf w'ngzLn h:tf hfgsf/Lx? . o; klxrfg ;DaGwL efudf ljiffbLsf] v'b c+z, lgdf{0fstf{sf] gfd, 7]ufgf lbO{Psf] x'G5 . o;sf] ;fy} cfZjf;g jf s'g}n vf; s'/f g;sfg]{ jf/]sf] ljj/0f klg ;dflji6 /xG5 . ;ljGof; jf ljiffbLsf] u'0f:t/ ;DaGwL ;d:ofx? cfO{kg]{ cj:yfnfO{ ljrf/ u/L klxrfg k|of]hgsf] nflu Jofr gDa/ / ljiffbLsf] pkof]lutf ;dfKt x'g] ldlt (Expiry date) ;d]t, -d'n'ssf] sfg"g adf]lhd cfjZos x'g cfPsf] v08df_ o; klxrfg ;DaGwL efudf lbOPsf] x'G5 . hLjgfzs ljiffbL s'g s'g k|of]hgdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 ;f] jf/] ljiffbLsf] n]a'ndf k|of]u ;DaGwL ;fdfGo ljj/0f ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'G5 .

#= k|of]u ;DaGwL lgb]{zgsf] efu -s], sxf+, slxn], s;/L_ n]a'nsf] o; efudf tL ;a} hfgsf/Lx? lbO{Psf x'G5g\ h;af6 ljiffbLsf] k|of]ustf{n] pkrf/ ul/Psf] afnLnfO{ gf]S;fg gk'¥ofO{ ;d:ofnfO{ /fd|/L lgoGq0f ug{ ;sf];\ . o:df lgDglnlvt s'/fx? atfO{Psf 5g\ .

ljiffbL sxfF pkof]u ug]{ -s'g afnLdf / s'g sL/f÷afnL /f]u jf emf/x? lj?4_ljiffbLnfO{ s;/L pkof]u ug]{ -slt kl/df0fdf pkof]u ug]{ / o; k|lqmofdf s;/L ld;fj6 ug]{ / k|of]u ug]{_ tyfslxn] pkof]u ug]{ -jif{sf] s'g ;dodf afnL÷sL/f jf /f]usf] s'g ljsl;t cj:yfdf / s;/L k'gM 5s{g]_

o; efudf ljiffbL sxfF pkof]u gug]{ h:tf pkof]u ;DaGwL ;fdfGo r]tfjgLx?, s;/L afnLnfO{ gf]S;fg k'Ug ;S5 -pbfx/0fsf] nflu s]xL ;ljGof;af6 af]6sf slnnf kftx?nfO{ gf]S;fg_ / s'g cj:yfdf ljiffbLn] sfd ub}{g -h:tf] ls jiff{ x'g' t'?Gt} cufj}_ jf/] hfgsf/L lbOPsf x'G5g\ .

k|of]u ;DaGwL efusf] lgb]{zgdf s'g cjlwdf ljiffbL k|of]u ug'{ gx'g] / k'gM k|j]z cjlw ;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'G5 .


ljiffbL k|of]u ug{ gx'g] cjlw -o;nfO{ s6fgL k"j{sf] ;do klg elgG5_ cGtu{t hLjgfzs ljiffbLaf6 clGtd k6s pkrf/ u/]sf] ;dob]lv dflg;jf kz'sf] pkef]usf] afnL lnOg] jf pkrf/ ul/Psf] v]tx?df hgfj/x?nfO{ r/gsf]nflu hfg lbOg] ;do;Ddsf] l;kmfl/z ul/Psf lbgx? jf xKtfx? kb{5g\ .

k'gM k|j]z cjlw cGtu{t ljiffbL 5/]sf] / v]tfnfx?nfO{ afnL ;DaGwL sfd ug{ ;'/IffTds klx/g gnufO{ hfg cg'dlt lbOPsf] aLrsf lbgx? cfpF5g\ .

o; efudf kfOg] cGo hfgsf/Lx?df ljiffbLsf] ld;fj6 ;DaGwL lgb]{zg / ToxL :k|] 6}+sdf To; ljiffbLnfO{ cGo ljiffbLx?;Fu ldnfP/ /fVg ;lsg] g;lsg] jf/] hfgsf/L lbO{Psf] x'G5 .

$= ;'/Iffsf] ;fjwfgL ;DaGwL efuljiffbLsf] n]a'nsf] o; efudf ljiffbLaf6 x'g cfpg] s'g} vf; k|sf/sf vt/fx?sf] sf/0faf6 ljiffbL k|of]ustf{x?nfO{ 3fts k|efj kg{ glbg / jftfj/0fnfO{ k|b"lift x'gaf6 /f]Sg lnOg' kg]{ vf; k|sf/sf ;fjwfgLx?;Fu ;DalGwt hfgsf/Lx? lbOG5 .

o:tf ;fjwfgLx?nfO{ :jf:Yo, jftfj/0f, e08f/0f / gi6 ug]{df ljeflht ul/Psf] 5 .

%= :jf:Yo ;DaGwL ;fjwfgLx?ljiffbLnfO{ ld;fpFbf / 5s{bf jf w'nf] 5bf{ To;af6 x'g ;Sg] b'ik|efjaf6 k|of]u stf{sf] ;'/If0f ug]{ jf/]sf] hfgsf/L o; cGtu{t lbOPsf] x'G5 . ;fwf/0ftof z'?s} ljj/0fdf ljiffbL slt vt/gfs 5 / z/L/df s;/L ;f]l;g ;S5 eGg] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 .

To;kl5 k|of]ustf{n] ljif nfUgaf6 aRg ckgfOg' kg]{ pko'Qm sfo{ ljlwx? lbOG5 -pbfx/0fsf] nflu w'nf] jf w'jf Zjf; k|lqmofaf6 hfg glbg], :k|] ldi6 ;Fusf] ;Dks{ x'g glbg] / 5g]{ sfo{kZrft 5fnf / klx/g w'g'kg]{_ .

o;df ljiffbLsf] ld;fj6 / 5g]{ sfo{ ubf{ pko'Qm k|sf/sf] ;'/IffTds klx/g jf/]df klg ;"rLt ul/Psf] x'G5 .

a9L ljiffn' ljiffbLsf] ;Gbe{df, ljif nfUbf v]/Lsf nIf0fx? / ljif nfUbf jf k|b"if0f x'Fbf ug'{ kg]{ pko'Qm k|fylds pkrf/ ;DaGwL hfgsf/Lx? klg o; efudf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'G5 .

^ jftfj/0f ;+aGwL ;fjwfgLx? o; cGtu{t lj?jfx?, 3/]n' kz'k+IfL, jGohGt', df}/L, df5f / jftfj/0fnfO{ ;fwf/0ftofM s;/L ;+/If0f ug{ ;lsG5 To; ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbO{Psf] x'G5 .

w]/}h;f] ;fjwfgLx?df vf; k|sf/sf] vt/f -pbfx/0fsf] nflu df5fnfO{ nfUg] ljif_ / o;af/] ckgfOg'kg]{ cfjZos ;fjwfgLx? lbOPsf x'G5g\ . -/f;folgs jf vfnL ljiffn' ef8fx?af6 vf]nf, gbL / cGo hn>f]tx?df k|b"if0f x'g glbg]_ .

&= ljiffbL eG8f/0f / gi6 ug]{ ;DaGwL lgb]{zgsf] efuw]/}h;f] n]a'nx?df n]a'nx?df ljiffbLnfO{ s;/L ;'/IffTds 9+uaf6 e08f/0f ug]{ eGg] s'/f lbOPsf] x'G5 . -pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;'vf lr;f] 7fpFdf /fVg], s]6fs]6Lx?n] ;lhn};Fu e]6fpg g;Sg] / vfB kbfy{ / kz'k+IfLaf6 6f9f /fVg]_ .

ljiffbLsf l/Qf efF8fx?nfO{ jftfj/0f k|b"lift gx'g] u/L s;/L gi6 ug]{ eGg] lgb]{zgx? klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf x'G5g\ . ;fwf/0ftof o; k|lqmof cGtu{t vfnL afs;x? / ljiffn' kbfy{ a]l/Psf ;fdfu|Lx?nfO{ hnfO{ lbg] jf l6gsf Sofg / lzzLx?nfO{ /fd|/L ;kmf ug]{ / To;nfO{ kmf]8L jf Kjfn u/L hdLg d'lg ufl8lbg' kg]{ s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 .


o; k|sf/ hLjgfzs ljiffbLsf] n]a'ndf ljiffbL ;fdfu|LnfO{ e08f/0f ug]{, ;+rfng ug]{ / Go"gtd 3fts x'g] u/L k|of]u ug]{ ;DaGwdf cfjZos hfgsf/Lx?sf] ;f/f+z lbO{Psf] x'G5 .

hLjgfzs ljiffbLaf6 ;'/Iff / ljiffbLsf] n]a'ndf lbPsf lgb]{zgx? s;/L k9\g] / ckgfpg] ;DaGwdf k|of]ustf{x?nfO{ tflnd lbP/ hLjgfzs ljiffbLnfO{ ;'/IffTds 9+uaf6 k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 / o;af6 dflg;x?, kz'k+IfL, jGohGt' / jftfj/0fnfO{ Go"gtd vt/f k'Ug hfg] 5 .

v'b|f ljqm]tfx? jf s[ifsx?n] k|of]u ug{ vl/b ul/Psf] ljiffbLx? e08f/ ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fjwfgLx? klg Tolt g} dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ lsgsL c;'/lIft e08f/0fn] ljiffbLsf] k|efjsf/L cjlw sd x'g hfG5 / r'lxP/ tyf kf]lvP/ dflg; / jftfj/0fdf b'ik|efj kb{5 .

n]a'n k9\gfn] x'g] kmfO{bfljiffbLsf] n]andf ePsf lgb{]zg adf]lhd sfo{ ub{f ljiffbLaf6 x'g] ;+Defljt b'3{6gfaf6 aRg ;lsG5 . ljiffbL v/Lb ug{' k"a{ n]an k9\gfn] v]taf/Ldf nfu]sf] sL/fsf] k|slt cg';f/sf] ljiffbL v/Lb ug{ d2t k'Ub5 . ljiffbLsf] dfqf k|of]u ug{] t/Lsf, ;dosf] af/]df hfgsf/L k|fKt x'G5 . ljiffbL v/Lb kZrft o;sf] cf];f/ k;f/, e08f/0f cflbsf] af/]df hfgsf/L kfOG5 . ljiffbL n]ann] ljiffbLsf] ;'/lIft k|of]u ug{] t/Lsf af/] 1fg lbG5 . ljiffbL k|of]u kZrft\ ljif k|of]u ePsf] afnL l6Kg, vfgsf] nfuL stL lbg ;Dd of]Uo xF'b}g -kv{g' kg{] ;do_ yfxf nfUb5 . ljiffbL n]an k9\gfn] aftfj/0f k|b'{if0f x'gaf6 arfpg ;lsg'sf] ;fy} ;do / k};fsf] art x'G5 . ljiffbL k|of]u ub{f ljif nfu]df ug{' kg{] k|fylds pkrf/sf] ;DaGwdf / 8fS6/ nfO{ pkrf/ ;Nnfx cflbsf] af/]df hfgsf/L x'G5 .

s]xL ;fdfGo lgodx? MljiffbLx?nfO{ vfBfGg, kz'klG5sf] bfgf, jLp, /;folgs dnvfb / s[lif cf}hf/x? b]lv cnu /fVg' kb{5 . ljiffbLx? ;'Vvf lr;f] 7fpFdf l;wf 3fdsf] ls/0f gkg]{ u/L kfgL gr'lxg] sf]7fdf /fVg' kb{5 . ljiffbLx? tfnfjGb sf]7fdf e08f/0f ug'{ kb{5 . 9f]sfdf æljiffn' sf]7fÆ, ævt/gfsÆ cflb zJbx? ;a}n] b]Vg] 7fpFdf /fVg' kb{5 . e08f/df /flvPsf ljiffbLx? r'lxPsf jf kf]lvPsf 5g\ 5}gg lgoldt ?kn] x]g]{ / To:tf] 5 eg] t'?Gt To:tf] ljiffbL ;kmf ug]{ / vfnL efF8fx? ;kmf ug'{ kb{5 .

ljiffn'kgsf] cwf/df n]an-;"rs kq_df x'g] lrGx / auL{s/0f

laZj:jf:Yo ;Fu7gsf] auL{s/0f vt/fsf] auL{s/0f k|of]u x'g] /+u vt/fsf] lrGx k|of]u x'g] zAb

IA cToGt vt/gfs /ftf]DANGER

POISEN

IB vt/gfs /ftf] WARNING

II dWod vt/gfs kx]nf] X CAUTION

III sd vt/gfs lgnf]

;fk]lIfs?kdf ;'/lIft xl/of]


r]tgfo'Qm ;+s]tx?

lnkmn]6lnkmn]6 Ps hfgsf/Ld'ns krf{ xf] . h'g ljiffbLsf] Kofs]h, a§f leq /flvPsf] x'G5 . k|fo h;f] ljiffbLsf a§fleq lnkmn]6 /flvPsf x'G5g, h'g ljiffbL k|of]ustf{sf] nfuL,ljiffbL b'3{6gfaf6 aRg / arfpg cToGt} pkof]uL x'G5g . o;df ljiffbLsf] af/]df ljiffbL slxn] lsg sxFf s;/L k|of]u ug{], ljiffbLaf6 s;/L ;'/lIft /xg], cGo ljiffbLdf ld;fP/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 jf ;lsb}g, o;sf] k|efjsf/L k|of]u s;/L ug{ ;lsG5, ljiffbL k|of]u kZrft lng' kg{] ;fjwfgL s] s] x'g, ljiffbL e08f/0f cf];f/ k;f/ s;/L ug{] vfnL l/QLPsf a§fsf] la;h{g s;/L ug{] eGg] af/]df la:t[t hfgsf/L ljleGg efiffdf lbOPsf] x'G5 . o;}n] ljiffbL k|of]u ug{' k"a{ ljiffbL k|of]ust{fnfO{ ljiffbLsf] n]an, a§fdf ;+nUg lnkmn]6 clgjfo{?kdf k9g ;'emfj lbO{G5 .

lnkmn]6


n]an

ljiffbLn] sfd ug]{ Dofb s'g} klg ljiffbL jf cGo /;fogsf] sfd ug]{ zlQm ;w}+el/ plQs} /xFb}g . ;do laTb} hfFbf To;df /f;folgs kl/jt{gx? cfpFb} hfG5g\ / lglZrt ;dokl5 To;n] ug'{ kg]{ hlt sfd ug{ 5f8\5 . /;fogn] k|efj/sf/L ?kn] sfd ug{ ;Sg] cjlwnfO{ To;sf] sfd ug]{ Dofb elgG5 .

ljiffbLsf] a§fdf To;n] slxn];Dd /fd|f] sfd u5{ eGg] s'/f cyf{t\ Tof] ljiffbL k|of]u ug{ x'g] Dofb n]lvPsf] x'G5 . Tof] s'/f w]/} hlt c+u|]hL ;fn / dlxgfdf x'G5 . ljiffbLn] sfd u5{ ls ub}{g eGg] s'/f ToxL Dofbdf e/kg]{ ePsfn] ljiffbL vl/b ubf{ To;sf] Dofb slxn];Dd 5 eGg] s'/f /fd|/L x]g'{ k5{ . Dofb :ki6 gePsf] ljiffbL lsGg' x'Fb}g . tnsf] t:jL/ x]g'{xf];\ .

Wofg lbg'xf];M Dofb gf3]sf] ljiffbLn] ug'{ kg]{ sfd ub}{g, t/ dflg;, hLjhGt' / jftf/0fnfO{ eg] 7'nf] gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpg ;S5 .

!& ljiffbLsf] dfqf lx;fa ug]{ t/Lsf

olb ljiffbLsf] k|of]u k|efjsf/L / ;'/lIft u/fpg] xf] eg] h'g ?k -Formulation_ sf] ljiffbL k|of]u ug]{ xf] To;sf] 7Ls dfqf lgwf{/0f x'g' cfjZos 5 . l;kmf/L; ul/P eGbf sd kl/df0fdf ljiffbL k|efjsf/L gx'g] / jl9 kl/df0fdf x'Fbf k};fsf] gf]S;fg tyf cnlIft hLjhGt' tyf jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds k|efj kg]{ ;Defjgf x'G5 . ljiffbLsf] dfqfsf] l;kmf/L; cg';Gwfgdf cfwf/Lt x'G5 / b/ -Rate_ lsnf]u|fd vf; ljif -a. i_ k|lt x]X6/ cyjf ljlZrt ljiffbLsf] 3f]ndf vf; ljifsf] k|ltztsf] cfwf/df cleJoQm ul/G5 . x/]s ljiffbLdf Pp6f vf; ljif x'G5 h;n] ljgfzsf/L hLjx? lj?4 sfd u5{ . of] 7f]; cyjf t/n x'g ;S5 . ljiffbLsf] lj;'4 ?k w]/} ljiffn' x'g] / l;w} k|of]u ug{ ;lhnf] gx'g] x'Fbf pTkfbsx?n] o;df ljleGg c;lqmo tTjx? ld;fP/ kftnf] agfpF5g\ .

B.NoG246499 Mfd. MAY1999 Exp. Rs=22.11

B.No. 0.00 Mfd. Exp.


ljiffbLsf] Jofkf/Ls 7f]; ?kdf -w'nf], kfgLdf ldl;g] w'nf] jf 8Jn' kL / u]8f_ ljifsf] s'g} tf}n cGo lgl:s|o w'nf] cyjf u]8fx? l;t ld;fOPsf] x'G5 . o;/L vf; ljifsf] dfqfdf JoQm ubf{ ljiffbLsf] Jofkf/Ls 7f]; ?ksf] hDdf tf}nsf] k|ltztsf] cfwf/df ul/G5 . To:t} ljiffbLsf] Jofkfl/s t/n ?kdf -kfgLdf ldl;g] emf]n_ ljifsf] s'g} tf}nnfO{ b'w h:tf] kftnf] kbfy{ ;lxt ePsf] 3f]ns kbfy{sf] s'g} kl/df0fdf ljlng u/fOG5 .

pbfx/0f M–8]N6fd]ly|g @=%Ü 8Jn'=kL= eGgfn] k|To]s !)) u|fdsf] Jofkf/Ls ?ksf] @=%Ü sf] w'nf]df @=% u|fd lj;'4 8]N6fd]ly|g -vf; ljif_ 5 eGg] a'lemG5 . ;fO{y]g %) O{=;L= -kfgLdf ldl;g] emf]n_ eGgfn] k|To]s !)) ld=ln= Jofkf/Ls ?ksf] ;fOy]g emf]ndf %) u|fd dfnfyfog -vf; ljif_ 5 eGg] a'lemG5 .

ljiffbLsf] dfqf lx;fj ubf{ yfxf kfpg' kg]{ tTjx? lgDg cg';f/sf 5g\ . ljiffbLsf] Jofkf/Ls ?kx?df vf; ljifsf] k|ltzt . k|lt x]S6/ l;kmfl/; b/ -dfqf_ vf; ljif lsnf]u|fddf jf ln6/df jf k|of]u ug'{kg]{ dfqf k|ltztdf . pkrf/ ug'{kg]{ If]qkmnsf] nflu 5g]{ 3f]nsf] kl/df0f -ln6/df_ pkrf/ ug'{kg]{ If]qkmn

kfgLdf ldl;g] emf]n -O{=;L=_ ljiffbLsf] dfqf yfxf kfpg lgDg adf]hLdsf] ;"q k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 cfjZos ljiffbL -O{=;L=_ sf] kl/df0f -ld=ln=_ =

Ü f; ljifsf]jiffbLdf vJofkf/Ls l

ln6/_- kl/df0f emf]nsf] tof/L rflxg] 5g{ Ü ; ljifsf]emf]ndf vf tof/L 5g{ x x !)))

pbfx/0f Mwfgdf nfUg] ujf/f] lgoGq0f ug{ )=)%Ü sf] Snf]/f]kfO/Lkm;sf] emf]n #) ln= agfpg' 5, 8;{jfg @) O{=;L=df @)Ü sf] Snf]/f]kfO/Lkm; x'G5 . #) ln= kfgLsf] nflu 8;{jfg @) O{=;L= sf] kl/df0f slt rflxG5 <

lbOPsf] Ms_ Jofkf/Ls O;L ?kdf vf; ljifsf] k|ltzt -Ü_ = @) v_ 5g{ rflxg] Jofkf/L emf]nsf] kl/df0f = #) ln=u_ 5g{ tof/L emf]ndf vf; ljifsf] k|ltzt -Ü_ = )=)% lx;fj M8;{jfg @) O;Lsf] cfjZos kl/df0f ld= ln=


ln6/_- kl/df0f emf]nsf] tof/L rflxg] 5g{ Ü ; ljifsf]emf]ndf vf tof/L 5g{ x = x !)))

