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liqui nat gas
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LNG Technology
Natural Gas Utilization
• Distribution by Pipeline• Liquefaction and Regasification• Compressed gas (CNG)
or• Conversion to Liquid Hydrocarbons• Conversion to Methanol• Conversion to Fertilizer• Conversion to Electric Power
The Hydrocarbon Trend
Hydrocarbon Ratio of Primary Energy
0
12
3
4
1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
Century
H/C
Relative Costs of Gas Transportation
$0.00$1.00$2.00$3.00$4.00$5.00
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000
MILES
$/M
MB
TU
Offshore Pipeline Onshore Pipeline LNG
Pipeline vs. LNG
How not to transport gas !!
LNG Technology
Typical Natural Gas Composition
Typical Composition at Inlet of LNG Plant1.0 - 2.0 % Nitrogen
85.0 - 95.0 % Methane
5.0 - 10.0 % Ethane - - Feedstock for Ethylene
2.0 - 5.0 % Propane
2.0 - 3.0 % Total Butane+
1.0 - 4.0 % Carbon Dioxide
Trace: H2S, Hg, R-SH, COS
LPGPetrochemical
Feedstock
LNG
Liquefied Natural Gas
- 161oC !!
Typical LNG Product Specifications
Component Limits (maximum)• Carbon Dioxide 50 ppm• Mercury 0.01 micrograms per normal m3
• Nitrogen 1 mol%• Water Vapor 1 ppmv• Benzene 1 ppmv• Ethane < 6 – 8 mol% (Feedstock for Ethylene!)
• Propane < 3 mol%• Butane < 2 mol%• Pentane and heavier < 0.1 mol%• High Heating Value =1050 Btu/SCF (Europe and USA)
up to 1140 Btu/SCF (East Asia)
LPGPetrochemical
Feedstock
LNG Train Capacities
Train capacities• Camel Plant, Algeria - 1964 - 0.4 MTPA
• Sonatrach LNG, Algeria - 1970’s - 1.0 - 1.4 MTPA
• Malaysia LNG (Satu), Bintulu - 1983 - 2.6 MTPA
• Bontang LNG Trains - 1980’s-90’s - 1.6-3.0 MTPA
• Woodside LNG - 1980’s-90’s - 2.2 - 4.2 MTPA
• SEGAS LNG - 2004 - 5.0 MTPA
• Qatargas LNG, Qatar - 2007 - 7.8 MTPA
• Future Trains - - - - - 2010 - 9.0 MTPA
TYPICAL BLOCK DIAGRAM - LIQUEFACTION
CO2REMOVAL
DEHYDRATION & MERCURY
REMOVALCHILLING LIQUEFACTION NITROGEN
REJECTION
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
OFFSITE LNG
STORAGE
HYDROCARBON FRACTIONATION
NATURALGAS
FEED
C2 FUEL
FUEL
LNG
C3
C4
BY PRODUCT GASOLINE
C4C2
Typical Acid Gas Removal Scheme
StripperStripper
LowLow--Pressure Pressure FlashFlash
ReboilerReboiler
RefluxRefluxCondenserCondenser
Acid GasAcid Gas
Lean AmineLean Amine
Bulk Bulk AbsorberAbsorber
Lean Lean AbsorberAbsorber
Treated GasTreated Gas
SemiSemi--Lean Lean AmineAmine Amine Amine
CoolerCooler
Rich AmineRich Amine
Sour GasSour GasSour GasSour GasFlash GasFlash Gas
HighHigh--Pressure Pressure
FlashFlash
Lean/Rich Lean/Rich ExchangerExchanger
Typical Dehydration Scheme Process Flow
Water Water Saturated Saturated Natural Natural
GasGas
WaterWater
Drier Drier PrecoolerPrecooler
Hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon LiquidLiquid
Regeneration Regeneration Gas CompressorGas Compressor
Regeneration Regeneration CoolerCooler
Regeneration Gas Regeneration Gas Knockout DrumKnockout Drum
Dry Gas To Dry Gas To LiquefactionLiquefaction
Regeneration Regeneration HeaterHeater
FilterFilter
Driers Driers (ABS)(ABS)
Driers Driers (Regen)(Regen)
Typical Mercury Removal Scheme Process Flow
Mercury Mercury Removal Removal ColumnColumn
To Liquefaction SectionTo Liquefaction Section
From Acid Gas Removal SectionFrom Acid Gas Removal Section
Outlet GasSpecification is
generally 10 nanograms of
Mercury per cubicmeter of gas.
