LLC ResearchPresentation

8/11/2019 LLC ResearchPresentation

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Quantum Spookinessand Your Database(s)

Presentation by Lewis L Cawthorne


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QuantumMechanics

1) Quantum mechanics is weird (weird==very non-intuitive)

2) If I could leave it at that, I would... But we have some (FUN!) background to

dive into


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Basis of Crypto

1Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle

2 No-cloning Theorem


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Heisenberg Who?


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Heisenberg What?

Uncertainty was apparent in the earliest mathematical equations ofquantum physics. Experiments confirmed that it was a feature of thephysical systems and not merely a trick of the math

Uncertainty is a fact about nature inherent in all wave-like systems,and not merely an artifact of our limited measuring capabilities

This and the Observer effect ensure that no one can measure aquantum system without disturbing it in a manner that other partiescan detect; which is awesome for cryptographic key distribution


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Schrdinger's Cat

Image fromdantekgeek

on Flickr


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Super (position)kitty kitty kitty?

http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/experiments/schrodingerscat/

| Cat > = ( 1/2) |Live > + ( 1/2) |Dead >
http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/experiments/schrodingerscat/http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/experiments/schrodingerscat/


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Superposition!

A quantum particle exists partly in all of its theoretically possible states until wemeasure it. At that point, it takes on and remains in the state in which it wasmeasured.

A cat state is an entangled system where your final measurement will result inall 0 or all 1 with a 50- 50 chance. Such a cat state with involving multiplequbits could be described as follows:


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Qubits


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Bloch sphere

More visually for|0>, |1> and

standardcomplex

coefficients, wehave all the

possible states:

A classic bitcould be though

of as in the |0>or |1> state. Aqubit can beanywhere on

the surface.


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The Superposition

Pure State:

Mixed State:We represent a mixed state as a 2x2 matrix

A mixed state is a point inside the sphere


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Collapsing It

One cannot completely determine an unknown quantum statewithout disturbing the quantum state

Disturbing a quantum state irreversibly collapses the superposition Until you measure, the system can be thought of as a probability

distribution

After you measure, it is a pure value


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Hilbert Spaces


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Hilbert Info

Putting things further into perspective with the earlier sphere.

Pure states as rays in a Hilbert space Quantum physics is most commonly formulated in terms of linear algebra , as follows. Any given

system is identified with some finite- or infinite-dimensional Hilbert space . The pure statescorrespond to vectors of norm 1. Thus the set of all pure states corresponds to the unit sphere inthe Hilbert space. -- straight out of the Wikipedia entry on quantum state(also why I dont have to worry about this stuff most of the time and can just play with matrices) (Note: I happen to like Wikipedias wording better than any of the three books I have in arms reach)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_algebrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_spacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(mathematics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_spherehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_spherehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(mathematics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_spacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_algebra


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Basis Selection

Put simply, |0> and |1> with complex coefficients form an adequate basis forrepresentation of the three dimension space depicted by the Bloch sphere.


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No Cloning

1) You cannot clone (make a copy of) a quantum state.

2) Any attempt to copy a state will destroy the original state.


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Wow! What Else?

Well, for todays topic we dont even need:

1) Entanglement2) Quantum Teleportation

3) Quantum Tunneling

Although all three have their uses.Especially entanglement. Its the key to some cryptographic protocols and manyquantum algorithms. Entangled qubits are what make up a quantum register


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Why Do We Care?

1) Quantum computers can properly simulate quantum systems

2) Fourier Transforms

3) Shredding many modern cryptographic techniquesBasically any based upon factoring or discrete log

4) Faster search of unsorted data

5) Quantum key distribution can occur without quantum computers!


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Cryptography


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QKD from Above

http://www.raytheon.com/newsroom/technology_today/2010_i1/feature_9.html
http://www.raytheon.com/newsroom/technology_today/2010_i1/feature_9.htmlhttp://www.raytheon.com/newsroom/technology_today/2010_i1/feature_9.html


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Better Picture

A Multidisciplinary Introduction to Information Security, Stig Mjolsnes, Ch 5, November 9, 2011 by Chapman and Hall/CRC - 348 Pages


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Why QKD?