8;{jfg @) O;Lsf] cfjZos kl/df0f ld= ln== )=)% x #) x !))) @) = &% ldln ln6/ 8;{jfg @) O{=;L=

kfgLdf ldl;g] w'nf] -8Jn' kL_ ljiffbLsf] dfqf yfxf kfpg lgDg adf]hLdsf] ;"q k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 cfjZos ljiffbL -8An'= lk=_ sf] dfqf u|fd


ln6/_- kl/df0f emf]nsf] tof/L rflxg] 5g{ Ü ; ljifsf]emf]ndf vf tof/L 5g{ x= x !)))


pbfx/0f Mkm8\s] ls/fx? lgoGq0f ug{ sfjf{l/nsf] )=!Ü sf] vf; ljifsf] emf]n 5g'{ 5 . ;]leg %) 8Jn' kL -kfgLdf ldl;g] w'nf]_ h;df %)Ü sfaf{l/n -vf; ljif_ x'G5 . ^) ln6/ kfgLsf] nfuL slt u|fd ;]leg cfjZos k5{ <

lbPsf] Ms_ Jofkf/Ls 8Jn' kL df vf; ljif Ü = %) v_ 5g{ rflxg] tof/L emf]nsf] kl/df0f = ^) ln= u_ 5g{ tof/L emf]ndf vf; ljifsf] = )=!Ü

lx;fa McfjZos ;]legsf] dfqf -u|fd_ = )=! x ^) x !))) %) = !@) u|fd ;]leg %) 8Jn' kL

u]8f ?ksf] ljiffbLsf] dfqf yfxf kfpg lgDg adf]hLdsf] ;"q k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 olb vf; ljifsf] l;kmf/L; lsnf]u|fd k|lt x]G6/df 5 eg] lgDgfg';f/sf] ;"q k|:tfjljt ul/Psf] 5cfjZos u]8f ljiffbL = l;kml/; ul/Psf] vf; ljif s]= hL=÷x]=x pkrf/ ug'{ kg{] If]q -x]=_ x !)) u]8f ljiffbLdf vf; ljifsf] Ü

pbfx/0f Mdf6f]df nfUg] v'd|]sL/f lgoGq0f ug{ ô"/f8g # æhLÆ u]8f #Ü sfjf]{ô"/fg -vf; ljif_ ePsf] !=% lsnf]u|fd vf; ljif k|lt x]S6/ l;kmf/L; ul/Psf] 5 eg] #))) ju{ ld6/sf] nflu ˆ/f8g # lh u]8f slt lsnf]u|fd rflxG5 <

lbOPsf] Ms_ ô"/f8g # æhLÆ df vf; ljifsf] Ü = # v_ l;kmf/L; ul/Psf] dfqf = !=% s]=hL=vf; ljif k|lt x]S6/u_ pkrf/ ug'{kg]{ If]q = #))) ju{ ld6/ = )=# x]S6/

lx;fj McfjZos If]qkmnsf] nflu ˆ/f8g æhLÆ u]8fsf] dfqf -s]=hL=_ = !=% x )=# x !)) # = !% lsnf]u|fd ô"/f8g # lh

!* ljiffbLsf] ldNbf]kgf

ljiffbLn] /fd|f];Fu sfd u/f];\ eg]/ b'O{ ltg y/L ljiffbL ld;fpg] rng klg s}og 7fpFdf b]lvPsf] 5 . of] cToGt 8/nfUbf] rng xf] . ljiffbLx? Psbd} k|efjsf/L /;fog / rfF8} cfuf]n] l6Kg] /;fogx?af6 aGg] x'Fbf cfk;df tfnd]n ldn]g eg] slxn] cfuf] nfUg] / ljikmf]6 klg x'g ;S5 eg] To;sf] c;/ Hofb} vt/gfs klg x'g ;S5 . slxn] eg] Pscfk;df ld;fpFbf k|ltlqmof eP/ ljiffbL sfd} gnfUg] jf afnLsf nflu ljiffQm klg x'g ;S5 . s]xL ljiffbLx? cfk;df ld;fpg x'g] klg x'G5g\ . Tof] s'/f ls;fgnfO{ yfxf x'g ;lhnf] 5}g . To;}n] s'g} klg ljiffbLnfO{ cfk;df gld;fpg' g} /fd|f] x'G5 .

Hfj b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L emf]n /f;folgs ljiffbLx? Pp6f :k|]o/ 6of+sLdf ld;fO{G5 jf w'nf] ljiffbLx? Pp6} 8:6/ :k|]o/df ldnfO{ 8l:6Ë u/]/ 5l/G5 To; a]nfdf ldnfOPsf lt b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L ljiffbLx? /fd|/L g3'lng] e} /fd|/L gldNg] cyjf afnL lj?jfdf 5bf{ b'j} y/Lsf] cs}{ /f;folgs k|lts|ofsf sf/0f g/fd|f] c;/ e} emg gf]S;fgL x'g ;Sb5 . b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L ljiffbLsf] o; lsl;dsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ljiffbLsf] ldNbf]kgf jf ;+of]u tflnsf jf Compatibility chart elgG5 .


Hfj b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L ljiffbL ldnfP/ 5bf{sf] cj:yfdf ldnfO{Psf b'j} ljiffbLdWo] Pp6fn] csf{]sf] Ifdtfdf df s'g} c;/ k'¥ofpFb}gg\ jf afnL lj?jfdf s'g} klg lsl;dsf] /f;folgs k|ltls|ofaf6 xflg k'Ub}g To; ld>0fnfO{ ldNbf]kgf elgG5 eg] ljiffbLsf] k|efjsf/Ltfdf sd x'g uPdf jf af]6 lj?jfnfO{ gf]S;fg k'u]df jf ef}lts cj:yfdf lju|]df cldNbf]kgf elgG5 . ljiffbLsf] cldNbf]kgf eGg'sf] cy{ Pp6f ljiffbLdf ePsf] /f;folgs jf ef}lts u'0fx?nfO{ ;f] ;Fu ld;fO{Psf] csf{] ljiffbL n] 36fpFbf jf ef}lts u'0fdf gsf/fTds c;/ k'Ug] k|ls|of xf] . o;} ul/ k|of]u ePsf] /;fog Breakdown eP/ /f]u sL/f lgoGq0fdf k|efjsfl/tf gx'g' jf Phyto toxicity x'g'nfO{ klg cldNbf]kgf g} elgG5 .

cldNbf]kgfsf sf/0f kg{] gsf/fTds c;/sL/f / /f]u lgoGq0fdf sdL cfpg] / /f]u sL/f dg{ sd x'Fb} hfg] -Reduced pest control_ .k|of]u ul/Psf kbfy{x? aLrdf cldNbf] x'gfn] ljiffbL k|of]u ubf{ nlIft gul/Psf af]6 lj?jfdf a9bf] ljiffQm c;/ x'g] (increased damage to non-target plants due to phytotoxicity and incompatibility problems between materials) .h'g cnlIft hLj x'g ltgdf klxn] ;d:ofsf ?kdf gb]lvPsf cnlIft /f]u / sL/f ;d:of eP/ cfpg] . bjfjhGo k|efj -Antagonism_ 5'6\6f 5'6\6} 5bf{ Pp6f ljiffbLsf] hlt k|efjsf/Ltf x'G5 b'O{6f ld;fpFbf Psn] csf{sf] k|efjsf/Ltf 36fpFb5 . j[l4 k|efj —Adjuvant sf] k|efjn] ubf{ j[l4 x'g] k|efjsf/Ltf .

b'O{ eGbf a9L ljiffbL ld;fpFbf ljiffbLsf] k|efjsf/Ltfdf c;/ kfg{] kIfx?ylkg] k|efj -Additive effects_ 5'6\6f 5'6\6} 5bf{ Pp6f ljiffbLsf] hlt k|efjsf/Ltf x'G5 b'O{6f ld;fpFbf Pp6f sf] k|efjsf/Ltf hlt x'g'kg{] xf] csf{] ljiffbLn] klg Tolt g} Ifdtf k|bfg ub{5 . ld;fj6sf sf/0f k|efjsf/Ltf 36g] jf a9g] xF'b}g . o;df >d / ;do aRg] x'G5 . ;+o'Qm k|efj -Synergistic responses_— 5'6\6f 5'6\6} 5bf{ Pp6f ljiffbLsf] hlt k|efjsf/Ltf x'G5 b'O{6f ld;fpFbf b'O{ ljiffbLx?sf] cGt/\s|Lof x'g uO{ ltgsf] k|efjsf/Ltf c? j[l4 x'Gf] . clnstL ljiffbL 36fpFbf klg k|efjsf/Ltf plQs} x"G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu piperonyl butoxide with the pyrethrum insecticides ld;fpFbfsf] k|efjsf/Ltf .

cldNbf] ljiffbL 5bf{ c;/ k'¥ofpg] lhDd]jf/ sf/s tTj Tffks|d, kL=Pr=, ;do cjlw, af]6 lj?jfsf] k|sf/ ljiffbLdf /x]sf] ingredients vf; u/L inert materials

cl:y/ x'g], crystal, flakes, sludge

cldNbf] ljiffbL 5bf{ kg{] c;/x?b'O{ dWo] Ps j6f jf b'j} /;fog sf] k|efjsf/Ltf sd x'G5 .:k|]o/ 6of+sLdf hDg], lylu|g] c8lsg] gf]hn aGb x'g] x'G5 . o;/L c;+of]u 5/]kl5 lj?jf df ljiffQmtf x'G5 . k'8sf] stunted growth x'G5 jf aLp gpd|g] x'G5 . cToGt clws dfqfdf cjz]if /xG5 .cTolws ju]/ hfg] r'xfj6 x'G5 .

cGo cldNbf]kgfdf emf/gfzs 5bf{ afnL cf]O{nfpg] jf stress x'g] ePsf]n] o;sf] k|efjsf/Ltf sd cfFsng ul/G5 / afnLdf a9\bf] vt/f x'G5 .

ljiffbL ld;fpg] lgodx? ;s];Dd b'O{ lsl;dsf ;Dej / ldNbf]kg ePsf ljiffbL dfq ld;fpg] b'j} b'lwnf] ;f/df ag]sf ljiffbL gld;fpg] lsgsL o:tf ljiffbLn] of t lj?jfdf g} ljiffQmtf (Phytotoxicity) l;h{gf x'G5 jf 5/]sf] 7fFpdf gcl8O{ au]/ uO{ k'/f dfqf hDdf x'g g;Sbf lgoGq0f gx'g ;S5 . olb :ki6 ?kdf a]Unf a]Un} x'g eGg] yfxf geP;Dd b'O{ j6} ljiffbL w'nf] ;f/ (WP wettable powder) Ps} 7fFpdf ldnfO{ 5g{' xF'b}g . h:t}, a]gf]ldn / DofGsf]h]j Ps} k6s ld;fO{ 5g{] u/]df kftx?df clt w]/} cjz]if /xg hfG5 .


Iff/Lo k|s[ltsf] kbfy{ nfO{{ cDnLo ;Fu ldnfpg' xF'b}g . b'lwnf] ;f/ / w'nf] ;f/ (WP wettable powder) Ps} 7fFpdf 5bf{ phyto toxicity x'G5 . 3f]lng] kbfy{, b'lwnf] ;f/ / ld;fOPsf] kbfy{sf sf/0f o:tf] x'g hfG5 . bfgfbf/ kmd{'n];g nfO{ t/n ;Fu gld;fpg' /fd|f] x'G5 . wgfTds rfh{ x'g] / qm[0ffTds rfh{ x'g] b'O{vfn] surfactant ljiffbL gld;fpg] olb ld;fof] eg] lyu|LP/ hD5 . w]/} Iffl/o kbfy{ h:t} sfutL, gLnf] t'yf], nfO{d ;Nkm/ / af]8{]S; ldS;r/ cuf{gf]km:km]6 / sfjf{d]6 ljiffbL;Fu ld;fpg' xF'b}g olb ld;fPdf ck|efjsf/L x'G5g\ . Fixed sk/ 9';Lgfzs ljiffbL sL6gfzs ljiffbL;Fu ldNbf] xF'b}gg\ .MCPA gfds emf/gfzs ljiffbL 5/]kl5 To;kl5 2,4-D jf dinosab gfds ljiffbL 5gf{n] lj?jfnfO{ g} Iflt k'/ofpF5 .

ljiffbLsf] ld;fj6 ;do, >d / ljiffbLsf] k|efjsf/Ltf a9fpgsf] nfuL slxn] sfFxL Ps ljiffbLdf emf/gfzs jf dn jf cGo s'g} ljiffbL ld;fP/ k|of]u ug{] ul/G5 o;/L b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf al9 /;folgs ljiffbL Ps csf{] ;Fu ld;fpbf /fd|f] glthf k|fKt x'g] ePdf, ljiffbLsf] df}lns u'0fdf s]xL km/s kb{}g af]6 la?jfdf xfgL ub{}g eg] of] ;DaGwnfO{ -ld;fj6_ cg'?k elgG5 . obL o;/L ld;fpbf glthf pN6f] x'g] ePdf of] ;DaGwnfO -ld;fj6_ c;Fult -cg'?kgePsf]_ elgG5 . c;Fult d'Votof /;folgs / ef}tLs x'g] ub{5g . c;Fult x'g] sf/0fx?df Ps cfk;df ld;fpg] /;folgs kbfy{sf] /;folgs agf}6 / 6+sLdf eg{] kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ .

c;Fult af6 x'g] gf]S;fgL MljiffbLsf] k|efjsf/Ltf 36b5 . af]6 la?jfnfO{ xflgsf/s -kmfO{6f]6S;Ls_ c;/ x'g] ub{5 . clws dfqfdf ljiffbLsf] cjz]if c;/ /xg] x'G5 . aLpsf] pdf/ zlQm 36\b5 . af]6 xf]rf] x'g] ga9g] x'g ;Sb5 . ljiffbL 5g{] :k|]o/ lvofpg] g]fhndf v/faL cfpg] h:tf ;d:of cfpg ;Sb5 .

cg'?ktf (Compatability) rf6{ s'g ljiffbL;Fu s'g ljiffbL ld;fpg x'G5 jf xF'b}g eg]/ TotLs} yfx kfpg ;lsb}g . o;sf] nfuL laz]if cg';Gwfg jf vf]hsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o;}n] o:t} t/Lsfaf6 tof/ kfl/Psf] 5g{] ljiffbLx?sf] tfnLsf x]/]/ xfdLn] of] hfGg ;Sb5f} h'g tflnsf oxfF pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ /fd|/L x]/]/ cEof; ug{'xf];\ .


lgDg ljiffbLx? ldnfP/ 5g{' xF'b}gSofK6fg / t]nhGo ljiffbL #) lbg leq 5l/P lj?jfsf nflu ljiffQmo'Qm x'G5 . SofK6fg / sk/ / t]nhGo ljiffbL 5l/P lj?jfsf nflu ljiffQmo'Qm x'G5 . l8d]yf]P6 / SofK6fg clg t]nhGo ljiffbL lj?jfsf nflu ljiffQmo'Qm x'G5 . a]gf]ldn sk/ ;Fu gld;fpg] Iffl/o ljiffbL;Fu gldnfpg] .


s]Ny]g / ;]leg Iffl/o ljiffbL;Fu gldnfpg] . d]6fl;;6S; / nfO{d ;Nkm/ af]8{]S; ldS;r/;Fu gldnfpg] .

cldNbf]kgf ePsf] ljiffbL lj?jfdf 5/]kl5 ljiffQmtf s;/L x'G5 <

clt Hofbf dfqfdf ljiffbL kftsf] leq k'U5 h;sf] sf/0f kftnfO{ hf]ufO{/fv]sf] k|lt/IffTds cuticle gfds aflx/L kqdf Iflt k'¥ofpF5 . SofK6fg / t]nhGo kbfy{ ld;fO{ 5bf{ cTolws t]nsf] dfqf tGt'x?df l5g{] ePsf]n] . lj?jfdf ljiffQmtf cem j[l4 x'G5 ha emf/gfzs ljiffbL;Fu cGo ljiffbL ldnfP/ 5l/G5 . sfjf{l/n 5/]sf] !$ lbg leq} k|f]Koflgn ljiffbL 5/]df klg wfg afnLdf 5/]kl5 ljiffQmtf x'G5 .

ljiffbLsf] ldNbf]kgf / cfO{=kL=Pd=

afnL / ldqhLjdf ljiffbLsf] ldNbf]kgfcfO{=kL=Pd= t/Lsf ckgfO{ v]tL ubf{ zq'hLjsf] k|sf]k, df};d cj:yf, ldqhLjsf] ;+Vof, afnLsf] cj:yf, ahf/sf] l:ylt cflb kl/l:ylt x]/L slxn]sfFxL /f;folgs ljiffbLsf] ;d]t k|of]u ul/g'kg{] x'Fbf o; a]nf ldqhLjsf] ;+/If0fdf clt g} Wofg k'¥ofpg' kg{] x'G5 . lsgsL ldqhLjx? Hofb} g/d / sf]dn z/L/ ePsf x'gfn] ljiffbL / o;sf] uGw ;xg} g;Sg] x'G5g\ . s[ifssf lo ldq sL/fx?sf nflu ljiffbL k|of]u 3fts x'g] tyf :yfgLo kof{j/0fdf ljBdfg ldqhLjx?sf] gfz e} zq'hLjx?sf] ;Gt'ng vNjlng hfG5 . kmn:j?k 7"nf] dfqfdf /f]u sL/fsf] k|sf]kn] dxfdf/L lng] vt/f /xG5 . ldqhLjnfO{ s[lqd ?kdf s[lqd jftfj/0fdf kfn]/ v]tdf k/hLjLs/0f sf nflu 5fl8g] k|rngdf t ljiffbLsf] ldNbf]kgf v]tjf/L h:tf w]/} tTjdf ldNbf]kgf / cldNbf]kgfsf] clt g} Vofn ul/g' kg{] x'G5 .vf;u/L k/hLjL / ldqhLjx? s'g ljiffbL ;Fu ;Fu} jfFRg ;S5g cyjf ljiffbLsf sf/0f sd eGbf sd ldqhLjx?nfO{ Iflt k'U5 eGg] s'/f ldqhLjsf] ljiffbL ;xg;Sg] Ifdtf, ldqhLjsf] k|sf/ -lzsf/L jf k/hLjL s'g xf]_ s'g k|hfltsf], ;f] sf] hLjgrqm j[l4 cj:yf / ;+j]bgzLntf (Life stages and sensitivity), k|of]usf] b/ / ;do, s;/L c;/ u5{ -Mode

of action_ clg ljiffbL s:tf] xf] sL6gfzs xf] jf ;'n;'n]gfzs xf] eGg] s'/f ljrf/ ul/g' kb{5 . ljiffbLn] ldqhLjnfO{ w]/} lsl;dn] c;/ k'/ofpg ;S5 h:t} hLjg cjlw -survival longevity_, xf]:6 :jLsfo{tf -host acceptance_ efn] kf]yL cg'kft -sex ratio_ c08f pTkfbg Ifdtf -reproduction (fecundity_ r/0fdf hfg] jfgL Jojxf/ -foraging behavior_ c08faf6 km"n sf]/lng] k|ltzt -percent emergence_ / j[l4 cj:yf lkR5]sf] cjlw -development time_ cflb . k|ToIf dfl/ gxfn] klg ljiffbLn] Host / leqk6\6Lsf] ldqhLjsf] j[l4 ljsf; 9Lnf e} a]d]n x'g], 9Lnf sf]/lng], ldqhLjsf] cfo' 5f]6f] e}lbg] h:tf c;/x? k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ t/ w]/}h;f] ;'/lIft h}ljs / 3/]n' ljiffbL ;'/lIft 5g\ .