Removal of Trace Mercury Contaminants
Mercury has to be removed from natural gas and its associated condensate to prevent:
• corrosion in aluminum equipment
Removal of mercury in the gas phase is by:Removal of mercury in the gas phase is by:adsorption on sulfur impregnated carbon or alumina adsorption on sulfur impregnated carbon or alumina carriercarriermolecular sievemolecular sieve
Refrigeration Cycles
Types of Licensed Processes:• Propane Precooled Mixed Refrigerant Cycle (APCI)• Pure Component Cascade Cycle
– Phillips Optimized Cascade
• Dual Mixed Refrigerant Cycle– Technip & Snamprogetti
• Single Mixed Refrigerant Cycle– PRICO
• Linde Technology
8/19/2010 P. 19
Basic Refrigeration Basic Refrigeration -- Simple PFDSimple PFD(Process Flow Diagram)(Process Flow Diagram)
Q Q High TemperatureHigh Temperature(Ambient)(Ambient)
Q Q Low TemperatureLow Temperature(Sub - Ambient)
CondenserCondenser
Suction Drum
CompressorCompressor
Heat ExchangerJ-T Valve
Accumulator
WorkWork Air-cooled or water-cooled
Refrigeration Loop
Propane Precooled Mixed Refrigerant CyclePropane Precooled Mixed Refrigerant Cycle
Pure propane refrigerant cyclePure propane refrigerant cycleAmbient to Ambient to --4040ooCCThree or four pressure levelsThree or four pressure levels
Mixed component refrigerant cycleMixed component refrigerant cycle--4040ooC to C to --160160ooCCTypical MCR Composition:Typical MCR Composition:
2 2 -- 10 % Nitrogen10 % Nitrogen35 35 -- 45 % Methane45 % Methane30 30 -- 45 % Ethane45 % Ethane10 10 -- 15 % Propane15 % Propane
8/19/2010 P. 21
Typical Propane Circuit Scheme Typical Propane Circuit Scheme Process FlowProcess Flow
PCPC
Feed from Feed from Acid Gas Acid Gas RemovalRemoval
SWSWTo MCHETo MCHE
Feed GasFeed GasTo Scrub To Scrub ColumnColumn
MRMR
SWSW
Reinjection Reinjection ChillerChiller
DC2 DC2 CondenserCondenser
8/19/2010 P. 22
DEHY/HgREMOVAL
MPC3
LPC3
TREATED FEEDGAS
HPC3
LLPC3
NRU
LOW BTUFUEL GAS
LNGRUNDOWN
To FRACTIONATION
LLPC3
HPC3
MPC3
LPG REINJECTION
HPMR
MPMR
MR LIQ EXP
LPMR
REFLUXDRUM
SCRUBCOLUMN
LNG EXP
MCHE
LPC3
DEHY/HgREMOVAL
MPC3
LPC3
TREATEDFEEDGAS
LLPC3
NRU
LOW BTUFUEL GAS
LNGRUNDOWN
To FRACTIONATION
LLPC3
MPC3
LPG REINJECTION
HPMR
MPMR
MR LIQ EXP
LPMR
REFLUXDRUM
SCRUBCOLUMN
LNGEXP
MCHE
LPC3
APCI C3/MCR ProcessAPCI C3/MCR Process
3
HPC
3
HPC
Thermal Efficiency
Compressor Driver Selection
• Economic driver selection possibilities:
– Steam Turbines
– Industrial Gas Turbines
– Aeroderivative Gas Turbines
– Electric Motors
P.
Typical LP MR Compressor
Axial Compressor Rotor Lifted From Casing
Propane Compressor driven by Frame 6 Gas Turbine
Frame 6 Gas TurbineFrame 6 Gas Turbine
Propane CompressorPropane Compressor
Frame 7CutawaySingle Shaft Design
PowerPowerTurbineTurbine
Air Air CompressorCompressor
Axial Axial CompressorCompressor
COIL WOUNDEXCHANGERCONSTRUCTION
P.
Main Cryogenic Heat Exchanger
(MCHE)
LNG Tank
Double Metal Wall LNG Storage Tank Design:
Carbon Steel
Perlite Insulation
Insulation
To Boiloff Gas Recovery
9% Ni Steel
LNG Rundown
Top FillBottom FillLNG to Ship
Heat Leak from
AmbientHeavy LNG
Light LNG
RV
Vapour
Release
32 month Construction
Schedule (Typical)
Double Double Containment Containment
TanksTanks
Full Full Containment Containment
TanksTanks
LNG Storage Tank Selection
Full Integrity Tank• For Spacing and Security Concerns
Malaysia LNG Storage Tanks
LNG ContractorsLiquefaction Plants
Top Tier• KBR/JGC• Chiyoda• Bechtel
Next Tier• Technip• Foster-Wheeler• Snamprogetti
LNG Shipping
P.