Dr. Vadim Makarov cryptography is the only known method for transmitting a secretkey over distance that is secure in principle and based on the laws of physics. Currentmethods for communicating secret keys are all based on unproven mathematicalassumptions.-- Dr. Vadim Makarov

http://m.techrepublic.com/blog/security/how-quantum-cryptography-works-and-by-the-way-its-breakable/7762
http://i.techrepublic.com.com/blogs/qkd4.jpghttp://m.techrepublic.com/blog/security/how-quantum-cryptography-works-and-by-the-way-its-breakable/7762http://m.techrepublic.com/blog/security/how-quantum-cryptography-works-and-by-the-way-its-breakable/7762http://m.techrepublic.com/blog/security/how-quantum-cryptography-works-and-by-the-way-its-breakable/7762http://m.techrepublic.com/blog/security/how-quantum-cryptography-works-and-by-the-way-its-breakable/7762http://m.techrepublic.com/blog/security/how-quantum-cryptography-works-and-by-the-way-its-breakable/7762http://m.techrepublic.com/blog/security/how-quantum-cryptography-works-and-by-the-way-its-breakable/7762http://m.techrepublic.com/blog/security/how-quantum-cryptography-works-and-by-the-way-its-breakable/7762http://m.techrepublic.com/blog/security/how-quantum-cryptography-works-and-by-the-way-its-breakable/7762http://m.techrepublic.com/blog/security/how-quantum-cryptography-works-and-by-the-way-its-breakable/7762http://m.techrepublic.com/blog/security/how-quantum-cryptography-works-and-by-the-way-its-breakable/7762http://m.techrepublic.com/blog/security/how-quantum-cryptography-works-and-by-the-way-its-breakable/7762http://m.techrepublic.com/blog/security/how-quantum-cryptography-works-and-by-the-way-its-breakable/7762http://m.techrepublic.com/blog/security/how-quantum-cryptography-works-and-by-the-way-its-breakable/7762http://m.techrepublic.com/blog/security/how-quantum-cryptography-works-and-by-the-way-its-breakable/7762http://m.techrepublic.com/blog/security/how-quantum-cryptography-works-and-by-the-way-its-breakable/7762http://m.techrepublic.com/blog/security/how-quantum-cryptography-works-and-by-the-way-its-breakable/7762http://m.techrepublic.com/blog/security/how-quantum-cryptography-works-and-by-the-way-its-breakable/7762http://m.techrepublic.com/blog/security/how-quantum-cryptography-works-and-by-the-way-its-breakable/7762http://m.techrepublic.com/blog/security/how-quantum-cryptography-works-and-by-the-way-its-breakable/7762http://m.techrepublic.com/blog/security/how-quantum-cryptography-works-and-by-the-way-its-breakable/7762http://i.techrepublic.com.com/blogs/qkd4.jpg


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Perfect? Crypto

Quantum Cryptography, or more precisely Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), isbased upon the fundamental laws of quantum physics. Unlike factoring forwhich we have no known fast solutions but that could change tomorrow, forquantum cryptography to fall to direct attacks it would require a change in the

laws of physics or at the very least prove that we have massively misunderstoodthem.


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Perfect? Haha..

In theory there is no difference between theoryand practice. In practice there is.

-- A fun quote often misattributed to whoever the attributersfavorite quotster might be...
http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/y/yogiberra141506.htmlhttp://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/y/yogiberra141506.htmlhttp://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/y/yogiberra141506.htmlhttp://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/y/yogiberra141506.html


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Modern Crypto IsSeldom the Breach


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Imperfect Devices

Nothing is perfect. Most quantum cryptography today relies on photondetectors. The devices have been compromised by some rather ingenious side-channel attacks. It appears that it is possible to blind the devices, and whendone properly can cause them to not detect tampering. An interesting

engineering hurdle to be overcome. Proof of concept fixes have already beendeveloped, and next generation devices should have other flaws (or hopefullynone) to contend with.