!( ljiffbL b'jfgL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fjwfgLx?

ljiffbL cfoftstf{x?, v'bf ljqm]tfx?n] ljiffbL 9'jfgL ubf{ lgDg s'/fdf xf]; k'¥ofpg ;s]df dflg; tyf jftfj/0fdf kg]{ b'ik|efj sd ug{ ;lsG5 . w]/} ljiffbL 9'jfgL u/]sf] jfxgdf vfBfGg hgfj/sf] bfgf, /;folgs dnvfb cflbdf ljiffbL kf]lvP/ b'lift x'g ;S5 . ljiffbL 9'jfgL ubf{ s]xL ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ a'Fbfx? M

ljiffbLsf] efF8f] ljlu|Psf] RofltPsf] 5 eg] slRr af6f]df 9'jfgL ubf{ efF8f] km'6g / r'lxg ;S5 / ;fy} 9'jfgL ul/Psf cGo vfBfGg, bfgf cflbdf kg{ ;S5 . 3fd kfgLaf6 hf]ufpg Knfli6ssf] l;6n] 5f]Kg' kb{5 . kfgL k/]df cf]l;P/ jf 3fdn] tfltP/ leqsf] ljiffbLdf /;folg k|lts[of z'? x'g ;S5 / ljiffn' uGw lg:sg ;S5 . 6f9faf6 b]lvg] u/L ljiffbLsf] 7"nf 7"nf Kofs]h jf sf6'{gdf n]jn 6fF:gfn] b'3{6gfsf] cj:yf klg ;lhn} lrGg ;lsG5 . 6«s jf cGo ;jf/L ;fwgdf ljiffbL /fVbf Kofs]h km'6\g] Rofltg] x'g ;S5 h'g kl5 lemSbf ljiffbL kf]lvg ;S5 .


;jf/L ;fwgdf /fVbf a9L vt/gfs ljiffbLnfO{ tn / sd vt/gfs ljiffbLnfO{ dfly /fvL 9'jfgL ug'{ kb{5 . Pp6} ;jf/L ;fwgdf ljiffbL, hgfj/, kz'klG5 jf dflg;x? /fVg' x'Fb}g .

@) ufpF3/df sL6gfzs ljifsf] e08f/0f

ls;fgx? / cGo sL6gfzs k|of]ustf{x?sf] nflu sL6gfzs ljifsf] ;'/lIft e08f/0f ug'{ Tolts} h?/L 5 hlt ljif 5g{sf] nflu ld;fj6 ubf{ jf 5bf{ ;fjwfgL k'¥ofpg' h?/L x'G5 .

c;'/lIft t/Lsfaf6 sL6gfzs ljifsf] e08f/0f ul/Pdf cfndf/Ldf /flvPsf] ljifsf] pkof]lutf 36\b} hfg ;S5 / kf]lvg] / r'lxg] ljifsf] efF8f]af6 k|b"if0f ;DaGwL vt/f a9\g] x'g ;S5 . o;af6 s]6fs]6L, cGo JolQmx? / kz'k+IfLsf] :jf:Yodf 3fts k|efj kg{ ;S5 .

;'/lIft 9+uaf6 ljif ;fdfu|Lsf] e08f/0f ug{ s]xL ;fdfGo lgodx? lgDglnlvt 5g\ MvfB kbfy{, kz' cfxf/f, jLp ljhg, dn / cGo s[lif pks/0fx?af6 cnUu} ljif ;fdfu|Lx? j]Un} e08f/0f ul/g' k5{ h;af6 w'jfFOg] / kf]lvg uO{ k|b'if0f x'g g;sf];\ . ljif ;fdfu|LnfO{ ;f]em]f 3fd gk'Ug] u/L w]/} tfTg g;Sg] jf leHg g;Sg] u/L ;'Vvf / a9L tfkqmd gePsf] 7fpFdf /fVg' k5{ . ljif ;fdfu|L sf8{af]8{sf] efF8f]df /flvPsf] eP lr;f]kgfn] To; efF8f]nfO{ gf]S;fg k'¥ofpg ;S5 / kl5 k|of]udf gcfpg] u/L lju|g ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf s]xL sL6gfzs ljif vf;u/L kfgLdf ldl;g] kfp8/ lrl;g uO{ k|of]u ug{ g;lsg] cj:yfdf k'Ug ;S5 . a9L tfkqmd ePsf] cj:yfn] ubf{ s]xL k|sf/sf ljif ;fdfu|Lx? l56f] lju|g k'Ub5 . o;} u/L ;f]emf] 3fdn] ljifsf] n]a'n wldnf] x'g uO{ k9\g g;lsg] x'g hfG5 . e08f/0f sf]7fnfO{ tfnfaGbL ul/g'k5{ . s]6fs]6LnfO{ ljif ;fdfu|Laf6 6f9f /fVg of] sfo{ dxTjk"0f{ 5 . e08f/0f ul/Psf] sf]7fdf ljif ;fdfu|L /flvPsf] hgfpg sf]7fsf] 9f]sfdf vt/fsf] ;+s]t c+lst ug'{ k5{ . ljif /flvPsf] efF8f] kf]lvg] / r'lxg] u/]sf] 5 5}g Tof] lgoldt ?kdf hfFRg' k5{ . ljif kf]lvPsf] kfO{Pdf tTsfn ;kmf ug'{ k5{ .

r'lxPsf] jf kf]lvPsf] ljiffbLnfO{ ;kmf ug]{ t/Lsfljif ;fdfu|Lsf] ;+rfngdf ;fjwfgL / plrt e08f/0f ul/Ptf klg ljif ;fdfu|Lsf efF8fx?nfO{ xfgL k'Ug ;Sg] x'g ;S5 . efF8f]sf] v's'nf] ljsf]{ x'g uO{ r'xfj6 x'g] cj:yf cfpg ;S5 . ljif ldnfpFbf jf vGofpFbf Tof] kf]lvg ;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ k"0f{tof x6fpg ;lsGg . o;sf/0f o:tf b'3{6gfx?sf] jf/]df tof/ /xg' k5{ / b'3{6gf ePsf] cj:yfdf s'g k|sf/sf pkfox? ckgfpg] xf] To;jf/] yfxf kfO/fVg' k5{ . ;fjwfgLk"j{s k|of]u, e08f/0f ubf{ ub}{ klg r'lxg / kf]lvg uO{ b'3{6gf 36\g ;S5 . t;y{ o:tf] cj:yfdf M

ljif ;fdfu|L /fv]sf] 7fpFaf6 bz{sx? / cfjZos ;'/IffTds klx/g gnufPsf JolQmx?nfO{ 6f9f /fVg' k5{ . r'xfj6 jf kf]lvPsf] ljif ;fdfu|LnfO{ ;kmf ubf{ ljif nfUg ;Sg] ;+efjgf / k|b"if0fnfO{ /f]Sg ;'/IffTds klx/g k|of]u ug'{ k5{ . kf]lvPsf] ljif ;fdfu|Lsf] j/k/ w'nf] jf afn'jfsf] 5]sjf/ /fvL kf]lvPsf] t/n kbfy{nfO{ km}lngaf6 /f]Sg' k5{ kf]lvPsf] ljif ;fdfu|LnfO{ ;kmfO{ ug'{ k5{ . kf]v]sf] t/n kbfy{nfO{ df6f], afn'jf / cGo ;f]:g] a:t'x? /fvL k'/f ;'sfpg' k5{ . To; kZrft To:tf] 7fpFnfO{ a9fg'{ jf ;'/lIft lsl;daf6 gi6 ug{sf] nflu 8«d jf Knfli6ssf] emf]nfdf /fVg' k5{ . ljif ;fdfu|Lsf] kfp8/ jf w'nf] kf]lvPsf] 7fpFnfO{ a9fg'{ cl3 xNsf lsl;daf6 kfgL 5s{g' k5+{ h;af6 kfp8/ jf w'nf] lk+mlhg jf cGoq p8]/ hfg g;sf];\ . ljif ;fdfu|L /fv]sf] sf]7fnfO{ k|b"if0f d'Qm kfg{ To;sf] e'O{nfO{ kfgL / l86/h]G6n] /fd|/L dn]/ ;kmf ug'{ k5{ . Knfi6/ e'O{ 5 eg] l86h]{G6 cf}iflw / kfgLn] ;kmf ug]{ . ljif ;fdfu|L e'O{df kf]lvPsf] ePdf To; e'O{sf] dflyNnf] @–# ;]G6Lld6/ df6f] sf6]/ 8«ddf jf alnof] Knfli6s Jofudf ;'/lIft 9+un] gi6 ug{ x'g]u/L /fVg' k5{ . ;kmfO{ sfo{ 6'+luPkl5 pks/0f / klx/g ul/Psf] sk8fnfO{ w'g' k5{ . ;kmfO{ sfo{df k|of]u ul/Psf], s'rf], sk8fsf] 6'qmfnfO{ gi6 ug'{ k5{ .


cGtdf ;/;kmfO{df ;+nUg ;a} JolQmn] /fd|/L g'xfpg' k5{ / ;kmf n'uf nufpg' k5{ .

cfunfuLsL6gfzs ljif e08f/0f ul/Psf] 7fpFdf cfunfuL ePdf b'O{j6f k|d'v vt/fx? cfpg ;S5 . klxnf], cfuf] lgefpg] dflg;x? / To; If]qsf c? JolQmx?nfO{ ;+efJo ljiffn' w'Fjfaf6 vt/f x'g ;S5 . w]/}h;f] sL6gfzs ljifx? cfunfuLsf] sf/0af6 a9L tfTguO{ jf hNguO{ /f;folgs ?kdf cnu x'g ;S5 . To;sf/0f cfuf]sf] sf/0faf6 x'g] w'jfFnfO{ w]/} vt/fk"0f{ 5 eGg] wf/0ff lng' k5{ . bf]>f] vt/fdf cfuf] lgefpg k|of]u ul/g] kfgLaf6 glhssf gfnf, vfN8f] / vf]nfx? k|b"lift x'g ;Sg] x'G5 . ;fwf/0ftof, 7"nf] cfunfuL ePsf] l:yltdf, olb cfuf] csf]{ ejgx?df km}lng] 7"nf] vt/f 5}g eg], To; If]qaf6 ;a} JolQmnfO{ x6fpg' k5{ . of] sfd vf;u/L xfjf htflt/ jx]sf] 5 Totfsf dflg;x?nfO{ x6fpg' k5{ / cfuf] cfkm}+ an]/ lgef];\ eGg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 . lgod s] xf] eg], sL6gfzs ljiffbL ePsf] 7fpFdf cfunfuL ePdf To;nfO{ lgefpg kfgLsf] k|of]u ug'{ x'Gg, lsgeg] o;n] ubf{ jftfj/0fLo k|b'if0fsf] vt/f x'G5 . t/ klg, cfuf] km}lng /f]Sgsf nflu glhssf 8«dx? / ejgx?nfO{ lr;f] agfO{ /fVg kfgLsf] kmf]x/f lbg' cfjZos x'g ;S5 .

@! ljiffbL b'?kof]usf sf/0fx? / Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox?

o; ;+;f/df ePsf ljleGg lsl;dsf hLjhGt'x?df ;a}eGbf w]/} k|ltzt sL/fx?n] cf]u6]sf 5g\ t/ sL/f tyf /f]ux?sf w]/} sd k|hftLx? dfq afnLgfnLsf] nflu xflgsf/s 5g\ / afFsL ;a} afnLgfnL tyf ;d:t dfgj hftLsf nflu nfebfos 5g\ . csf]{lt/ vfB >[Înfdf Pp6f hLj csf]{;Fu lge{/ /xG5 . To;}n] vfB >[Înfsf s'g} Pp6f hLj of hGt'df b'ik|efj k¥of] eg] :jtM ;Dk"0f{ >[Înf vNalnG5, To;sf] c;/ cGttM dflg;df kg{ hfG5 . To;}n] afnLgfnLdf /f]u tyf sL/f b]lv+b}df ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ug'{ lsdfy{ klg a'l¢dfgL x'Fb}g . afnLgfnLdf klg lglZrt xb;Dd /f]usL/f ;xg ug{;Sg] Ifdtf x'G5 / Tof] xbleq} ljiffbL k|of]u ul/of] eg] cfly{s gf]S;fgLsf] ;fy;fy} k|fs[lts zq'x? / ltgLx?sf] cfxf/f ljgf; x'G5g\ / emg 8/nfUbf zq'x?sf] ljsf; x'G5 / cGTodf ;Dk"0f{ s[lif kof{j/0fdf g/fd|f] k|efj kb{5 . To;}n] zq'hLjx?sf] cfly{s xfgL k'¥ofpg ;Sg] ;+Vof b]vfkg{ yfn]kl5 dfq lgoGq0fsf pkfox? ;f]Rg' kb{5 . To;sf/0f lgoGq0f -Joj:yfkg_ eGgfn] k"0f{?kdf ;vfk kfg'{ geO{ vfB >[Înf (Food web), s[lif kof{j/0f (Agro-ecosystem_ / ;Dk"0f{ jftfj/0f (Whole Environment) df c;Gt'ng gx'g] u/L Ps eGbf a9L afnL zq' lgoGq0fsf pkfox? cjnDag u/L zq'hLjsf] ;+VofnfO{ cfly{s xflgsf] tx (Economic threshold level) eGbf tn (General Equibrium

Level) df /fVg] k¢tL xf] h;n] ubf{ /f;folgs ljiffbLsf] k|of]udf s|dz sdL cfpFb5 / /f;folgs kbfy{x?sf] k|of]un] x'g;Sg] b'ik|efjaf6 aRg ;lsG5 . Natural Ecosystem df af]6 la?jf / hLj hGt' s;/L Ps cfk;df cfl>t x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f tnsf] vfB hfnf]af6 :ki6;Fu a'‰g ;lsG5 .

Food Chain -vfBnx/f]_(Just one path of energy)

Food Web -vfB>[Fvnf_(Everything connected)


afnL gfnLdf nfUg] ljleGg zq'hLj lgoGq0fsf] nflu k|of]u x'g] /f;fogLs ljiffbLx? dflg; / kz'k+IfLsf] nflu ;d]t 3fts x'g] / xfjfkfgL, df6f] nufot ;du| kof{j/0fnfO{ g} k|b'zLt ug{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] To:tf ljiffbLx? k|of]u ubf{ lgs} ;fjwfgL ckgfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . c;fjwfgL k'j{s k|of]u ubf{ k|of]u stf{ / pkh pkef]u stf{nfO{ k|ToIf k|efj t k5{ g} ;fy} To:tf j:t'x?sf] cjz]ifo'Qm pkhx? pkef]u ubf{ bL3{sfnLg ?kdf ;d]t dfgj :jf:Yo / jftfj/0fdf k|ToIf÷ck|ToIf k|efj k5{ / To;sf] c;/ xfdLn] dxz'; ;d]t ug{ yfln;s]sf] 5f}+ . To:tf 3fts j:t'x? / To:tf j:t'x?sf] cjz]ifo'Qm vfBfGg pkef]uaf6 kg{ ;Sg] cNksfnLg tyf bL3{sfnLg k|efjx? / To;af6 aRg] pkfox?sf] af/]df ;r]t x'g / c?nfO{ ;d]t ;r]t u/fpg ;Dk"0f{ s[ifs dxfg'efjx?, pkef]Qmf ju{x?, /f;fogLs ljiffbLsf] sf/f]jf/df ;+nUg Jofkf/L ju{x? tyf ;Dk"0f{ lzlIft, jf}l4s, /fhgLlts ju{ tyf cfd hg ;d'bfodfe of] r]tgfd"ns ;Gb]z k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

ljiffbL b'?kof]usf sf/0fx? M cgfjZos ?kdf ljiffbLsf] k|of]u . ljiffbLsf] unt 5gf}6 . cToGt vt/gfs -Extremly hazardous_ / rf}8f bfo/f -Broad spectrum_ ePsf ljiffbLsf] k|of]u . df5f dfg{sf] nflu 3fts ljiffbLsf] k|of]u . l;kmf/L; dfqf / k6s eGbf a9L ljiffbL k|of]u . vfBfGg tyf t/sf/Lsf] e08f/0fdf ljiffbLsf] k|of]u . kmnk"mn tyf t/sf/LnfO{ rDsLnf] / tfhf b]vfpg ljiffbL jf /;fogsf] emf]ndf 8'afpg] k|rng -h:t} e06f, k/jn, /fdtf]/Lof, Rofp cflb_ ljiffbL k|of]u ul/ ;s]kl5 vfgof]Uo x'g] a]nf;Ddsf] kv{g' kg]{ ;do (Waiting period) sf] kfngf gx'g' . ljiffbLsf vfnL Kofs]6 tyf l8Jjfx? ;fj{hlgs 7fpF / vf]nfgfnfdf hyfefjL ôfSg' . ljiffbL k|of]u ubf{ jf ljiffbL pTkfbg, ;Zn]if0f, kfl/jxg / a]rljvg ubf{ ;'/IffTds klx/gsf] k|of]u gug'{ gu/fpg' . ljiffbL rnfO ;s]kl5 nfdf] ;do;Dd k|b'lift sk8fd} /xg', w'd|kfg ug'{ / vfg] s'/f vfg' . ;fdflhs bfoLTj ljgfsf] Jofkf/ ug]{ s]lx ljiffbL Jofkf/Lx?sf] dg;fo . ljiffbLnfO{ cf}ifwLsf] pkdf lbg' . ljiffbL k|of]u stf{x? ;Fu ljiffbLsf] ;'/IfLt k|of]u ;DjlGw 1fgsf] cefj jf x]nrs|ofO{ c;'/IfLt e08f/0f .u'0f:t/lxg÷Dofb gf3]sf ljiffbLsf] k|of]u .z'?d} s8f ljiffbLsf] k|of]u .v'Nnf l;dfgfaf6 x'g] rf]/L k}7f/L lgoGq0fdf sl7gfO{ . hgr]tgfsf] sld -vf; u/L pkef]Qmf dfem ljiffbLsf] gsf/fTds k|efj af/] r]tgfsf] sdL_ . ld;fj6 ul/Psf / lgDg:t/sf ljiffbLsf] jfx'Notf . Dofb gf3]sf ljiffbL hDdf x'Fb} hfg' . /f;fogLs ljiffbLsf] ljsNk lbg g;Sg' / ePsf] klg Tolt k|efjsf/L gx'g' . h}ljs ljiffbLsf] ahf/ Joj:yfkgdf sl7gfO{ . cToGt Go"g dfqfdf dfq ;]S; km]/f]dg, km'8 No'/, jg:ktLhGo / ;'Id hLjhGo ljiffbLsf] cfoft x'g] u/]sf] ca:yf . sdhf]/ cg'udg / sfg"gL k|fjwfg . ljiffbL ;DaGwL 1fg / tfnLdsf] sdL

Jfftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds k|efj M cf]hf]g txdf l5b| h}ljs ljljwtfdf x|f; df6f] k|b"if0f -k|of]u u/]sf] ljiffbL dWo] *)Ü ljiffbL df6f]df_ jfo' k|b"if0fhn k|b"if0f vfBfGg, t/sf/L, kmnk'mn, df;' tyf b'Uw kbfy{df ljiffbLsf] cjz]if


zq'hLjdf ljif krfpg] Ifdtfdf j[l4 dxTjlxg zq'hLj dxTjk"0f{ zq'hLjdf ?kfGt/Lt x'g' (Pest Resuragence) s[lif pTkfbgsf] pTkfbg nfut a9\g' sL/fx?sf] k'g?Tyfg x'g' -Pest outbreak_ cnlIft hLjx? -lzsf/L sL/f, k/hLjL sL/f, nfebfos z'Id hLjx?nfO{{_ tyf dfgj Pj+ 3/kfn'jf hgfj/sf] :jf:Yodf k|lts"n k|efj . :jf:yf]krf/ nfut a9\g' ;dosf] aaf{bL

@@ aRg] pkfox?

hLjgfzs ljiffbL P]g, @)$* / lgodfjnL, @)%) -klxnf] ;+;f]wg @)^$ ;d]t_ n] Joj:yf u/] cg';f/ dfq ljiffbLsf] cfoft, pTkfbg, lsgj]r / k|of]u u/f}+ . k|ltjlGwt ljiffbLsf] af/] hfgsf/L lncf} . afnL gfnLdf ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ubf{ clgjfo{ s[lif k|fljlwsx?sf] ;Nnfx lng] u/f}+ . w]/} vt/gfs -IB_ cGtu{t kg]{ k+lhs[t÷;"rLs[t ljiffbL ;DjlGwt lhNnfsf] lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{nosf] afnL ;+/If0f clws[tsf] l;kmfl/zdf dfq vl/b ÷ljlqm u/f}+ . /f]u÷sL/f lgoGq0fdf ;Dej eP;Dd Plss[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkg -cfO=lk=Pd=_ nufot cGo j}slNks afnL ;+/If0f ljlwx?sf] k|of]u u/f}+ . ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ug}{ k/]df sd ljiffn' t/ k|efjsf/L ljiffbLsf] dfq k|of]u ug]{ u/f}+ / ljiffbL k|of]u ubf{ ;'/IfLt klx/gx?sf] clgjfo{ k|of]u u/f}+ . ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ubf{ k|of]u stf{sf] ;fgf] ulNtn] 7'nf] b'3{6gf / xfgL gf]S;fgL x'g ;Sg] ePsf]n] ljiffbLsf] n]jn -;"rs kq_ df n]lvPsf lgb]{zgx? /fd|/L k9f}+ / kfngf u/f}+ . Rff/ æsÆ nfO{ ;bf ofb /fvf}+ .

ljiffbL æs'gÆ k|of]u ug]{ ljiffbLnfO{ æsxfFÆ pkof]u ug]{ ljiffbLnfO{ æs;/LÆ pkof]u ug]{ ljiffbLnfO{ æslxn]Æ pkof]u ug]{

cgfjZos ?kdf ljiffbL k|of]u gu/f}+ . ;Defljt vt/fjf6 ;fjwfg xf]+p . ljiffbL k|of]u ug]{ ljlQs} afnLgfnL -t/sf/L tyf kmnk'mn_ sf] j]r ljvg tyf pkef]u gu/f}+ . Olyog / SjLgfnkmf]; ljiffbL lrof afnLdf k|of]u gu/f}+ . ljiffbLsf] b'?kof]u u/L cfkm\gf] / cfkmGtx?sf] ljgf; glgDTofcf}+ . l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] ljiffbL, l;kmfl/z dfqfdf, clt cfjZos k/]sf] a]nfdf dfq ;fjwfgLk"a{s k|of]u ug{' k5{ eGg] ;Gb]z km}nfcf}+ . ljiffbLsf] ljiffn'kg / :jefj yfxf kfpg hgr]tgf hfu/0f cleofg sfo{qmddf ;xeflu jgf}+ . æpkrf/ eGbf /f]syfd /fd|f]Æ pb\uf/nfO{ cfTd;ft u/f}+ . kv{g'kg]{ ;do / cjz]ifsf] ;xg ;Ldf / ljZj :jf:Yo ;Fu7gsf] >]0fL ljefhg, ljiffn'kgf / ljiffbLsf] n]jndf ;fjwfgLsf nflu /xg] /Ë -/ftf], kx]+nf], lgnf], xl/of]_ cflbsf] hfgsf/L /fvf}+ . k|ltalGwt / k+lhs/0f gul/Psf ljiffbLsf] hfgsf/L /fVg] / hgr]tgf hfu/0f cleofgdf ;xefuL agf}+ . ljiffbL 5s{+bf cTofjZos ;'/Iff klx/g tyf ;fjwfgL Joj:yfsf] kfngf ug]{ . ljiffbLnfO{ s]6fs]l6sf] kx'+r eGbf 6f9f /fvf}+ . sd ljiffn' t/ k|efjsf/L ljiffbLsf] 5gf}6 ug]{ u/f}+ . jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g @)%# / lgodfjnL @)%$ / hLjgfzs ljiffbL P]g @)$* / lgodfjnL @)%) af/] kof{Kt hfgsf/L /fVg'kg]{ / cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf ljz]iftfx?sf] hfgsf/L /fVg] . ;a} lsl;dsf ljiffbLx? ljif x'g, tL cf}iflw xf]Ogg\ eGg] pb\uf/ slxNo} klg la;{g' x'Fb}g .


@# kv{g] ;do cjlw / ljifsf] cjz]if

kv{g] ;do cjlwljiffbL 5/]kl5 sltlbg;Dddf ljiffbLsf] clwstd cjz]if dfqf afFsL /xG5, ToxL cjlwnfO{ afnL l6Kg kv{g] ;do cjlw (waiting period) elgG5 . s'g} jo:s JolQmnfO{ gf]S;fgL gx'g] u/L b}lgs v'jfpg ;lsg] ljiffbLsf] dfqfnfO{ :jLsfo{ b}lgs ljiffbL dfqf elgG5 . afnLdf /xg] oxL :jLsfo{ b}lgs dfqfnfO{ clwstd cjz]if ;Ldf elgG5 .

ljifsf] cjz]if ljiffbLx?n] tTsfn ug]{ xfgL t cfˆgf] 7fpFdf 5Fb}5, sltko ljiffbLx?n] k|of]u u/]sf] w]/} kl5;Dd klg c;/ ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . o;nfO{ ljifsf] cjz]ifaf6 x'g] c;/ elgG5 . cjz]if eg]sf] afFsL /x]sf] efu xf] . s]xL ljiffbLx?sf] ljiffn'kgf k|of]u u/]sf] s]xL ;do kl5 k"/} x/fP/ hfG5 / Tof] lglZrt ;dokl5 x/fP/ hfG5 . t/ 8L=8L=6L=, aL=Pr\=;L= . cflbsf] ljiffn'kgf df6f], afnL, hgfj/ cflbdf nfdf] ;do;Dd /lx/xG5 . To;/L gklrsg /x]sf] ljiffn'kgfn] kl5;Dd klg dflg; / jftfj/0fnfO{ c;/ ul//x]sf x'G5 .

dfqfsf lx;fan] eGg] xf] eg] g]kfn w]/} ljiffbL k|of]u x'g] b]z xf]Og . t/ ljiffbL k|of]u ug]{ xfd|f] t/Lsf eg] vt/gfs 5 . a}1flgsx? eG5g\, g]kfnh:tf hyfefjL ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ul/g] b]zx?df HofFb} w]/} dflg;sf] zl//df ljiffbLsf] cjz]if kfOG5 . ljifsf] o:tf] cjz]if kfgLaf6 df6f]df / df5faf6 dflg;df ;/]sf] x'g ;S5 jf ljiffbL 5s]{sf] 3fF;, bfgf vfPsf hgfj/sf] df;' jf b"waf6 ;/]sf] x'g ;S5 jf ljiffbLsf] cjz]if ePsf] cGg vfPsfn] ePsf] x'g ;S5 .

@$ sL6gfzs ljiffbL k|of]u ub{f ckgfpg' kg{] xf];Lof/L

;d:ofsf] ;lx klxrfg ug{] . /;folgs ljiffbLsf] lasNk eP ;f]sf] k|of]u ug{] . l;kmfl/; dfqfsf] k|of]u ug{] . ljiffbL k|of]u ug{] ;fwg x/t/xn] l7s /fVg] . ljiffbL 5g{] af/] l5d]sLnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg] . ljiffbL 5b{f nufpg] kf]zfs nufpg] .s]6fs]6LnfO k|j]zdf lgif]w ug{] . ljiffbL k|of]u ug{] sfo{ ub{f PSn} gug{]} . ljiffbL 5b{f leh]sf] sk8f nufpg' xF'b}g . ljiffbL ld;fpbf jf 5g{] a]nfdf s'g} klg s'/f vfg lkpg jf w'd|kfg ug{ xF'b}g . aGb gf]hn d'vn] km'Sg xF'b}g . w]/} xfjf rn]sf] ;dodf ljiffbL 5g{' xF'b}g . km"n v]n]sf] afnLdf ljiffbL 5g{ xF'b}g .

@% ug}{ kg]{ s'/f / ug}{ gx'g] s'/f

oxfF n]lvPsf] ;a} s'/f xfdLn] o;cl3sf kfgfx?df klg lbO;s]sf 5f}F . tkfO{nfO{ ;Demg ;lhnf] xf];\ eg]/ tL ;a} s'/f oxfF klg 5f]6s/Ldf lbOPsf] 5 .

ljiffbL k|of]u ug]{ lg0f{o ubf{ ug}{ gx'g]

ljiffbLnfO{ afnL ;+/If0fsf] Pp6f dfq pkfosf] ?kdf slxNo} lng' x'Fb}g .


cfkm'v';L jf k;n]n] eg]sf e/df dfq ljiffbL rnfpg] lg0f{o ug'{ x'Fb}g .

ug}{ kg]{ ;aeGbf klxn] /f]u / sL/fsf] /f]syfdsf ljlw ckgfpg' kb{5 . k|fljlws ;/;Nnfx lng' kb{5 .

ljiffbL 5fGbf ug}{ gx'g] cfkm'v";L jf k;n]n] eg]sf e/df dfq ljiffbL lsGg' x'Fb}g . s8f ljiffbLn] ;a} sL/faf6 ;w}Fsf nflu hf]ufpF5 eGg] ;f]Rg' unt xf] .

ug}{ kg}{ k|fljlws ;Nnfx lng' kb{5 . ;s];Dd sd ljiffn' / sd rnfP k'Ug] ljiffbL 5fGg' kb{5 .

ljiffbL lsGbf ug}{ gx'g]

Kofs]6sf] cIf/ k9\g g;lsg], vGofP/ a]r]sf] -l/Kofs u/]sf]_, Dofb gf3]sf] a§f km'6]sf] jf r'lxPsf] ljiffbL ;:tf] kfP klg, s'g} xftndf lsGg' x'Fb}gg\ . aRrfn] vf]Ng g;Sg] lasf]{ ePsf ljiffbL a§f dfq lsGg' kb{5 .

ug}{ kg]{ ;se/ gfd rn]sf] sDkgLsf], cfkm'n] jf c?n] klxn] rnfO;s]sf] / /fd|f] sfd u/]sf] ljiffbL dfq lsGg' kb{5 . Kofs]6df n]v]sf] Dofb ;lsg] ldlt /fd|/L x]/]/ cfkm'n] rnfpg] ;do;Dddf Dofb ggfWg] ljiffbL dfq lsGg' kb{5 .

ljiffbL Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf n}hfbf ug}{ gx'g]

;/;kmfO u/]sf] kfgLsf] ;|f]tdf s'g} xfntdf klg gldl;g] u/L ôfSg' kb{5 . ljiffbLsf a§fnfO{ /fd|/L s'RofP/ sfd gnfUg] agfpg' kb{5 .

ug}{ gx'g] /fd|f];Fu g'xfO w'jfO gu/L s'g} s'/f klg vfg' x'Fb}g . ljiffbL k|of]u u/]sf] afnL klv{g' kg]{ ;do cl3 l6Kg', vfg' jf a]Rg x'Fb}g . lsgeg] To;a]nf klg vfB kbfy{df ljifsf] dfqf /lx/x]sf] x'G5 .

ljiffbL /fVbf ug}{ gx'g]

3fd jf c? lsl;dsf] tftf] kg]{ 7fpFdf /fVg' x'Fb}g . kfgL jf lr:ofg ePsf 7fpFdf klg ljiffbL /fVg' x'Fb}g . ljiffbLnfO{ v'nf efF8fdf /fVg' x'Fb}g . ljiffbLnfO{ efG;f jf vfg]s'/f /fVg] 7fpFsf ghLs /fVg' xF'b}g .

ug}{ kg]{ s]6fs]6L, kfNt' kz' / d';fn] ;d]t ge]6\g] 7fpFdf /fVg' k5{ . ljiffbL /fv]sf] 7fpFdf ;se/ tfNrf nufpg' k5{ gq d';fn] ljiffbLnfO{ c?lt/ ld;fOlbg ;S5 / 7"nf] b'3{6gf x'g ;S5 .


ljiffbLnfO{ hlxn] klg To;sf] cfˆg} a§fdf /fVg' kb{5 . c? s]xLdf vGofP/ /fVbf ljiffbL eGg] glrg]/ 7'nf] b'3{6gf x'g ;Sb5 . ljiffbLnfO{ cf]efgf] 7fpFdf /fVg' kb{5 .

Kofs]6 vf]Nbf / ld;fpFbf ug}{ gx'g]

ljiffbLsf] tof/L ubf{ c? s'/f sf6\g k|of]u ul/g] xltof/ / efF8fjt{gsf] k|of]u ug'{ x'Fb}g . ljiffbLnfO{ xftn] ld;fpg' x'Fb}g . ljiffbLnfO{ cfufsf] 5]pdf vf]Ng' x'Fb}g .

ug}{ kg]{ ljiffbL e'FO{df gkf]lvof]; jf c?lt/ gnTklQof]; eGg] s'/fdf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . ljiffbL k~hf nufP/ dfq rnfpg' k5{ . ljiffbL 3f]Ngsf nflu xft xf]Og s'g} n§L jf 5]:sfsf] k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 .

afnLdf ljiffbL xfNbf ug}}{ gx'g]

s]6fs]6L / j:t'efpnfO{ 5]p5fpdf cfpg lbg' x'Fb}g .

ug}{ kg]{ xfjf rn]sf a]nf, kfgL kb}{ u/]sf a]nf jf kfgL kg{ nfu]sf] a]nf ljiffbL xfNg' x'Fb}g . afnL l6Kg' cl3 sltlbg klxn];Dd ljiffbL k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f ljj/0fdf /fd|/L k9]/ dfq ljiffbL k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 . 5fnf, cfFvf, gfs, sfg, d'v cflbdf ljiffbL kg{ gkfcf]; eg]/ vf; Wofg lbg' kb{5 . Pp6} afnL v]tL ug]{ ;Flwof/x? ldn]/ Ps}k6s ;a}lt/ ljiffbL xfn] /f]u / sL/faf6 ;lhnf];Fu 5'6sf/f kfpg ;lsG5 .

afnLdf ljiffbL xfln;s]kl5 ug}{ gx'g]M

/fd|f];Fu g'xfO–w'jfO gu/L, s'g} klg vfg]s'/f vfg' x'Fb}g . ljiffbL k|of]u u/]sf] afnL klv{g'kg]{ ;docl3 l6Kg' vfg' jf a]Rg' x'Fb}g . lsgeg] To;a]nf klg vfBkbfy{df ljifsf] dfqf /lx/x]sf] x'G5 .

ug}{ kg]{M ljiffbL ;/;kmfO u/]sf] kfgL kfgLsf] ;|f]tdf s'g} xfntdf klg gldl;g] u/L ôfSg' kb{5 . ljiffbLsf a§fnfO{ /fd|/L s'RofP/ sfd gnfUg] agfpg' kb{5 .

ljiffbL k|of]u ubf{ hfGg} kg]{ s]xL s'/fx? hLjgfzs ljiffbL -/;folgs ljiffbL_ sf] Gofof]lrt pkof]u x'g' kb{5 . cGoyf dflg;x? 3/kfn'jf hgfj/ nufot v]tjf/Lsf ldqhLj -nfesf/L sL/f_ x?nfO{ klg xfgL k'¥ofOF jftfj/0f klg b'lift kfb{5 . hLjgfzs ljiffbL ld>0f / pkof]u ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ xf]l;of/L

cgfjZos ?kdf hLjgfzs ljiffbL k|of]u gug]{÷gu/fpg] . ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ug'{ k"j{ ljiffbLsf] j§f÷jf]tn÷Kofsdf /flvPsf] ljiffbLsf] n]jn, /fd|/L xf]l;of/L k"j{s k9\gf]; / lbPsf] lgb]{zgsf] /fd|/L kfngf ug]{ . s]6fs]6Lx?nfO{ ljiffbLaf6 6f9f /fVg] .


ljiffbL k|of]u u/]sf] v]tjf/Ldf klg dflg;, s]6fs]6L, kz' tyf hgfj/nfO{ s]xL lbg;Dd hfg glbg] . ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ;xL ;do / ;xL dfqfdf dfq k|of]u ug]{ . ljiffbL ;s];Dd k|of]u gug]{ / ug}{ kg]{ cj:yf ePdf klg ;s];Dd sd 3fts ljiffbL 5gf}6 ug]{ . ljiffbLsf] sfd ubf{ ;'/lIft klx/gsf] k|of]u ug]{ . ljiffbL rnfpFbf vfgkLg, w'd|kfg gug]{ . ljiffbL 5bf{ gf]hn jGb eof] eg] d'vn] km's]/, 6f]s]/ of Rofk]/ gvf]Ng] . ljiffbLnfO{ v]tjf/L ju}+rfdf k|of]u ubf{ xfjfsf] jxfjsf] Vofn ug]{ . xfjfsf] jxfj ljkl/t lbzfk§L kms]{/ 5bf{ ljiffbL 5g]{ JoQmLnfO{ g} gf]S;fg k'¥ofpFb5 . ljiffbL k|of]u u/L;s]kl5 vfnL efF8f÷8Aaf÷Kofs]6 ;'/lIft ?kdf gi6 ug]{ . ljiffbL 5l/;s]kl5 afnL sf6\g]÷l6Kg]÷uf]8d]n ug]{÷efFRg]÷a]Rg n}hfg] sfo{ z'? ug'{ k"j{ kv{g' kg]{ ;dosf] clgjfo{ kfngf ug]{ . ljiffbL k|of]u ugf{;fy ljiffbL cg';f/ cGo s[ofsnfk ug{ kv{g' kb{5 . cGoyf o;jf6 b'3{6gf x'g ;S5 . ljiffbL 5s]{sf] e08f/ sf]7fdf ljiffbL 5s]{sf] s'/f ;a}n] yfxf kfpg] u/L k|i6 n]v]/ /fVg] .