Typical LNG Ships
Shipping and Typical Ship Parameters
• Ship Size = 125,000 - 135,000 m3 nominal capacity• Design Speed = 18 - 20 knots• Boil-off rate = 0.15% of contents per day• Length = 300 m ; Breadth = 50 m• Draft = 11 m• Cost = $160 MM (highly dependent on market)• To ship 5 MMTPA a distance of 3500 miles,
approximately 6 x 135,000 m3 ships are needed
LNG Receiving Terminals
LNG Terminal Flow Diagram
LNG Tanker
LNG Unloading Arm
Vapor Return Line
Boil-Off Gas Compressor
LNG Storage Tanks
1st Stage SendoutPumps
Recondenser
2nd Stage Sendout Pumps
Fuel Gas
Vaporizer
To Pipeline
Open Rack Type
Features– Low running cost. Sea water used as heat source.– Easy to operate and maintain.– Tube Panels--made of aluminum alloy, coated outside with
zinc alloy to provide corrosion resistance from sea water.– Return sea water is 4-5 deg. C cooler. Environmental
consideration.
P.
Cove Point Terminal
LNG Projects in India
• Dahej LNG Terminal, Gujarat – Started up in Jan 2004
• Kochi LNG Terminal – 2.5 MM Tonnes/Yr capacity
• Hazira LNG Terminal, Gujarat is a JV of Shell and Total
• Ratnagiri LNG Terminal at Dabhol (Ex-Enron) will start shipping pipeline gas starting from 2010
• Many proposed LNG Terminals may be shelved due to competition from new gas finds/fields offshore in K-G Basin and Cauveri Basin
• New LNG Terminals and new pipeline construction will need to be developed in tandem.
1997 World LNG TradeMajor ProducersMajor Producers 83.8 83.8 Mmt/yMmt/y
Pacific RimPacific Rim 67.5%67.5%IndonesiaIndonesia 47.7%47.7%MalaysiaMalaysia 26.5%26.5%BruneiBrunei 11.0%11.0%Australia Australia 12.7%12.7%AlaskaAlaska 2.1%2.1%
Middle EastMiddle East 9.3%9.3%QatarQatar 28.2%28.2%Abu DhabiAbu Dhabi 71.8%71.8%
Atlantic BasinAtlantic Basin 23.2%23.2%AlgeriaAlgeria 94.9%94.9%LibyaLibya 5.1%5.1%TrinidadTrinidadNigeriaNigeria
1997 World LNG TradeMajor ConsumersMajor Consumers 83.8 83.8 Mmt/yMmt/y
Pacific RimPacific Rim 75.2%75.2%JapanJapan 76.4%76.4%TaiwanTaiwan 5.0%5.0%KoreaKorea 18.6%18.6%ChinaChinaIndiaIndia
Atlantic BasinAtlantic Basin 24.8%24.8%France France 33.2%33.2%BelgiumBelgium 16.8%16.8%GreeceGreeceItalyItaly 6.7%6.7%SpainSpain 24.0%24.0%TurkeyTurkey 11.1%11.1%USAUSA 8.2%8.2%
LNG Producing Countries
Operating LNG Plants1. Algeria2. Libya3. Egypt4. Nigeria5. Qatar6. Oman7. UAE8. Malaysia9. Brunei10. Indonesia11. Australia12. USA13. Trinidad
Plants Under Construction1. Nigeria2. Qatar3. Indonesia4. Australia5. Norway6. Russia7. Equatorial Guinea8. Trinidad9. Oman10. Yemen
Plants on the Drawing Board
1. Algeria
2. Egypt
3. Nigeria
4. Qatar
5. Australia
6. Russia
7. Angola
A Clear Picture of the Future
Floating LNG Chain
Gas distribution grid
FPSO for LNGon field location
Offshore LNG Transfer
to shuttle LNG carriers
FPSO Receiving Terminal
22,000 MT topsides
4,000 MT topsides
P.
Internal Turret & Risers Typical Service
Crane
Inlet Compressor
Knock Out Drums
Dehydration
Fractionation
Power Generation
Accommodations appr. 100 people
Pantograph LNG Unloading ArmAcid Gas
Solvent Regenerator
Main Cryogenic Heat Exchanger
Acid Gas Absorber
Refrig. Compressors
Flare
LNG FPSO
50
--Modularization LNG plant on a barge---BLUE MARTIN –
STAT OIL Norway
[154 METERS LONG AND 60 METERS WIDE AND 50 METERS HEIGHT-- 350,000 TONS ]
LNG Plant on a Ship
Source: “The LNG Business: How Fast Will it Grow?” By Theo Oerlemans, Poten& Partners, presented at Gastech 2005.
Questions - Discussion
Thank You