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Impractical

Distance limitations really hamper it anyway. 60 km tops was the standard. Thearticle that led me to looking into this from the Homeland Security Wire had managedto up that to 90 km over shared optic lines concurrently transmitting other data (veryimpressive actually), but you could stick limited data in an armored briefcase and driveit that far. That is some awesome progress though, especially in lowering entry barriers via shared cable usage. Thats better but is it better enough to justify replacingexisting, more flexible systems.


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Weak Use Cases

Ars Technica author Chris Lee summed it up beautifully:

Quantum cryptography is one of those amazing tools that came along beforeanyone really asked for it. Somehow there are companies out there selling very

high end, and "provably secure" cryptography gear, all based on fundamentalprinciples of quantum mechanics. Yet, despite being fundamentally unbreakable,there have been quite a few publications on more-or-less practical ways for Eveto eavesdrop on people whispering quantum sweet- nothings in darkened rooms.

http://arstechnica.com/security/2012/09/quantum-cryptography-yesterday-today-and-tomorrow/
http://arstechnica.com/security/2012/09/quantum-cryptography-yesterday-today-and-tomorrow/http://arstechnica.com/security/2012/09/quantum-cryptography-yesterday-today-and-tomorrow/http://arstechnica.com/security/2012/09/quantum-cryptography-yesterday-today-and-tomorrow/http://arstechnica.com/security/2012/09/quantum-cryptography-yesterday-today-and-tomorrow/http://arstechnica.com/security/2012/09/quantum-cryptography-yesterday-today-and-tomorrow/http://arstechnica.com/security/2012/09/quantum-cryptography-yesterday-today-and-tomorrow/http://arstechnica.com/security/2012/09/quantum-cryptography-yesterday-today-and-tomorrow/http://arstechnica.com/security/2012/09/quantum-cryptography-yesterday-today-and-tomorrow/http://arstechnica.com/security/2012/09/quantum-cryptography-yesterday-today-and-tomorrow/http://arstechnica.com/security/2012/09/quantum-cryptography-yesterday-today-and-tomorrow/http://arstechnica.com/security/2012/09/quantum-cryptography-yesterday-today-and-tomorrow/http://arstechnica.com/security/2012/09/quantum-cryptography-yesterday-today-and-tomorrow/


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Doesnt Matter

Security is a chain; it's as strong as the weakest link. Mathematicalcryptography, as bad as it sometimes is, is the strongest link inmost security chains. Our symmetric and public-key algorithms are

pretty good, even though they're not based on much rigorousmathematical theory. The real problems are elsewhere: computersecurity, network security, user interface and so on.-- Bruce Schneier


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But It Matters

QKD is seeing use today in the financial market. Wall Street likes to trade a lotof secure info in a very geographically limited space. It could also have its uses(or already be used) in government facilities, especially those clustered aroundDC areas to send lots of info around securely.

Currently available methods of QKD tend to involve both special (expensive)equipment and dedicated fiber optic lines for key distribution. You could morereasonably implement a share city-wide secure communication network forexample


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Major Changes?

Quantum Computing

Should we pass the hurdle of decoherence and get scalable systems, quantumcomputers will change certain things. From a non-scientist perspective, mainly

by breaking many modern cryptographic systems.

Of special interest in a database class though is how they can help search..


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Grovers Search

We can normally average n/2 search of unsorteddata.

Grover can do the same in sqrt(n).

A definite improvement.Performance, performance, performance.


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Grovers Search

Yes. Quadractic increase in search speed isnt as exciting as exponentialincrease in speed for factoring

Yes. It requires a quantum computer

Yes. Any speedup is still really awesome considering how much data is outthere and how unwieldy it can be keeping it sorted and to where you can locatewhat you need. (A fine reason for say, Google, to look into quantum computingshould it look as if it is about to become viable


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Grovers Search

Not only was Grovers the first useful quantum search algorithm, its apparentlyas fast as we can expect (at least asymptotically) in the quantum computation

model


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Grovers Search

I could fill this slide up with equations, and the next, and the next. A fill a wholelecture explaining them. Just trust me that as far as we can tell, if we can get aquantum computer to run it on, we have a way to search unsorted records inO(sqrt(n))


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But...