@^ ljifftmtfsf] :jo+ klxrfg k4lt

ljifftmtf :jo+ klxrfg k4lt eGgfn] ljiffbL sf] sf/f]af/df ;+nUg Aoltm÷Aoltmx? Dff ljiffbL;Fusf] nuftf/ ;Dks{ sf sf/0fn] k}bf x'g] c;fdfGo zfl/l/s ca:yf / ;f] sf] :jo+ cg'udg / d'Nofªsg\ eGg] a'‰g' kb{5 .

pB]Zo ljiffbLsf] hyfefaL k|of]usf sf/0f cfˆgf] :jf:ydf k/]sf] k|ltsn k|efasf] af/]df s[ifsx?df r]tgf clea[l4 u/fpg, ljiffbLsf] ;d'lrt / ;+t'nLt dfqf k|of]u u/fpg / ;+ej eP;Dd /f;folgs ljiffbLsf] a}sNkLs pkfo /f]Hg s[[ifsx?nfO clek|]l/t ug{sf ;fy} Pesticide poisoning sf] Data base tof/ ug{ .

ljiffbL nfu]sf] lrGx / nIf0f

lrGx (Sign)

h'g s'/f b]Vg klg ;lsG5 / b]v]sf] s'/fdf yk hfFr k8\tfn ug{ ;lsG5 .

nIf0f (Symptoms) – h'g cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 t/ b]Vg ;lsGg .

:k|] ubf{ b]lvg] d'Vo nIf0fx?

ljif nfu]sf] :t/ nIf0f;fdfGo lrNxfpg], lr6lr6fx6l7s} s8f g;f v'Drg], xft sfKg] -kmf]lng Pl;6]nLg ?sfj6_ kl;gf w]/} cfpg] cflb . ulDe/ M j]xf];, j8j8fx6


ljif nfu]kl5 x'g] c;/x?

s]Gb|Lo :gfo" k|0ffnLdf k/]sf] c;/jf6ysfO{ nfUg], l/+Ë6f nfUg], 6fpsf] b'Vg], xft sfKg], n8v8fP/ lx8g], d'5f{ kg]{, ;Demg] zlQm x/fpg], j]xf]; x'g]

Df+f;k];L a9L rndnfpg] df+;k];Ldf ysfj6, df+;k];Ldf sDkg x'g], cfFvL l8n km/km/fpg]u|GyL -Unf08_ a9L ;lqmo x'Fbf a9L /\ofn jUg], kl;gf cfpg], cfFz' jxg]cfFvfdf cfFvf wldnf] b]lvg]Uof:6«f]OG6];6]gndf c;/ ug]{ k]6 b'v]/ d8fl/g], jfsjfsL a9L nfUg], jfGtf x'g], kvfnf nfUg]

kmf]S;f]df5ftL b'Vg] / sl;Psf] cg'ej x'g], vf]sL nfUg] / l;ufg jlu/xg], :jfF :jfF / £of/ £of/ a9L x'g]


ljiffbL nfu]sf] lrGxsf] nIf0f xf]÷xf]Og hfFr ug]{ t/Lsf

lrGx (Sign) ljiffbL c;/sf] lrGx kQf nufpg] t/LsfsDkg xft l;wf /fvL xft dfyL sfuh /fVbf cf}nfx? sfKb 5g\ .

cfFvfsf] k/]nL bf]j|g]s[ifsnfO{ cfFvf jGb u/]/ lgbfP h:tf] u/]/ x]bf{ cfFvL ef}+ / cfFvfsf] 8Ln bf]j|LPsf] b]lvG5 sL x]g]{ .

a9L kl;gf jxg] lgwf/ / dflyNnf] cf]7df kl;gfsf] wf/f jx]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5 . cfFvf /ftf] x'g] b'j} cfFvfsf] ;]tf] efu /ftf] x'G5 .

gfsjf6 l;ufg jf kfgL jlu/xg]

olb s[ifsn] gfs df8L/xg] jf k'l5/x\of] eg] of] l6kf]6 ug]{ . o:tf] jfgL ?3f nfu]sf] j]nfdf eGbf cnUu} vfnsf] x'G5 . ?3f nfu]sf] j]nfdf eGbf a9L kftnf] l;Fufg jUb5 . ?3f nfu]sf] j]nfdf kx]+nf] jf xl/of] l;Fufg jUb5 .

vf]sL nuftf/ w]/} vf]sL nfU5 / of] vf]sL r'/f]6, tdfv' ;]jg ubf{sf] eGbf cnUu} lsl;dsf] x'G5 . ljiffbL :k|] u/]/ cfPkl5 vf]sL cem} a9]sf] 5 sL s] 5 x]g'{ kb{5 .

:jfF :jfF x'g' / ;f; km'Ng'

olb ljif nfu]sf] 5 eg] ;f; km]bf{ ;';]nL km]/]sf] h:t} cfjfh cfpF5 .

n/v/fPsf] sbdxft l;wf /fv]/ s[ifsnfO{ l;wf lx8\g nufpg] olb l;wf nfOgdf lx8\g ;Sb}g h8\ofn] h:tf] lx85 eg] Tof] klg ljif nfu]sf] nIf0f xf] .

lb;f nfUg' kftnf] lb;f w]/} k6s x'g ;S5 . 5fnfdf /ftf] bfu v'§f, xft, kfv'/f cflbdf /ftf] bfu b]lvg ;S5 . 5fnfdf ;]tf] wJjf xft, kfv'/f / v'§fdf ;]tf] bfu 5 eg] ;f] klg hfFr ug'{ kb{5 . 5fnfdf sTnf 5fnfdf df5fsf] h:tf] sTnf b]lvg' / bfu klg b]lvg ;S5 . sf]df÷j]xf]; j]nf j]nfdf s[ifs j]xf]; x'g] / n8] kl5 p7fpg} ufx|f] x'g] x'g ;S5 .

d'5f{sS/Ss kg'{, k"0f{ df+;k];L v'lDrg', s]6fs]6Lx?nfO{ w]/} Hj/f] cfpFbf bfFt s6\s6fpg] h:tf] u/L k'/} zl//df sDkg x'g] .

afGtf vfPsf] s'/f ;a} k]6jf6 jflxl/g], nfdf] ;do;Dd :k|] ug]{nfO{ lb3{sfnLg -qmf]lgs_ ?kdf s]xL ljiffbLsf nIf0f b]vf kb{5 h:t} n8v/fP/ lx8g], cfFvfsf] k/]nL bf]lj|g], cfFvf jGb gx'g], sDkg x'g], 5fnfdf bfu b]lvg], 5fnf rfpl/g] / sTnf cfpg] cflb x'G5 .


ljiffbL nfu]sf] ;+s]t kQf nufpg ;f]Wg] t/Lsf

;+s]t (Symptoms) ljiffbL c;/sf] nIf0f kQf nufpg] t/Lsf3fF6L ;'Vvf x'g' /ftL ;'Tbf d'v v'n} /fv]/ ;'t]sf] h:tf] efg x'g] . yfs]sf]÷un]sf] lbge/ kxf8 r9]/ cfPsf] h:tf] ysfO{ dx;'; x'g] . lgb|f vnjlng] b'M:jKg / /ftdf /fd|f];Fu lgbfpg g;Sg] .

5ftL kf]n]/ b'Vg] w'Fjf ePsf] 7fpFdf of v';f{gLsf] w'nf] ePsf] 7fpmF of lr;f] 7fpFdf ;f; km]bf{ h:tf] efg x'g] .

df+;k]zL dg]{÷nf6f] x'g] s's'{Rrfn] dfq 6]s]/ w]/}j]/ a;]sf] a]nfdf x'g] nIf0f h:tf] efg x'g] . cfFvf kf]Ng]÷lk/f] x'g] w'Fjf of ;fa'gkfgL cfFvfdf kbf{sf] cg'ej h:tf] efg x'g] . cfFvf lrnfpg] cfFvfdf k/fus0f kbf{ v]/Lsf] l:ylt h:tf] efg x'g] . wldnf] b[io Sofd/f kmf]s;df g/fvL lvr]sf] lrq x]/]h:tf] efg x'g] . :jf; k|:jf;df ufx|f] l56f] l56f] ;f; km]g]{ . l/Ë6f÷rSs/ cfpg] kmgkmgL 3'd]/ ple+bfsf] l:ylt efg x'g] .

jfsjfsL jfGtf x'g' cuf8Lsf] l:ylt h:t} jfs jfs nfUg' / uf8L sd r8\g] JolQmnfO{ uf8Ldf /fvL 3'dfp/f] jf6f]df l56f] l56f] uf8L rnfpFbf h:tf] efg x'g] of cfFwLsf] j]nf 8'Ëfdf r9\bf h:tf] x'g' .

w]/} /\ofn jUg' lgj'jf sfutL b]Vbf of vfFbf d'vdf kfgL cfpg' h:tf] l:ylt x'g] . 3fF6L b'Vg] y's lgNbf klg ufx|f] x'Fbf b'\Vg] h:tf] x'g] x'g] . gfsdf hng v';f{gL cfuf]df k/]kl5 gfsdf x'g] hng h:t} l:yltsf] h:tf] hng x'g] . df+;k];L v'Drg] lbge/L km'6jn v]Nbf h;/L lk8'nf b'V5 To:t} efg x'g] . 6fpsf] b'vfO{ 6fpsf]df ltvf] b'vfO{sf] efg x'g] . k]6 b'Vg] / df+;k];L v'Drg] kvfnf nfUg' cuf8L k]6 b'Vbfsf] l:ylt cg'e"tL x'g] .5fnf lrnfpg] nfdv'§]n] 6f]s]kl5 5fnf lrnfPsf] l:ylt efg x'g] .

ljif nfUbfsf] h:t} l:ylt x'g] cGo l:yltx?

ljiffbLjf6 x'g] lrGx of ;+s]tsf nIf0fx? cGo sf/0f of ljdf/Ljf6 x'g] nIf0fx?ysfO{ kof{Kt lgb|f gk'Ubf klg x'G5 . lgb|f gnfUg] lrGtf / ljleGg ;f]rfO{ /fVg]nfO{ klg x'G5 . n8v8fPsf] lx8fO{ /S;L w]/} lkP/ lx8\bf klg x'G5 . sf]df÷:d/0fzlQm x|f; PlNhd]o/ /f]u nfUbfd'5f{ w]/} ljdf/L6fpsf] b'Vg' ?3fvf]sL, w]/} /S;L ;]jg / OG;]kmnfOl6; x'Fbfw]/} kl;gf cfpg' Hj/f], udL{df w]/} n'uf nufpFbf klg cfpF5 . wldnf] b]Vg' df]ltljGb', dw'd]x x'Fbf klg wldnf] b]lvG5 . cfFvf kf]Ng]÷lrnfpg] PnhL{ x'Fbf klg x'G5 . cfFvf /ftf] x'g] cfFvfsf] ljdf/L x'Fbf x'G5 . cfFvf km/km/fpg] cfFvfsf] k|];/ 36a9 x'Fbf x'G5 . w]/} /\ofn r'lxg' ?3f vf]sL ;bL{ nfUg' of gfs kf]Nbf x'g]3fF6L ;'Sg' ltvf{ nfUg', zl//df kfgLsf] dfqf sd -l8xfO8«];g_ xF'bf5ftL b'Vg] d'6'sf] cj:yf, a9L jf]emsf] sfo{ ubf{;f; km'Ng' w]/} r'/f]6 lkpg]sf] x[bosf] l:ylt l7s gx'Fbfbd÷:jfF :jf w]/} r'/f]6 lkPdf, PnhL{ ePdfvf]sL w]/} r'/f]6, ?3f, ;fwf/0f vf]sLjfsjfsL vfB ljiffQm, ?3f, w]/} /S;L ;]jg ubf{

hLjgfzs ljiffbL Joj:yfkg ;xof]uL k'l:tsf �0�

ljiffbLjf6 x'g] lrGx of ;+s]tsf nIf0fx? cGo sf/0f of ljdf/Ljf6 x'g] nIf0fx?k]6 j6fl/g] vfgf ljiffQm ePkl5 / ?3f nfUbfkvfnf nfUg] vfgf ljiffQm ePkl5 / ?3f nfUbfjfGtf vfgf ljiffQm ePkl5 / ?3f nfUbfdf+;k];L dg'{ ÷nf6f] x'g' n'tf], bfb cfpFbf5fnf lrnfpg] n'tf] nfUbfdf+;k];L a6fl/g] zl// sdhf]/ x'Fbfdf+;k];L yfSg] ?3f nfUbfxft sfFKg' w]/} /S;L ;]jg ubf{

ljif nfu\]sf] l:ylt kQf nufpg] t/Lsfx?

:k|] k"j{ :k]| kZrft ef]nLkN6 ljxfg} ljiffbL;Fu ;DalGwt xf] xf]Og ?+ + + = xf]Og bL3{sfnLg k'/fgf] /f]u+ + 0 = x'g ;S5 + 0 + = xf]Og+ 0 0 = xf]Og0 0 0 = xf]Og0 0 + = xf] ljiffbL nfu]sf]0 + 0 = xf] ljiffbL nfu]sf]0 + + = xf] ljiffbL nfu]sf]

hLjgfzs ljiffbL Joj:yfkg ;xof]uL k'l:tsf�0�

hats 69%

goggles 7%masks 36%

long sleeves 56%

gloves 4%

long skirt/pants 57%

rubber boots 10%

wet 98%

wet 98%

wet 91%

hats 69%

goggles 7%masks 36%

long sleeves 56%

gloves 4%

long skirt/pants 57%

rubber boots 10%

wet 98%

wet 98%

wet 91%

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Data Summary (n=1067)


@& :jMhfo/L (Self Reporting)

k|To]s ;xefuL s[ifsn] eg'{ kg]{ kmf/fdsf] gd"gf Mgfd M dlxnf -dlxnf ue{jtL eP ;f] pNn]v ug]{_÷k'?if M7]ufgf M ldlt M ;fn dlxgf ut]:k|] u/]sf] ;+Vof k6s÷dlxgf :k|] ug]{ afnL :k|] ubf{ k|of]u u/]sf] ljiffbLsf] gfd M slt 6\of+sL :k|] ul/Psf] -hDdf 6of+sL ;+Vof_slt 306f hlt :k|] ul/of] -hDdf 306f_:k|] ul//x]sf] a]nfdf of :k|] u/L;s]kl5 of @$ 306f leq, of kl5 ljif nfu]sf] s]xL nIf0f b]vf k/]sf] 5 sL o;};Fu ;+nUg zl//sf] lrqdf uf]nfsf/ lrGx nufpg] . ljiffbL nfu]sf] nIf0f #! lsl;dsf] -x'g;Sg]_ dWo] pQm k6s :k|] ubf{ b]lvPsf nIf0fx? -!_ ;fdfGo, -@_ l7s}, -#_ s8f, -$_ clt vt/gfs ju{ dWo] h] h:tf] 5 ;f] df uf]nfsf/ lrGx nufpg] M

@* ljif nfu]sf nIf0fx? / k|fydLs pkrf/

dflg;nfO{ ljif nfUg] vt/f ljiffbLsf] ljiffn'kg;Fu dfq ;DaGwLt ge} s'g xb;Dd xfdL ljiffbLsf] l;wf ;Dks{df /xG5f}+ To;df e/ k5{ . ;fy} ljif nfUg] vt/f ljiffbLsf] lsl;d jf ;laGof; / ljiffbLsf] /f;folgs k|s[ltdf klg plQs} lge{/ /xG5 . hf] JoQmL nuftf/ ljiffbsf] ;Dks{df /xG5 cyf{t ljiffbL pBf]u, k;n jf e08f/df lgoldt sfd ug]{ JolQmx? df ljiffbLsf] hf]lvd t'ngfTds ?kdf al9 /xG5 .


vt/f ljiffn' ;fdfu|Ldf /x]sf] ljifn'kgdf dfq lge{/ x'Fb}g . ljiffbL ;Fusf] ;Dks{sf] xb ljiffbLsf] lsl;d cyaf ;ljGof; ljiffbLsf] /f;folgs k|s[lt

t;y{ ljiffbLsf] ;Dks{df cfpg] hf] sf]lxn] klg ljif nfUbfsf] cj:yfdf x'g] nIf0fx? / k|fylds pkrf/sf pkfox?sf af/]df yfxfkfpg' h?/L x'G5 eg] ljiffbL;Fu nuftf/ l;wf ;Dks{df /xg] s[ifs, ljiffbL k;n tyf pBf]udf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/L÷sfdbf/ x?n] ;f] ;+aGwdf laz]if hfgfsf/L /fVg' clgjfo{ x'G5 .

cuf{gf]Snf]l/g sDkfp08sf] c;/o; kl/jf/ cGt{utsf ljiffbLx?n] s]Gb|Lo :gfo" k|0ffnLnfO{ g} l;w} c;/ ub{5g\ . oL ljiffbL jf];f]df hDg ;S5g\ / w]/} nfdf] ;do ;Dd zl//df hdL /xg ;S5 . 5ftL÷:tgsf] af];f]df hj oL ljiffbL hd]/ 6fFl;G5g\ tj oL w]/} nfdf] ;do ;Dd ToxL /xL /xG5g\\ . ljiffbLsf] cjz]if dfkg ljleGg t/Lsfjf6 ug{ ;lsG5 . cfdfsf] b'wjf6 klg kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . olx nfdf] ;do;Dd jftfj/0fdf k|efjzfnL /xg] / hgfj/sf] af];f]df ;+ro x'g] h:tf gsf/fTds u'0fsf] sf/0f of] ;d"xsf ;a}h;f] ljiffbLx? cGt/fli6«o :t/df g} k|ltalGwt eO{ ;s]sf 5g\ . lo ljiffbLx?sf] c;/ sl/j Ps 306f kl5 b]lvg yfN5 / s8f c;/ $* 306f;Dd /xL/xG5 . OG8f];Nkmfg h:tf cuf{gf]Snf]l/g ljiffbL 5fnfsf] dfWodjf6 klg ;f]l;P/ zl//leq k:b5g\ .

lo ljiffbLx? k|foM h;f] ;Dks{ / cfGt/Ls k|s[ltsf x'G5g\ .of] ;d"xsf ljiffbLx? ;Fusf] nuftf/ ;Dks{ jf Ps} k6sdf 7"nf] dfqf;Fusf] ;Dks{sf] sf/0f hgfj/sf] af];f]df hDdf x'g] ;+edjgf /xG5 . lo ljiffbLx?n] ;fO6f]s|f]d clS;8]h gfds PGhfod -/utdf x'g] dxTjk"0f{ tTj h;n] /utdf clS;hg k'¥ofpg] sfd u5{_ aGg] lsof{ /f]Sb5g . kmn:j?k kmf]S;f]df xfjfsf] cfjfudgnfO{ ca/f]w k'¥ofpF5g\ / :gfo' k|0ffnLnfO{ c;Gt'lnt agfO k'/} zl//nfO{ lgl:s[o agfO lbG5g\ . Psn 7"nf] dfqf;Fusf] ;Dks{n] Ps}k6sdf sn]hf] / d[uf}nf v/fa x'g ;S5 . clN8«g, 8fOclN8«g, l8=l8=l6=, la=Pr=l;=, Snf]/]8]g, lnG8]g, O{G8f];Nkmfg cflb kb{5g\ / oL ;a} xfn g]kfndf k|ltjlGwt eO;s]sf 5g\ .

cuf{gf]km:km]6; sDkfp08sf] c;/o;n] dl:tissf] d'Vo :gfo' k|0ffnLdf c;/ k'/\ofpFg'sf ;fy} d]?b08 / dl:tissf] jflx/L efudf /x]sf] g;fx?nfO{ klg c;/ kfb{5 . cuf{gf]kmf]:km]6 u|'ksf ljiffbLx? Pl;6]n sf]lngO:6]h (ACHE) gfds OGhfod;Fu attached x'G5g\ / pQm OGhfod nfO{ zl//df Ps :yfgjf6 csf]{ :yfgdf hfgjf6 /f]lslbG5 -lglis[o agfO{bLG5g\_ kmn:j?k :gfo' k|0ff{nLn] zl//sf] dfz+k];LnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;"rgf /fd|/L k|jfx ug{ ;Sb}g / ljleGg ljiffQmtfsf nIf0f / lrGxx? b]Vg / cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fwf/0fftof :jefljs ?kdf zl//sf df+;k];L, ljleGg u|GyLx? cf–cfˆgf] :t/jf6 cfˆgf] sfd ul//x]sf x'G5g\ t/ hj ACHE gfds OghfOdsf] ;Fu} ljB'lto k|jfx /f]lsG5 tt\kZrftM qmdzM cGo v/fj c;/x? z'? x'g yfNb5 . ctM hj o; kl/jf/ cGtu{tsf ljiffbL 5s{g] of k|of]u ug]{ s[ifsnfO{ ljif nfu]sf] v08df #) ldg]6 kl5 c;/ b]vf kg{ z'? x'g yfNb5 / @$ 306f;Dd ;f] c;/ /xL /xG5 .

w]/}h;f] ;Dks{ / s]xL b}lxs k|s[ltsf jx'cfofdLs -Broad Spectrum_ u'0f ePsf] .k|of]u stf{sf] nflu a9L 3fts t/ jftfj/0fdf sd k|efjzfnL .hgfj/sf] jf]zf]df ;+ro gx'g] .8fOSnf]/f]e;, Snf]/f]kfO/Lkm;, dfnfyLog . yf]/} dfqf t/ nuftf/ ;Dks{af6 klg c;/ x'g ;Sg] .e08f/0fdf ljiffbf{ PSsf;L w]/} kf]lvbf jf :k|] 6}+sdf vGofp+bf kf]lvPdf klg ljif nfUg ;sg] .


sfaf{d]6 sDkfp08sf] c;/sfjf{d]6, cuf{gf]km:km]6 h:tf] jx'cfofdLs x'G5 .cuf{gf]Snf]l/G; h:tf] nfdf] ;do;Dd k|efjzfnL /x+b}g .s]xL vfFbf nfUg] / s]xL b}lxs k|s[ltsf 5g\ .sfj{e]6\;, sfjf{l/n, sfjf]{ô"/fg, sfjf]{;Nkmfg cflb .lolgx?sf] sfo{ k|s[lt klg cu]{gf]kmf]:km]6sf] h:t} sf]lng;6/]h gfds PGhfod nfO{ zl//sf] h}las ls|ofdf pknAw x'g glbg' xf] .

l;Gy]l6s kfO/]y|f]cfO8 sDkfp08sf c;/c?sf] t'ngfdf kl5 k|rngdf cfPsf] xf] .k|efj cjlwsf] b[li6n] cuf{gf] Snf]/Lg / cuf{gf]km:km]6sf] ljrdf kb{5g\ .dflg;x?sf] nflu sd 3fts / df6f]df w]/} ;do;Dd cjz]if g/xg] k|s[ltsf x'G5g\ .k/d]y|Lg, ;fOk/d]y|Lg, km]Gen/]6, 8]N6fd]ly|g cflb .o; ;d"xsf ljiffbL k|of]u ubf{ Pp6} vfnsf] ljiffbL Ps} 7fpFdf k6s k6s k|of]u ubf{ sL/fdf k|tL/f]wfTds u'0f ljsl;t x'G5 .km/flsnf] bfo/f ePsfn] - Ps eGbf w]/} sL/fx? dfg{ ;lsg] / ;Dks{ tyf cfGt/Ls k|s[ltsf_ .km/flsnf] bfo/f ePsfn] k|fs[lts zq'x?nfO xflgsf/s x'G5g\ . o;sf] sfo{ut z}nL cuf{gf]Snf]l/gsf] h:t} x'G5 . t/ cu]{gf]kmf]:km]6sf] eGbf l56f] c;/ x/fpg] x'G5 .

wft' hGo km:kmfO8sf] c;/xfjfdf km}lnP/ xfjfdf /x]sf] lr:ofgsf] ;Dks{df cfPkl5 km:kmLg eGg] Uof; pTkGg ub{5 .Nerve poison xf] / :jfk|:jf; k|s[ofdf l;wf c;/ u5{ .k|Hjnglzn Uof; xf] h'g cTolws ljiffn' x'G5 .Pnd'lgod km:kmfO8 / hL+s km:kmfO8 -d';f lgoGq0f ug{_ k|rlnt wft' hGo km:kmfO8x? x'g\ / l;w} :jf; k|:jf;df afwfF k'¥ofO gf]S;fg ub{5g\ .

kf/fSjf6sf] c;/of] emf/kftgfzs ljiffbL clt s8f ljiffn' /;fog xf] . ljz]if u/L 5fnfsf] leqL txdf gfs, d'v / cfFvfdf o;n] w]/} v/fj c;/ ub{5 . cfFvf kf]Ng], 5fnf lrnfpg'sf ;fy} :jf; k|:jf; k|0ffnLdf c;/ u5{ . kf/fSjf6, hj /utdf k'Ub5 of] l;w} kmf]S;f]df hfG5 / vfPdf jf lkPdf of] Hofb} 3fts x'G5 . of] ljiffbL vfPdf of lkPdf lgDglnlvt nIf0fx? b]lvG5g\ . 5fnf lrnfpg], :jf; k|:jf; glnsf] dflyNnf] efudf c;/ u/L /Qm ;+rf/ k|0ffnLdf l55{ 5fnfdf ePsf ;–;fgf Kjfnjf6 k;]/ of vfFbf, d[uf}nf / kmf]S;f] sfd gnfUg] agfO{ lbG5 .

ljif nfu]sf nIf0fx? k|fo h;f] ;a} ljifbLsf] ;]jgaf6 ;fdfGotof Pp6} k|sf/sf nIf0fx? b]vfkb{5g\ h:t} M– dfgl;s ljsf/, 6fpsf] bVg], l/+u6f nfUg], jfsjfsL nfUg,] kl;gf cfpg,] hf8f] x'g,] emf8f nfUg] / jfGtf x'g] cflb x'G5 . cTolws ljif ;]jg ePsf] v08df df+zk]zLx? ys{g', leif0f sDkg / cr]tg x'g] cj:yfx? ;d]t b]vf kb{5g\ / cGtdf :jf; ls|of aGb klg x'g hfG5 . 3ft'hGo km:kmO8 ;]jg ePsf] v08df 5ftLleq b'v]/ cfpg], vf]sL nfUg], Zjf; km]g{ / lx8\g ufx|f] x'g], z/L/df sDkg x'g] / cr]t x'g] h:tf a]Un} nIf0fx? b]vf kb{5g\ .


;'/lIft kof{j/0fsf] dfWodaf6 sL/fsf] Jo:yfkg u/f}+ Ûcfˆgf] :jf:Yo arfpF Û pTkfbg j9fpF ÛÛ

ljWj+zs sL/fsf] clu|d hfgsf/L lnpF Û 3fts sL6\gf;s ljiffbLaf6 6f9f j;f} ÛÛ

@( k|fylds pkrf/

-s_ d'vjf6 k;]sf] ljifsf] nflu k|fylds pkrf/olb ljifsf] k|sf/ yfxf gePdf .

jdg u/fpg' x'Fb}g . lgDg dWo] s'g} Ps ljif ;f]:g] cf}iflw lbg' k5{ . ;zQm jf 3/ d} agfOPsf] sf]Onf kfgLsf] pkrf/ dfly n]v] cg';f/ ug'{ k5{ . sfFrf] km'nsf] ;]tf efu . dfqf M * j6f km'n bfgf –pd]/ k'u]sf] jflnunfO{, $ j6f km'n bfgf – s]6fs]6LnfO{ .

ha/h:tL adg u/fpg gx'g] cj:yfx? M -ljiffbL lgn]/ ljif nfu]df_olb la/fdL tGb|fdf a]xf]; cw{ d'5f{ jf sfDb} u/]sf] cj:yfdf eP . olb la/fdLn] s8f Iff/ jf cDn lgn]sf] 5 eg] .olb la/fdLn] k]6«f]lnod kbfy{af6 ag]sf] ljiffbL lgn]sf] 5 eg] . olb la/fdL clGtd # dlxgfsf] ue{jtL 5 eg] .olb la/fdLdf d'6' /f]u 5 eg] .


-v_ 5fnfsf] dfWodjf6 nfu]sf] ljifsf] k|fylds pkrf/ljiffbL nfu]sf] n'uf t'?Gt km'sfNg' k5{ . w]/} ;fa'g kfgLn] ljiffbL nfu]sf] c+u w'g' k5{ . emf]n ;fa'g (Detergent) k|of]u ug'{ x'Fb}g lsgeg] o;n] 5fnfjf6 ljiffbL ;f]:g] s[of a9\g ;S5 . kfgLn] kvfNbf a];/L bNg' x'Fb}g . kfgLn] w]/} k6s w'g ;lsG5 . lrNnf] kbfy{ jf kfp8/ k|of]u ug'{ x'Fb}g .

u_ cfFvfdf ljiffbL nfu]df k|fylds pkrf/x?ljiffbL nfu]sf] cfFvfnfO{ kfgLsf] wf/fn] w''g' k5{ . !% ldg]6 ;Dd nuftf/ cfFvf w'g' k5{ . ljiffbL gk/]sf] cfFvfdf ljiffbL nfUg glbg xf]l;of/L ckgfpg' k5{ . cfFvfsf] 9sgL gk/]sf] cfFvfdf ljiffbLsf s0fx? 5g\ ls x]g' k5{ . ePdf leh]sf] skf;sf] 6'Kkfn] lemSg' k5{ .s'g} lsl;dsf] cf}iflw 8fS6/sf] ;Nnfx a]u/ k|of]u ug'{ x'Fb}g . cfFvf ljz]if1nfO{ t'?Gt b]vfpg' k5{ .

-3_ Zjf;jf6 ljiffbL k|j]z ePdf k|fylds pkrf/la/fdLnfO{ ljif nfu]sf] 7fpFaf6 v'Nnf xfjf ePsf] 7fpFdf t'?Gt ;fg'{ k5{ . arfp sfo{ ug]{ JolQmn] æUof; dfS;Æ k|of]u ug'{ k5{ . h;af6 arfp sfo{ ug]{ JolQm, cfkm}nfO{ ljif nfUg] hf]lvd gxf];\ . n'uf v's'nf] kf/L lbg' k5{ / lj/fdLnfO{ cf/fd lbg' k5{ . n'ufdf ljiffbL nfu]sf] eP t'?Gt km]g'{ k5{ . t'?Gt lrlsT;s sxfF k'¥ofpg] Joj:yf ug'{ k5{ . d'vdf s]xL s'/f eP lgsfNg] . nfdf] Zjf; tfGg] / la/fdLsf] gfs y'Gg] / d'vdf km'Sg] .km'sL ;s] kl5 cfˆgf] d'v lemSg] / lj/fdLnfO{ cfkm} Zjf; km]g{ lbg] . oL k|s[of Ps ldg]6df !) k6s ug'{ k5{ .

k|fylds pkrf//f]uLn] cuf{gf]km:km]6 jf sfjf{d]6 ljiffbL ;]jg u/]sf] 5 jf 5fnfaf6 k|b'if0f x'g uPsf] 5 eGg] z+sf nfu]df tn n]lvPsf pkfox? ckgfpg' k5{ M

/f]uLnfO{ cfwf em's]sf] ?kdf 6fpsf] tn kg]{ u/L /flvg' k5{ h;n] ubf{ d'vaf6 ljiffbL /;x? jflx/ glgl:sof]; / afGtf x'g hfcf];\ . xfjf /fd|/L cfpg ;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' k5{ / :jf; lng] sd x'Fb} uPdf jf jGb x'g uPdf s[lqd ?kaf6 Zjf; k|Zjf; ;+rfng ul/g' k5{ . k|b'lift klx/gx? x6fO{ lbg' k5{ / 5fnfnfO{ vf; u/L xfn, d'v, 3fF6L / /f}+nfO{ ;fa'g kfgLn] wf]Olbg' k5{ . ;s];Dd l56f] /f]uLnfO{ c:ktfndf k'¥ofpg' k5{ . hfghfgL ljif ;]jg u/]sf] 5 eg] ljiffbLsf] efF8f] ;fy} t'?Gt 8fS6/sxfF nlu ;Dk'0f{ ljj/0f atfpg' k5{ .t/ b'3{6gf ePsf] x]f eg], ;j{k|yd k|b'lift n'ufx? x6fpg' k5{ / ;fj'g tyf lr;f] kfgLn] zl// /fd|/L w'g' k5{ ;s];Dd l56f] c:ktfn k¥ofpg] / ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0fx? eGg] ;fy} z+sf ul/Psf] ljiffbLsf] ;d"x ;d]t eGg] ./f]lunfO{ lgx'/fP/ /fVg' k5{ tfsL afGtf g/f]lsof];\ .b'w jf t]n kbfy{ ;]jg ug{ glbg] .lj/fdLnfO{ xfjfsf] /fd|f] cfjfudg ePsf] 7fpFdf /fVg] .cfaZostf k/]df s[lqd :jf; k|:jf; lbg] ./f]uLnfO{ ;fdfGo cj:yfdf gcfP;Dd cnu /fv]/ cf/fd ug{ lbg] .


/f]uLn] cuf{gf]km:km]6 jf sfjf{d]6 ljiffbL ;]jg u/]sf] 5 jf 5fnfaf6 k|b'if0f x'g uPsf] 5 eGg] z+sf nfu]df tn n]lvPsf pkfox? ckgfpg' k5{ M

/f]uLnfO{ cfwf em's]sf] ?kdf 6fpsf] tn kg]{ u/L /flvg'k5{ h;n] ubf{ d'vaf6 ljiffbL /;x? jflx/ glgl:sof]; / afGtf x'g hfcf];\ . xfjf /fd|/L cfpg ;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' k5{ / :jf; lng] sd x'Fb} uPdf jf jGb x'g uPdf s[lqd ?kaf6 Zjf; k|Zjf; ;+rfng ul/g' k5{ . k|b'lift klx/gx? x6fO{lbg' k5{ / 5fnfnfO{ vf; u/L xfn, d'v, 3fF6L / /f}+nfO{ ;fa'g kfgLn] wf]Olbg' k5{ . ;s];Dd l56f] /f]uLnfO{ c:ktfndf k'¥ofpg' k5{ .

h?/L M– /f]uLnfO{ 8fS6/sxfF jf c:ktfndf lnP/ hfFbf ljiffbLsf] efF8f] / krf{nfO{ ;Fu} nUg' kb{5 . h;af6 8fS6/nfO{ pkrf/ ug{ a9L hfgfsf/L k|fKt x'g ;sf];\ .

cGo k|fylds pkrf/x?Zjf; gnL ;kmf ul/ lbg' k5{ . d'vjf6 gSsnL bfFt, vfg]s'/f, jf y's lgsfNg' k5{ . lj/fdLnfO{ ;'lj:tf ;Fu afoflt/ 6fpsf] clns d'gL -!%–#) l8u|L_ kf/]/ ;'tfpg' k5{ . Zjf; k|Zjf; k|s[of /fd|/L hfFRg' k5{ . olb Zjf; km]g{ ufx|f] ePsf] b]lvPdf /f]uLnfO{ pQfgf] ;'tfpg' k5{ . 6fpsf] kmsf{pbf 3fF6L lj:tf/} prfNg' k5{ . Zjf; aGb ePdf d'vdf d'v hf]8]/ s[ltd Zjf; s[of ug'{ k5{ . la/fdLnfO{ pQfgf] ;'tfpg] .lj/fdLsf] lrp8f] dfly ;fg]{ .d'vdf s]xL s'/f eP lgsfNg] .nfdf] Zjf; tfGg] / la/fdLsf] gfs y'Gg] / d'vdf km'Sg] -lrq_ .km'sL ;s] kl5 cfˆgf] d'v lemSg] / la/fdLnfO{ cfkm} Zjf; km]g{ lbg] . of] k|s[of Ps ldg6df !) k6s ug'{ k5{ .

cuf{gf]km:k]m6 / sfjf{d]6 ljiffbLsf] ljif nfu]dfP6«f]kfOg M z'?df !=*–# ld=u|L=gzfdf ;'O{ lbg] ;'wf/ gePdf of] efu 8jn ul/lbg] . k|fnL8f]ShLd M #) ld u|f÷s]=lh= .

cuf{gf]Snf]/Lg ljiffbL nfu]df8fOh]kfd %–!) ld=u|f -jRrfnfO{ )=@ ld u|f÷s]=lh=_ gzfaf6 ;'Olbg] . !)Ü SofN;Lod Un'sf]g]6 !) ld=nL= ;'Olbg] .

Kf/fSjf6 ljif nfu]dfFuller’s Earth !% Ü sf] ! ln6/sf] emf]n jgfP/ lbg] -jRrf !% ld=ln= k|lt lsnf]_ . Charcol !) u|fd ÷ @)) ld=ln= kfgLdf -jRrf !% ld=ln= ÷s]=hL= tf}n_

Propanil ljif nfu]df!Ü ldyfOnLg Jn" )=! ldnL÷s]= hL=;'Olbg] . ldyfOnLg Jn" #)) dL=u|=b}lgs v'jfpg] . Ascorbic acid ! u|fdsf] ;'O lbg] -IV_ .