That if we get a quantum computer to run it on is quite the hold up

We arent going to conquer decoherence, and we wont see scalable quantumcomputers. (Just a pessimistic guess on my part)

Either way, theres more than enough reason for the engineers to continuetrying to build the things


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What Now?

QKD exists. It is out there. Lets look at some examples!


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DARPA

2003!?

The DARPA Quantum Network In 2003, in collaboration with Boston University and Harvard

University, Raytheon BBN Technologies deployed the world's firstquantum key distribution network in the metropolitan Boston areahttp://www.raytheon.com/newsroom/technology_today/2010_i1/ feature_9.html
http://www.raytheon.com/newsroom/technology_today/2010_i1/feature_9.htmlhttp://www.raytheon.com/newsroom/technology_today/2010_i1/feature_9.htmlhttp://www.raytheon.com/newsroom/technology_today/2010_i1/feature_9.htmlhttp://www.raytheon.com/newsroom/technology_today/2010_i1/feature_9.html


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SECOQC

http://www.secoqc.ne t/08.10.2008

QKD Network Demonstration and conference

The first live demonstration of a working quantum key distribution (QKD) network took place in Vienna on Oct 6, 2008 in the frameworkof the SECOQC Demonstration and International Conference . Eight QKD-links were combined in a novel quantum-back-bone network

physically deployed within a typical metropolitan area network to connect different company sites from SIEMENS Austria. Typicalapplications for QKD, to secure data traffic from telephony and video conferencing, were included in the demonstration.

Note: Project disbanded in 2010
http://www.secoqc.net/http://www.secoqc.net/http://www.secoqc.net/


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ID Quantique

ID Quantique (IDQ) markets the Cerberis quantum key distribution server devicewhich works to handle the key distribution needs of their Centauris AESsolution. It requires an optical fiber, but other than that just handles thenecessary key exchanges to make the encrypted communication happen.

http://www.idquantique.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52
http://www.idquantique.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52http://www.idquantique.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52


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ID Quantique

ID Quantique is based out of Geneva, Switzerland

They tend to cater to government and banking sectors in Europe, and theirquantum offerings are billed as best for those seeking uncompromised security

ID Quantiques Cerberis product was used to protect the ballots in the 2007Swiss elections


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ID Quantique

QKD is a new technology and it exploits quantum physics. It is certainly complex to deploy and operate, isntit?

No, QKD is not complex to deploy. It has reached a level of maturity such that it only takes a typicalnetwork engineer a few minutes to install a QKD system. Moreover it can be managed using standardnetwork administration tools.

http://www.idquantique.com/component/content/article.html?id=105


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SwissQuantum

SWISS QUANTUMIn January 2011 Swissquantum successfully completed the longest running project fortesting Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) in a field environment. The main goal of theSwissQuantum network, installed in the Geneva metropolitan area in March 2009, was tovalidate the reliability and robustness of QKD in continuous operation in a network over along time period in a field environment. The quantum layer ran stably for nearly 2 years,

confirming the viability of QKD as a commercial encryption technology intelecommunication networks.

http://swissquantum.idquantique.com


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Rumor Has It

It is believed by some that a dedicated line for QKD connects the White Houseto the Pentagon, along with several links to military sites nearby.

Keep in mind, it has also been rumored that as of 2000 that the government was

all in on developing teleportation devices and had made progress.


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References1. Alternative schemes for measurement-device- independent quantum key distribution, Ma, Xiongfeng; Razavi, Mohsen.