Rodenticide ljif nfu]dfeL6fdLg s] !M !)–%) ld= u|f=v'jfpg], -aRrf )=$ ld=u|f=÷s]=hL=_ . tfhf /ut gzfaf6 lbg] .

k|fylds pkrf/ ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx? Ms'g ljiffbLjf6 ljif nfu]sf] xf] oyflz3| kQf nufpg] . ljiffbL s'g dfWodaf6 z/L/df k|j]z kfPsf] 5 Tof] kQf nufpg] . lkl8t JolQmnfO{ oyfzSo cf/fdk"j{s /fVg] . lkl8t nfO{ ;se/ rfF8f] glhssf] pkrf/ s]Gb| -c:ktfn jf :jf:y s]Gb|_df k'¥ofpg] . k'¥ofpFbf k|of]u ePsf] ljiffbL ;fy} klxrfgsf] nflu nUg] . lkl8tnfO{ xQf/]/ pkrf/ glbg] . of] sfd lrlsT;snfO{ ug{ lbg] . x8a8 gul/ zfGt;Fu pkrf/ ug]{ . ljiffbLsf] n]jndf k|fyldstf pkrf/ n]lvPsf] x'G5 . ;f]xL cg';f/ x/]s ljiffbLsf] k|fylds pkrf/ ug'{ kb{5 . la/fdLsf] d'v;Fu d'v hf]8\bf ljif ;g]{ 8/ x'G5 . To;}n] la/fdLsf] d'vdf sk8fsf] 6'qmf /fv]/ s[lqd Zjf; k|s[of ug{ /fd|f] x'G5 . la/fdLsf] gf8L hfFRg] rfn ge]6]df jf d'6'sf rfn g;'Gg] ePdf 5ftLdf dfln; ug'{ k5{ . olb a]xf]; ePdf afofF kN6fP/ 6fpsf] hLp eGbf clns xf]rf] kf/]/ ;'tfpg' k5{ . t'?Gt c:ktfndf k'¥ofpg' k5{ . olb la/fdL sfDb} 5 eg] Zjf; km]g{ ;lhnf] x'g] u/L la/fdLnfO{ sf]N6f] kf/L /fVg' k5{ . bfFtsf] aLrdf s]xL e'Q] lrh /fVg' k5{ h;n] ubf{ hLj|f] 6f]lsgaf6 aRg ;lsG5 . la/fdL n8\g / v:gaf6 arfpg' k5{ / t'?Gt lrlsT;s sxfF k'¥ofpg' k5{ .

Kff]Ohlgª s]; btf{ gx'g] sf/0fx?ljif nfu]sf 36gf btf{ ug{ w]/} sd :yf:Yo s]Gb|df hfg] .ljif nfu]sfx? klg clt ulDe/ l:yltdf k'u]kl5 dfq :jf:Yo s]Gb|df nlug' . Ps} k6s w]/} ulDe/ k|s[ltsf] gx'g] x'Fbf 36gfx? :jf:Yo s]Gb|df btf{ ul/b}gg / nfdf] ;do ;Dd pkrf/ ul//xg' kg]{ x'G5 . sltko sfdbf/x? hflu/jf6 x6fO{g] 8/sf sf/0f klg 36gfx? hfx]/ ub}{gg\ . ;fRr} ljif nfu]sf 36gf btf{ ubf{ klg :jf:Yosld{x?n] c? g} :jf:Yo;Fu ;DaGwLt 36gf;Fu hf]8]/ btf{ ul/lb+bf ljif nfu]sf] 36gf cf]em]ndf kb{5 .

hLjgfzs ljiffbL Joj:yfkg ;xof]uL k'l:tsf��0


#) cg';"rL

cg';"rL !M kl~hs[t ljiffbLx?sf] ;fdfGo gfd, df/s dfqf–%),ljZj :jf:Yo ;Fu7gsf] jlu{s/0f tyf ljiffbL afnLdf k|of]u ul/;s]kl5 afnL l6Kg jf s6fgL ug{sf nflu kv{g' kg]{ Go'gtd k|ltIff cjlw


gf]6 M ljiffbLsf] k|ltIff cjlw nfO{ lgDg s'/fx?n] c;/ ug]{ x'Fbf kv{g' kg]{ cjlwdf s]xL km]/jbn x'g ;Sb5 .

afnLsf] k|sf/ / o;sf] lkmlhof]nf]hL @= afnL nufpg] :yfgsf] df]x8f prfO{, xfjfsf] ult . ljiffbLsf] k|of]u dfqf .ljiffbL k|of]u ubf{sf] df};d tyf Ct' cflb . ljiffbLnfO{ df6f]df k|of]u ubf{ k|ltIff cjlw s]xL nfdf] x'g] .


cg';"rL @M g]kfndf k|ltjlGwt ljiffbLx?sf] ;"rL

ljiffbLsf] gfd s}lkmotSnf]/f]8]g k/l;:6]G6 cu]{lgs kf]n'6]G6 k]li6;fO{8l8= l8= l6= k/l;:6]G6 cu]{lgs kf]n'6]G6 k]li6;fO{88fO{clN8|g k/l;:6]G6 cu]{lgs kf]n'6]G6 k]li6;fO{8O{lG8|g k/l;:6]G6 cu]{lgs kf]n'6]G6 k]li6;fO{8clN8|g k/l;:6]G6 cu]{lgs kf]n'6]G6 k]li6;fO{8X]K6fSnf]/ k/l;:6]G6 cu]{lgs kf]n'6]G6 k]li6;fO{8lDf/]S; k/l;:6]G6 cu]{lgs kf]n'6]G6 k]li6;fO{86f]S;fkm]g k/l;:6]G6 cu]{lgs kf]n'6]G6 k]li6;fO{8lnG8]g la= or= ;L=km:kmfld8gcu]{gf]ds{/L Snf]/fO{8ldyfon kf/fyfogDf]gf]s|f]6f]km;O08f]Nkmfg k/l;:6]G6 cu]{lgs kf]n'6]G6 k]li6;fO{8kmf]/]6 @)&@.#.@# sf] ljiffbL ;ldltsf] a}7saf6 k|ltjlGwt


cg';"rL #M hLjgfzs ljiffbL ;DaGwL Joj:yf ug{ jg]sf] P]g, @)$*hLgfzs ljiffbL P]g, @)$*

nfndf]x/ / k|sfzg ldlt@)$*÷@÷@!

;+zf]wg ug]{ P]gu0ftGq ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf s]xL g]kfn sfg"g ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g, @)^^ @)^^÷!)÷&

@)$* ;fnsf] P]g g+= !!hLjgfzs ljiffbL ;DaGwL Joj:yf ug]{ ag]sf] P]g

k|:tfjgf M ljleGg aLp, la¿jf, ?v, kz', k+IfL cflbdf nfUg] 3fts sL6f0f'x¿ gfz ug{ k|of]u ul/g] hLjgfzs ljiffbLsf] cfoft, lgof{t, pTkfbg, lsgj]r tyf k|of]u ;DaGwL Joj:yf ug{ jf~5gLo ePsf]n], >L % dxf/fhflw/fh jL/]Gb| jL/ ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !@( adf]lhd dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;Nnfx / ;Ddltn] of] P]g agfOaS;]sf] 5 . != ;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/De M -!_ o; P]gsf] gfd æhLjgfzs ljiffbL P]g, @)$*Æ /x]sf] 5 . -@_ of] P]g g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L tf]lslbPsf] If]qdf tf]lslbPsf]

ldltb]lv k|f/De x'g] 5 .* @= kl/efiff M ljifo jf k|;Fun] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; P]gdf– -s_ æljiffbLÆ eGgfn] aLpm, la¿jf, ?v, kz',

k+5L cflbdf nfUg] 3fts ls6f0f'x¿ gfz ug{ k|of]u ul/g] hLjgfzs ljiffbL -k]:6L;fO8\;\_ ;Demg' k5{ . -v_ æ;ldltÆ eGgfn] bkmf # adf]lhd ul7t ljiffbL ;ldlt ;Demg' k5{ . -u_ æ;"rLt ljiffbLÆ eGGffn] bkmf !) adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;"rLt cfb]zåf/f tf]s]sf] ljiffbL ;Demg' k5{ . -3_ ætf]lsPsf]Æ jf ætf]lsP adf]lhdÆ eGgfn] o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf lgoddf tf]lsPsf] jf tf]lsP adf]lhd ;Demg' k5{ .

#= ljiffbL ;ldltsf] u7g M -!_ ljiffbL ;DaGwL /fli6«o gLlt lgwf{/0f ug]{ ljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos k/fdz{ lbg / ljiffbL ;DaGwL /fli6«o gLlt sfof{Gjog ug{ Ps ljiffbL ;ldltsf] u7g x'g] 5 .

-@_ ;ldltdf b]xfosf ;b:ox¿ /xg]5g\ –

-s_ ;lrj, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno – cWoIf

-v_ ;x–;lrj, hg;+Vof tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno – ;b:o

-u_ dxflgb]{zs, s[lif ljefu– ;b:o

-3_ dxflgb]{zs, g]kfn u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefu – ;b:o

-ª_ sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb – ;b:o

-r_ k|d'v, Olk8]ldof]nf]hL tyf /f]u lgoGq0f dxfzfvf :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefu – ;b:o

-5_ g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f dgf]lgt s[lif j}1flgs – ;b:o

-h_ k|d'v, Aofj;flos sL6 lj1fg dxfzfvf, s[lif ljefu – ;b:o

-em_ g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f dgf]lgt kz' j}1flgs – ;b:o

-`_ g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f dgf]lgt ag j}1flgs – ;b:o

-6_ g]kfn ;/sf/4f/f dgf]lgt ljiffbL pBdL

-7_ g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f dgf]lgt pkef]Qmf s[ifs – ;b:o

-8_ k|d'v, u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f dxfzfvf, s]lGb|o vfB cg';Gwfgzfnf – ;b:o

-9_ k|d'v, afnL/f]u dxfzfvf, g]kfn s[lifcg';Gwfg kl/ifb – ;b:o

-0f_ k|d'v, sL6 lj1fg dxfzfvf, g]kfn s[lifcg';Gwfg kl/ifb – ;b:o

-t_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] JolQm – ;b:o ;lrj

-#_ pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -5_, -em_, -`_, -6_ / -7_ adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f dgf]lgt ;b:ox¿sf] kbfjlw b'O{ jif{sf] x'g] 5 / kbfjlw ;dfKt ePkl5 lghx¿ k'gM dgf]lgt x'g ;Sg] 5g\ .

* of] P]g ldlt @)%!÷$÷! b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L tf]lsPsf] . -g]kfn /fhkq ldlt @)%)÷!)÷@%_ .


-$_ pkbkmf -#_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -5_, -em_,-`_,-6_ / -7_ adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f dgf]lgt ;b:onfO{ lghsf] kbfjlw k"/f gx'Fb} g]kfn ;/sf/n] x6fpg ;Sg] 5 .

-%_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos b]v]df g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L ;ldltsf ;b:ox?df cfjZos yk36 jf x]/km]/ ug{ ;Sg] 5 .

-^_ ;ldltn] cfjZos b]v]df s'g} :jb]zL jf ljb]zL ljz]if1 jf ;Nnfxsf/nfO{ ;ldltsf] a}7sdf ko{j]Ifssf] ?kdf cfdGq0f ug{ ;Sg] 5 .

$= ;ldltsf] j}7s / lg0f{o M

-!_ ;ldltsf] j}7s cWoIfn] tf]s]sf] ldlt, ;do / :yfgdf a:g] 5 .

-@_ ;ldltsf] s"n ;b:o ;+Vofsf] krf; k|ltzt ;b:ox¿ pkl:yt ePdf j}7ssf] nflu u0fk"/s ;+Vof k'u]sf] dflgg] 5 .

-#_ ;ldltsf] j}7ssf] cWoIftf cWoIfn] ug]{ 5 / lghsf] cg'kl:yltdf j}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:ox¿n] cfkm" dWo]af6 5fg]sf] ;b:on] ug]{ 5 .

-$_ ;ldltsf] j}7sdf jx'dtsf] /fo dfGo x'g] 5 / dt a/fa/ ePdf cWoIfn] lg0f{ofTds dt lbg] 5 .

-%_ ;ldltsf] lg0f{o ;b:o–;lrjåf/f k|dfl0ft ul/g] 5 .

-^_ ;ldltsf] a}7s;DaGwL cGo sfo{ljlw ;ldlt cfkm}n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g] 5 .

%= ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g] 5 M–

-s_ ljiffbL ;DaGwL /fli6«o gLlt th{'df ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k/fdz{ lbg] .

-v_ ljiffbL pTkfbg tyf ljt/0f sfo{df lghL tyf ;/sf/L If]qaLr ;dGjo sfod ug]{ .

-u ljiffbL pBf]udf nufgL ug{ lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .

-3_ lghL jf ;/sf/L If]qdf ;~rflnt ljiffbL pBf]ux¿af6 pTkfbg x'g] ljiffbLsf] u'0f:t/ lgoldt jf lgolGqt ug]{ u/fpg] .

-ª_ ljiffbLsf] u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ .

^= pk–;ldltx¿ u7g ug{ ;Sg] M

-!_ ljiffbLsf] cfoft, lgof{t, pTkfbg tyf laqmL ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;"rf¿ ¿kn] ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu ;ldltn] cfjZostfg';f/ ljleGg pk–;ldltx¿ u7g ug{ ;Sg] 5 .

-@_ pk–;ldltx¿sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tyf j}7s ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g] 5 .

&= ljiffbL kl~hs/0f -btf{_ ug]{ lgsfosf] :yfkgf M ljiffbL kl~hs/0f ;DaGwL sfo{ ug{sf]] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L Pp6f ljiffbL kl~hs/0f lgsfosf] :yfkgf ug{ ;Sg] 5 .

*= ljiffbL kl~hs/0f ug]{ lgsfosf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M

-!_ ljiffbL kl~hs/0f ug]{ lgsfosf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g] 5 .

-s_ ljiffbL kl~hs/0f ug{sf] nflu k|fKt x'g cfPsf lgj]bgx¿ pk/ 5fgljg u/L pko'Qm 7xl/Psf ljiffbLsf] kl~hs/0f ug]{ / k|df0f kq lbg] .

-v_ ljiffbLsf] ;Ifd, ljj]sk"0f{ / plrt k|of]usf] nflu k"jf{wf/ tof/ ug]{ .

-@_ ljiffbL kl~hs/0f ug]{ lgsfosf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ / ljiffbL kl~hs/0f ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ sfo{ljlw tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g] 5 .


(= ljiffbL kl~hs/0f u/fO{ k|df0f–kq lng' kg]{ M s'g} klg JolQm, ;+:yf jf lgsfon] cfoft, lgof{t, pTkfbg, k|of]u jf lsga]r ug]{ ljiffbL ;f] sfo{ ug'{ cl3 clgjfo{ ?kdf bkmf & adf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf] lgsfodf tf]lsPsf] b:t'/ lt/L kl~hs/0f u/fO{ k|df0f–kq lng' kg]{ 5 .

!)= ;"rLt ljiffbL M bkmf ( adf]lhd kl~hs/0f ePsf ljiffbLsf] gfd ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ug]{ 5 .

!!= ;"rLt ljiffbL afx]s cGo ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ug{ gx'g] M g]kfn ;/sf/n] bkmf !) adf]lhd ;"rLt u/]sf] ljiffbL afx]s cGo ljiffbL cfoft, lgof{t, pTkfbg, k|of]u jf lsga]r ug{ kfOg] 5}g .

!@= Ohfhtkq lng'kg]]{ M ;"rLt ljiffbLsf] ;+Zn]if0f -kmd{'n]';g_, laqmL ljt/0f jf Jo.j;flos ?kdf k|of]u ug]{ JolQmn] tf]lsPsf] b:t'/ lt/L ;ldltaf6 Ohfht kq lng' kg]{ 5 .

!#= ljiffbL lg/LIfssf] lgo'QmL M o; P]gsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZostfg';f/ ljiffbL lg/LIfsx¿ lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg] 5 . To;/L ljiffbL lg/LIfs lgo'Qm gePsf] cj:yfdf To:tf lg/LIfssf] sfd ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cGo s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]Sg ;Sg] 5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] hLjgfzs ljiffbL P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf & sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu s[lif ljefu, afnL ;+/If0f lgb]{zgfno, ljiffbL kl~hs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg zfvfnfO{ ljiffbL kl~hs/0f lgsfo tf]s]sf] 5 – g]kfn /fhkq, v08 %%, ;+Vof $ ldlt @)^@.!.@^_

!$= ljiffbL lg/LIfssf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M ljiffbL lg/LIfssf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g] 5 .

!%= b08 ;hfo M

-!_ bkmf ( pNn+3g ug]{ JolQmnfO{ b'O{ xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'g] 5 / To:tf] ljiffbL ;d]t hkmt x'g] 5 .

-@_ bkmf !! jf !@ pNn+3g ug]{ JolQmnfO{ kfFr xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'g] 5 / To:tf] ljiffbL ;d]t hkmt x'g] 5 .

-#_ dfly pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ df n]lvP b]lv afx]s of] P]g / o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgodfjnLsf] ljkl/t s'g} sfd sf/jfxL ug]{ u/fpg] JolQmnfO{ Ps xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'g] 5 .

!^= ;/sf/jfbL x'g] M o; P]g cGtu{tsf] d'2f g]kfn ;/sf/jfbL x'[g]5 .

!&= d'2fsf] txsLsft / bfo/L M -!_ o; P]g adf]lhd ;hfo x'g] s;"/ ;DaGwL d'2fsf] txsLsft ljiffbL lg/LIfsn] ug]{ 5 / To:tf] txsLsftsf] sfd k"/f ePkl5 d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf d'2f bfo/ ug]{ 5 . -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd d'2f txsLsft / bfo/ ubf{ ljiffbL lg/LIfsn] ;/sf/L jsLnsf] /fo lng ;Sg] 5 .

!*= lgod agfpg] clwsf/ M o; P]gsf] p2]Zo sfo{Gjog ug{sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos lgodx¿ agfpg ;Sg] 5 .

nfndf]x/ ;b/ ldlt M @)$*.@.@!.# g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ldlt M @)$*.@.@! -efu @, v08 $!, cltl/Qmf+s !@_

b|J6JoM!= s]xL g]kfn sfg"g ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g, @)^# adf]lhd ?kfGt/ ePsf zAbx?M– æ>L % sf] ;/sf/Æ eGg] zAbsf] ;§f æg]kfn ;/sf/Æ .@_ u0ftGq ;'9[9Ls/0f tyf s]xL g]kfn sfg"g ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g, @)^^ åf/f æ>L % sf] k|zfl:tÆ / æclw/fHoÆ

eGg] zAbx? lemlsPsf 5g\ .


cg';"rL $M hLjgfzs ljiffbL lgodfjnL, @)%)hLjgfzs ljiffbL lgodfjnL, @)%) -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^$ ;lxt_ hLjgfzs ljiffbL P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !* n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] b]xfosf lgodx¿ jgfPsf] 5 . != ;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/De M -!_ oL lgodx¿sf] gfd æhLjgfzs ljiffbL lgodfjnL, @)%)Æ /x]sf] 5 . -@_ of]

lgodfjnL P]g nfu' ePsf] ldltb]lv k|f/De x'g] 5 . @= kl/efiff M ljifo jf k|;Fun] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; lgodfjnLdf, -s_ æP]gÆ eGgfn] hLjgfzs ljiffbL P]g,

@)$* ;Demg' k5{ . -v_ æsfof{noÆ eGgfn] g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f :yfkgf ePsf] sfof{no ;Demg' k5{ . -u_ æsG6]g/Æ eGgfn] ljiffbLnfO{ /fVg, 5f]Kg, jGb ug{, ;dfj]z ug{ jf Kofs ug{nfO{ k|of]u ul/g] efF8f] jf a§f jf kf]sf ;Demg' k5{ . -3_ æ;"rskq -n]jn_Æ eGgfn] ljiffbL jf ljiffbL /flvPsf] sG6]g/ jf sG6]g/sf] aflx/L efudf jf ljiffbLsf] kf]sfdf n]lvPsf], 5flkPsf] jf /]vfª\s ul/Psf] ljiffbL ;DaGwL ;"rgf ;Demg' k5{ . -ª_ ælg/LIfsÆ eGgfn] P]gsf] bkmf !# adf]lhd lgo'lQm ljiffbL lg/LIfs ;Dem\g' k5{ .

#= ljiffbL kl~hs/0fsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg'kg]{ M -!_ s'g} ljiffbL cfoft, lgof{t, pTkfbg ug{ rfxg] JolQm÷;+:yf jf lgsfon] To:tf] sfo{ ug'{ cl3 To:tf] ljiffbLnfO{ P]gsf] bkmf ( adf]lhd kl~hs/0f u/fpgsf] nflu ;ldltn] tf]lslbPsf] 9fFrfdf kl~hs/0f b:t'/ Psxhf/ ?k}ofF ;d]t ;+nUg /fvL sfof{no ;dIf lgj]bg lbg' kg]{ 5 . -@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd ljiffbL kl~hs/0f ug{ lgj]bg lbg] JolQm, ;+:yf jf lgsfon] kl~hs/0fsf] ;DaGwdf sfof{non] dfu]sf] ljiffbL;Fu ;DalGwt cfjZos k|fljlws tyf cGo hfgsf/Lx¿ pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ 5 .

$= ljiffbL kl~hs/0f ug]{ M -!_ lgod # jdf]lhd ljiffbL kl~hs/0f u/fpgsf] nflu s'g} lgj]bg k/]df sfof{non] cfjZos hfFra'em u/L To:tf] ljiffbLaf6 dflg; jf kz'k+IfLnfO{ jf kof{oj/0fdf kg]{ c;/nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ljgf s'g} zt{ jf zt{ ;lxt kl~hs/0f u/L lgj]bsnfO{ ;ldltn] tf]lslbPsf] 9fFrfdf ljiffbL kl~hs/0fsf] k|df0fkq lbg' kg{]5 . -@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd lbOPsf] ljiffbL kl~hs/0f k|df0fkqsf] dfGotf cjlw kfFr jif{ x'g] 5 . -#_ pklgod -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtf klg sfof{non] ljiffbL kl~hs/0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf lgj]bsx¿;Fu dfu]sf] ljiffbL;Fu ;DalGwt tYof+sx¿ k|fKt gx'~h]n;Dd ljiffbL kl~hs/0f ug]{ 5}g .

%= ljiffbL kl~hs/0f ug{ OGsf/ ug{ ;Sg] M -!_ s'g} ljiffbL kl~hs/0f ug{ lgj]bg lbg] lgj]bsn] g]kfn clw/fHodf To:tf] ljiffbLsf] pkof]usf] cfjZostf k|dfl0ft ug{ g;s]df jf sfof{nosf] b[li6sf]0fdf To:tf] ljiffbLsf] pkof]un] dflg; jf kz'k+IfLnfO{ jf jftfj/0fdf k|lts'n c;/ kg]{ ;Defjgf b]v]df ;f] sf] sf/0f pNn]v u/L sfof{non] To:tf] ljiffbLsf] kl~hs/0f ug{ OGsf/ ug{ ;Sg] 5 . -@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd sfof{non] s'g} ljiffbL kl~hs/0f ug{ OGsf/ u/]df To:sf] sf/0f ;lxtsf] ;"rgf lgj]bsnfO{ lbg'kg]{ 5 . -#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ lgj]bsn] To:tf] lg0f{osf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;ldlt ;dIf lnlvt ?kdf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg] 5 / To:tf] lgj]bgsf] ;DaGwdf ;ldltn] u/]sf] lg0f{o clGtd x'g] 5 .

^= ljiffbLsf] kl~hs/0f vf/]h jf lgnDag ug{ ;Sg] M ;ldltsf] b[li6sf]0fdf lgod $ adf]lhd kl~hs/0f ePsf] ljiffbLsf] lg/Gt/ k|of]u ck||efjsf/L 7xl/Pdf jf To:tf] ljiffbLsf] ;fdfGo k|of]uaf6 klg dflg; jf kz'k+IfLnfO{ jf jftfj/0fdf k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ ;Defjgf ePdf ;ldltn] h'g;'s} ;dodf klg To:tf] ljiffbLsf] kl~hs/0f vf/]h ug{ jf s'g} vf; ;do;Ddsf] nflu lgnDag ug{ ;Sg] 5 . To;/L vf/]h jf lgnDag ul/Psf] s'/fsf] ;"rgf g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ug{' kg]{ 5 .

&= ljiffbL k}7f/Lsf] ljj/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ M -!_ ljiffbL k}7f/L ug{ Ohfht k|fKt k|To]s JolQm, ;+:yf jf lgsfon] Ps cfly{s jif{df k}7f/L u/]sf] ljiffbL, To:sf] kl/df0f / d"No ;d]t pNn]v u/L ;ldltn] tf]lslbPsf] 9fFrfdf k|To]s cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] tLg dlxgfleq jf ;ldltn] dfu u/]df ;f] eGbf cufj} sfof{no ;dIf ljj/0f k]z ug'{ kg]{ 5 . -@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd k}7f/Lstf{n] ljiffbL k}7f/Lsf] ljj/0f glbPdf To:tf] ljiffbLsf] kl~hs/0f sfof{nosf] l;kmfl/zdf ;ldltn] /2 ug{ ;Sg] 5 .

==========================================================================================================================================================g]kfn /fhdq v08 $# ;+Vof $@ ldlt @)%). !). @% sf] ;"rgf cg';f/ hLjgfzs ljiffbL P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ! sf] pkbkmf -@_ n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L pQm P]g ldlt @)%!. $. ! b]lv clw/fHoe/ k|f/De x'g] u/L tf]s]sf] 5 .


*= sG6]g/ / ;"rskqsf] :jLs[lt M -!_ s'g} klg ljiffbL laqmL ljt/0f ug{ rfxg] JolQm, ;+:yf jf lgsfon] sG6]g/ / ;"rskqsf] :jLs[ltsf] nflu sG6]g/ / ;"r skqsf] gd"gf ;d]t ;+nUg /fvL ;ldltn] tf]lslbPsf] 9fFrfdf sfof{no ;dIf lgj]bg lbg' kg]{ 5 . -@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd lgj]bg k/]df sfof{non] ;ldltn] tf]lslbPsf] :t/ cg'¿k sG6]g/ eP gePsf] / ;"rskqdf pNn]v ul/g' kg]{ ;a} s'/f pNn]v eP gePsf] olsg u/L sG6]g/ / ;"rskq :jLs[t ug{' kg]{ 5 .

(= laqmL ljt/0f ug{ gx'g] M -!_ j}1flgs k|of]u jf cg';Gwfgsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu k}7f/L ul/Psf] ljiffbL laqmL ljt/0f ug{' x'Fb}g . -@_ s'g} klg ljiffbL sfof{noaf6 :jLs[t sG6]g/df g/fvL laqmL ljt/0f ug{' x'Fb}g . -#_ s'g} klg ljiffbL sfof{noaf6 :jLs[t ;"rskq g6fF;]sf] sG6]g/df /fvL laqmL ljt/0f ug'{ x'Fb}g .

!)= Ohfhtkq lng'kg]{ M s'g} klg JolQm, ;+:yf jf lgsfon] ljiffbL laqmL ug{, ;+Zn]if0f ug{ jf 5s{g] Joj;fo ug{ rfx]df ;ldltaf6 Ohfhtkq lng' kg]{ 5 .

!!= Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg'kg]{ M s'g} JolQm, ;+:yf jf lgsfon] lgod !) adf]lhd Ohfhtkq lng rfx]df ;ldltn] tf]lslbPsf] 9fFrfdf ljiffbLsf] v'b|f laqm]tfsf] nfuL Ohfhtkq b:t'/ kfrF ;o ?k}ofF, ljiffbL 5s{g] Joj;foLsf] Ohfhtkqsf] nfuL kfFr xhf/ ?k}of / ljiffbL ;+Zn]if0f ug{ Ohfht kqsf] nfuL bz xhf/ ?k}of ;d]t ;+nUg /fvL ;ldlt ;dIf lgj]bg lbg' kg]{ 5 .

!@= ljiffbLsf] v'b|f ljqm]tfnfO{ Ohfhtkq lbg] M -!_ s'g} JolQm, ;+:yf jf lgsfon] ljiffbLsf] v'b|f laqmL ug{sf] nflu lgod !! adf]lhd ;ldlt ;dIf Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbPdf ;ldltn] ljiffbL / To;sf] k|of]u ;DaGwL 1fgsf] ;DaGwdf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dfkb08sf cwLgdf /xL tt\ ;DaGwdf cfjZos hfFrj'em u/L Ohfhtkq lbg pkoQm b]v]df ;ldltn] tf]s]sf] 9fFrfdf v'b|f ljqm]tfsf] Ohfhtkq lbg ;Sg] 5 . -@_ ljiffbLsf] v'b|f ljqm]tfn] Ohfhtkqdf pNn]v ePsf zt{ / cj:yfx¿ kfng ug'{ kg]{ 5 .

!#= ljiffbL 5s{g] Joj;foLnfO{ Ohfhtkq lbg] M -!_ s'g} JolQm, ;+:yf jf lgsfon] Joj;flos ?kdf ljiffbL 5s{gsf] nflu lgod !! adf]lhd ;ldlt ;dIf Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbPdf ;ldltn] ljiffbL k|of]usf ;DaGwdf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dfkb08sf cwLgdf /xL tt\ ;DjGwdf cfjZos hfFrj'em u/L Ohfhtkq lbg pko'Qm b]v]df ;ldltn] tf]s]sf] 9fFrfdf ljiffbL 5s{g] Joj;foLsf] Ohfht kq lbg ;Sg] 5 . -@_ ljiffbL 5s{g] Joj;foLn] Ohfhtkqdf pNn]v ePsf zt{ / cj:yfx¿ kfng ug'{ kg]{ 5 .

!$= ljiffbL ;+Zn]if0f ug]{nfO{ Ohfhtkq lbg] M -!_ s'g} JolQm, ;+:yf jf lgsfon] ljiffbL ;+Zn]if0f ug{sf] nflu lgod !! adf]lhd ;ldlt ;dIf Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbPdf ;ldltn] ljiffbL ;+Zn]if0fsf ;DaGwdf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dfkb08sf] cwLgdf /xL tt\ ;DaGwdf cfjZos hfFrj'em u/L Ohfhtkq lbg pko'Qm b]v]df ;ldltn] tf]s]sf] 9fFrfdf ljiffbL ;+Zn]if0f ug]{ Ohfhtkq lbg ;Sg] 5 . -@_ ljiffbL ;+Zn]if0f ug]{n] Ohfhtkqdf pNn]v ePsf zt{ / cj:yfx¿ kfngf ug{' kg]{ 5 .

!%= Ohfhtkqsf] dfGotfsf] cjlw / gjLs/0f M -!_ lgod !@, !# jf !$ adf]lhd k|bfg ul/Psf] Ohfhtkqsf] dfGotfsf] cjlw tLg jif{sf] x'g] 5 . -@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd lbOPsf] Ohfhtkqsf] cjlw ;dfKt ePsf] ldltn] #% lbg leq gjLs/0f b:t'/ afkt ljiffbLsf] v'b|f ljqm]tfsf] Ohfht kqsf] nflu b'O{ ;o ?k}of, ljiffbL 5s{g] Joj;foLsf] Ohfhtkqsf] nflu Ps xhf/ ?k}of / ljiffbL ;+Zn]if0f ug]{ Ohfht kqsf] nfuL b'O{xhf/ ?k}of ;+nUg u/L gjLs/0fsf] nflu ;dIf lgj]bg lbg' kg]{ 5 . #_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhdsf] Dofb ;dfKt ePsf] ldltn] tL; lbgleq Ohfhtkq gljs/0f ug{ cfPdf lanDa z'Ns afkt ljiffbL v'b|f ljqm]tfsf] Ohfhtkqsf] nflu yk tLg ;o ?k}of, ljiffbL 5s{g] Joj;foLsf] Ohfhtkqsf] nflu yk Ps xhf/ kfrF ;o ?k}of / ljiffbL ;+Zn]if0f ug]{ Ohfhtkqsf] nflu yk ltg xhf/ ?k}of lnO{ gljs/0f ul/lbg' kg]{ 5 . o;/L gljs/0f ul/Psf] Ohfhtkqsf] dfGotfsf] cjlw @ jif{sf] x'g] 5 . $_ pklgod -#_ adf]lhdsf] cjlw leq gljs/0f gu/fO{sf Ohfhtkq :jtM /2 x'g] 5g\ .

!^= Ohfhtkq /2 ug{ ;lsg] M lgod !@, !# jf !$ adf]lhd Ohfhtkq k|fKt JolQm, ;+:yf jf lgsfon] cfkm"n] kfng ug'{kg]{ zt{x¿ k"/f gu/]sf] b]lvPdf To:tf] JolQm, ;+:yf jf lgsfon] k|fKt u/]sf] Ohfhtkq ;ldltn] /2 ug{ ;Sg] 5 .

!&= ljiffbL lg/LIfsnfO{ kl/rokq pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ M -!_ P]gsf] bkmf !# adf]lhd lgo'Qm ePsf ljiffbL lg/LIfsx¿sf] klxrfgsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] lghx¿nfO{ sd{rf/L kl/rokq pknAw u/fpg] 5 . -@_ P]g / o; lgodfjnL adf]lhd lg/LIfsn] cfkm\gf] st{Josf] kfng ubf{ jf cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ s;}n] lghsf] kl/rokq x]g{ vf]h]df pk–lgod -!_ adf]lhd lghn] k|fKt u/]sf] sd{rf/L kl/rokq b]vfpg' kg]{ 5 .


!*= lg/LIfssf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M -!_ lg/LIfsn] cfkm\gf] st{Jo kfng ug]{ ;DjGwdf h'g;'s} ;dodf s'g} 3/, hUuf, ;jf/L, xjfO{hxfh, sf/vfgf, jfl0fHo s]Gb|, e08f/, 6x/f cflbdf k|j]z u/L s'g} klg sfuhft jf clen]vsf] hfFrj'em jf lg/LIf0f ug{ ;Sg] 5 . -@_ P]g / o; lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yfsf] ljk/Lt s;}n] ljiffbL k}7f/L jf laqmL u/]df lg/LIfsn] To:tf] ljiffbL cfˆgf] sAhfdf lng ;Sg] 5 .

!(= pk–;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tyf j}7s ;DjlGw sfo{ljlw M -!_ P]gsf] bkmf ̂ sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ul7t pk–;ldltx¿sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g] 5 M– -s_ ljiffbLsf] cfoft, lgof{t, pTkfbg tyf laqmL ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;'rf¿ ¿kn] ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu ;ldltnfO{ cfjZos ;Nnfx pknAw u/fpg] . -v_ ljiffbLsf] cfoft, lgof{t, pTkfbg tyf laqmL ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;'rf? ?kn] ;~rfng ug{ ;ldltn] tf]s]sf] cGo sfo{x¿ ug]{ . -@_ pk–;ldltx¿sf] j}7s ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw ;ldltn] tf]s] adf]lhd x'g] 5 .

@)= lgb]{lzsf agfO{ nfu" ug]{ M P]g / o; lgodfjnLsf] sfof{Gjog k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 ug{ ;ldltn] cfjZostfg';f/ ljiffbL;Fu ;DalGwt s'/fx¿sf ;DaGwdf lgb]{lzsf agfO hf/L ug{ ;Sg] 5 / To;/L hf/L ul/Psf] lgb]{lzsfsf] kfng ug'{ ;DalGwt ;a}sf] st{Jo x'g] 5 .

g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ldlt M @)^$. ^. !$ -klxnf] ;+zf]wg_ -efu #, v08 %&, ;+Vof @%_

hLjgfzs ljiffbL Joj:yfkg ;xof]uL k'l:tsf��0

#!= ?kfGt/ tflnsfgfk! ld6/ Ö !))) ld=dL= ! lkm6 Ö !@ OGr Ö !)) ;]=dL= Ö #)=$* ;]=dL= Ö #(=#& OGr ! uh Ö # lkm6! ls=ld= Ö !))) ld6/ Ö (!=$$ ;]=dL=! OGr Ö @=% ;]=dL= ! dfOn Ö !&^) uh Ö !=^ ls=ld=tf}n! u|fd Ö !))) ld= u|f= ! 6g Ö !) lSjg6n! ls=u|f= Ö !))) u|fd ! dg Ö #&=#@ ls=u|f= Ö @=@ kfp08 Ö $) ;]/! kfp08 Ö !^ cf}; ! wfgL{ Ö @=@& ls= u|f=! lSjg6n Ö !)) ls=u|f= Ö % kfp08 Ö ! ;]/ $ kfpcfotg! ln6/ Ö !))) ld=ln= ! kfyL Ö $%$^ ld=ln= Ö )=@@ Uofng Ö $=% ln6/! d'/L Ö @) kfyL ! kfyL Ö * dfgf Ö ()=( ln6/ Ö ! klG6If]qkmn! x]S6/ Ö !),))) j=ld= ! w'/ Ö !*@=@% ju{ lkm6 Ö @=$& Ps8 ! s¶f Ö @) w'/ Ö !=$* lj3f ! lj3f Ö @) s¶f Ö !(=^^ /f]kgL Ö !#=#! /f]kgL Ö #) s¶f ! Ps8 Ö * /f]kgL! /f]kgL Ö %$&^ ju{ lkm6 Ö %#%^) ju{ lkm6 %)*=% ju{ ld= Ö )=$ x]S6/ !^ cfgf! cfgf Ö !^ bfd! bfd Ö $ k};ftfkqmd! ;]lG6u|]8 Ö -km/]gxfO6 – #@_ x )=%%%^km/]gxfO6 Ö -;]lG6u|]8 x !=*_ ± #@

#@= ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L

afnL ;+/If0f lgb]{zgfno, @)&#, ljiffbL k|of]u d'Qm ;Ktfx eSt/fh kflnv], @)^#, ljiffbL / jftfj/0f eSt/fh kflnv], @)^@, ljif nfu]sf nIf0fx? / k|fylds pkrf/ -;"rgf d"ns hgr]tgf hfu/0f ;Gb]z_eSt/fh kflnv], @)^@, ljiffbL ;DaGwL hfgsf/L -;"rgf d"ns hgr]tgf hfu/0f ;Gb]z_ hLjgfzs ljiffbL ;DaGwL Joj:yf ug{ jg]sf] P]g, @)$*hLjgfzs ljiffbL Joj:yfkg tflnd (TCP/NEP/3502) df ;+nUg >f]t JolQmsf sfo{kqx?, @)&# hLjgfzs ljiffbL lgodfjnL, @)%) -klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)^$ ;lxt_ ljiffbL kl~hs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg zfvf, @)&#, kl~hs[t ljiffbLx?sf] k|of]u ljlw k'l:tsf ljiffbL kl~hs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg zfvf, @)&), ljiffbL Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL lgb]{lzsfljiffbL kl~hs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg zfvf, @)&), ljiffbLsf ljljw kIfx?

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