PHYSICAL REVIEW A (1050-2947). DEC 19 2012.Vol.86,Iss.62. http://www.wired.com/politics/security/commentary/securitymatters/2008/10/securitymatters_1016

It may be Wired.com, but it is also Bruce Schneier3. Quantum cryptography conquers noise problem, Zeeya Merali

ture doi:10.1038/nature.2012.118494. http://www.idquantiue.com /5. http://www.raytheon.com /6. https://www.networkworld.com/news/2007/101007-quantum-cryptography-secure-ballots.html 7. A Brief History of Quantum Computing

http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_97/journal/vol4/spb3/
http://www.wired.com/politics/security/commentary/securitymatters/2008/10/securitymatters_1016http://www.idquantiue.com/http://www.raytheon.com/https://www.networkworld.com/news/2007/101007-quantum-cryptography-secure-ballots.htmlhttp://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_97/journal/vol4/spb3/http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_97/journal/vol4/spb3/https://www.networkworld.com/news/2007/101007-quantum-cryptography-secure-ballots.htmlhttps://www.networkworld.com/news/2007/101007-quantum-cryptography-secure-ballots.htmlhttps://www.networkworld.com/news/2007/101007-quantum-cryptography-secure-ballots.htmlhttps://www.networkworld.com/news/2007/101007-quantum-cryptography-secure-ballots.htmlhttps://www.networkworld.com/news/2007/101007-quantum-cryptography-secure-ballots.htmlhttps://www.networkworld.com/news/2007/101007-quantum-cryptography-secure-ballots.htmlhttps://www.networkworld.com/news/2007/101007-quantum-cryptography-secure-ballots.htmlhttps://www.networkworld.com/news/2007/101007-quantum-cryptography-secure-ballots.htmlhttps://www.networkworld.com/news/2007/101007-quantum-cryptography-secure-ballots.htmlhttp://www.raytheon.com/http://www.idquantiue.com/http://www.wired.com/politics/security/commentary/securitymatters/2008/10/securitymatters_1016


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Questions?

http://gajitz.com/the-quantum-cat-is-out-of-the-bag-made-of- lasers /
http://gajitz.com/the-quantum-cat-is-out-of-the-bag-made-of-lasers/http://gajitz.com/the-quantum-cat-is-out-of-the-bag-made-of-lasers/http://gajitz.com/the-quantum-cat-is-out-of-the-bag-made-of-lasers/http://gajitz.com/the-quantum-cat-is-out-of-the-bag-made-of-lasers/http://gajitz.com/the-quantum-cat-is-out-of-the-bag-made-of-lasers/http://gajitz.com/the-quantum-cat-is-out-of-the-bag-made-of-lasers/http://gajitz.com/the-quantum-cat-is-out-of-the-bag-made-of-lasers/http://gajitz.com/the-quantum-cat-is-out-of-the-bag-made-of-lasers/http://gajitz.com/the-quantum-cat-is-out-of-the-bag-made-of-lasers/http://gajitz.com/the-quantum-cat-is-out-of-the-bag-made-of-lasers/http://gajitz.com/the-quantum-cat-is-out-of-the-bag-made-of-lasers/http://gajitz.com/the-quantum-cat-is-out-of-the-bag-made-of-lasers/http://gajitz.com/the-quantum-cat-is-out-of-the-bag-made-of-lasers/http://gajitz.com/the-quantum-cat-is-out-of-the-bag-made-of-lasers/http://gajitz.com/the-quantum-cat-is-out-of-the-bag-made-of-lasers/http://gajitz.com/the-quantum-cat-is-out-of-the-bag-made-of-lasers/http://gajitz.com/the-quantum-cat-is-out-of-the-bag-made-of-lasers/http://gajitz.com/the-quantum-cat-is-out-of-the-bag-made-of-lasers/http://gajitz.com/the-quantum-cat-is-out-of-the-bag-made-of-lasers/http://gajitz.com/the-quantum-cat-is-out-of-the-bag-made-of-lasers/http://gajitz.com/the-quantum-cat-is-out-of-the-bag-made-of-lasers/http://gajitz.com/the-quantum-cat-is-out-of-the-bag-made-of-lasers/http://gajitz.com/the-quantum-cat-is-out-of-the-bag-made-of-lasers/http://gajitz.com/the-quantum-cat-is-out-of-the-bag-made-of-lasers/http://gajitz.com/the-quantum-cat-is-out-of-the-bag-made-of-lasers/

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